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underthewingsofthblackeagle · 8 months

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The English Bible that came from Germany - Reformation Day 2023

When tourists come to the city of Worms in Rhineland-Palatinate, a visit to the so-called "Luther Monument" is of course a "must". But the monument known as the "Luther Monument" is actually not an individual monument to the German reformer from Wittenberg, but a monument to the Reformation and its outstanding personalities per se. In addition to the figure of Luther, the world's largest Reformation monument also features the figures of the Italian Reformers Peter Waldus and Girolamo Savonarola, the English Reformer John Wycliff and the Czech Reformer John Huss.

The "Luther Memorial" ("Reformation Memorial") at the Obermarkt in Worms/Rhineland-Palatine - Picture: Immanuel Giel - Eigenes Werk, Gemeinfrei, https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=10415428

Forgotten by the creators of the Worms Reformation Monument, however, were two very important figures in the history of the Reformation: the German Pre-Reformer Hans Denk (ca. 1500 - 1527) and the English Reformer William Tyndale (1494 - 1536). The work of these two men, who lived and worked in Worms for a time, would later achieve an international significance similar to that of Luther.

On the occasion of this year's Reformation Day, I would like to shine the spotlight on these two people:

"In Worms, Denck completed his best-known work, which he created together with Ludwig Hätzer: the Worms Prophets, named after the place where the first edition was printed. This is the first printed German translation of the prophetic books of the Old Testament according to the original Hebrew text. It was published on 13 April 1527 by the Worms printer Peter Schöffer the Younger and soon found wide circulation in numerous editions. The translators' motivation and objective were not only theological but also critical of power and society: against the background of the bloody suppression of the peasant uprisings in the Peasants' War and the incipient Anabaptist executions, the polemics of the Old Testament prophets against injustice and abuse of power took on a special topicality." (W) This makes Denk's translation of the Bible, which is unfortunately often forgotten, older than that of Martin Luther.

Title of the first German Translation of the Hebrew Prophets by Haetzer and Denk - Private collection of S. Whitehead, Gemeinfrei, https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=3048269

The second important figure sadly missing at the Worms Reformation Memorial is William Tyndale (1494 - 1536). Tyndale, an English tutor who had absorbed the teachings of the German Reformation, had to flee England in 1523 to escape persecution by the Roman Catholic Church and first found refuge in Wittenberg. There he translated the New Testament into English. Wittenberg thus became the starting point not only for the German Bible but also for the Bible in English, which later became the world language. This translation was then to be printed in Cologne in 1526. However, these efforts were betrayed and William Tyndale had to flee again. His next place of refuge was the small town of Worms on the Rhine, the place where Luther had delivered his remarkable defence speech before the Imperial Diet only a few years earlier. In this city, which can look back on a long Pre-Reformation history (see Hannes Denk), the New Testament was now also published in English. In the printing press of Peter Schöffer the Younger, 6000 copies of the New Testament were produced in English, which were then first brought across the Rhine to Belgium and from there smuggled to England and Scotland. In the course of persecution by the English government, Tyndal's translation was banned and most of the copies burned. Until now, only two copies were known to have escaped the book burning. It was only a few years ago that a third copy was discovered in the Landesbibliothek Stuttgart (click!).

"The Gospell off Sancte Jhon - The fyrst chapter" - Title of William Tyndales Bible Translation printed in Worms/Rhineland-Palatine by Peter Schöffer (Source: https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=17912989)

The official Homepage of the City of Worms writes (translation mine):

"Unlike Wyclif, who had already translated the Bible into English about 150 years earlier, Tyndale's New Testament, like Luther's translation, is based on the original Greek text - not the Latin translation of the Church Father Jerome (Vulgate) authorised by the Catholic Church. Moreover, Wyclif did not yet have the printing press at his disposal to distribute his translation.

The Worms edition, like its Antwerp pirate print, was smuggled to England and found wide circulation among the people. The Church, with the support of Henry VIII, who at this time was not yet in conflict with Rome, pursued the possession of this printed edition of the Bible. On 8 May 2009, the City Library received a reproduction of William Tyndale's "New Testament" from a delegation from Worms' twin city St. Albans (Great Britain).

Most copies ended up at the stake in England - as did the translator himself in 1536, who had been imprisoned near Brussels in 1535 on the king's orders.

