#performance date notwithstanding here it's the general principle of the matter
Explore tagged Tumblr posts
Text
Death and the Maiden (Ballet Rambert, 1937). Photographer unknown. Duchess Theatre, London, UK Accompanied by Franz Schubert's String Quartet No. 14 'Death and the Maiden' (1824)
#death and the maiden#ballet#theatre#franz schubert#q#clenching my fist with envy each time i come across another iconic theatre/dance performance exclusive to the londoners#performance date notwithstanding here it's the general principle of the matter
78 notes
·
View notes
Text
Survey of Movie "Baahubali - The Conclusion"

I got a call from my more youthful sister that the tickets had been reserved and the family would watch the motion picture "Baahubali-The Conclusion" in Telugu language on April 29th, 2017 at Eros Theater in New Delhi. Not surprisingly, I was energized and guaranteed her that I will arrive at the performance center legitimately after my working hours or I would take the consent to go along with them at the theater. Notwithstanding, it was concluded that I should arrive at home and go with them. Every single one of us was energized. In any case, my sister, who was at the driver's seat, was pleased to report that she has seen the motion picture in the Hindi language on April 28th, 2017. She was hyper about it as if it was an extraordinary accomplishment for her. In addition, she needed to look at the film in the two dialects. She guaranteed me that she won't impart the story to me.
The venue was jam pressed and everybody needed to watch the motion picture without losing a solitary scene. Every single one of the individual landed in time and took the ownership of their sets. I wish we were so dependable in our classes as well! Youngsters requested their folks for the enormous pack of popcorn and soda pops. How might I miss them? I needed to complete two things together-watch and chomp! Much obliged the film started on schedule.
As indicated by the Central Board of Film Certification, the name of the motion picture was "Baahubali-The Conclusion". It was in Telugu language. It was hued one and was cinemascope. The date of discharge was April 24th, 2017 and under the Universal class (that is intended for the two grown-ups and kids). Nonetheless, it was plainly referenced that the motion picture must be viewed under parental direction. The name of the candidate to sign was Shri Y.N. Sobhandari for M/s Arka Media Works Entertainment LLP, Hyderabad and other underwriter was Shri Pahlaj Nihalani, Chairperson, CBFC, Mumbai. The term of the film was for 167 minutes and 30 seconds. My review here https://123movieshub.eu
Stunning! I enjoyed the titles of the film for following reasons:
a. PC designs and fakers were utilized for different sorts of creatures appeared in the motion picture like pony, elephant, parrot, pig, bulls, flying creatures, ducks, buffalo, hog, hawk, swan, and so forth.
b. The group expressed gratitude toward organizations, advanced film, travel accomplices, money trade office in Hyderabad, human services accomplice, online life channels, settlement partner,chocolate and confectionary accomplice, sustenance, versatile, correspondence, Reliance Fresh to get different products, multiplex and Jewelry accomplice, area and experience accomplice, stationary, informing accomplice "howdy", office partner,beauty accomplice to "Lux", wellness accomplice, Make a Wish Campaign, merchandizing and authorizing through ICICI Bank, Simba, and so forth , protection suppliers, their brokers were IDBI and Kotak Bank, Hyderabad, their financers, media and radio accomplices, and so on. They remembered the commitment and support of single individual moreover. That is something to be acknowledged for the accomplishment of the film.
c. Extremely elaborative and particular foundation was appeared in the titles. This is must for catching the consideration and focal point of the group of spectators. Credit for their reasoning forces.
d. The film was a mix of both genuine shots and interactive media graphical structures. Along these lines, consideration of the kids was at its most extreme level.
e. Titles were giving, partner and connecting the network between Baahubali Part 1 and Baahubali-The Conclusion. The short story of the section One of the motion picture was exhibited in the Titles of the film (one more likely than not saw the group of spectators in the theater-I saw that every one of them were dumbstruck and not by any means a solitary individual was squinting their eyes-I thought motion pictures for sure assume a significant job in learning and instructing ourselves, and there is no compelling reason to buckle down with the people. This will do ponders in the classes of Law, Literature, History, Sociology and Journalism and Mass Media. ).
The motion picture was exhibited by K. Raghavendra Rao, generation of an Arka Mediaworks and inventive film by S. S. Rajamouli. The verses and exchanges were composed by Manoj Muntashir. The music was by M. M. Keeravani. The cinematography by K. K. Senthil Kumar. Distinctive shaded representations were presented toward the start of the film with the tune at the foundation. The makers of the motion picture were Shobu Yarlagadda and Prasad Devineni. The screenplay and Direction was by S. S. Raja Mouli. The principle star cast was Prabhas, Rana Daggubati, Anushka Shetty, Sathyaraj, Ramya Krishna, Nassar and Tamannaah. It was conveyed by Arka Media Works for Telugu rendition, K. Creations for Tamil variant, Global United Media for Malayalam form and Dharma Productions for Hindi adaptation. It was discharged in 4K superior quality organization.
When the titles are finished, the story starts for us. Our saint Amarendra Baahubali-accomplishes his triumph in the war zone. The Queen Mother is glad for this accomplishment and pronounces that he will be delegated as the future ruler of Maahishmati. Her words ended up being the celebration minutes for the individuals in the realm. In any case, her very own and genuine child Bhallaladeva and spouse are against her desires. Her significant other beginnings impelling Bhallaladeva against her. This is the defining moment in the film.
The Queen Mother educates Amarendra and Katappa to take the voyage through their realm so as to acquire information regarding their matters and prosperity. Amarendra meets Devasena and is pulled in by her appeal and abilities. They become hopelessly enamored with one another. Before long this data spans to Bhallaladeva and he makes an arrangement to make the contrasts among Shivagami and Amarendra. He tells his mom that he has experienced passionate feelings for Devasena and communicates his craving to wed her. The proposition is sent to Devasena from the side of Shivagami and is dismissed by Devasena. The Queen is irritated at this disposition of Devasena and teaches Amarendra to catch, tie her as detainee and present her at the court of Maahishmati.
Amarendra helps and shields the realm of Kuntala from their foes called Pindaris. With his astounding abilities, Amarendra overwhelms Pindaris and recoveries the realm. Devasena was interested to think about reality and requests to uncover his character. She comes to realize that Amarendra is the future lord of Maahishmati and won't be the detainee. He vows to secure her humility and weds her. Them two leave for Maahishmati. Shivagami comes to think about reality and is disturbed about it. As of now, she feels regretful for not staying faithful to her obligation to Bhallaladeva. This is the principal point where the defining moment of the story can be seen in the motion picture.
The contrasts among Shivagami and Amarendra kick off starting here. Before long Shivagami asks Amarendra to leave the realm with his pregnant spouse. With the assistance of abhorrence thoughts, Bijjaladeva is fruitful in making more contrasts between them. In one situation, he announces that Amarendra is attempting to kill Bhallaladeva so as to be the King. She arranges Katappa to slaughter Amarendra furtively with the goal that the realm is spared from disharmony between the illustrious family and the subjects. Thus, Amarendra is cut to death by Katappa, the sovereign is educated about the misleading thoughts of Bijjaladeva and Bhallaladeva and her misstep in making a decision about her very own kin. Meanwhile, Devasena brings forth a child kid and lands to the royal residence in the wake of knowing the demise of her significant other. Shivagami reports that the new borne child is Mahendra Baahubali and future ruler of Maahishmati.
Bhallaladeva is astonished and arranges his warriors to catch the Queen, slaughter the child and detain Devasena. The Queen escapes from the royal residence and kicks the bucket soon. The child is saved by the average folks and called as Shivudu. Before long he comes to think about his detained mother Devasena from Katappa and begins to look all starry eyed at Avantika. He battles against the bad form and is successful at last.
Positive purposes of the motion picture:
a) No creature was harmed or abused in any scene. They get full stamps from every creature darling, naturalists and eco-minding rationalists and women's activists.
b) This implies innovativeness was at its most elevated level in the media research centers for the colleagues.
Else they may have missed on the moment subtleties of the specific scene. There is a need to acclaim the whole group.
c) The Police Commissioner and his group were uniquely expressed gratitude toward for enabling the film unit to deal with territories of Rachakonda in Andhra Pradesh for the shooting of a portion of the scenes in the motion picture.
d) The crowd were applauding and getting a charge out of the comic scenes present in the motion picture.
e) Elaborate endeavors were taken to make wonderful visual and sound impacts in the film.
f) Game was likewise created on the arrival of the motion picture.
g) Care had been taken to depict the substances of the chronicled era9as this was a verifiable motion picture however not taped on a specific ruler or sovereign or realm).
h) The Prince had been prepared and instructed in all the individual abilities required for the future ruler in the motion picture. For instance, the Amarendra Baahubali realized how to go out on a limb, handle the circumstances both deliberate and unconstrained one, nearness of the administration characteristics, minute perception aptitudes (for instance when Prince visits the realm of Kuntala, he sees that the townspeople were utilizing their solid assembled cows for different purposes and same ability was useful and utilized when there was the need of great importance to battle against the amazing armed force of Pindaris), being caution and helping the military of the other realm without designating the work to other people, and so on.
I) Sensitivity of the Prince towards his own affection, keeping guarantees, battling against the disasters, supporting his very own subjects, keeping up different sorts of connections, relinquishing his very own life for the realm and mother, securing powerless subjects and ladies are important and learning exercises for all.
j) No underestimation of the people was seen in the film. This is the need of great importance in the contemporary society wherein ladies a
1 note
·
View note
Text
FHA Mortgage Qualification Gets Complicated for Self-Employed

COVID has made it harder for loan specialists to confirm that home purchasers will have consistent pay. Moreover, I have also mentioned the refinance mortgage rates in Dallas here in this blog post.
That is particularly valid for independently employed borrowers.
Thus, FHA has executed new rules about qualifying with independently employed pay.
What's more, it's not simply FHA. Borrowers will probably need to satisfy higher guidelines in an advance.
In any case, financing is as yet available. Furthermore, with rates close to record lows, it merits getting your additional desk work altogether and applying.
New FHA rules for independently employed home purchasers
On July 28, 2020, the FHA conveyed a letter to all banks that offer its credits.
