#Determinants Class 12 Solutions

[mitchipedia]

Stand up for your neighbors in San Diego

In light of recent ICE raids at the Federal Courthouse and Buona Forchetta Restaurant in San Diego and in Los Angeles, and the outrageous and dangerous Republican overreaction to Los Angeles protests, it’s important for all of us to find ways to turn our grief and outrage into action for our immigrant neighbors.

ICE raids are violent and excessive, but the community stepped up to fight back and block ICE’s departure. Here in San Diego, ICE responded with military tactics, including flashbangs and smoke grenades. As we write this (Sunday afternoon, June 8), it’s unclear how the situation in Los Angeles will play out. But it’s clear that Republicans want a mass, violent confrontation with protesters, and if they can’t find the occasion, they’ll manufacture it. And Republicans want to break blue states, starting with California.

Here are some things you can do to help preserve freedom and help your neighbors, compiled from local community organizations:

The No Kings March is Sunday, June 14, at Waterfront Park in San Diego. It’s part of a national day of action. See the link, preceding for information on that event and other No Kings events elsewhere in the county and online.

Volunteer to help elect Democrat Paloma Aguirre as County Supervisor in the July 1 special election. If Aguirre loses, the County Board of Supervisors flips Republican. The Aguirre campaign is asking people to canvass and phone-bank. While the district is overwhelmingly Democratic, Republican turnout is high, making this an at-risk election for us, as Democratic Party community leader Cynara Kidwell Velazquez noted at the recent June meeting of the La Mesa-Foothills Democratic Club.

What can you do if you see harassment? Sign up for bystander intervention training by Right To Be. That organization has classes to help protect against harassment of immigrants, women, disabled people, Jews, Muslims, LGBTQIA+ people, in public spaces, online, in the workplace, and so on.

Submit a public comment to your San Diego County Supervisor by June 12 to urge them to increase funding for immigration legal services. You can also email your county supervisor directly.

Also, tell the San Diego City Council that they should be funding community services, not surveillance tech. While our neighborhoods in San Diego are in desperate need of essential services such as libraries, parks and public restrooms, the city is cutting funding for those essential services, instead spending millions of dollars on a mass surveillance system: the Flock Automatic License Plate Reader (ALPR) and “smart” streetlight cameras—wasting money and threatening our privacy and civil liberties.

According to a petition on Change.org: “Flock ALPR tries to track the public movements of every individual in San Diego, 24/7, aligning with authoritarian agendas and the concerning trend of increasing surveillance. Instead of fostering community safety through positive and supportive measures, we are being forced into a society that values monitoring over meaningful safety solutions.” Sign the petition to oppose mass surveillance now.

Further resources:

Showing Up for Racial Justice is an organization for white people working for justice. The San Diego chapter is active and will next meet June 22, at a location to be determined. Sign up for email updates. SURJ’s Linktree lists calls to action.

The Episcopal Church Office of Government Relations' Migration, Refugees and Immigration webpage is a great resource, including an immigrant action toolkit. The Episcopal Diocese of San Diego’s Migration Ministry webpage provides useful definitions, Know Your Rights info, and links to partner organizations that offer a variety of ways to help immigrants.

Mobilize US and CBFDIndivisible list events, petitions and volunteer opportunities.

Take Action for San Diego Democrats is a web page run by the county Democratic Party with information on upcoming events, supporting the Aguirre campaign, learning more about running for local office, Planned Parenthood, how to make effective protest signs and more.

I wrote this for an upcoming issue of the newsletter of the La Mesa-Foothills Democratic Club.

[blackstarlineage]

25 Essential Principles for Black Conduct and Empowerment: A Garveyite Perspective

From a Garveyite perspective, Black people must uphold a code of conduct rooted in self-determination, unity, discipline, and economic independence to reclaim sovereignty and build a powerful Black world. Marcus Garvey emphasized that the liberation of Black people requires not just awareness but action, structure, and collective responsibility. Without a solid foundation of principles to guide conduct, Black people remain vulnerable to external control, disunity, and stagnation.

