#Class 12 Economics NCERT Solutions

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Home Tuition in Dehradun – The Smartest Choice for Academic Excellence

In today's highly competitive academic environment, students need more than just classroom education to thrive—they need focused, personalized guidance to truly succeed. That's where Home Tuition in Dehradun by Saraswati Tutorials comes in. We bring customized, one-on-one learning experiences to the comfort of your home, designed to unlock the true academic potential of your child.

Why Choose Saraswati Tutorials for Home Tuition in Dehradun?

We understand that every child is unique—with different strengths, weaknesses, learning styles, and pace. Our approach to Home Tuition in Dehradun is built on this very principle. Whether your child needs help in understanding tough concepts or is aiming to top their class, we create a learning roadmap that is perfectly aligned to their individual goals.

With over a decade of success, Saraswati Tutorials has become a trusted name among parents seeking the best Home Tutor in Dehradun for their children’s academic growth.

Our Expert Home Tutors – The Strength Behind the Success

At the heart of our service is a hand-picked team of qualified, experienced, and passionate Home Tutors in Dehradun. Every tutor at Saraswati Tutorials is not only a subject expert but also trained in child psychology, pedagogy, and student motivation.

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What Makes Our Home Tuition in Dehradun Stand Out

1. Personalized One-on-One Teaching

Unlike overcrowded tuition centers, we focus on personalized attention. Our tutors adapt their teaching pace and style to suit the student’s learning ability, ensuring better understanding and retention.

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Our tutors come to your home at a time that suits your family’s routine, ensuring that learning is both effective and stress-free.

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We conduct weekly tests, periodic assessments, and provide detailed feedback reports to track your child’s academic progress.

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Our tutors prepare students for:

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Home Tuition in Dehradun for Every Learning Stage

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Conceptual clarity becomes vital here. Our home tutors guide students to understand and apply concepts rather than memorize them.

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Board exams begin here, and our Home Tutors in Dehradun ensure students are well-prepared with NCERT solutions, sample paper practices, and conceptual revisions.

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Specialized tutors for Science and Commerce streams help students tackle advanced topics and score well in board as well as competitive exams.

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1. Personalized Learning Pace

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Why Parents Trust Saraswati Tutorials for Home Tuition in Dehradun

Over 10 years of excellence in personalized tutoring

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Home Tuition for Competitive Exams in Dehradun

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Conclusion – Choose Academic Success with Saraswati Tutorials

If you're searching for quality, dedication, and results-driven tutoring, Saraswati Tutorials offers the most effective Home Tuition in Dehradun. From improving grades to building confidence and achieving academic goals, our Home Tutors in Dehradun are changing lives—one student at a time.

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Mastering the General Studies (GS) Papers: A Comprehensive Guide

The General Studies (GS) papers form the backbone of the UPSC Civil Services Examination (CSE). Covering a wide array of topics, they test an aspirant’s knowledge, analytical skills, and ability to present ideas clearly. Mastering the GS papers is crucial for securing a high rank in the exam. This blog outlines strategies, resources, and tips to help you excel in these papers.

Overview of GS Papers

The Mains examination has four GS papers, each carrying 250 marks, covering diverse topics:

GS Paper I: Indian Heritage and Culture, History, Geography of the World and Society.

GS Paper II: Governance, Constitution, Polity, Social Justice, and International Relations.

GS Paper III: Technology, Economic Development, Biodiversity, Environment, Security, and Disaster Management.

GS Paper IV: Ethics, Integrity, and Aptitude.

Each paper requires a unique approach and preparation strategy. Let’s dive deeper into how to tackle them effectively.

How to Master Each GS Paper

1. GS Paper I: History, Culture, Society, and Geography

Topics to Focus On

Indian Art and Culture: Focus on architecture, dance forms, music, and crafts.

Modern Indian History: Key events, freedom struggle, and contributions of leaders.

World History: Revolutions, world wars, and significant international movements.

Indian Society: Social issues, diversity, and population-related topics.

Geography: Physical, human, and economic geography.

Resources

Indian Art and Culture by Nitin Singhania

A Brief History of Modern India by Spectrum

NCERTs (History and Geography)

Certificate Physical and Human Geography by G.C. Leong

Tips

Use diagrams and maps to enhance answers in Geography.

For society-related questions, link them to current issues.

Memorize historical timelines and practice integrating them into your answers.