It gave a new, brief direction to moneylenders endorsing independently employed borrowers. Above all, the new guidelines include:
1. Checking proceeding with business tasks for independently employed borrowers
2. Rental salary prerequisites for landowners
These FHA advance changes are set to go on until at any rate on November 30, 2020.
These new principles mean to guarantee that borrowers will keep on having the option to bear the cost of home loan installments in these uncommon and phenomenal occasions.
In case you're an independently employed individual searching for an FHA contract, this is what it implies for you.
Checking proceeding with salary
Before it will give you a home loan, a moneylender has to realize you'll have proceeded with pay and have the option to make installments.
Banks of FHA advances are given four different ways to confirm that the candidate's business is proceeding to work.
Independently employed borrowers ought to be set up to show at least one of these while applying for an FHA advance:
1. Proof of current work, as executed agreements or marked solicitations that show the business is working on the day the bank confirms independent work
2. Proof of current business receipts inside 10 days of the note date (installment for administrations performed). The note is made close to the furthest limit of the credit procedure
3. Bank affirmation that the business is open and working. The moneylender will affirm through a call or different methods
4. The business site with movement indicating current business tasks, for example, if convenient arrangements for evaluations or administrations can be booked
Loan specialists just need one type of check. However, don't be astonished if yours goes for two, three, or each of the four.
These norms possibly apply in case you're depending on salary from your independently employed business to meet all requirements for the home loan. In addition, you will also learn about the refinance rates in Texas while reading my blog.
On the off chance that you have enough cash rolling in from different sources, your loan specialist won't for the most part need to check the present status of your business' tasks.
Rental pay necessities (for landowners)
Essentially, the accompanying applies just if a proprietor is utilizing rental salary to help an application for an FHA credit.
This applies to two kinds of purchasers: 1) Those who are purchasing 2-4 unit homes who are qualifying with future rental pay from different units, and; 2) purchasers who own investment properties and are utilizing rental pay to fit the bill for the new FHA advance.
The new guidelines are intended to mirror the vulnerability of lease installments during the pandemic.
Loan specialists can utilize at least one of these new techniques for computing rental salary:
1. Decrease the compelling pay related to the estimation of rental salary by 25%
2. Check a half year PITI [principal, intrigue, charges, and insurance] holds (this doesn't matter to graduated home buybacks)
3. Check the borrower has gotten the past 2 months rental installments as prove by the borrower's bank explanations demonstrating the store. (This alternative is relevant just for borrowers with a background marked by rental pay)
These checks may likewise be essential in case you're applying for a home value transformation contract (a.k.a. a 'converse home loan') and are depending on rental salary to help your application.
Updates to the FHA 203(k) recovery advance — simpler to demand expansions
There's the slightest bit of uplifting news in the FHA letter. This applies to all borrowers utilizing the FHA 203(k) recovery advance, which permits you to purchase a home and remake or reestablish it.
Ordinarily, assets for remodels are delivered from an escrow account, following a settled upon schedule for when phases of the work ought to be finished.
Be that as it may, the coronavirus has upset a significant number of those plans. What's more, many mortgage holders need expansions to keep their undertakings on target.
The FHA perceives that. It currently lets borrowers demand an augmentation with a clarification for the deferral from you, your temporary worker, or an advisor.
You will, notwithstanding, be requested a modified assessed finish date.
FHA contract rates mean this is as yet a decent an ideal opportunity to purchase or renegotiate
At this point, you might be pondering whether it's as yet worth applying for an FHA credit, even with new bands to hop through.
Our answer is, yes! If you qualify, it merits applying while FHA contract rates are so extraordinarily low.
On the day this was composed, normal home loan rates set one more unequaled low. It was conceivable to get a 30-year, fixed-rate contract (FRM) sponsored by the FHA with a rate as low as 2.25% (3.226% APR), as per rates distributed by at any rate one loan specialist in The Mortgage Reports' system.
Just to include some specific circumstances, rates for each of the 30-year FRMs found the middle value of 3.94% in 2019, as indicated by Freddie Mac's documents.
A year ago, anything sub-4% was believed to be inconceivably low. What's more, presently FHA rates have fallen beneath that by more than one full rate point.
Rates might be even lower (or higher) when you read this. So check the present FHA and different rates now.
Why it's harder to get a home loan when you're independently employed
Why are contract loan specialists singling out the independently employed during COVID?
For an answer, we thought back to a June 17 article from MarketWatch. In that, Sanjiv Das, CEO of Caliber Home Loans, uncovered some frightening measurements about his clients' self-control needs. He composed:
That article didn't trigger higher obstacles for independently employed home loan candidates without anyone else.
However, there's motivation to accept that most home loan moneylenders are seeing comparative figures. What's more, as a representative yourself, you can perceive any reason why will undoubtedly respond firmly.
Similarly as a perspective, in 2019, Pew Research Center figured that 10% of American laborers were independently employed.
So they're multiple times as likely as generally utilized individuals to demand self-control, accepting that Caliber's figures are illustrative of most banks' encounters.
Are there new principles for non-FHA advances?
In case you're independently employed and are applying for a home loan that is not supported by the FHA, you might be feeling egotistical. Nothing unless there are other options concerns you.
Or on the other hand, isn't that right? The guidelines may be marginally extraordinary, yet loan specialists are in effect extra-intense on candidates over a wide range of home loans.
So the coronavirus is making it everything except unavoidable that independently employed individuals should work more enthusiastically to get their applications affirmed, whether or not they're getting FHA advances. Lastly, to get more updates on the today's mortgage rate in Austin you must subscribe to my blogs now.
0 notes
Text
3 Best Benefits of Working with Car Accident Lawyers
Nowadays, car accidents are rampant, happening anywhere and in all places. Even if you drive with care and caution, the possibilities of a car crash couldn’t be ruled out entirely. The first thing you need is an auto accident attorney to deal with your personal injury claim and fight for a fair compensation amount. A professional lawyer will file the right documents in a court of law as and when necessary. You need to settle all legal issues concerning your car crash through a competent professional. It would release your burden and stress after an accident so that you can focus on a speedy recovery. Individual damage legal advisors are considerate litigators who speak to customers – normally alluded to as offended parties – asserting mental or physical damage as a consequence of carelessness or reckless acts by someone else, organization, substance, government office or association. Individual damage legal advisors practice in a region known as tort law. This region of law spends significant time in municipal or private wrongs or wounds, money related or nonmonetary harms. This incorporates criticism and activities of dishonesty or break of an agreement to an individual's notoriety, rights or property. Albeit individual damage legal counselors are outfitted with licenses to rehearse in all features of the law, they as a rule handle cases falling inside tort law, for example, work wounds, imperfect items, mishaps brought about by slips and falls, street mishaps and other related mishaps. Individual damage legal advisors help their customers secure to pay for misfortunes brought about. These misfortunes incorporate the loss of ability to acquire, failure to perform ordinary obligations, enduring, and torment. They additionally incorporate costs that may emerge, the loss of friendship, lawful costs, enthusiastic trouble and lawyer charges. The lawyer will guarantee customers are protected from being deceived by organizations that offer protection and the built-up legitimate framework. Individual damage legal counselors are frequently alluded to as preliminary legal advisors, albeit the majority of their cases are settled before going for a full preliminary. The Common Personal Injury Scenarios Regardless of the presence of the law, countless cases never arrive at court and are normally settled outside. The expansion of a number of protests doesn't generally ensure great purposes. This might be because of components, for example, the association of a huge total of cash, also the costs included when one sues. Personal injury lawyers usually deal with car accidents, slips, falls, and things like that. Here are the three benefits of working with a car accident lawyer: Ensure your best interest Usually, a lame man is not aware of legal complexities and would have a tough time understanding legal terms and clauses that could affect the car accident claim. Therefore, you need to collaborate with a seasoned attorney with profound knowledge of the legal system and years of experience in settling compensation claims in a court of law. A car accident lawyer would recommend which law applies for your accident, which of the laws you violated while driving, to what extent you or the other party was responsible for the road rash, whether the responsible party is liable for the car crash and injuries sustained by you, and what legal recourse you must take. Professional car accident lawyers will also help you how to file your claim within a definite period without losing your rights to receive a fair claim. You receive a fair claim amount Most of the insurance providers would try to offer you the least amount, as that is how their business operates and thrives. In simple words, an insurance firm will not work to your benefit, a lawyer will. Your car accident attorney would figure out the actual value of the claim and bargaining equitable compensation that you are worthy of, after the car crash. Now, the value covers all costs related to the road accident including medical expenses, lost wages if your current condition stops you from going to work, damage to your property, repair, and servicing of your car, and the level of suffering after your accident. You need not worry about insurance matters

Many car accident victims need to file claims soon for receiving fair compensation from the insurance provider. Managing insurers with too many legal hassles could lead to a very poor, reduced, and inequitable insurance claim. Remember that insurance agents, who look into your claims to describe the extent of the insurance provider’s accountability, would not do you any favor, as these agents are more keen to save the company money than proving the reimbursement you deserve. Therefore, you need a car accident attorney to manage your insurance matter son your behalf for a fair, handsome settlement. 4)What are the obligations of an individual damage legal counselor?