This analysis outlines 25 essential principles that Black people must adhere to for collective empowerment, ensuring that every aspect of life—from personal discipline to political strategy—aligns with Black self-reliance and Pan-African unity.

1. Prioritize Black Unity Over Petty Divisions

Black people must reject tribalism, nationality-based elitism, and class divisions that prevent global solidarity. Whether African, African American, Caribbean, or Afro-Latino, all Black people share a common struggle and destiny.

2. Be Loyal to Black Institutions, Not External Systems

Economic, educational, and political systems designed by non-Black entities often do not serve Black interests. Black people must build, support, and defend their own institutions to ensure self-governance.

3. Maintain Economic Discipline and Group Economics

Black people must spend, circulate, and invest money within their own communities rather than enriching non-Black businesses that do not support Black liberation. Wealth must serve the collective, not just the individual.

4. Reject Begging and Dependency

Garveyism teaches that self-reliance is the key to sovereignty. Seeking validation, reparations without self-building, or constant dependency on non-Black systems keeps Black people weak. We must create solutions, not wait for handouts.

5. Strengthen the Black Family Unit

A strong Black nation starts with strong families. Fatherhood, motherhood, and communal responsibility must be honoured. The intentional breakdown of the Black family is a tool of oppression, and reversing it is a revolutionary act.

6. Guard Black Cultural Identity Fiercely

Black culture must be protected from dilution, appropriation, and distortion. The global media industry manipulates Black culture for profit while degrading its revolutionary potential. Black people must reclaim their spiritual, artistic, and historical identities.

7. Reject Hyper-Consumerism and Materialism

Black empowerment is not measured by luxury brands, flashy lifestyles, or European standards of success. True power comes from ownership, land, and industry—not consumer status.

8. Develop Financial Literacy and Generational Wealth

Black people must prioritize financial education, investments, land ownership, and cooperative economics over short-term spending habits. Financial discipline determines power.

9. Master Self-Defense and Security

Black communities must be physically and strategically protected. Knowledge of self-defense, martial arts, and security strategies is essential to prevent exploitation, gentrification, and violence against Black people.

10. Respect and Elevate Black Women

Black women have always been at the forefront of liberation struggles. They must be honoured, protected, and empowered, while rejecting both misogyny and feminism that devalues traditional African family structures.

11. Reject White Validation and Seek Black Excellence

Seeking approval from white institutions, corporations, or governments weakens self-worth. Excellence must be defined on Black terms, not Western standards.

12. Eliminate Self-Hatred and Colourism

Black people must dismantle anti-Black programming, including colourism, texturism, and Eurocentric beauty standards. Loving Blackness is a revolutionary act.

13. Be Politically Aware but Not Emotionally Manipulated

Black people must engage in politics with strategic awareness, rather than blind emotional allegiance to parties that do not serve Black interests. Power is taken, not asked for.

14. Prioritize African Spirituality and Indigenous Practices

African spiritual systems have been demonized and replaced with religious systems that pacify Black resistance. Black people must reclaim ancestral knowledge and reject systems that promote blind obedience over empowerment.

15. Train Black Youth for Leadership and Legacy

Black children must be educated in liberation philosophy, economic empowerment, and self-discipline from an early age. The next generation must be trained, not just inspired.

16. Reject Degenerative Media and Narratives

Music, television, and films that promote self-destruction, hypersexuality, and violence against Black people must be rejected. Media that elevates, educates, and empowers Black minds must be supported.

17. Demand Accountability from Leaders

Black leaders—whether political, religious, or social—must be held to strict ethical and strategic standards. Personality cults and blind allegiance lead to betrayal and stagnation.

18. Build Pan-African Alliances Instead of Isolating Movements

No single Black community or nation can thrive alone. Black people worldwide must work together to secure land, resources, and industries.