2. GS Paper II: Polity, Governance, and International Relations

Topics to Focus On

Constitution and Polity: Amendments, judiciary, and governance policies.

Social Justice: Welfare schemes, NGOs, and vulnerable sections.

International Relations: India’s foreign policy and relations with neighboring countries.

Resources

Indian Polity by M. Laxmikanth

Introduction to the Constitution of India by D.D. Basu

Current affairs from The Hindu or Indian Express.

Rajya Sabha TV debates on international relations.

Tips

Link static topics to recent developments (e.g., constitutional amendments or international summits).

Use Supreme Court judgments and committee recommendations in your answers.

Focus on concise, structured answers with relevant examples.

3. GS Paper III: Economy, Environment, Science, and Security

Topics to Focus On

Indian Economy: Budget, economic policies, and agriculture.

Science and Technology: Space, IT, biotech, and AI.

Environment: Biodiversity, climate change, and conservation efforts.

Internal Security: Cybersecurity, terrorism, and border management.

Resources

Indian Economy by Ramesh Singh

Economic Survey and Union Budget documents

NCERT Science books (Class 6–12)

Environment and Ecology by Shankar IAS Academy

Tips

Incorporate data from reports like NITI Aayog and IPCC.

Use diagrams to explain concepts like climate change or economic trends.

Relate technological advancements to real-world applications in India.

4. GS Paper IV: Ethics, Integrity, and Aptitude

Topics to Focus On

Ethics and Human Interface: Morality, values, and ethical dilemmas.

Case Studies: Real-life application of ethical principles.

Integrity and Probity: Governance, accountability, and corruption.

Resources

Lexicon for Ethics, Integrity, and Aptitude by Chronicle Publications

Second ARC Report (Ethics in Governance)

Daily practice of case studies from mock tests.

Tips

Keep answers practical and solution-oriented in case studies.

Use examples of real-life ethical leaders (e.g., Mahatma Gandhi, A.P.J. Abdul Kalam).

Define terms clearly and provide examples in theoretical questions.

General Strategies for GS Papers

1. Understand the Question Pattern

Analyze previous year question papers to identify trends and frequently asked topics.

Understand the directive words like "critically analyze," "discuss," and "evaluate."

2. Answer Writing Practice

Write answers regularly to improve speed and structure.

Stick to the word limit (150–250 words).

Use the "Introduction-Body-Conclusion" format.

3. Use Diagrams and Flowcharts

Visual aids enhance presentation and save word count.

Practice creating maps, charts, and flow diagrams for various topics.

4. Stay Updated with Current Affairs

Relate static topics to current issues for a balanced approach.

Make notes from newspapers, magazines like Yojana and Kurukshetra, and government reports.

5. Time Management

Allocate time wisely for each question during the exam.

Attempt all questions to maximize marks, even if some answers are incomplete.

Common Mistakes to Avoid

Overloading Answers with Data: Avoid excessive statistics; use data selectively.

Ignoring Diagrams: Maps and illustrations can make your answers stand out.

Skipping Revision: Regular revision ensures better retention and confidence.

Lack of Balance: Don’t focus on one GS paper while neglecting others.

Mastering the GS papers is not just about memorizing facts but developing a well-rounded perspective on various issues. With consistent efforts, smart strategies, and effective answer writing, you can excel in these papers and significantly boost your overall UPSC score.

Remember, UPSC preparation is a journey of learning and growth. Embrace the process, stay disciplined, and success will follow. Good luck!

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How to Prepare Economy and Economic Survey for UPSC?

The economy section in the UPSC syllabus is a crucial area that requires a strategic approach and in-depth understanding, especially as it’s part of both Prelims and Mains. The Economic Survey—released every year by the Ministry of Finance—presents an analysis of the country’s economic progress, challenges, and outlook. It’s a vital resource for UPSC aspirants, and effective preparation of this document can provide you with an edge.

Here's a detailed guide to help you master Economy and Economic Survey for UPSC.

Step 1: Understand the Basics of Economics

To build a strong foundation, it’s essential to start with the basics. Begin with NCERTs for Economics from classes 9 to 12, which provide a clear understanding of fundamental concepts such as supply and demand, GDP, inflation, fiscal policy, and balance of payments. After grasping these basics, move on to advanced sources like Indian Economy by Ramesh Singh or any similar standard reference book that offers a more detailed perspective.