Individual damage legal advisors have numerous obligations in helping their customers. When the state bar affiliation licenses them to provide legal counsel, the legal counsellors can record protests in court, contend cases, get ready authoritative reports and offer proficient lawful guidance to offended parties of individual damage. Individual damage legal advisors have the sole duty regarding conversing with and talking with customers and surveying their cases. They further recognize the relevant issues inside the customer's case, and from there on direct research to manufacturing a strong case. The most significant expert command of individual damage legal counselor is to assist customers with acquiring the pay and equity they merit in the wake of experiencing misfortunes and languishing. This is done through customer advising, promotion, legitimate counsel and oral contentions. The case typically sets out toward preliminary when the two gatherings neglect to arrive at an agreeable settlement. Individual damage legal advisors are relied upon to follow severe set standards of legitimate morals when executing their command with customers. While the predefined rules change from state to express, every legal counselor is required to assess legitimate issues while practicing due industriousness in any lawful issue initiated. They owe offended parties the onus of classification and devotion as they work to secure their customer's eventual benefits and not their own. 5)What are the qualifications of an individual damage legal counselor? To effectively rehearse individual damage law, finishing a composed law quiz is required notwithstanding a composed morals test. These assessments change from state to state. Most states expect candidates to have a professional education and a law degree from an establishment that is authorized. Non-licensed graduate schools have the least set prerequisites before they are allowed to offer these courses. As an essential, most states require a Multistate Bar Examination (MBE), a Multistate Essay Examination, a Multistate Expert Responsibility Exam and a set state law oriented test as an essential. Different states consolidate a Multistate Performance Test too. When qualified and admitted to the bar, they are required to stay up to date with the present improvement in their fields by persistently taking lawful instruction courses. These courses are intended to guarantee that individual damage legal advisors remain refreshed in law-related improvements, with the number of required hours differing from state to state. Individual damage legal advisors will in general focus on explicit zones of law. By practicing, they can store up the necessary information and experience to take them to the highest point of their field. There is an extraordinary accreditation program that individual damage legal counselors must finish before they are alluded to as masters. The American Bar Association is liable for this confirmation. Albeit singular states control their own legal advisors, they despite everything cling to rules of expert duty as expressed in the United States Constitution. These affirmation programs accompany set principles of information, capability and experience that must be achieved under the steady gaze of individual damage legal advisors are called masters. When individual damage legal counselors do the law student review and are authorized, they can go amiss to any forte inside the law calling. In any case, legitimate morals request that unpracticed legal counselors ought not to speak to a customer without first enrolling help or learning the current issue. To give the best portrayal to their customers, most attorneys incline toward adhering to a specific zone of law, along these lines committing the entirety of their assets to this territory. Inside close to home damage, a legal counselor has an enormous number of potential causes. These incorporate mishaps, item risk, medicinal negligence, illegitimate passing, working environment damage and that's only the tip of the iceberg. A few attorneys decide to go further and commit the entirety of their vitality and time to a solitary zone of prosecution in the individual damage law field, getting exceptionally exhaustive and competent at contending explicit sorts of cases, for example, work mishaps, avionics mishaps or restorative errors. 6)What are the professional cosmetics of individual damage legal counselors? Individual damage legal advisors are allowed to begin private practice without anyone else's input, join a fair size firm or select an enormous firm as a partner. They are additionally allowed to an accomplice. The ones who enter private practice offer increasingly individualized focal points to customers. These experts, as a rule, take on littler cases and charge lower expenses. Regarding numbers, little law offices, as a rule, have two to ten legal counselors, fair-sized law offices have ten to fifty. Huge law offices regularly have in excess of 50 legal counselors. 7)How are individual damage legal counselors normally redressed?

Proficient charges depend on various elements, including vitality, time, result, trouble, conspicuousness, the experience of the legal advisor, and the related expenses of the case. A legal advisor may offer the offended party various installment alternatives, including possible charges, level expenses, hourly rates, and retainers. The most widely recognized alternative is the possible charge. This secures the customer since installment is pegged on the accomplishment of the case. Here the legal counselor gets a level of the granted sum after a fruitful preliminary or settlement. The normal imprint is 30 percent of the granted sum. An hourly charge is additionally a typical alternative. This is the place the offended party pays for consistently the legal counselor speaks to them. A level charge alternative is additionally accessible. A level charge is paid before the initiation of the preliminary. In conclusion, a few alternatives consolidate all or more than one of the above choices. Advantages Of Getting A Personal Injury Law Attorney Individual damage legal advisor has been profoundly prepared. Numerous individuals have been deluded to accept every one of them a lawyer truly does is offer confounding data and send you a bill. In any case, that is false. Did you know despite the fact that you may have endured truly, sincerely or monetarily because of your mishap, you may not be qualified for pay? As a crackdown on protection misrepresentation, numerous states won't appoint remuneration laws if there is even the scarcest sign you may have been to blame or actuated the issue. Individual damage legal advisors will be educated about what claims you are qualified for. Not having been prepared, in all probability, in legitimate issues, you may not understand there are a few cases that fall into this classification. Viable correspondence with insurance agencies is another advantage. Shockingly, some insurance agencies will energetically attempt to distort legitimate issues. They may attempt to persuade you that you aren't qualified for remuneration to which you may truly be so as to stay away from installment. In addition, a lawyer will have the option to get you precisely what you're qualified for and with more if state laws take into consideration extra pay. Chipping away at your own with a protection agent may constrain your capacity to get all you should. Lawyers frequently know whether you'll have the option to get more pay for your wounds dependent on the state laws. Alongside their insight, their experience dealing with numerous cases has given them within the track to what each attack is worth fiscally. Their experience additionally permits them to comprehend what realities are vital to get you the most elevated remuneration. Conclusion Coping with the consequences of a car accident is hard after you have sustained injuries. Therefore, you deserve proper legal assistance for receiving an equitable and just compensation amount. Read the full article
0 notes
Text
The Life of Lucy Combs Finale
Part XIX

Lucy Combs looks back on her life. Record photo by Larry Griffin
By LARRY J. GRIFFIN
Special Reporter for The Record
Nobody probably don’t believe my story; but if you live it, you’d know what I’m saying… --From the Diary of Lucy Combs
The diary of Lucy Combs fills the pages of a portion of two composition notebooks.
Its organizing principle is a combination of assiduously adhering to a chronological sequence and abruptly lapsing into a “Gertrude Stein-like” stream-of-consciousness approach. The descriptions and depictions are uncommonly candid and the language unvarnished.
Spanning across five-decades, the pages detail the “fits and starts” of her 10-year search for younger son, Jeff, set against a backdrop comprised of 35 years of criminal abuse and unconscionable neglect suffered at the hands of her late husband, Jerry Combs, Sr.
The biographic narrative is, at times, unrelentingly direct and then—suddenly—philosophic. But nowhere does the author permit Stygian self-pity to find expression within the lined pages. Instead, they convey a certain courage born from the strength of resilience coupled with unwavering determination.
But the story of Lucy’s life is not for the faint-of-heart; and, she acknowledges that the specifics might seem implausible to some readers.
She has confronted many challenges: from braving both beatings and bullets for three and a half decades; holding down two jobs for most of her working life; protecting her boys from an abusive, alcoholic father; supporting two incarcerated sons as best she could; enduring the unimaginable—the loss of a child—to searching for her missing boy over the last decade, with, what she describes as little support from local law enforcement. Yet, there are still challenges to face—the first of which is to successfully petition the court to have Jeff declared “legally dead.”
Several years ago, Lucy wrote of her efforts in her diary: “I have asked the funeral home, coroner, lawyer. I have called Governor [Pat] McCrory’s office; I’ve talked to Raleigh Death/Birth Records [North Carolina Vital Records]. In North Carolina, you have to have a body for a death certificate.”
Generally, a person can be declared “legally dead” through court action if—in this case—he has been missing for a prolonged period of time, typically seven-years. Moreover, there must be an absence of any indication that he is still alive, and evidence that legitimate efforts have been made to locate him. Relative to Jeff Combs, all three criteria have been satisfied. However, his mother’s attempts to secure a death certificate have been thwarted for one reason or another—one of which is the specter of legal fees for court representation.
“One Wilkes County lawyer wanted $30,000 to represent me,” Lucy recollected in a recent interview.
For 10-years now, Lucy has continued to pay a life insurance premium for her son, even though she knows he is dead. If she had failed to make payment, then coverage would have lapsed, and there would be no money to offset final expenses when his remains are discovered. Seven-years after Jeff’s disappearance, Lucy calculated that she had paid $5,320 in premiums—money, she maintains, that will never be recovered. To date, the insurance company has suspended her payments while she pursues the acquisition of a death certificate.
Weeks ago, she visited the Wilkes County Sheriff’s Office to discuss obtaining a death certificate. The sheriff volunteered to call her insurance company to apprise them of the progress of the investigation into Jeff’s disappearance and ostensible death. “As far as I know, he has not done that yet.”
Recently, her contacts at Community United Effort (CUE) informed Lucy that they are willing to intervene on her behalf. “They told me that they would go with me to an attorney to see what has to be done to get in front of a judge with the request [for a death certificate] and would even go with me to court.”
In other words, she doesn’t have to do this by herself any longer. As a result, Lucy has now scheduled an appointment to discuss the matter with a local attorney.
The second and most pressing challenge facing Lucy Combs pertains to her health. In April, 2018, she was on the phone with her sister while getting into her car. When she bent down to do so, an excruciating pain pierced one side of her abdomen.
“I screamed out. My sister was alarmed and asked me what was wrong. I told her about the pain, and she insisted that I go to the doctor’s office immediately—if I didn’t, she was going to come and take me herself.”
At first, Lucy thought that the pain was attributable to diverticulitis. But when she visited the doctor’s office on April 18 last year, he discovered the actual etiology of her pain—a tumor in her left lung. Expeditiously, the doctor referred her to a surgeon in Winston-Salem who confirmed the diagnosis, while averring that the cancerous tumor appeared to be contained. However, while running a battery of tests, Lucy’s physician noted a spot on her thyroid gland as well.
On Aug. 9—while collaborating with The Record to bring her story to print—Lucy underwent surgery to remove the tumor. The procedure was successful, and the doctor sent her home—after a three-day hospital stay—to recuperate under the watchful eye of her sister, Nora, for another seven days. He decided not to perform surgery on her thyroid at that juncture; instead, he opted to closely monitor her condition through periodic examinations.
Currently, Lucy remains at home and has not been released by her physician to return to work at Tyson Foods. Her recuperation has been facilitated by individuals from the community who have been following her story in The Record and have offered affirming, supportive comments.
“Some tell me that they have been collecting the articles to make into a book to save. People at my church have been very supportive. One man teases me every time he sees me: ‘Everybody, here sits Lanie Pope [Chief Meteorologist for WXII 12],’” her eyes sparkling as she related the anecdote.
The challenges notwithstanding, Lucy Combs remains focused upon the task of finding her younger son, Jeff, and laying his remains to rest. Already, she has been communicating with CUE to schedule another search—the date has yet to be set. Once established, the specifics will be published in The Record to encourage local citizens to participate; of course, The Record will be there to cover the event.
