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Thyroid Cancer

People with thyroid cancer may experience:A lump in the front of the neckSwollen glands in the neckDifficulty in swallowingDifficulty in breathingPain in the throat or neckA cough that persists and is not caused by a coldThyroid cancer affects the thyroid gland, which is responsible for producing hormones that help in controlling metabolism and calcium levels in the body. This type of cancer is more common in women than in men. About two thirds of thyroid cancers are diagnosed in people between the age of 20 and 55. However, it is important to know that Thyroid cancer is different from other thyroid conditions, such as hypothyroidism and hyperthyroidism. The most uncommon, cancers found in the thyroid are thyroid lymphomas, thyroid sarcomas, or other rare tumors (less than 4% only).

Thyroid cancer is caused by a number of environmental and genetic factors. Exposure to ionizing radiation plays a significant role. Rates of thyroid cancer increased following the Chernobyl, Fukushima, Kyshtym, and Windscale nuclear disasters. Genetic causes include family history of a group of disorders associated with tumors of the endocrine system.

Symptoms

People with thyroid cancer may experience:

A lump in the front of the neck

Swollen glands in the neck

Difficulty in swallowing

Difficulty in breathing

Pain in the throat or neck

A cough that persists and is not caused by a cold

Diagnosis

To diagnose thyroid cancer early, it is better to know the common symptoms of thyroid disorders like fatigue, muscle weakness, weight gain, and cold sensitivity. If you locate a lump in the front of the neck, find that you have difficulty swallowing or experience unusual hoarseness in your voice, discuss it with your doctor. He will check your neck and guide for further investigation. Early diagnosis and treatment remain the cornerstone of thyroid cancer management.

Thyroid cancers are often diagnosed by routine examination of the neck or are found by x-rays, thyroid biopsy or other imaging scans such as ultrasound. There are several types of blood tests such as TSH, Tg & TgAb, and MTC to diagnose thyroid cancer.

Treatment Options

At American Oncology Institute, a multidisciplinary team consisting of Radiation Oncologists, Medical Oncologists and Surgical Oncologists collaborate to jointly plan and implement the most optimal treatment protocol for thyroid cancer. AOI conducts a joint international tumor board every week in which pathologists, oncologists, radiation therapists and surgeons from our facilities join the international team to review each case to ensure that every patient receives optimum care. All the treatment decisions are evidence based and follow the VIA pathways and protocols. The treatment methods may involve Radiation Oncology, Medical oncology or Surgical Oncology or combinations of the same.

AOI uses state-of-the-art technologies such as Trubeam StX and Calypso backed by the most modern diagnostic equipment such as PET CT and digital mammograms to ensure that our diagnosis and treatment are precise and effective.

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Ovarian Cancer

Early stages of ovarian cancer may not cause any noticeable symptoms, however, as the cancer progresses, symptoms may arise. The following are the most common signs or symptoms of ovarian cancer:Pressure or pain in the abdomen, pelvis, back or legsSwollen or bloated abdomenNausea, indigestion, gas, constipation or diarrheaFatigueLess common symptoms may include:Sortness of breathFeeling the need to urinate frequentlyUnusual vaginal bleeding such as heavy periods or bleeding after menopauseOvarian cancer begins in the ovaries, which are two glands located on either side of the uterus. The ovaries produce the female hormones, estrogen and progesterone, and release eggs during a woman’s reproductive years.

Ovarian cancer symptoms are not apparent in the early stages of the disease. Because there is no routine screening test for ovarian cancer, women with a family history of the disease or other risk factors should be cautious.

The signs of ovarian cancer may be different for each woman and any one of these symptoms may be caused by noncancerous conditions.

Common symptoms of ovarian cancer may include: Persistent abdominal bloating, indigestion or nausea, changes in appetite, often a loss of appetite or feeling full, feeling of pressure in the pelvis or lower back, frequent urination, changes in bowel movements, increased abdominal girth and loss of energy

Risk factors include gender (women), age (55 years or older), family history, child bearing status (women who deliver after the age of 30), obesity etc.