Step 2: Analyze the Economic Survey

The Economic Survey is one of the most important documents for UPSC preparation. It provides insights into the government's economic priorities, critical issues, and proposed solutions, which are invaluable for answering Mains questions and framing answers in interviews.

Here’s how to approach the Economic Survey:

Focus on Key Chapters: Start with the introductory chapters, which outline the year’s key themes and policy measures. Pay attention to topics like fiscal developments, inflation, and external sectors.

Highlight Important Data and Graphs: UPSC frequently frames questions on economic indicators. Focus on data related to GDP growth, inflation trends, employment, and poverty.

Policy Recommendations: The Economic Survey often contains suggestions for future reforms. These can be directly quoted in Mains answers or used to substantiate your arguments.

Step 3: Supplement with Current Affairs

Economics is highly dynamic, and every day brings new developments in policies, trade, and global markets. Stay updated by following reliable sources like The Hindu Business Line, Economic Times, and PIB (Press Information Bureau) releases. Look out for updates on schemes, policy changes, and budget announcements, as these are highly relevant to both the Economy and Economic Survey sections.

Step 4: Practice Answer Writing

For Mains, answer writing practice is crucial. The economy section often has analytical questions that test your understanding of policies and their implications. Try framing answers based on recent economic data and incorporating insights from the Economic Survey. Practicing this will not only prepare you for Mains but also help in answering complex questions during the UPSC interview.

Step 5: Revise and Make Notes

Regular revision is key when preparing for UPSC. Make concise notes from each Economic Survey chapter and update them with any new developments. Having a personal summary will help you quickly revise closer to the exam date.

Conclusion

Preparing for the Economy and Economic Survey for UPSC is essential for achieving success, especially as this section carries significant weight in both Prelims and Mains. With the right resources, strategic approach, and regular practice, you can master this subject and gain confidence.

For expert guidance and a personalized study plan, join the best IAS academy in Coimbatore. Our experienced faculty and result-oriented methods will keep you on track throughout your UPSC preparation journey.

Ready to begin? Enroll at the best IAS academy in Coimbatore and achieve your dream of becoming an IAS officer.

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Are NCERT Solutions Available for All Classes and Subjects?

When it comes to education in India, the National Council of Educational Research and Training (NCERT) plays a pivotal role. NCERT is responsible for developing standardized educational materials and curricula that are used in schools across the country. One of the most sought-after resources provided by NCERT is NCERT Solutions. These solutions are designed to assist students in understanding and mastering the concepts taught in their textbooks. However, a common question that often arises is, "Are NCERT Solutions available for all classes and subjects, or are they limited to specific grade levels and subjects?" In this article, we will delve into this question and provide a comprehensive overview of NCERT Solutions.

Understanding NCERT Solutions

NCERT Solutions are a set of well-structured answers and explanations to the questions and exercises found in NCERT textbooks. These solutions are created by subject matter experts and educators to aid students in comprehending the topics covered in their respective grade-level textbooks. The primary objective of NCERT Solutions is to promote a deeper understanding of the subject matter, improve problem-solving skills, and facilitate effective exam preparation.

NCERT Solutions for Class 9

NCERT Solutions are available for various grade levels, ranging from primary to secondary education. Let's take a closer look at NCERT Solutions for Class 9 as an example. Class 9 is a crucial stage in a student's academic journey, as it forms the foundation for the more advanced concepts that they will encounter in higher classes. NCERT Solutions for Class 9 cover subjects such as Mathematics, Science, Social Science, English, Hindi, and more.

NCERT Solutions for Class 9 Mathematics

NCERT Solutions for Class 9 Mathematics provides step-by-step explanations for each problem in the textbook. These solutions not only help students understand the concepts but also assist them in solving problems with ease. Whether it's algebra, geometry, or trigonometry, NCERT Solutions for Class 9 Mathematics has got it covered.

NCERT Solutions for Class 9 Science

Science is another subject that demands a clear understanding of fundamental principles. NCERT Solutions for Class 9 Science are designed to make learning science an enjoyable experience. These solutions cover topics like physics, chemistry, and biology and provide explanations, diagrams, and experiments that enhance the learning process.

NCERT Solutions for Class 9 Social Science

Social Science is a multidisciplinary subject that encompasses history, geography, political science, and economics. NCERT Solutions for Class 9 Social Science help students grasp the historical events, geographical concepts, and socio-political aspects of India and the world. These solutions make the subject more engaging and informative.