“Jeff needs to be at Mountlawn in his spot so I can have some peace with myself and at least I’ll know where he’s at,” Lucy asserted to her most trusted confidant—her diary. “It’s been so long; I just sit and think of all the things I [have written] in my book and it all seems like it was just yesterday. My heart is broken and can never be a whole heart again.”
As she stood in the yard of her Waugh Street home in North Wilkesboro during a recent interview, Lucy gazed off in the distance toward the tree-enshrouded pathway that Jeffrey Combs followed to the river and certain death—Oct. 25, 2008.
And with the renewed determination of a weary pugilist catching a second-wind, this petite 71-year-old mother reaffirmed her commitment to find her boy.
“I will never give up,” she said. “As long as I live, I will never give up.”
0 notes
Text
Application Under SARFAESI: Supreme Court’s Liberal Approach
[Guest post by Richa Saraf, Assistant Legal Advisor at Vinod Kothari & Co.]
In the case of M.D. Frozen Foods Exports Pvt. Ltd. v. Hero Fincorp Ltd.,[1] the Supreme Court held that there was no illegality in a non-banking finance company (“NBFC”) invoking the Securitisation and Reconstruction of Financial Assets and Enforcement of Security Interest Act, 2002 (“SARFAESI Act”) for recovery of loan arrears with respect to an account classified as non-performing asset (NPA) before the NBFC was notified under the Act. It also clarified that an NBFC is entitled to initiate both arbitration proceedings and SARFAESI proceedings with respect to a loan account, and that the ‘doctrine of election’ was not attracted in such a scenario. There was a division of judicial opinions among the High Courts: while the Full Bench of the Orissa High Court, as also the Delhi High Court and the Allahabad High Court, have taken a view favourable in terms of the simultaneous legal processes under the SARFAESI Act and arbitration recovery proceedings, the Andhra Pradesh High Court has taken a divergent view. After careful scrutiny of the rival contentions and the judicial precedents cited, the Supreme Court has finally settled the law on the point.
Background and Facts
M.D. Frozen Foods Exports Pvt. Ltd. (the appellant) borrowed monies for their business against security of immovable properties by the creation of an equitable mortgage by deposit of title documents. The account of M.D. Frozen was classified as a NPA.
The agreement between the parties contained an arbitration clause, and thus the matter went to arbitration on Hero Fincorp Ltd. (the respondent) invoking the arbitration clause. However, prior to this invocation, a notification was issued in exercise of powers conferred under section 2(1)(m)(iv) read with section 31A of the SARFAESI Act, wherein Hero Fincorp was notified as a financial institution (the “Notification”).
In view of the aforesaid Notification, Hero Fincorp issued a notice under section 13(2) of the SARFAESI Act. The statement of claim was filed by Hero Fincorp before the arbitrator and interim orders were granted by the arbitrator restraining M.D. Frozen from creating any third party interest over the properties. The legality of the arbitration proceedings was challenged by M.D. Frozen in view of the invocation of SARFAESI Act. After the challenge was repelled both by the arbitrator and later by the Delhi High Court, the matter came up before the Supreme Court.
Issues Resolved
1. Whether resort can be had to Section 13 of the SARFAESI Act in respect of debts which have arisen out of a loan agreement/mortgage created prior to the application of the SARFAESI Act to the lender?
The SARFAESI Act was brought into force to solve the problem of recovery of large debts in the form of NPAs. Thus, the very rationale for the Act to be brought into force was to provide an expeditious procedure where there was a security interest created in favour of the lender. It certainly did not apply retrospectively from the date when it came into force. The question is whether the Act is applicable to the lender at a subsequent date, and thereby allowing the lender to utilize its provisions with regards to a past debt, would make any difference to this principle. The Supreme Court answered in negative. The Act applies to all the claims which would be alive at the time when it was brought into force. Thus, as against Hero Fincorp or other NBFCs, it would be applicable similarly from the date when it was so made applicable to them.
In Sarthak Builders Pvt. Ltd. v. Orissa Rural Development Corporation Ltd.[2] the Supreme Court has succinctly set out this aspect. No doubt, till the time the lender was not a ‘financial institution’ within the meaning of section 2(1)(m)(iv) of the SARFAESI Act, it was not a ‘secured creditor’ as defined under section 2(1)(zd) of the SARFAESI Act, and thus could not have invoked the provisions of the SARFAESI Act. However, the right to proceed under the SARFAESI Act accrued once the Notification was issued.
The case of Unique Engineering Works v. Union of India[3] dealt with the issue of retrospectivity and retroactivity. In case of retroactivity, the Parliament takes note of the existing conditions and promulgates the remedial measures to rectify those conditions. In fact the SARFAESI Act, in our view, was to remedy such a position and provide a measure against secured interests. The scheme of the SARFAESI Act is really to provide a procedural remedy against security interest already created. Therefore, an existing borrower, who had been granted financial assistance, was covered under section 2(f) of the said Act as a ‘borrower’. Not only this expression, but the definition clauses dealing with ‘debt securities’, ‘financial assistance’, ‘financial assets’, etc., clearly convey the legislative intent that the SARFAESI Act applies to all existing agreements irrespective of whether the lender was a notified ‘financial institution’ on the date of the execution of the agreement with the borrower. The scheme of the SARFAESI Act sets out an expeditious, procedural method, enabling the bank to take possession of the property for non-payment of dues, without intervention of the court. The mere fact that a more expeditious remedy is provided under the SARFAESI Act does not mean that it is substantive in character or has created an altogether new right; if this view is accepted, it would imply that there is an inherent right to delay the enforcement against the security interest!
In a similar vein, there are observations made in the case of In re Athlumney Ex parte Wilson[4], where the question posed before the Queen’s Division Bench was whether section 23 of the Bankruptcy Act, 1890 was retrospective in its operation. In the aforementioned context, Wright, J., speaking for the bench, illuminatingly opined:
Perhaps no rule of construction is more firmly established than this – that a retrospective operation is not to be given to a statute so as to impair an existing right or obligation, otherwise than as regards matter of procedure, unless that effect cannot be avoided without doing violence to the language of the enactment. If the enactment is expressed in language which is fairly capable of either interpretation, it ought to be construed as prospective only… it is a general rule that when the Legislature alters the rights of parties by taking away or conferring any right of action, its enactments, unless in express terms they apply to pending actions, do not affect them. It is said that there is one exception to that rule, namely, that, where enactments merely affect procedure and do not extend to rights of action, they have been held to apply to existing rights, and it is suggested here that the alteration made by this section is within that exception.
2. Whether the lender can invoke the SARFAESI Act provision where its notification as financial institution under section 2(1)(m) has been issued after the account became an NPA under section 2(1)(o) of the said Act?
The Supreme Court held that the date on which a debt is declared as an NPA would have no impact. The provisions of the SARFAESI Act would become applicable qua all debts owing and live when the Act becomes applicable, provided the following factors existed:
– Existence of a present actionable debt;
– Status of the person invoking the jurisdiction is that of a secured creditor;
– Assets have been secured in satisfaction of the debt; and
– That the debtor/borrower should have been declared an NPA.
3. Whether the arbitration proceedings can be carried on along with the SARFAESI proceedings simultaneously?
A claim by a bank or a financial institution, before SARFAESI Act and Recovery of Debts Due to Banks and Financial Institutions Act, 1993 (“RDDB Act”) came into force, would ordinarily have been filed in the civil court having the pecuniary jurisdiction. The setting up of the Debt Recovery Tribunal under the RDDB Act resulted in this specialised tribunal entertaining such claims by banks and financial institutions. In fact, suits from the civil jurisdiction were transferred to the Debt Recovery Tribunal. The Tribunal was, thus, an alternative to a civil court recovery proceeding. Upon the SARFAESI Act being brought into force seeking to recover debts against security interest, a question was raised whether parallel proceedings could go on under the RDDB Act and the SARFAESI Act. This issue was clearly answered in favour of such simultaneous proceedings in Transcore v. Union of India & Anr.[5] The relevant extract is reproduced below:
According to American Jurisprudence, 2d, Vol. 25, p. 652, if in truth there is only one remedy, then the doctrine of election does not apply. In the present case, as stated above, the NPA Act is an additional remedy to the DRT Act. Together they constitute one remedy and, therefore, the doctrine of election does not apply. Even according to Snell’s Principles of Equity (31st Edn., p. 119), the doctrine of election of remedies is applicable only when there are two or more co-existent remedies available to the litigants at the time of election which are repugnant and inconsistent. In any event, there is no repugnancy nor inconsistency between the two remedies, therefore, the doctrine of election has no application.
A later judgment in Mathew Varghese v. M. Amritha Kumar[6] also discussed this issue in the following terms:
A close reading of Section 37 shows that the provisions of the SARFAESI Act or the Rules framed thereunder will be in addition to the provisions of the RDDB Act. Section 35 of the SARFAESI Act states that the provisions of the SARFAESI Act will have overriding effect notwithstanding anything inconsistent contained in any other law for the time being in force. Therefore, reading Sections 35 and 37 together, it will have to be held that in the event of any of the provisions of the RDDB Act not being inconsistent with the provisions of the SARFAESI Act, the application of both the Acts, namely, the SARFAESI Act and the RDDB Act, would be complementary to each other.
A reading of section 37 discloses that the application of the SARFAESI Act will be in addition to and not in derogation of the provisions of the RDDB Act. In other words, it will not in any way nullify or annul or impair the effect of the provisions of the RDDB Act. The Supreme Court was also pleased to fortify the above statement of law as the heading of the said section also makes the position clear that application of other laws are not barred. The effect of section 37 would therefore be that in addition to the provisions contained under the SARFAESI Act, in respect of proceedings initiated under the said Act, it will be in order for a party to fall back upon the provisions of the other legislation mentioned in section 37. These observations thus leave no manner of doubt, and the issue is no more res integra, especially keeping in mind the provisions of sections 35 and 37 of the SARFAESI Act, which read as under:
35. The provisions of this Act to override other laws. – The provisions of this Act shall have effect, notwithstanding anything inconsistent therewith contained in any other law for the time being in force or any instrument having effect by virtue of any such law.