Risk Factors of Ovarian cancer

Family history of Ovarian Cancer

Personal history of cancer, specifically in the breast,uterus, colon, or rectum have greater susceptibility for developing ovarian cancer

Aging: Women after the age of 55 have a greater risk

No pregnancies Obesity

Fertility drugs

Estrogen therapy and hormone therapy

Use of talcum powder on the genitals

Diagnosis of Ovarian Cancer

Although symptoms may suggest that cancer is present, the use of diagnostic imaging, biopsies and other tests can help confirm whether the cancer really exists. The following are tests that may be conducted in diagnosing ovarian cancer:

Ultrasound

Transvaginal ultrasound

Barium enema x-ray

Computed tomography (CT) scan

Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) scan

Positron emission tomography (PET) scan

Biopsy

Laparoscopy

Colonoscopy

Blood tests

Common Symptoms and Signs of Ovarian Cancer

Early stages of ovarian cancer may not cause any noticeable symptoms, however, as the cancer progresses, symptoms may arise. The following are the most common signs or symptoms of ovarian cancer:

Pressure or pain in the abdomen, pelvis, back or legs

Swollen or bloated abdomen

Nausea, indigestion, gas, constipation or diarrhea

Fatigue

Less common symptoms may include:

Sortness of breath

Feeling the need to urinate frequently

Unusual vaginal bleeding such as heavy periods or bleeding after menopause

Treatment Option for Ovarian Cancer

Treatment options may consist of surgery, chemotherapy, radiation therapy or any combination of these treatments.

Surgery may be an option where the surgeon may remove one or both ovaries.

Chemotherapy is a cancer treatment that uses anti-cancer drugs to kill or stop the growth of cancer cells.

Radiation therapy is a cancer treatment that uses high-energy radiation beams to eliminate cancer cells or stop them from growing.Radiation therapy consists of external beam radiotherapy and brachytherapy or internal radiation therapy.

External beam is a treatment option that uses localized high energy radiation beams to eliminate cancer cells and keep them from growing.

Brachytherapy uses a radioactive substance, usually in the form of seeds which are placed directly into or near the cancer which helps to shrink the tumor.

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Lung Cancer

Risk Factors of Lung cancer Lung cancer interferes with this vital process of inhaling and exhaling, which can make breathing very difficult.

Lung Cancer is caused by lung cells growing out of control. As the number of cells grow, they form into a tumor. There are many types of lung cancers.

Early symptoms of lung cancer may be a slight cough or shortness of breath, depending on which part of the lung is affected. As the cancer develops, these symptoms may become more severe or intense.

Some of the common symptoms include cough, chest pain, difficulty in breathing, tiresomeness, wheezing, change in speech, weight loss, loss of appetite and pneumonia or bronchitis that keeps coming back.

Smoking cigarettes is the leading cause of lung cancer. However, lung cancer in non-smokers has been rising in recent years. Other causes for lung cancer include radon, radiation, asbestos, and pollution.

Risk Factors of Lung cancer

Tobacco smoke: Tobacco smoke is the leading cause of lung cancer. Smoke from cigarettes, pipes, or cigars released harmful substances that can damage lung cells when inhaled. The more a person is exposed to smoke,the greater the likelihood of developing lung cancer

Radon: Radon is a radioactive gas that you can not see, smell or taste. It forms in soil and rocks. People working in mines may be exposed to radon.Extended exposure to radon can damage lung cells

Asbestos and other substances: Exposure to asbestos, arsenic, chromium, nickel, soot, tar and other substances can cause lung cancer. The risk is highest for those with years of exposure

Air pollution

Family history

Personal history of lung cancer

Older age

Common signs and symptoms of Lung Cancer

A cough that does not go away or gets worse

Chest pain that is often worse with deep breathing, coughing, or laughing

Hoarseness

Weight loss and loss of appetite

Coughing up blood or rust-colored sputum

Shortness of breath

Feeling tired or weak

Infections such as bronchitis and pneumonia that don’t go away or keep coming back

New onset of wheezing

Horner syndrome

Superior vena cava syndrome

Paraneoplastic syndromes

Diagnosis for Lung Cancer

Although symptoms may suggest that cancer is present, the use of diagnostic imaging can help confirm whether the cancer really exists. The following are imaging tests that may be conducted in diagnosing lung cancer:

Chest x-ray

Computed tomography (CT) scan

Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) scan

Positron emission tomography (PET) scan

Bone scan

Treatment Options for Lung Cancer

Treatment options may consist of surgery, chemotherapy, radiation therapy, other localized therapies or any combination of these treatments.

Surgery may consist of a pneumonectomy, lobectomy, or segmentectomy where all or part of the lung is removed. In some instances, the nearby lymph nodes may be removed for observation also.