NCERT Solutions for Class 9 English

English is a language that holds global significance. NCERT Solutions for Class 9 English focus on developing language skills, including reading, writing, and comprehension. These solutions offer explanations for literary texts and grammar exercises, aiding students in improving their command of the English language.

NCERT Solutions for Class 9 Hindi

For students studying in Hindi medium schools, NCERT Solutions for Class 9 Hindi are indispensable. These solutions provide detailed explanations of Hindi literature and grammar, making it easier for students to excel in their Hindi studies.

Availability of NCERT Solutions

Now that we have discussed NCERT Solutions for Class 9, it's essential to address the broader question of their availability for different grade levels and subjects.

NCERT Solutions for All Classes

The good news is that NCERT Solutions is available for all classes, from Class 1 to Class 12. This comprehensive coverage ensures that students can access assistance throughout their educational journey. Whether a student is just starting their academic career in Class 1 or preparing for the crucial Class 12 board exams, NCERT Solutions are readily available to support their learning needs.

NCERT Solutions for All Subjects

NCERT Solutions also cover a wide range of subjects. The subjects typically covered include Mathematics, Science, Social Science, English, Hindi, Sanskrit, and others. This extensive subject coverage ensures that students can find solutions for all the subjects they are studying.

Limitations

While NCERT Solutions are incredibly valuable and cover a broad spectrum of classes and subjects, there may be limitations in terms of additional study materials and resources. For extremely specialized subjects or those beyond the scope of the standard curriculum, students may need to seek additional resources. However, for the majority of students in India, NCERT Solutions serve as an excellent foundation for their academic studies.

Benefits of Using NCERT Solutions

Now that we know that NCERT Solutions are available for various classes and subjects, let's explore the benefits of using these solutions in your studies.

1. Standardized Content

NCERT Solutions are created by experts in their respective fields. This ensures that the content is accurate, up-to-date, and aligned with the curriculum prescribed by the NCERT. Students can rely on the quality of information provided in these solutions.

2. Clarity and Understanding

They break down complex concepts into easily understandable steps, making it easier for students to grasp the subject matter. This clarity aids in building a strong foundation in each subject.

3. Practice and Revision

In addition to explanations, NCERT Solutions also offer a wide range of practice questions and exercises. This practice is essential for reinforcing learning and improving problem-solving skills. Furthermore, students can use these solutions for effective revision before exams.

4. Board Exam Preparation

For students preparing for board exams, NCERT Solutions are invaluable. Since the question papers for board exams are often based on NCERT textbooks, studying with NCERT Solutions provides a significant advantage in scoring well in these crucial exams.

5. Accessibility

NCERT Solutions are widely available and accessible. Students can find them in physical bookstores, online stores, and even on the official NCERT website.

6. Cost-Effective

Compared to many other study materials and resources, NCERT Solutions are relatively affordable. This makes them an attractive option for students and parents looking for effective study aids without breaking the bank.

Conclusion

In conclusion, NCERT Solutions is a valuable resource for students in India. They are available for all classes and cover a wide range of subjects, including NCERT Solutions for Class 9. These solutions provide standardized, well-structured content that enhances students' understanding of their textbooks. While there may be limitations for extremely specialized subjects, NCERT Solutions serves as an excellent foundation for the majority of students. The benefits of using NCERT Solutions include clarity, practice, accessibility, and cost-effectiveness, making them an indispensable tool for academic success. So, if you're a student in India, don't hesitate to make the most of NCERT Solutions to excel in your studies.

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NCERT Solutions For Class 12 Economics

NCERT Solutions for Class 12 Economics are designed by our well-trained teachers as per the latest CBSE marking scheme & guidelines.  NCERT (National Council of Education Research and Training) Solutions for Class 12 are a great option for students when they need help with their homework while preparing for exams as well as while learning.

Economics focus on how governments, commerce (business), societies, households, and individual people make choices about when, where and how to use their natural resources at its best. It is basically a study that involves many factual and conceptual blueprints to study the actions and predict how institutions will encourage given changes in certain policies and market conditions among the other factors. 

Economics is very significant as it assists people to calculate how a diversity of elements work with and against each other to control how resources such as wealth and labour get used, how inflation, demands, supplies, the definite rate of interest and other important factors determine how much to pay for the goods and services.