37. Application of other laws not barred. – The provisions of this Act or the rules made thereunder shall be in addition to, and not in derogation of, the Companies Act, 1956 (1 of 1956), the Securities Contracts (Regulation) Act, 1956 (42 of 1956), the Securities and Exchange Board of India Act, 1992 (15 of 1992), the Recovery of Debts Due to Banks and Financial Institutions Act, 1993 (51 of 1993) or any other law for the time being in force.”
The aforesaid two Acts are thus complementary to each other, and it is not a case of election of remedy. The only twist in the present case is that, instead of the recovery process under the RDDB Act, the concern lies with regard to the arbitration proceeding. It is trite to say that arbitration is an alternative to civil proceedings. In fact, when a question was raised as to whether the matters which came within the scope and jurisdiction of the Debt Recovery Tribunal under the RDDB Act could still be referred to arbitration when both parties have incorporated such a clause, the answer was given in the affirmative.[7] That being the position, the appellants, M.D. Frozen, can hardly be permitted to contend that the initiation of arbitration proceedings would, in any manner, prejudice their rights to seek relief under the SARFAESI Act. In HDFC Bank Limited v. Satpal Singh Bakshi,[8] it was opined that an arbitration is an alternative to the RDDB Act. The jurisdiction of the civil court is barred for matters covered by the RDDB Act, but the parties still have freedom to choose a forum, alternate to, and in place of the regular courts or judicial system for deciding their inter se disputes. All disputes relating to the ‘right in personam’ are arbitrable and therefore the choice is given to the parties to choose this alternative forum. A claim of money by a bank or a financial institution cannot be treated as a ‘right in rem’, which has an inherent public interest and would, thus, not be arbitrable.
The aforesaid is not a case of election of remedies since the alternatives are between a civil court, arbitral tribunal or a Debt Recovery Tribunal constituted under the RDDB Act. In so far as that election is concerned, the mode of settlement of disputes to an arbitral tribunal has been elected. The provisions of the SARFAESI Act are thus a remedy in addition to the provisions of the Arbitration Act. In Transcore v. Union of India[9] it was clearly observed that the SARFAESI Act was enacted to regulate securitisation and reconstruction of financial assets and enforcement of security interest and for matters connected therewith. Liquidation of secured interest through a more expeditious procedure is what has been envisaged under the SARFAESI Act, and the two Acts are cumulative remedies to the secured creditors.
SARFAESI proceedings are in the nature of enforcement proceedings, while arbitration is an adjudicatory process. In the event that the secured assets are insufficient to satisfy the debts, the secured creditor can proceed against other assets in execution against the debtor, after determination of the pending outstanding amount by a competent forum.
Conclusion
The Supreme Court held that the principle of retrospective operation of law was not applicable in the instant case. There was no retrospective operation involved, because as on the date of Notification, the claim was subsisting and operative. Thus, the provisions of the SARFAESI Act would become applicable to all the debts owing and existing when the Act became applicable to the lender. On perusal of the above, it can further be noted that the Supreme Court unequivocally held that the judgments in Sarthak Builders Pvt. Ltd. v. Orissa Rural Development Corporation Ltd.[10], HDFC Bank Limited v. Satpal Singh Bakshi and Pradeep Kumar Gupta v. State of U.P[11] lay down the correct proposition of law and the view expressed in M/s. Deccan Chronicles Holdings Ltd. v. Union of India[12] following the overruled decision in Subash Chandra Panda v. State of Orissa[13] does not set forth the correct position in law. SARFAESI proceedings and arbitration proceedings, thus, can go hand in hand.
– Richa Saraf
[1] Civil Appeal No. 15147 OF 2017 decided on September 21 , 2017.
[2] 2014 SCC OnLine Ori 75.
[3] II 2004 BC 241 (DB).
[4] [1898] 2 Q.B. 547.
[5] (2008) 1 SCC 125.
[6] (2014) 5 SCC 610.
[7] HDFC Bank Limited v. Satpal Singh Bakshi, 2013 (134) DRJ 566.
[8] 2013 (134) DRJ 566.
[9] (2008) 1 SCC 125
[10] 2014 SCC OnLine Ori 75
[11] AIR 2010 All 3
[12] AIR 2014 Andhra Pradesh 78
[13] AIR 2008 Ori 88
The post Application Under SARFAESI: Supreme Court’s Liberal Approach appeared first on IndiaCorpLaw.
Application Under SARFAESI: Supreme Court’s Liberal Approach published first on http://ift.tt/2vSFQ3P
0 notes
Text
Men of their word, begin your seats: Measuring Windows 8's execution Windows 8 is similarly as quick (and here and there speedier) than its predecessor.
For two or three decades, it appeared like each time another rendition of Windows was discharged, its equipment prerequisites would keep pace with equipment progression, requiring infrequently expensive equipment updates in the event that you needed to remain up on the most recent programming. No place was this more clear than in Windows Vista, which propelled in 2007 on equipment that wasn't generally arranged to manage its expanded memory and design prerequisites.
This pattern has been turned on its head as of late, at any rate to a limited extent by the prominence of little registering gadgets with relatively small handling power. Netbooks filled this part amid the Windows 7 period, and tablets are filling it now. So as to bolster them, Microsoft's expressed objective with both Windows 7 and Windows 8 has been to keep the working framework's execution and asset use level between forms. New components can be presented, yet just if the product can be changed so these new elements don't drive up the equipment necessities.
We've effectively done some testing of these cases in our full Windows 8 survey, where we saw that the new working framework's execution was extensively like Windows 7's. In this piece, we'll be jumping slightly more profound, testing things over various frameworks to get a thought of how Windows 8 will perform on more different equipment.
Test frameworks
For the majority of these tests, our essential testbed was a custom-constructed gaming PC with a 3.2GHz quad-center Intel Core i7 960 CPU, a NVIDIA GeForce GTX 580 GPU, 12GB of DDR3 RAM, and a Crucial M4 strong state drive—not exactly best in class, but rather a top of the line framework from a few years back. We've likewise extended our specimen measure with a few other test frameworks, as found in the table beneath. Nota bene: The last two frameworks were utilized exclusively to run gaming benchmarks.All of our testbeds were utilizing completely refreshed 64-bit Windows 7 and Windows 8 introduces (which incorporates the execution upgrading post-RTM patches Microsoft discharged not long ago).
General execution
Boot-up times
We've as of now spoke somewhat about Windows 8's enhanced boot time, which exploits Windows' hibernation innovation to spare center OS procedures to circle as they're emptied from memory, as opposed to cleansing them totally and after that stacking the OS starting with no outside help at next boot. Our fundamental test framework, which has a quick quad-center processor and SSD, positively profits by this change. However, it's far superior on low-end frameworks.
We gauged boot times on our two lower-end machines. The outcomes represent themselves.The old Compaq portable workstation is as yet the slowest in the cluster to boot, however this spending tablet from 2008 can boot Windows 8 about as fast as our much more current, quicker frameworks booted Windows 7. It's likewise worth repeating exactly the amount of a PC's boot time is wrapped up in the power-on individual test (POST) period of booting. For more up to date UEFI-based frameworks with shorter POST times, boot speeds under 10 seconds ought to end up plainly typical in the event that you have a quick hard drive.
Engineered benchmarks
To gauge general framework execution, we ran Futuremark's PCMark 7 tests on a similar three frameworks running Windows 7 and Windows 8—this manufactured benchmark runs an assortment of CPU, GPU, and capacity tests to rough execution in certifiable workloads like video and picture control. The scores are really close, however our smaller than usual ITX desktop improved in Windows 8.To get some thought of why, we hopped down into the more point by point subscores to perceive what numbers were evolving. The smaller than normal ITX desktop scored higher in the picture control tests in Windows 8 by a decent measure, which was sufficient to unmistakably support its score. Regardless, the scores aren't generally sufficiently high to make an old framework feel new once more, yet Microsoft is still clearly making careful arrangements to change things in the engine, notwithstanding when frameworks are utilizing similar design and chipset drivers in both Windows 7 and Windows 8.
Document duplicate operations and USB 3.0 execution
Next up are our document duplicate tests. To blueprint operation times, we set up together an envelope around 40GB in size loaded with two distinct sorts of records: huge documents like ISOs and recordings, which will for the most part duplicate over more rapidly, and littler documents like pictures and music, which will by and large duplicate over more gradually in light of the fact that the working framework needs to make slight stops consistently to make new records as it duplicates them from plate to circle.
Testing USB 3.0 execution in Windows 8 is specifically noteworthy, since the new working framework incorporates nonexclusive drivers for all USB 3.0 controllers that block the requirement for the different, some of the time hard to-find drivers Windows 7 requires. We duplicated the documents from a USB 3.0 hard drive to the nearby circle (named as the "read" test in the outlines beneath), and after that replicated them once again from the neighborhood plate to the outside drive (the "state" test). An exceptionally unique because of the great individuals at G-Technology for loaning us one of their G Drive thin outer hard drives for use in this testing.As we found in our principle survey, the relative speed of record duplicate operations appears to contrast in view of the USB controller being utilized—the Intel USB 3.0 controller local to its 7-arrangement chipsets offers marginally quicker compose speeds and somewhat slower read speeds in Windows 8, while the Renesas (née NEC) USB controller in our gaming desktop was somewhat better under Windows 8 in all conditions. These slight contrasts in execution are little yet steady—the tests returned comparable outcomes even after a few runs.
For USB 2.0 document exchanges, the fluctuations between runs were generally somewhat more extensive. When all is said in done, the outcomes followed with our USB 3.0 seats—the smaller than normal ITX desktop (underneath) had marginally slower peruses yet somewhat snappier composes, while the switch was valid for the gaming desktop. The distinctions in speed between Windows 7 and Windows 8 are significantly less articulated when utilizing the slower interface, however.Usually, Windows 8 will keep your USB exchanges a similar speed or make them marginally speedier, yet relying upon your equipment you may see minor yet quantifiable drops in execution. Ideally these little issues can be resolved as the OS matures.Browser execution
Windows 8 accompanies a fresh out of the box new form of Internet Explorer, and since IE10 isn't because of hit Windows 7 for fourteen days yet, this will be our best chance to perceive how it performs contrasted with IE9 and Windows 7 on a similar equipment. For good measure, we likewise tossed in Chrome 22 and Firefox 16, to check whether they carried on any diversely on the new form of Windows contrasted with the old one.In the tests that Internet Explorer 9 would run, Internet Explorer 10 is to be sure quicker, however by a shockingly limit edge—generally, Internet Explorer does typically inadequately in manufactured benchmarks like Octane and Peacekeeper. With respect to Firefox and Chrome, they both take a nectar badger-esque lack of engagement in the form of Windows they're running on: execution is indistinguishable no matter how you look at it.