Chemotherapy is a systemic therapy that uses anti-cancer drugs to kill or stop the growth of cancer cells

Radiation therapy consists of external beam radiotherapy and brachytherapy or internal radiation therapy.

External beam is a treatment option that uses localized high energy radiation beams to eliminate cancer cells and keep them from growing.

Brachytherapy uses a radioactive substance, usually in the form of seeds which are placed directly into or near the cancer which helps to shrink the tumor.

Other therapies can include radiofrequency ablation, photodynamic therapy, laser therapy, and stent placement.

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Cervical Cancer

Cervical cancer begins in the cervix, the narrow organ at the bottom of the uterus that connects to the vagina. The cervix dilates during childbirth to allow for passage of a baby.

Infection of the cervix with human papillomavirus (HPV) is the most common cause of cervical cancer. However, not all women with an HPV infection will develop cervical cancer.

The early stages of cervical cancer usually do not have any symptoms. This is why it is important to have screening Pap tests.

As a tumor grows in size, it can produce a variety of symptoms including: abnormal bleeding (including bleeding after sexual intercourse, in between periods, heavier/longer lasting menstrual bleeding, or bleeding after menopause), abnormal vaginal discharge (may be foul smelling), pelvic or back pain, pain on urination and blood in the stools/urine.

Routine Pap testing is the best way to detect abnormal changes to the cervix before they develop into cancer. Because of this, women who do not regularly have a Pap test are at increased risk of developing the disease

Risk Factors of Cervical cancer

Human papilloma virus (HPV) infection

Lack of regular PAP tests

Smoking

Weakened immune system

Chlamydia infection

Diet

Being overweight

Use of oral contraception

Multiple full-term pregnancies

Young age at the first full-term pregnancy: Women with their first full-term pregnancy before the age of 17 are twice as likely to develop cervical cancer

Family history

Diethylstilbestrol (DES): Use of this hormonal drug to prevent miscarriages increases the risk for cervical cancer

Common Symptoms and Signs of Cervical Cancer

Abnormal vaginal bleeding

Bleeding that occurs between regular menstrual periods

Bleeding after sexual intercourse, douching, or a pelvic exam

Menstrual periods that last longer and are heavier than before

Bleeding after going through menopause

Increased vaginal discharge

Pelvic pain

Pain during sex

Diagnosis of Cervical Cancer

Although symptoms may suggest that cancer is present, the use of diagnostic imaging, biopsies and other tests can help confirm whether the cancer really exists.The following are tests that may be conducted in diagnosing cervical cancer:

Colposcopy

Cervical biopsies

Cytoscopy, proctoscopy, and examination under anesthesia

Chest x-ray

Computed tomography (CT) scan

Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) scan

Positron emission tomography (PET) scan

Ultrasound

Treatment Options for Cervical Cancer

Treatment options may consist of surgery, chemotherapy, radiation therapy, other localized therapies or any combination of these treatments.

Surgery may consist the following options:

Radical trachelectomy: Removal of the cervix, part of the vagina, and the lymph nodes in the pelvis.

Total hysterectomy: Removal of the cervix and uterus.

Radical hysterectomy: Removal of the cervix, some tissue around the cervix, the uterus, and part of the vagina

Chemotherapy: is a cancer treatment that uses anti-cancer drugs to kill or stop the growth of cancer cells.

Radiation therapy is a cancer treatment that uses high-energy radiation beams to eliminate cancer cells or stop them from growing.

Radiation therapy consists of external beam radiotherapy and brachytherapy or internal radiation therapy.

External beam is a treatment option that uses localized high energy radiation beams to eliminate cancer cells and keep them from growing. Brachy therapy uses a radioactive substance, usually in the form of seeds which are placed directly into or near the cancer which helps to shrink the tumor.

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Blood Cancer

At American Oncology Institute, treatment of blood cancer is most comprehensive with one of the best skilled and most qualified team of the hematologist. The team includes Dr. AMVR Narendra, Dr. Parinitha Gutha & Dr. S.K. Gupta who are highly qualified and are trained from institutes in India and the UK. Blood cancer treatment is designed after a detailed assessment of the patient considering factors such as type of the blood cancer, the stage it is in etcCommon treatments are chemotherapy, radiotherapy and in some cases if required stem cell or bone marrow transplant.In chemotherapy anti-cancer drugs are used to fight cancer cells. In radiation therapy, high energy of radiations is given to kill cancer cells. Its use is dependent on the location of the cancer cell or the tissue involved. Accordingly, radiation is targeted either to kill the cancer cell or shrinks cancerous tissue.Treatment options for blood cancer The term blood cancer encompasses disorders that affect the blood, bone marrow and lymphatic system. In majority of the blood cancers, the red blood cells development is interrupted with uncontrolled division resulting in abnormal type of cancerous blood cells. These cancerous cells prevent the normal functions like defence or prevention of serious bleeding.