Economists are regarded as shining beacons who study the key economic indicators affecting a country’s economy. Because of complexity and digitization, new sectors have been formed resulting in the spearheaded growth of the economy. Hence, it is important for students to learn about the economy in detail. CBSE Class 12 acts as a basic step for those who want to make an incredible career in Economics in the future. If you want to become an inspiring economist, a good score in CBSE Class 12 Commerce (Economics) is essential. This can only be fulfilled by effective preparation.

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Being a subject which includes both the subjective content as well as the objective problems, Class 12 Economics needs a full in-depth detailed understanding of concepts. Thus, for the wholesome preparation for the Boards as well as everyday studies, NCERT Solutions for Class 12 Economics provided by Extramarks are your go-to place. These Class 12 Economics NCERT solutions are available for each and every topic and questions for all the latest NCERT books.

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Extramarks offer NCERT Solutions for  CBSE Class 12 Economics is the very needed study material for students wanting to score preferably on their board exam. Free NCERT Solutions serve as a one-stop solution for clearing all your suspicion or solve each and all questions given in the latest and updated NCERT textbooks. Visit our site:- https://www.extramarks.com/ncert-solutions/cbse-class-12/economics

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Access the comprehensive NCERT Solutions for Class 12 Economics across all subjects. Enhance your understanding and excel in exams with detailed explanations and step-by-step problem-solving techniques.

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NCERT Solutions for Class 12 Economics. Chapterwise Free PDFs Updated for 2021-22 Master your concepts with NCERT solutions prepared by expert Subject teachers

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NCERT/SCERT Class 12 Economics Solutions

NCERT/SCERT Class 12 Economics Solutions

NCERT/SCERT Class 12 Economics Solutions can be of great value to excel in the examination. Assam Board AHSEC Class 12 Economics Solutions gives you a better knowledge of all the chapters. You can get solutions to questions of both basic and advanced levels. One of the best ways to excel in your board exams is through practicing Class 12 Economics Solutions. SCERT Solutions provided are as per…

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Master Learning with Saraswati Tutorials: Trusted Home Tuition in Dehradun

In the heart of Uttarakhand lies Dehradun — a city celebrated for its academic excellence, prestigious schools, and competitive education culture. As students face mounting pressure to perform well in school, board exams, and entrance tests, the demand for Home Tuition in Dehradun has increased significantly. In this fast-paced educational environment, Saraswati Tutorials has emerged as a trusted name for parents and students seeking reliable academic support at home.

Whether your child needs help understanding a subject or wants to get ahead with extra practice, Saraswati Tutorials is your answer for high-quality, personalized learning. With a team of expert educators, we bring the best Home Tutor in Dehradun right to your doorstep.

Why Home Tuition in Dehradun is Gaining Popularity

Gone are the days when coaching centers were the only solution for academic help. Today, parents prefer home tuition for its personalized approach, flexible timing, and student-centric focus. In cities like Dehradun, where education is a priority, home tuition plays a crucial role in bridging learning gaps.

Here are some reasons why Home Tuition in Dehradun is becoming the preferred choice:

One-on-One Learning – Each student receives undivided attention, leading to better focus and clarity.

Custom Study Plans – Tutors can tailor lessons according to the student’s strengths, weaknesses, and goals.

Comfortable Learning Environment – Studying at home reduces distractions and travel time.

Performance Tracking – Tutors can provide regular feedback and progress updates.

Parental Involvement – Parents can monitor their child’s progress closely and stay engaged in the learning process.

If you’re a parent or student searching for the right support system, a qualified Home Tutor in Dehradun from Saraswati Tutorials can make all the difference.

About Saraswati Tutorials – A Name You Can Trust

At Saraswati Tutorials, we specialize in providing effective and result-oriented Home Tuition in Dehradun. With over a decade of experience and a large pool of experienced educators, we have helped countless students across various boards (CBSE, ICSE, and State Board) achieve academic excellence.

Our vision is simple: Every student has the potential to succeed — they just need the right mentor, motivation, and method.

Subjects and Classes We Cover

Saraswati Tutorials offers Home Tutor in Dehradun for a wide range of subjects and class levels:

Primary Classes (1–5)

Basic concepts in Math, English, Hindi, and Environmental Studies

Activity-based and interactive learning

Middle School (6–8)

Focused subject-specific support in Science, Social Science, and Math

Foundation building for high school

High School (9–10)

NCERT syllabus coverage with in-depth concept explanations

Exam-oriented study techniques and regular mock tests

Senior Secondary (11–12)

Subject specialists in Physics, Chemistry, Biology, Math, Accountancy, Economics, Business Studies, and more

Board exam preparation and revision-focused sessions

Our Teaching Approach

1. Personalized Lesson Plans

Every child learns differently. Our Home Tutor in Dehradun designs unique lesson plans based on the student’s learning style, academic level, and goals. Whether the child is a fast learner or needs extra support, we adapt to their pace.