Gaming execution
In the benchmarks we kept running with our full survey, we commented that gaming execution was to a great extent the same on both Windows 7 and Windows 8. This perception remained constant when we extended our specimen estimate. For this test, we kept our custom-manufactured gaming PC, additionally included a PC with a 2.5GHz Intel Core i5-2400S processor and AMD Radeon HD 6750M GPU, and a tablet with a 2.1GHz Intel Core-i7 3612QM and Intel's HD 4000 coordinated representation. This gets us one GPU from each significant player in the representation showcase.
Like the NVIDIA card, both the AMD and Intel GPUs utilize precisely the same in Windows 7 and Windows 8, which at the same time dispenses with a testing variable and decreases the possibility that we'll see the sorts of execution relapses that happened with Windows Vista. We utilized the GeForce 306.97 driver for the NVIDIA card, the Catalyst 12.8 driver bundle for the AMD card, and form 15.28.7.64.2867 of Intel's representation driver.
The 3DMark 11 Extreme trials each card through an assortment of tests at 1080p. For each situation, as should be obvious here, Windows 7 and Windows 8 execution is just about identical.Portal 2
Valve's maturing Source motor doesn't assess coordinated representation chips any more, yet the organization's recreations are sufficiently prominent that it bodes well to utilize Portal 2 in our tests. We went through the diversion's initial grouping at 1080p with the majority of the settings turned up, hostile to associating set to 4x, and anisotropic sifting set to 16x. Windows 8 reliably fails to meet expectations Windows 7 by only a couple outlines for each second, yet not almost enough to have any kind of effect.
Batman: Arkham City
Batman: Arkham City is a moderately late case of a diversion that uses Epic's mainstream Unreal Engine, and these outcomes ought to be comprehensively relevant to different amusements that utilization it also. We got into a road battle with a gathering of hooligans and swooped around the city for a bit with the representation settings turned as far as possible up and against associating set to 4x. Windows 7 and Windows 8 perform basically indistinguishably here.
Minecraft
Minecraft is another diversion that isn't burdening, however is broadly played. With the design turned as far as possible up, the Max FPS execution profile empowered, and Advanced OpenGL turned on at 1080p, I took two or three laps around my palatial domain on Lee Hutchinson's Minecraft server. This was one of the main astonishments we kept running into in our gaming tests—the diversion's normal casing rates were regularly between 10-20 percent speedier under Windows 8 than in Windows 7. Minecraft is liquid and playable on pretty much any advanced design card, yet in the event that you happen to utilize something it's hard to believe, but it's true on the edge of playable execution, the upgrades we gauged may very well be sufficient to push your PC off the fence.
0 notes
Text
Application Under SARFAESI: Supreme Court’s Liberal Approach
[Guest post by Richa Saraf, Assistant Legal Advisor at Vinod Kothari & Co.]
In the case of M.D. Frozen Foods Exports Pvt. Ltd. v. Hero Fincorp Ltd.,[1] the Supreme Court held that there was no illegality in a non-banking finance company (“NBFC”) invoking the Securitisation and Reconstruction of Financial Assets and Enforcement of Security Interest Act, 2002 (“SARFAESI Act”) for recovery of loan arrears with respect to an account classified as non-performing asset (NPA) before the NBFC was notified under the Act. It also clarified that an NBFC is entitled to initiate both arbitration proceedings and SARFAESI proceedings with respect to a loan account, and that the ‘doctrine of election’ was not attracted in such a scenario. There was a division of judicial opinions among the High Courts: while the Full Bench of the Orissa High Court, as also the Delhi High Court and the Allahabad High Court, have taken a view favourable in terms of the simultaneous legal processes under the SARFAESI Act and arbitration recovery proceedings, the Andhra Pradesh High Court has taken a divergent view. After careful scrutiny of the rival contentions and the judicial precedents cited, the Supreme Court has finally settled the law on the point.
Background and Facts
M.D. Frozen Foods Exports Pvt. Ltd. (the appellant) borrowed monies for their business against security of immovable properties by the creation of an equitable mortgage by deposit of title documents. The account of M.D. Frozen was classified as a NPA.
The agreement between the parties contained an arbitration clause, and thus the matter went to arbitration on Hero Fincorp Ltd. (the respondent) invoking the arbitration clause. However, prior to this invocation, a notification was issued in exercise of powers conferred under section 2(1)(m)(iv) read with section 31A of the SARFAESI Act, wherein Hero Fincorp was notified as a financial institution (the “Notification”).
In view of the aforesaid Notification, Hero Fincorp issued a notice under section 13(2) of the SARFAESI Act. The statement of claim was filed by Hero Fincorp before the arbitrator and interim orders were granted by the arbitrator restraining M.D. Frozen from creating any third party interest over the properties. The legality of the arbitration proceedings was challenged by M.D. Frozen in view of the invocation of SARFAESI Act. After the challenge was repelled both by the arbitrator and later by the Delhi High Court, the matter came up before the Supreme Court.
Issues Resolved
1. Whether resort can be had to Section 13 of the SARFAESI Act in respect of debts which have arisen out of a loan agreement/mortgage created prior to the application of the SARFAESI Act to the lender?
The SARFAESI Act was brought into force to solve the problem of recovery of large debts in the form of NPAs. Thus, the very rationale for the Act to be brought into force was to provide an expeditious procedure where there was a security interest created in favour of the lender. It certainly did not apply retrospectively from the date when it came into force. The question is whether the Act is applicable to the lender at a subsequent date, and thereby allowing the lender to utilize its provisions with regards to a past debt, would make any difference to this principle. The Supreme Court answered in negative. The Act applies to all the claims which would be alive at the time when it was brought into force. Thus, as against Hero Fincorp or other NBFCs, it would be applicable similarly from the date when it was so made applicable to them.
In Sarthak Builders Pvt. Ltd. v. Orissa Rural Development Corporation Ltd.[2] the Supreme Court has succinctly set out this aspect. No doubt, till the time the lender was not a ‘financial institution’ within the meaning of section 2(1)(m)(iv) of the SARFAESI Act, it was not a ‘secured creditor’ as defined under section 2(1)(zd) of the SARFAESI Act, and thus could not have invoked the provisions of the SARFAESI Act. However, the right to proceed under the SARFAESI Act accrued once the Notification was issued.
The case of Unique Engineering Works v. Union of India[3] dealt with the issue of retrospectivity and retroactivity. In case of retroactivity, the Parliament takes note of the existing conditions and promulgates the remedial measures to rectify those conditions. In fact the SARFAESI Act, in our view, was to remedy such a position and provide a measure against secured interests. The scheme of the SARFAESI Act is really to provide a procedural remedy against security interest already created. Therefore, an existing borrower, who had been granted financial assistance, was covered under section 2(f) of the said Act as a ‘borrower’. Not only this expression, but the definition clauses dealing with ‘debt securities’, ‘financial assistance’, ‘financial assets’, etc., clearly convey the legislative intent that the SARFAESI Act applies to all existing agreements irrespective of whether the lender was a notified ‘financial institution’ on the date of the execution of the agreement with the borrower. The scheme of the SARFAESI Act sets out an expeditious, procedural method, enabling the bank to take possession of the property for non-payment of dues, without intervention of the court. The mere fact that a more expeditious remedy is provided under the SARFAESI Act does not mean that it is substantive in character or has created an altogether new right; if this view is accepted, it would imply that there is an inherent right to delay the enforcement against the security interest!
In a similar vein, there are observations made in the case of In re Athlumney Ex parte Wilson[4], where the question posed before the Queen’s Division Bench was whether section 23 of the Bankruptcy Act, 1890 was retrospective in its operation. In the aforementioned context, Wright, J., speaking for the bench, illuminatingly opined:
Perhaps no rule of construction is more firmly established than this – that a retrospective operation is not to be given to a statute so as to impair an existing right or obligation, otherwise than as regards matter of procedure, unless that effect cannot be avoided without doing violence to the language of the enactment. If the enactment is expressed in language which is fairly capable of either interpretation, it ought to be construed as prospective only… it is a general rule that when the Legislature alters the rights of parties by taking away or conferring any right of action, its enactments, unless in express terms they apply to pending actions, do not affect them. It is said that there is one exception to that rule, namely, that, where enactments merely affect procedure and do not extend to rights of action, they have been held to apply to existing rights, and it is suggested here that the alteration made by this section is within that exception.
2. Whether the lender can invoke the SARFAESI Act provision where its notification as financial institution under section 2(1)(m) has been issued after the account became an NPA under section 2(1)(o) of the said Act?
The Supreme Court held that the date on which a debt is declared as an NPA would have no impact. The provisions of the SARFAESI Act would become applicable qua all debts owing and live when the Act becomes applicable, provided the following factors existed:
– Existence of a present actionable debt;
– Status of the person invoking the jurisdiction is that of a secured creditor;
– Assets have been secured in satisfaction of the debt; and
– That the debtor/borrower should have been declared an NPA.
3. Whether the arbitration proceedings can be carried on along with the SARFAESI proceedings simultaneously?
A claim by a bank or a financial institution, before SARFAESI Act and Recovery of Debts Due to Banks and Financial Institutions Act, 1993 (“RDDB Act”) came into force, would ordinarily have been filed in the civil court having the pecuniary jurisdiction. The setting up of the Debt Recovery Tribunal under the RDDB Act resulted in this specialised tribunal entertaining such claims by banks and financial institutions. In fact, suits from the civil jurisdiction were transferred to the Debt Recovery Tribunal. The Tribunal was, thus, an alternative to a civil court recovery proceeding. Upon the SARFAESI Act being brought into force seeking to recover debts against security interest, a question was raised whether parallel proceedings could go on under the RDDB Act and the SARFAESI Act. This issue was clearly answered in favour of such simultaneous proceedings in Transcore v. Union of India & Anr.[5] The relevant extract is reproduced below:
According to American Jurisprudence, 2d, Vol. 25, p. 652, if in truth there is only one remedy, then the doctrine of election does not apply. In the present case, as stated above, the NPA Act is an additional remedy to the DRT Act. Together they constitute one remedy and, therefore, the doctrine of election does not apply. Even according to Snell’s Principles of Equity (31st Edn., p. 119), the doctrine of election of remedies is applicable only when there are two or more co-existent remedies available to the litigants at the time of election which are repugnant and inconsistent. In any event, there is no repugnancy nor inconsistency between the two remedies, therefore, the doctrine of election has no application.