There are three main groups of blood cancer disorders, namely leukaemia, lymphoma and myeloma. World over, their prevalence varies.Leukaemia affects white blood cells, which play a vital role in infection-fighting in the immune system. Leukaemia produces a high number of immature white blood cells and impacts other blood cells which help balance immune system and healthy blood.

Lymphoma affects the lymphatic system, which helps to protect human body from infections and diseases.Lymphoma can develop in multiple body, including bone marrow, blood and other organs.Myeloma is a cancer of the plasma cells, which are found in your bone marrow. Plasma cells produce antibodies which help fight infection. When plasma cells become myelomas they prevent the normal production of antibodies, leaving body’s immune system weakened.

Risk Factors of Blood Cancer

Smoking

Chemical Exposures

Chemotherapy drugs

Radiation exposure

Certain blood disorders

Genetic Defects

Symptoms of Blood Cancer

The common symptoms of blood cancers can include:

Unexplained weight loss

Fatigue

Feeling weak or breathless

Easily bruise or bleed

Enlarged lymph nodes

Swollen stomach or abdominal discomfort

Frequent and repeated infections

Fever/night sweats

Pain in bones/joints

Itchy skin

Bone pain (ribs/back)

Diagnosis of Blood Cancer

Cancer blood test along with other laboratory tests can actually help doctors at American Oncology Institute diagnose blood cancer. The most common test that is prescribed Complete blood count (CBC). It measures the amount of various types of blood cells in a sample of your blood. Blood cancers can also be detected using this method if too many or too few of a type of affected blood cell or abnormal cells are found. Further, depending on the finding a doctor may suggest a bone marrow biopsy which usually helps to confirm the diagnosis of a blood cancer.

A test to examine various proteins in your blood (electrophoresis) can aid in detecting certain abnormal immune system proteins (immunoglobulins) that are sometimes elevated in people with multiple myeloma. Additionally,bone marrow biopsy is used to confirm a suspected diagnosis.

Tumor marker tests are another diagnosis to detect cancer. Tumor markers are chemicals made by tumor cells that can be detected in blood which, in most of the cases, are also produced by some normal cells body. This limits the potential for tumor marker tests to help in cancer diagnosis.

Treatment options for blood cancer

At American Oncology Institute, treatment of blood cancer is most comprehensive with one of the best skilled and most qualified team of the hematologist. The team includes Dr. AMVR Narendra, Dr. Parinitha Gutha & Dr. S.K. Gupta who are highly qualified and are trained from institutes in India and the UK. Blood cancer treatment is designed after a detailed assessment of the patient considering factors such as type of the blood cancer, the stage it is in etc

Common treatments are chemotherapy, radiotherapy and in some cases if required stem cell or bone marrow transplant.

In chemotherapy anti-cancer drugs are used to fight cancer cells. In radiation therapy, high energy of radiations is given to kill cancer cells. Its use is dependent on the location of the cancer cell or the tissue involved. Accordingly, radiation is targeted either to kill the cancer cell or shrinks cancerous tissue.

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Prostate Cancer

Prostate cancer treatment plan is determined by taking gleason score, as well as many other factors into consideration. Treatment options may consist of surgery, chemotherapy, radiation therapy or any combination of these treatments.A surgical procedure called ‘radical prostatectomy’ may be an option where the surgeon remove partial or the entire prostate organ.Chemotherapy is a cancer treatment that uses anti-cancer drugs to kill or stop the growth of cancer cells.Radiation therapy is a cancer treatment that uses high-energy radiation beams to eliminate cancer cells or stop them from growing. Radiation therapy consists of external beam radiotherapy and brachytherapy or internal radiation therapy.External beam is a treatment option that uses localized high energy radiation beams to eliminate cancer cells and keep them from growing.Brachy therapy uses a radioactive substance, usually in the form of seeds which are placed directly into or near the cancer which helps to shrink the tumour.Although symptoms may suggest that cancer is present, the use of diagnostic imaging, blood tests and biopsies can help confirm whether the cancer really exists. The following are tests that may be conducted in diagnosing of prostate cancer:

PSA test

Computed tomography (CT) scan

Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) scan

Positron emission tomography (PET) scan

Transrectal ultrasound

Bone scan

ProstaScint scan

Aging: Risk increases substantially after the age of 50Family historyInherited mutations: Studies have shown an elevated risk of prostate cancer among men with changes in BRCA1 and BRCA2 inherited genesDiet: Increased consumption of red meat or high-fat dairy products have an increased risk for developing the cancerObesitySmokingInflammation of the prostateSexually transmitted infectionsVasectomyProstate is responsible for the production of semen in males. Prostate cancer is a form of a cancer that starts in the prostate gland. Both Prostate cancer and BPH (Benign prostatic hyperplasia) can cause an enlarged prostate. But they only cause common symptoms, no other similarity exists between the both. BPH is not cancerous and fatal like prostate cancer. There is another condition called as ‘Prostatitis’ wherein the prostate becomes swollen, tender and inflamed which is also not cancerous as well as different from BPH.

Every case of prostate cancer is different. Fortunately, it is one of the most treatable cancer types if detected early.

Risk factors for developing prostate cancer include age (generally over 60), diet (people who consume animal fat) and family history.

Some of the common symptoms include trouble in urinating, more than usual urination, pain while urinating or ejaculation, blood in the urine or semen.

Regular screening helps in early detection of prostate cancer. Early detection can lead to successful treatment.

Risk Factors of Prostate cancer 

Aging: Risk increases substantially after the age of 50

Family history

Inherited mutations: Studies have shown an elevated risk of prostate cancer among men with changes in BRCA1 and BRCA2 inherited genes

Diet: Increased consumption of red meat or high-fat dairy products have an increased risk for developing the cancer

Obesity

Smoking

Inflammation of the prostate

Sexually transmitted infections

Vasectomy

Symptoms and Signs of Prostate Cancer

Difficulty in starting urination

Weak or interrupted flow of urine

Frequent urination, most often in the night

Inability or difficulty in emptying the bladder

Pain or burning while urinating

Blood present in urine or semen

Constant pain in the back, hips or pelvis

Painful ejaculation

Diagnosis of Prostate Cancer

Although symptoms may suggest that cancer is present, the use of diagnostic imaging, blood tests and biopsies can help confirm whether the cancer really exists. The following are tests that may be conducted in diagnosing of prostate cancer:

PSA test

Computed tomography (CT) scan

Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) scan

Positron emission tomography (PET) scan

Transrectal ultrasound

Bone scan

ProstaScint scan

Treatment Options for Prostate Cancer

Prostate cancer treatment plan is determined by taking gleason score, as well as many other factors into consideration. Treatment options may consist of surgery, chemotherapy, radiation therapy or any combination of these treatments.

A surgical procedure called ‘radical prostatectomy’ may be an option where the surgeon remove partial or the entire prostate organ.

Chemotherapy is a cancer treatment that uses anti-cancer drugs to kill or stop the growth of cancer cells.

Radiation therapy is a cancer treatment that uses high-energy radiation beams to eliminate cancer cells or stop them from growing. Radiation therapy consists of external beam radiotherapy and brachytherapy or internal radiation therapy.

External beam is a treatment option that uses localized high energy radiation beams to eliminate cancer cells and keep them from growing.

Brachy therapy uses a radioactive substance, usually in the form of seeds which are placed directly into or near the cancer which helps to shrink the tumour.

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Breast Cancer Treatment

Treatment options may consist of surgery, chemotherapy, radiation therapy, hormone therapy or any combination of these treatments.Surgery is performed in order to remove the tumor in the breast and possibly surrounding tissues and nearby lymph nodes.Chemotherapy is a cancer treatment that uses anti-cancer drugs to kill or stop the growth of cancer cells.Radiation therapy is a cancer treatment that uses high-energy radiation beams to eliminate cancer cells or stop them from growing.Radiation therapy consists of external beam radiotherapy and brachytherapy or internal radiation therapy.External beam is a treatment option that uses localized high energy radiation beams to eliminate cancer cells and keep them from growing.Brachytherapy uses a radioactive substance, usually in the form of seeds which are placed directly into or near the cancer which helps to shrink the tumor.Hormone therapy is a treatment that targets specific hormones linked to the cancer cells by blocking the properties associated with cell growth.Irregular lump in one or both breastsSwelling of all or part of the breast, even if no lump is detectedSkin irritation or dimplingPain in the breast or nippleNipple retraction (nipple turning inward)Redness, scaliness or thickening of the nipple or breast skinNipple discharge (other than breast milk)

Breast cancer is cancer that forms in cells of the breast. The breast consists of lobules (glands that make breast milk), ducts (small tubes that carry milk from the lobules to the nipple), fatty and connective tissue, blood vessels and lymph vessels.