2. Board-Aligned Curriculum

Our tutors are well-versed with CBSE, ICSE, and state board syllabi. This ensures that students are taught as per the latest curriculum and exam guidelines.

3. Doubt-Clearing & Concept Reinforcement

We prioritize clarity over cramming. Tutors focus on helping students understand concepts deeply, clearing doubts in real-time, and revisiting topics until the student is fully confident.

4. Regular Assessments & Feedback

To track progress, we conduct periodic assessments. Detailed feedback is shared with parents to ensure continuous improvement.

Why Saraswati Tutorials Is the Best for Home Tuition in Dehradun

Here’s what makes Saraswati Tutorials the preferred choice for students and parents alike:

Experienced & Verified Tutors: Our educators are highly qualified, trained, and passionate about teaching.

Flexible Scheduling: We offer classes at timings convenient for the student, including weekends and evenings.

Safe & Secure: Learning at home under parental supervision ensures a safe academic environment.

Affordable Pricing: Quality tutoring services that are budget-friendly without compromising standards.

Dedicated Academic Support: Tutors act as guides and mentors, encouraging students to stay motivated.

Testimonials from Happy Parents & Students

“We enrolled our daughter for science and math tuition with Saraswati Tutorials. The results were amazing – not just in marks, but in her confidence too.” — Mrs. Sharma, Vasant Vihar, Dehradun

“I was struggling in Class 11 Chemistry. Thanks to the home tutor from Saraswati Tutorials, I now enjoy the subject and scored 90+ in my term exam.” — Rahul Mehta, Class 11 Student

How to Get Started?

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Contact Us: Reach out via call or WhatsApp with your requirements.

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Start Learning: Flexible schedules, regular assessments, and continuous progress from Day 1.

Conclusion

With the growing academic pressure and increasing competition, students need more than just classroom lectures to succeed. Home Tuition in Dehradun is not a trend — it's a necessity. And with Saraswati Tutorials, you don’t just get a tutor — you get a dedicated partner in your child’s learning journey.

So if you're looking for a Home Tutor in Dehradun who can deliver results with care, passion, and expertise, look no further than Saraswati Tutorials. Your child’s academic success starts at home — and we’re here to guide every step of the way.

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Consumer's Equilibrium Class 12th Economics Chapter 3

Consumer’s Equilibrium Class 12th Economics Chapter 3

उपभोक्ता संतुलन Complete Questions with Answer in Hindi. क्यू. उपयोगिता से क्या अभिप्राय है? उत्तर:- किसी वस्तु में आवश्यकता को संतुष्ट करने की शक्ति को उपयोगिता कहते है. क्यू. कुल उपयोगिता से आप क्या समझते है? उत्तर:- एक वास्तु की विभिन इकाइयों के उपभोग से प्राप्त होने वाली सीमांत उपयोगिता के जोड़ को कुल उपयोगिता कहा जाता है. TU = MU1 + MU2 + MU3 + ….. + MUn = ∑MU क्यू. सीमांत उपयोगिता से क्या…

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Economics is a social science which deals with the production, distribution (allocation) and expenditure or utilization of goods and services, the NCERT Solutions CBSE Class 12 Economics student can click this link to make good marks in exam. To know more, visit:- https://www.extramarks.com/ncert-solutions/cbse-class-12/economics

[cbseclass12]

Being a subject which includes both the subjective content as well as the objective problems, Class 12 Economics needs a full in-depth detailed understanding of concepts. Thus, for the wholesome preparation for the Boards as well as everyday studies, NCERT Solutions for Class 12 Economics provided by Extramarks are your go-to place. These Class 12 Economics NCERT solutions are available for each and every topic and question for all the latest NCERT books.

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NCERT Class 12 History Chapter 2 Kings, Farmers and Towns Early States and Economies

NCERT Class 12 History Solutions

Chapter 2 Kings, Farmers and Towns Early States and Economies

NCERT TEXTBOOK QUESTIONS SOLVED : Q 1. Discuss the evidence of craft production in Early Historic cities. In what ways is this different from the evidence from Harappan cities?