A later judgment in Mathew Varghese v. M. Amritha Kumar[6] also discussed this issue in the following terms:
A close reading of Section 37 shows that the provisions of the SARFAESI Act or the Rules framed thereunder will be in addition to the provisions of the RDDB Act. Section 35 of the SARFAESI Act states that the provisions of the SARFAESI Act will have overriding effect notwithstanding anything inconsistent contained in any other law for the time being in force. Therefore, reading Sections 35 and 37 together, it will have to be held that in the event of any of the provisions of the RDDB Act not being inconsistent with the provisions of the SARFAESI Act, the application of both the Acts, namely, the SARFAESI Act and the RDDB Act, would be complementary to each other.
A reading of section 37 discloses that the application of the SARFAESI Act will be in addition to and not in derogation of the provisions of the RDDB Act. In other words, it will not in any way nullify or annul or impair the effect of the provisions of the RDDB Act. The Supreme Court was also pleased to fortify the above statement of law as the heading of the said section also makes the position clear that application of other laws are not barred. The effect of section 37 would therefore be that in addition to the provisions contained under the SARFAESI Act, in respect of proceedings initiated under the said Act, it will be in order for a party to fall back upon the provisions of the other legislation mentioned in section 37. These observations thus leave no manner of doubt, and the issue is no more res integra, especially keeping in mind the provisions of sections 35 and 37 of the SARFAESI Act, which read as under:
35. The provisions of this Act to override other laws. – The provisions of this Act shall have effect, notwithstanding anything inconsistent therewith contained in any other law for the time being in force or any instrument having effect by virtue of any such law.
37. Application of other laws not barred. – The provisions of this Act or the rules made thereunder shall be in addition to, and not in derogation of, the Companies Act, 1956 (1 of 1956), the Securities Contracts (Regulation) Act, 1956 (42 of 1956), the Securities and Exchange Board of India Act, 1992 (15 of 1992), the Recovery of Debts Due to Banks and Financial Institutions Act, 1993 (51 of 1993) or any other law for the time being in force.”
The aforesaid two Acts are thus complementary to each other, and it is not a case of election of remedy. The only twist in the present case is that, instead of the recovery process under the RDDB Act, the concern lies with regard to the arbitration proceeding. It is trite to say that arbitration is an alternative to civil proceedings. In fact, when a question was raised as to whether the matters which came within the scope and jurisdiction of the Debt Recovery Tribunal under the RDDB Act could still be referred to arbitration when both parties have incorporated such a clause, the answer was given in the affirmative.[7] That being the position, the appellants, M.D. Frozen, can hardly be permitted to contend that the initiation of arbitration proceedings would, in any manner, prejudice their rights to seek relief under the SARFAESI Act. In HDFC Bank Limited v. Satpal Singh Bakshi,[8] it was opined that an arbitration is an alternative to the RDDB Act. The jurisdiction of the civil court is barred for matters covered by the RDDB Act, but the parties still have freedom to choose a forum, alternate to, and in place of the regular courts or judicial system for deciding their inter se disputes. All disputes relating to the ‘right in personam’ are arbitrable and therefore the choice is given to the parties to choose this alternative forum. A claim of money by a bank or a financial institution cannot be treated as a ‘right in rem’, which has an inherent public interest and would, thus, not be arbitrable.
The aforesaid is not a case of election of remedies since the alternatives are between a civil court, arbitral tribunal or a Debt Recovery Tribunal constituted under the RDDB Act. In so far as that election is concerned, the mode of settlement of disputes to an arbitral tribunal has been elected. The provisions of the SARFAESI Act are thus a remedy in addition to the provisions of the Arbitration Act. In Transcore v. Union of India[9] it was clearly observed that the SARFAESI Act was enacted to regulate securitisation and reconstruction of financial assets and enforcement of security interest and for matters connected therewith. Liquidation of secured interest through a more expeditious procedure is what has been envisaged under the SARFAESI Act, and the two Acts are cumulative remedies to the secured creditors.
SARFAESI proceedings are in the nature of enforcement proceedings, while arbitration is an adjudicatory process. In the event that the secured assets are insufficient to satisfy the debts, the secured creditor can proceed against other assets in execution against the debtor, after determination of the pending outstanding amount by a competent forum.
Conclusion
The Supreme Court held that the principle of retrospective operation of law was not applicable in the instant case. There was no retrospective operation involved, because as on the date of Notification, the claim was subsisting and operative. Thus, the provisions of the SARFAESI Act would become applicable to all the debts owing and existing when the Act became applicable to the lender. On perusal of the above, it can further be noted that the Supreme Court unequivocally held that the judgments in Sarthak Builders Pvt. Ltd. v. Orissa Rural Development Corporation Ltd.[10], HDFC Bank Limited v. Satpal Singh Bakshi and Pradeep Kumar Gupta v. State of U.P[11] lay down the correct proposition of law and the view expressed in M/s. Deccan Chronicles Holdings Ltd. v. Union of India[12] following the overruled decision in Subash Chandra Panda v. State of Orissa[13] does not set forth the correct position in law. SARFAESI proceedings and arbitration proceedings, thus, can go hand in hand.
– Richa Saraf
[1] Civil Appeal No. 15147 OF 2017 decided on September 21 , 2017.
[2] 2014 SCC OnLine Ori 75.
[3] II 2004 BC 241 (DB).
[4] [1898] 2 Q.B. 547.
[5] (2008) 1 SCC 125.
[6] (2014) 5 SCC 610.
[7] HDFC Bank Limited v. Satpal Singh Bakshi, 2013 (134) DRJ 566.
[8] 2013 (134) DRJ 566.
[9] (2008) 1 SCC 125
[10] 2014 SCC OnLine Ori 75
[11] AIR 2010 All 3
[12] AIR 2014 Andhra Pradesh 78
[13] AIR 2008 Ori 88
The post Application Under SARFAESI: Supreme Court’s Liberal Approach appeared first on IndiaCorpLaw.
Application Under SARFAESI: Supreme Court’s Liberal Approach published first on http://ift.tt/2vSFQ3P
0 notes
Text
Application Under SARFAESI: Supreme Court’s Liberal Approach
[Guest post by Richa Saraf, Assistant Legal Advisor at Vinod Kothari & Co.]
In the case of M.D. Frozen Foods Exports Pvt. Ltd. v. Hero Fincorp Ltd.,[1] the Supreme Court held that there was no illegality in a non-banking finance company (“NBFC”) invoking the Securitisation and Reconstruction of Financial Assets and Enforcement of Security Interest Act, 2002 (“SARFAESI Act”) for recovery of loan arrears with respect to an account classified as non-performing asset (NPA) before the NBFC was notified under the Act. It also clarified that an NBFC is entitled to initiate both arbitration proceedings and SARFAESI proceedings with respect to a loan account, and that the ‘doctrine of election’ was not attracted in such a scenario. There was a division of judicial opinions among the High Courts: while the Full Bench of the Orissa High Court, as also the Delhi High Court and the Allahabad High Court, have taken a view favourable in terms of the simultaneous legal processes under the SARFAESI Act and arbitration recovery proceedings, the Andhra Pradesh High Court has taken a divergent view. After careful scrutiny of the rival contentions and the judicial precedents cited, the Supreme Court has finally settled the law on the point.
Background and Facts
M.D. Frozen Foods Exports Pvt. Ltd. (the appellant) borrowed monies for their business against security of immovable properties by the creation of an equitable mortgage by deposit of title documents. The account of M.D. Frozen was classified as a NPA.
The agreement between the parties contained an arbitration clause, and thus the matter went to arbitration on Hero Fincorp Ltd. (the respondent) invoking the arbitration clause. However, prior to this invocation, a notification was issued in exercise of powers conferred under section 2(1)(m)(iv) read with section 31A of the SARFAESI Act, wherein Hero Fincorp was notified as a financial institution (the “Notification”).
In view of the aforesaid Notification, Hero Fincorp issued a notice under section 13(2) of the SARFAESI Act. The statement of claim was filed by Hero Fincorp before the arbitrator and interim orders were granted by the arbitrator restraining M.D. Frozen from creating any third party interest over the properties. The legality of the arbitration proceedings was challenged by M.D. Frozen in view of the invocation of SARFAESI Act. After the challenge was repelled both by the arbitrator and later by the Delhi High Court, the matter came up before the Supreme Court.
Issues Resolved
1. Whether resort can be had to Section 13 of the SARFAESI Act in respect of debts which have arisen out of a loan agreement/mortgage created prior to the application of the SARFAESI Act to the lender?
The SARFAESI Act was brought into force to solve the problem of recovery of large debts in the form of NPAs. Thus, the very rationale for the Act to be brought into force was to provide an expeditious procedure where there was a security interest created in favour of the lender. It certainly did not apply retrospectively from the date when it came into force. The question is whether the Act is applicable to the lender at a subsequent date, and thereby allowing the lender to utilize its provisions with regards to a past debt, would make any difference to this principle. The Supreme Court answered in negative. The Act applies to all the claims which would be alive at the time when it was brought into force. Thus, as against Hero Fincorp or other NBFCs, it would be applicable similarly from the date when it was so made applicable to them.
In Sarthak Builders Pvt. Ltd. v. Orissa Rural Development Corporation Ltd.[2] the Supreme Court has succinctly set out this aspect. No doubt, till the time the lender was not a ‘financial institution’ within the meaning of section 2(1)(m)(iv) of the SARFAESI Act, it was not a ‘secured creditor’ as defined under section 2(1)(zd) of the SARFAESI Act, and thus could not have invoked the provisions of the SARFAESI Act. However, the right to proceed under the SARFAESI Act accrued once the Notification was issued.
