onlinenotebank2021

[onlinenotebank2021]

Marxian Theory of Social Stratification

The Marxist perspectives generally regard modern society as being divided primarily into two classes — the bourgeoisie and the proletariat – on the basis of property ownership or non-ownership of property. Marx understood classes to be economically determined by the difference between owners of the means of production and non-owning direct producers. Class differences, therefore, are determined…

[onlinenotebank2021]

Sociological Perspectives on Education

Sociological perspectives on education From a functionalist perspective, it is argued that education contributes to the maintenance of the social system. Emile Durkheim saw the major function of education as transmission of the society’s norms and values. He maintained that the society can survive only if a sufficient degree of homogeneity exists among its members. Education functions to…

[onlinenotebank2021]

Meaning and Function of Marriage

Meaning of Marriage Marriage as an institution has developed over a long period of time. There cannot be one comprehensive definition of marriage which finds the consent of all sociologists. Marriage as an institution can have varied implications in varied societies and cultures. It can be defined as a socially-sanctioned sexual relationship between a man and a woman whose relationship is…

[onlinenotebank2021]

Importance of Sociology

Importance of Sociology The discipline of sociology is recognized widely today. Nowadays, there is a growing realization about the importance of the scientific study of social phenomena and means of promoting what American sociologist and economist Franklin Henry Giddings calls ‘human adequacy’. It is of great value in modern complex society. • Sociology makes a scientific study of society:…

[onlinenotebank2021]

Austin Concept of Sovereignty

AUSTIN’S CONCEPT OF SOVEREIGNTY The legal view, also called the monistic view or traditional view of sovereignty, was propounded by John Austin (1779-1859), a great jurist, in his book, Lectures on Jurisprudence (1832). According to Austin, “If a determinate human superior, not in the habit of obedience to a like superior, receives habitual obedience from the bulk of a given society, that…

[onlinenotebank2021]

Pluralistic Theory of Sovereignty

PLURALISTIC THEORY OF SOVEREIGNTY Pluralism in political science means that existence of many groups and associations in a society and the recognition of their importance for the overall welfare of human beings. Pluralists accuse monists that they regard all non-political associations created by the state as dependent for their continued existence upon the will of the state and as exercising…

[onlinenotebank2021]

Neo-liberalism: Meaning, Nature and Criticism of Neo-liberalism

INTRODUCTION As opposed to the concept of social liberalism or social democracy, there is the ideology of new-liberalism that passionately supports economic liberalisation, free market and open markets. It addresses the economic issue in a liberal polity by advocating abolition of state-controlled business ventures and thus paving the way for complete privatisation of economic sphere. At the same…

[onlinenotebank2021]

Growth of Liberalism

GROWTH OF LIBERALISM  Classical liberalism: Liberalism rose as a reaction against the absolute authority of the State, Church and the Feudal Lords in the sixteenth century. It was largely the product of the age of Reformation, science and individualism and represented the changed thinking which characterized the then society. It laid emphasis on the need to remove obstacles in the path of human…

[onlinenotebank2021]

Liberalism: Meaning, Characteristics, Implications and Evaluation of Liberalism

INTRODUCTION:Liberalism has been a dominant philosophy for centuries in the world. It was not developed at a particular point of time by a particular political thinker. It is like a stream which has flown through the years to which various thinkers and philosophers have made their contributions. Liberalism does not represent any coherent body of doctrines and has been attributed to different…

[onlinenotebank2021]

Origin of the Party System

Several theories have been put forward by political scientists to explain the origin of the party system. These explanations can be broadly clubbed under three categories as discussed below: 1. Human Nature Theory: Three explanations have been put forward to understand the Human Nature Theory. Scholars like Sir Henry Main have argued that parties rise when humans move towards combativeness. In…

[onlinenotebank2021]

Salient features of the British judicial system

The judiciary occupies a place of pride in a democratic country. If a democratic government is to be effective, it is essential that laws passed by the legislator should be applied and upheld without fear or favour. Professor Laski has said that the Acts of Parliament are not self-operative and, hence, there is need for a judicial organ to see its operation. Hamilton opined that ‘laws are a dead…

[onlinenotebank2021]

Merits and Demerits of Functional Representation

FUNCTIONAL REPRESENTATION This is another method of representation. Advocates of functional representation argue that in the legislature, it is not the territorial communities that are to be represented but only various interests in the society that are to be represented. The representation should be occupational or for economic interests. Generally an urban constituency consists of various…

[onlinenotebank2021]

Game Theory

The game theory is another approach used in the study of international relations. It was initially influenced by mathematics and economics. It attempts to apply the different models of game to international politics, especially in highly competitive situations when outcomes of the actions are difficult to anticipate. This has led the scholars to create the game theory for a more scientific study…

[onlinenotebank2021]

U.S. Senate is the most powerful Second Chamber in the World

Senate is the most powerful Second Chamber in the World The Senate is decidedly an indispensable institution in the political system of the United States. A comparative Study of the Senate and the Upper House in other parliaments of the world, show that Senate is the most powerful second chamber in the world. The British House of Lord was once a very powerful chamber, but today it is the shadow…

[onlinenotebank2021]

Comparison between the British Speaker and the American Speaker

Comparison between the British Speaker and the American Speaker The framers of the US Constitution adopted the designation of their presiding officer of the House of Representatives from Britain. In Britain, the presiding officer of the House of Commons is known as the ‘Speaker’. Apart from the similarity in name, both the speakers are elected by the House from amongst its members. There is some…

[onlinenotebank2021]

Comparison between the American and the British Cabinet

Comparison between the American and the British Cabinet Both America and Britain have cabinets in their respective countries, but they fundamentally differ from each other. The American cabinet can be said to resemble the British cabinet in one thing only. Both have arisen from custom or usage. While in all other respects the American Cabinet stands in sharp contrast to its American counterpart.…

[onlinenotebank2021]

Hegel View on State

The most important contribution of Hegel to political philosophy is his theory of state. Hegel regarded the state as the embodiment of the Giest or the Universal Mind. The state was the representative of the Divine Idea. His theory of state is rooted in the axiom: what is rational is real and what is real is rational. For Hegel, all states are rational in so far as they represent the various…