Only three copies of the New Testament have survived: One fragment is held by the library of St Paul's Cathedral in London, and an (almost) complete one was acquired by the British Library from the holdings of Bristol Baptist College in the late 1990s for over £1 million. The facsimile that was presented to the Worms City Library at the beginning of May 2009 is based on this copy.

Shortly after the spectacular purchase by the British Library, the third copy was rediscovered in the Württemberg State Library, which also includes the title page and is thus the only complete copy that has survived.

Since the printer is not named in the "New Testament", there are only two sure indications of its origin in Peter Schöffer's workshop: In his report to Cardinal Wolsey, Thomas More and Henry VIII about the ban on Tyndale's Bible printing in Cologne, Johannes Cochlaeus mentions that Tyndale had moved on to Worms with a companion. The Stuttgart title page provides another clue: Schöffer used the same woodcut title for two other prints from his workshop.

The location of the printing workshop of Schöffer, who was the first printer to work in Worms for only a few years (1518-1529), was previously unknown. According to the latest research, it can now be regarded as certain: Peter Schöffer the Younger's printing shop, where the New Testament was printed, was located in the Meielburg in the northern suburb at the Mainzer Tor (later location of the Eulenburg; today: location of the DRK Alten- und Pflegeheim / Seniorenzentrum Eulenburg on Mainzer Straße - Eulenburgstraße 2, 67547 Worms)."

#Reformation Day 2023 #Martin Luther #Johannes Huss #John Wycliff #William Tyndale #The first English New Testament Translation #Bible Translation #Hans Denk #Pre-Reformation

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korrektheiten · 7 years

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Rassistische Gleichstellung

LePenseur:"von Fragolin Ha, da ist der Rassismus mit den Empörungsbeauftragten durchgegangen. Denn sie können sehr wohl damit leben, wenn bei Mrs. Sporty ausschließlich Frauen trainieren dürfen oder im Männergesangsverein ein Männerchor ohne Frauenbegleitung singt oder in reinen Frauenbildungsmaßnahmen Männer nicht einmal als Ausbilder zugelassen werden, aber kaum macht ein türkischer Friseur einen reinen Herrenladen auf und frisiert nur Männer, dann beginnt der lächerliche Empörungsreigen. Fazit: eindeutig rassistisch und sexistisch! Denn werden Männer ausgegrenzt, ist das kein Problem, grenzen Einheimische Frauen aus, kann man das ertragen, aber macht das ein Türk', dann wird nach Geichstellungsbeauftragten gebrüllt und das Sradtamt beschäftigt und die Medien rennen johlend und pfeifend der selbst auf die Dorfstraße getriebenen Sau hinterher. Ach, hält das jemand für überzogen? Na dann, der Hipster von Welt besucht den Bartkünstler mit Niveau wie hier in Gleisdorf ganz ohne Empörungsbeben in seinem Vollbart. Und seltsamerweise halten sich die Empörungsdemonstrationen dagegen auch von weiblicher Seite in überschaubaren Grenzen. Wieso? Weil das keine Türken sind? Der Witz ist nämlich, dass man einen veritablen Koller bekommt, wenn böse rächte Hätzer das Vermummen von Frauen in Stoffkäfigen als dem 21. Jahrhundert nicht angemessen betrachten, es aber für steinzeitlich halten darf, wenn ein türkischer Friseur als reiner Herrenfriseur arbeiten will, was durchaus gewerberechtlich in Ordnung geht.Das sieht man mal, dass dem gesamten gesellschaftlichen Diskurs inzwischen die Basis weggebrochen wird. Wer echte Probleme anspricht, wird niedergekreischt, aber über Unwichtigkeiten wird sich echauffiert. Jeder Unternehmer soll gefälligst machen können, was er will und bedienen können, wen er will. Und jeder Laden soll verbieten können, dass ihn jemand in Vollverschleierung betritt. Oder ein Ungläubiger. Oder ein Mensch ohne Vagina. Oder einer mit Kreuz um den Hals, oder mit Hakenkreuz im Nacken oder mit Breitbart, Schmalbart, Kinnbart, Salafistenbart oder mit Genitalfrisur. Egal. So einfach geht das. Jeder hat das unveräußerliche Menschenrecht, diskriminiert zu werden! Nicht nur türkische Herrenfriseure oder deren Nichtkundschaft! http://dlvr.it/NtZSqT "

#GenderInnen #Idiotien

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