The case of Unique Engineering Works v. Union of India[3] dealt with the issue of retrospectivity and retroactivity. In case of retroactivity, the Parliament takes note of the existing conditions and promulgates the remedial measures to rectify those conditions. In fact the SARFAESI Act, in our view, was to remedy such a position and provide a measure against secured interests. The scheme of the SARFAESI Act is really to provide a procedural remedy against security interest already created. Therefore, an existing borrower, who had been granted financial assistance, was covered under section 2(f) of the said Act as a ‘borrower’. Not only this expression, but the definition clauses dealing with ‘debt securities’, ‘financial assistance’, ‘financial assets’, etc., clearly convey the legislative intent that the SARFAESI Act applies to all existing agreements irrespective of whether the lender was a notified ‘financial institution’ on the date of the execution of the agreement with the borrower. The scheme of the SARFAESI Act sets out an expeditious, procedural method, enabling the bank to take possession of the property for non-payment of dues, without intervention of the court. The mere fact that a more expeditious remedy is provided under the SARFAESI Act does not mean that it is substantive in character or has created an altogether new right; if this view is accepted, it would imply that there is an inherent right to delay the enforcement against the security interest!
In a similar vein, there are observations made in the case of In re Athlumney Ex parte Wilson[4], where the question posed before the Queen’s Division Bench was whether section 23 of the Bankruptcy Act, 1890 was retrospective in its operation. In the aforementioned context, Wright, J., speaking for the bench, illuminatingly opined:
Perhaps no rule of construction is more firmly established than this – that a retrospective operation is not to be given to a statute so as to impair an existing right or obligation, otherwise than as regards matter of procedure, unless that effect cannot be avoided without doing violence to the language of the enactment. If the enactment is expressed in language which is fairly capable of either interpretation, it ought to be construed as prospective only… it is a general rule that when the Legislature alters the rights of parties by taking away or conferring any right of action, its enactments, unless in express terms they apply to pending actions, do not affect them. It is said that there is one exception to that rule, namely, that, where enactments merely affect procedure and do not extend to rights of action, they have been held to apply to existing rights, and it is suggested here that the alteration made by this section is within that exception.
2. Whether the lender can invoke the SARFAESI Act provision where its notification as financial institution under section 2(1)(m) has been issued after the account became an NPA under section 2(1)(o) of the said Act?
The Supreme Court held that the date on which a debt is declared as an NPA would have no impact. The provisions of the SARFAESI Act would become applicable qua all debts owing and live when the Act becomes applicable, provided the following factors existed:
– Existence of a present actionable debt;
– Status of the person invoking the jurisdiction is that of a secured creditor;
– Assets have been secured in satisfaction of the debt; and
– That the debtor/borrower should have been declared an NPA.
3. Whether the arbitration proceedings can be carried on along with the SARFAESI proceedings simultaneously?
A claim by a bank or a financial institution, before SARFAESI Act and Recovery of Debts Due to Banks and Financial Institutions Act, 1993 (“RDDB Act”) came into force, would ordinarily have been filed in the civil court having the pecuniary jurisdiction. The setting up of the Debt Recovery Tribunal under the RDDB Act resulted in this specialised tribunal entertaining such claims by banks and financial institutions. In fact, suits from the civil jurisdiction were transferred to the Debt Recovery Tribunal. The Tribunal was, thus, an alternative to a civil court recovery proceeding. Upon the SARFAESI Act being brought into force seeking to recover debts against security interest, a question was raised whether parallel proceedings could go on under the RDDB Act and the SARFAESI Act. This issue was clearly answered in favour of such simultaneous proceedings in Transcore v. Union of India & Anr.[5] The relevant extract is reproduced below:
According to American Jurisprudence, 2d, Vol. 25, p. 652, if in truth there is only one remedy, then the doctrine of election does not apply. In the present case, as stated above, the NPA Act is an additional remedy to the DRT Act. Together they constitute one remedy and, therefore, the doctrine of election does not apply. Even according to Snell’s Principles of Equity (31st Edn., p. 119), the doctrine of election of remedies is applicable only when there are two or more co-existent remedies available to the litigants at the time of election which are repugnant and inconsistent. In any event, there is no repugnancy nor inconsistency between the two remedies, therefore, the doctrine of election has no application.
A later judgment in Mathew Varghese v. M. Amritha Kumar[6] also discussed this issue in the following terms:
A close reading of Section 37 shows that the provisions of the SARFAESI Act or the Rules framed thereunder will be in addition to the provisions of the RDDB Act. Section 35 of the SARFAESI Act states that the provisions of the SARFAESI Act will have overriding effect notwithstanding anything inconsistent contained in any other law for the time being in force. Therefore, reading Sections 35 and 37 together, it will have to be held that in the event of any of the provisions of the RDDB Act not being inconsistent with the provisions of the SARFAESI Act, the application of both the Acts, namely, the SARFAESI Act and the RDDB Act, would be complementary to each other.
A reading of section 37 discloses that the application of the SARFAESI Act will be in addition to and not in derogation of the provisions of the RDDB Act. In other words, it will not in any way nullify or annul or impair the effect of the provisions of the RDDB Act. The Supreme Court was also pleased to fortify the above statement of law as the heading of the said section also makes the position clear that application of other laws are not barred. The effect of section 37 would therefore be that in addition to the provisions contained under the SARFAESI Act, in respect of proceedings initiated under the said Act, it will be in order for a party to fall back upon the provisions of the other legislation mentioned in section 37. These observations thus leave no manner of doubt, and the issue is no more res integra, especially keeping in mind the provisions of sections 35 and 37 of the SARFAESI Act, which read as under:
35. The provisions of this Act to override other laws. – The provisions of this Act shall have effect, notwithstanding anything inconsistent therewith contained in any other law for the time being in force or any instrument having effect by virtue of any such law.
37. Application of other laws not barred. – The provisions of this Act or the rules made thereunder shall be in addition to, and not in derogation of, the Companies Act, 1956 (1 of 1956), the Securities Contracts (Regulation) Act, 1956 (42 of 1956), the Securities and Exchange Board of India Act, 1992 (15 of 1992), the Recovery of Debts Due to Banks and Financial Institutions Act, 1993 (51 of 1993) or any other law for the time being in force.”
The aforesaid two Acts are thus complementary to each other, and it is not a case of election of remedy. The only twist in the present case is that, instead of the recovery process under the RDDB Act, the concern lies with regard to the arbitration proceeding. It is trite to say that arbitration is an alternative to civil proceedings. In fact, when a question was raised as to whether the matters which came within the scope and jurisdiction of the Debt Recovery Tribunal under the RDDB Act could still be referred to arbitration when both parties have incorporated such a clause, the answer was given in the affirmative.[7] That being the position, the appellants, M.D. Frozen, can hardly be permitted to contend that the initiation of arbitration proceedings would, in any manner, prejudice their rights to seek relief under the SARFAESI Act. In HDFC Bank Limited v. Satpal Singh Bakshi,[8] it was opined that an arbitration is an alternative to the RDDB Act. The jurisdiction of the civil court is barred for matters covered by the RDDB Act, but the parties still have freedom to choose a forum, alternate to, and in place of the regular courts or judicial system for deciding their inter se disputes. All disputes relating to the ‘right in personam’ are arbitrable and therefore the choice is given to the parties to choose this alternative forum. A claim of money by a bank or a financial institution cannot be treated as a ‘right in rem’, which has an inherent public interest and would, thus, not be arbitrable.
The aforesaid is not a case of election of remedies since the alternatives are between a civil court, arbitral tribunal or a Debt Recovery Tribunal constituted under the RDDB Act. In so far as that election is concerned, the mode of settlement of disputes to an arbitral tribunal has been elected. The provisions of the SARFAESI Act are thus a remedy in addition to the provisions of the Arbitration Act. In Transcore v. Union of India[9] it was clearly observed that the SARFAESI Act was enacted to regulate securitisation and reconstruction of financial assets and enforcement of security interest and for matters connected therewith. Liquidation of secured interest through a more expeditious procedure is what has been envisaged under the SARFAESI Act, and the two Acts are cumulative remedies to the secured creditors.
SARFAESI proceedings are in the nature of enforcement proceedings, while arbitration is an adjudicatory process. In the event that the secured assets are insufficient to satisfy the debts, the secured creditor can proceed against other assets in execution against the debtor, after determination of the pending outstanding amount by a competent forum.
Conclusion
The Supreme Court held that the principle of retrospective operation of law was not applicable in the instant case. There was no retrospective operation involved, because as on the date of Notification, the claim was subsisting and operative. Thus, the provisions of the SARFAESI Act would become applicable to all the debts owing and existing when the Act became applicable to the lender. On perusal of the above, it can further be noted that the Supreme Court unequivocally held that the judgments in Sarthak Builders Pvt. Ltd. v. Orissa Rural Development Corporation Ltd.[10], HDFC Bank Limited v. Satpal Singh Bakshi and Pradeep Kumar Gupta v. State of U.P[11] lay down the correct proposition of law and the view expressed in M/s. Deccan Chronicles Holdings Ltd. v. Union of India[12] following the overruled decision in Subash Chandra Panda v. State of Orissa[13] does not set forth the correct position in law. SARFAESI proceedings and arbitration proceedings, thus, can go hand in hand.
– Richa Saraf
[1] Civil Appeal No. 15147 OF 2017 decided on September 21 , 2017.
[2] 2014 SCC OnLine Ori 75.
[3] II 2004 BC 241 (DB).
[4] [1898] 2 Q.B. 547.
[5] (2008) 1 SCC 125.
[6] (2014) 5 SCC 610.
[7] HDFC Bank Limited v. Satpal Singh Bakshi, 2013 (134) DRJ 566.
[8] 2013 (134) DRJ 566.
[9] (2008) 1 SCC 125
[10] 2014 SCC OnLine Ori 75
[11] AIR 2010 All 3
[12] AIR 2014 Andhra Pradesh 78
[13] AIR 2008 Ori 88
The post Application Under SARFAESI: Supreme Court’s Liberal Approach appeared first on IndiaCorpLaw.
Application Under SARFAESI: Supreme Court’s Liberal Approach published first on http://ift.tt/2vSFQ3P
0 notes