The milk-producing ducts and glands are the two most likely areas to develop cancerous cells.

In rarer cases, breast cancer begins in fatty tissues, also known as stromal tissues. Breast cancer may also occur in surrounding lymph nodes, especially those of the underarm.

The early stages of breast cancer may not have any symptoms. As the tumor grows in size, it can cause symptoms.

Symptoms may include lump or thickening in the breast or underarm, change in the size or shape of the breast, nipple discharge or nipple turning inward, redness or scaling of the skin or nipple, ridges or pitting of the breast etc.

Risk Factors of Breast cancer :

Gender: Breast cancer is 100 times more common among women than men. This is because women possess more of the hormones estrogen and progesterone, which is linked to the development of cancer cells

Genetic inheritance: An estimated 5-10% of breast cancer cases are considered hereditary or mutations that have been passed on from parent to child.

Defects in BRC1 and BRC2 genes are the most common cause for hereditary breast cancer. These particular genes help prevent cells from mutating or growing abnormally

Increased number of menstrual cycles: Women who have had more menstrual cycles due to starting at an early age (before age 12) or go through menopause at a later age (over age 55) are at an increased risk

Aging

Family history

Personal history with breast cancer

Dense breast tissue

Previous chest radiation exposure

Benign breast conditions

Women having no children or having their first child after the age of 30

Oral contraceptive use

Increased alcohol consumption

Being overweight

Minimal physical activity

Common Signs and Symptoms of Breast Cancer

Irregular lump in one or both breasts

Swelling of all or part of the breast, even if no lump is detected

Skin irritation or dimpling

Pain in the breast or nipple

Nipple retraction (nipple turning inward)

Redness, scaliness or thickening of the nipple or breast skin

Nipple discharge (other than breast milk)

Diagnosis Of Breast Cancer

Although symptoms may suggest that cancer is present, the use of diagnostic imaging can help confirm whether the cancer really exists. The following are imaging tests that may be conducted in diagnosing breast cancer:

Diagnostic mammograms are x-rays of the breast where several images are taken of the area in question. Advanced diagnostic centers offer digital mammograms where the images are recorded, viewed and stored on a computer. Also, the use of digital mammography can allow for images to be sent electronically to other physicians or hospitals.

MRI scans of the breast use radio waves and a strong magnet in reproducing detailed images of the body. MRIs can be used in combination with mammograms in detecting cancer for high risk individuals or can be used to better assess an abnormal area.

Breast ultrasound is a test that uses sound waves to create an image of organs and tissue within the body. Ultrasounds are typically used to differentiate between benign and cancerous tumors. Breast ultrasounds should be used in combination with mammograms.

Ductogram is a test that examines the ducts where nipple discharge occurs. This is done by injecting contrast medium into the affected duct. An image is produced of the duct structure displaying any abnormalities

Treatment Options for Breast cancer

Treatment options may consist of surgery, chemotherapy, radiation therapy, hormone therapy or any combination of these treatments.

Surgery is performed in order to remove the tumor in the breast and possibly surrounding tissues and nearby lymph nodes.

Chemotherapy is a cancer treatment that uses anti-cancer drugs to kill or stop the growth of cancer cells.

Radiation therapy is a cancer treatment that uses high-energy radiation beams to eliminate cancer cells or stop them from growing.Radiation therapy consists of external beam radiotherapy and brachytherapy or internal radiation therapy.

External beam is a treatment option that uses localized high energy radiation beams to eliminate cancer cells and keep them from growing.

Brachytherapy uses a radioactive substance, usually in the form of seeds which are placed directly into or near the cancer which helps to shrink the tumor.

Hormone therapy is a treatment that targets specific hormones linked to the cancer cells by blocking the properties associated with cell growth.