Ans. Widespread and deep excavations in the early historic towns have not been possible due to the fact that these towns are still inhabited. In Harappan Civilisation, we have been fortunate enough that excavations have taken place widespread. Despite this shortcoming, we have found many artefacts in the historic towns. These throw light on the craftsmanship of those days. There are other evidences too, that throw light on the craftsmanship of those days. The salient features of such evidences are as follows:

1. From the sights the fine pottery bowls and dishes have been found. They are glossy too and we call them Northern Black Polished Ware. It looks they were used by the rich people.

2. There have also been evidence of ornaments, tools, weapons, vessels and figurines. There are a wide range of items made of gold, silver, copper, bronze, ivory, glass, shell and terracotta.

3. The donor inscription tells who all lived in towns in terms of professionals and craftsmen. It included washer men, weaver, scribes, carpenters, goldsmith, ironsmith, etc. It is notable in Harappan towns there are no evidences of iron use.

4. The craftsmen and artisans built their guilds too. They collectively bought raw materials, produced and marketed their products.

Q 2. Describe the salient features of Mahajanapadas.

Ans. Mahajanapadas were states that existed between 6th and 4th BC centuries. Buddhist and Jain texts mention sixteen Mahajanapadas. The name of all these are not uniform in all texts but some names are common and uniform which means they were the powerful ones. These Mahajanapadas are Vajji, Magadha, Kaushal, Kuru, Panchal, and Gandhar.

The important features of the Mahajanapadas are as follows.

1. Most of the Mahajanapadas were ruled by powerful kings. However, there were some Mahajanapadas where rule was in the hands of people, we call them republics. In some states the king and the subject had collective control on the economic resources of the state.

2. Every Mahajanapadas had its own capital. The capital normally would be surrounded by fort. The fortification of the capital was needed for protection and economic resources.

3. It was around 6th Qentury BC, Brahmins began to compile scripture called “Dharmshastra” which states rules of morality including that of monarch. Herein it was mentioned that the king should be Kshatriya.

4. The main job of the king was collection of taxes from farmers, traders, craftsmen. They also accepted donations.

5. It was considered fair to plunder neighbouring countries for riches.

6. Gradually Mahajanapadas began to have full time army and officials. Soldiers were from the ranks of farmers. Q 3. How do historians reconstruct the lives of ordinary people?

Ans. Ordinary people could not leave behind any historical evidence about their life. Hence, the historians use a variety of sources to reconstruct the lives of the common people during the ancient times. The important sources are:

1. Remains of houses and pottery give an idea of the life of common men.

2. Some inscriptions and scriptures talk about the relation between monarchs and the subject. It talks about taxes and happiness and unhappiness of the common men.

3. Changing tools of craftsmen and farmers talk about the lifestyle of the people.

4. Historians also depend upon folklores to reconstruct the lives of the people during the ancient times. Q 4. Compare and contrast the list of things given to the Pandyan chief (Source 3) with those produced in the village of Danguna (source 8). Do you notice any similarities and differences? 

Ans. The gifts given to Pandya chief included things like ivory, fragrant wood, honey, sandal¬wood, pepper, flowers, etc. in additions to many birds and animals were also given as gifts. On the contrary, items produced in the village of Danguda included grass, skin of animals, flower salt and other minerals, etc. In both the lists the only common item is flower. Q 5. List some of the problems faced by the epigraphists.

Ans. The specialists who study inscriptions are called Epigraphists. Some of the important problems they encounter when they try to decipher inscriptions are as follows:

1. Many of the inscriptions are not found in proper shape, they are partly damaged, hence deciphering them becomes a knotty problem.

2. The inscriptions are written from the point of view of those who have created it. Hence, in order to get an impartial understanding, we need to go beyond the written words, get into its interpretations.

3. Many of the inscriptions have descriptions in symbolic words. Hence deciphering them have become difficult.

4. Sometimes the inscriptions are engrafted in very light colors. Hence, deciphering them becomes difficult. Q 6. Discuss the main features of the Mauryan administration. Which of these elements are evident in the Asokan inscriptions that you have studied ?

Ans. Asokan inscriptions mention all the main features of the administration of the Mauryan Empire. Thus, the features of the administration are evident in the inscriptions of the Asokan age. The important features of the same are as follow:

1. The capital of the Mauryan Empire was Pataliputra. Apart from the capital there ‘ were four other centres of political power in the empire. They were Taxila, Ujjaini, Tosali and Suvamagiri.

2. Committee and subcommittees were formed to run the administration and safety of boundaries. Megasthenes has mentioned that there were one committee and six sub-committees. The six subcommittees and their areas of activities are as follows:

(i) The first sub committee looked after navy. (ii) The second sub committee looked after transport and communications. (iii) The third sub committee looked after infantry. (iv) The fourth sub committee had the responsibility of horses. (v) The fifth had the responsibility of chariots. (vi) The sixth had the responsibility of elephants.

3. Strong network of roads and communications were established. It is notable that no large empire can be maintained in the absence of the same.

4. Asoka made an attempt to keep the empire united by the philosophy of Dhamma. Dhamma are nothing but moral principles that actuated people towards good conducts. Special officers called Dhamma Mahamtras were appointed to propagate Dhamma. In fact Romila Thapar has made it the most important element of the Asokan state’s governing principle. Q 7. This is a statement made by one of the best-known epigraphists of the twentieth century, D.C. Sircar: “There is no aspect of life, culture, activities of the Indians that is not reflected in inscriptions.” Discuss. 

Ans. The statement of eminent epigraphist D.C. Sirkar has highlighted the importance of inscription as single source of information that touch upon all areas of our life. Following are the main areas we get information about from the inscriptions;

1. Determination of state’s boundaries: the inscriptions were carved in the territories of the kings and even more important is not often close to the borders. This help us find out boundaries of kingdoms and their expansions thereto.

2. Names of Kings: The names of the kings are mentioned in the inscriptions. The names and titles used by Asoka the Great got revealed through inscriptions only.

3. Historic events: The important historical events are mentioned in the inscriptions. The best example is how the event of the Kalinga war is mentioned in the inscription and how Asoka takes to Dhamma.

4. Information about conduct of Kings: Inscriptions describe the conduct and character of the kings quite well. It is through the inscriptions only that we know Asoka worked for the welfare of the masses.

5. Information about administration: Inscriptions gave information about administration. It is through the inscription. We know that Asoka appointed his son as a Viceroy.

6. Land settlement and Taxes: inscriptions mention how land were granted or gifted. It also talks about various taxes imposed by the ruler.

There is hardly any area of governance of our life that is not mentioned in the inscriptions. Hence, we are inclined to agree with D.C. Sirkar who says, “There is no aspect of life, culture, activities of Indians that is not reflected in the inscriptions.” Q 8. Discuss the notions of kingship that developed in the post-Mauryan period.

Ans. In the post-Mauryan age, the idea of kingship got associated with divine theory of state. Now, the monarchs began to talk about divine sanction to rule the people. Kushan rulers propagated the idea of the same at the unprecented scale. They ruled from central Asia to western India. We can discuss the kingship based on the dynasties.

1. Kushan Kings: Kushan Kings called themselves Devputra and hence, godly status. They built great statues of themselves in temples.

2. Gupta Rulers: Second development of kingship is found during Gupta dynasty. It was a period of large-sized states. Such states were dependent on Samantas who sometimes became powerful enough to usurp the power of kings too.

3. Literature, coins and inscriptions helped us in creating history of those days. Very often poets would describe the monarch often to praise them but giving insight into the history and kingship too. A good example is of Harisena who praised Samudragupta, the great Gupta ruler. Q 9. To what extent were agricultural practices transformed in the period under consideration? 

Ans. The demand for taxes increased in the post 600 BC. In order to meet the demand of excessive taxes, without taking lesser produce, forced the farmers to increase productivity. This resulted in the use of new tools and practices of agriculture. The important ones are as follows:

1. Use of plough: Ploughs became commonplace. They were hardly heard of in the past. The use of ploughs began in the Ganga and Cauvery basins. In places where rain was abundant, the plough was used with iron tip. This increased the paddy production manifold.

2. Use of spade: Another tool that changed the system of agriculture is spade. Those farmers who lived in the areas of harsh land used spade.

3.  Artificial Irrigation: Apart from rainfall, the farmers now began to look at artificial form of irrigation. This prompted farmers to build wells, ponds, and – canals often collectively. This increased the agricultural production.

The production increased due to new technology and tools. This created a new strata in the society. In the Buddhist literature, there is a description of small and big farmers. They were called Grihpatis. Similar description is given in the Tamil literature too. The position of village head was often hereditary. In such a situation the ownership of land became very important.

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