19. Promote Self-Discipline and Mental Strength

A weak and undisciplined mind is easily controlled. Black people must master self-discipline in thought, habits, and actions to create a powerful global presence.

20. Reclaim the Warrior Spirit of Our Ancestors

African history is filled with warriors, revolutionaries, and empires that resisted colonization and slavery. Black people must embrace the warrior spirit rather than glorifying passivity.

21. Master Technology and Control the Digital Space

The future is digital, and Black people must own, develop, and master technology rather than being just consumers. Controlling media, cybersecurity, and AI is critical for sovereignty.

22. Protect and Defend Black Land and Resources

Black communities and nations must protect their land, agriculture, water sources, and raw materials from foreign control. Land ownership equals power.

23. Reject Integration as the Ultimate Goal

Integration into white society is not liberation. The goal must be nation-building, sovereignty, and Black self-governance, not assimilation.

24. Reject Criminality and Sabotage from Within

Internal destruction—whether through gang violence, betrayal, or corruption—keeps Black people weak. Code of conduct, integrity, and accountability must be upheld.

25. Make Black Consciousness and Excellence the New Standard

Mediocrity, victimhood, and aimless entertainment must be replaced with a culture of Black excellence, Pan-Africanism, and mastery of knowledge and power.

Conclusion: The Path to Black Sovereignty Is Discipline, Strategy, and Unity

From a Garveyite perspective, the liberation of Black people is not a dream but a responsibility. Without a strict code of conduct, discipline, and self-determination, Black people will remain vulnerable to exploitation, division, and external control.

Marcus Garvey built the largest Black organization in history because he understood that power comes from order, strategy, and a clear set of guiding principles. These 25 rules serve as a modern framework for achieving Black sovereignty, economic independence, and Pan-African unity.

The question is: Will we have the discipline to follow them?

[mandrake-mistakes]

Let’s talk about the Prim Reaper

Listen. It’s funny. I enjoy a big tall glass of I hate Gale juice in the morning with my bacon and eggs as much as the next girlie. But he’s also super interesting and complicated and important and I have a million thoughts so buckle up for a lengthy journey through the Gale Hawthorn section of my brain.

Why Gale is good

He wants a better world for everyone in panem

He stepped up to care for his family as a 14 year old

He took care of Katniss’s family while she was in the arena and would have continued to feed them for the rest of his life if she’d died in the games. At great person cost

Every single person from district 12 who is alive at the end of the games (besides the victors) is alive because of Gale. He pulled people out of burning buildings, he tore down the fence, he fed and led all the refugees to d13

He’s smart, resourceful, capable, determined, idealistic, stubborn, and honest.

Why Gale is important as a character

His anger at the state of Panem is (1) valid and (2) representative of a feeling held by a LARGE number of people. Katniss doesn’t talk to a lot of folks openly, but it’s safe to assume everyone overthrowing their districts was just as angry as Gale. He puts a voice to that fury

His focus on violence as a solution and his quickness to assimilate into the military and his trust of Coin make him one of the most notable mirrors held up to society in the original trilogy. Susanne wrote THG inspired by Americans response to the Iraq War. We were dealing with things like the Patriot Act, anti-Muslim sentiment, and enlistment propaganda in the states when these books were first written. Gales view on enemies and war were incredibly normal takes for the average American citizen at the time. She didn’t write him to be a villain, she wrote him to be US

The belief that some collateral civilian death is necessary and acceptable in war is NORMAL (bad, but very very common). All of you reading this live under governments that operate that way. It’s KATNISS’S beliefs that are the outliers here. The fact that Susanne got us all to agree with Katniss on this is wonderful and impressive and half the point of the books. But that doesn’t make Gale a stand out villain, he’s representing the norm. He is who we were before we read THG

Gale is a foil to so many things I don’t even know where to begin. His morals contrast Katniss’s and make her views more solidified and defined for the reader. He does the same for Peeta by being a contrasting romantic lead. Also Finnick to a lesser degree. He mimics some of Snow’s philosophy, reminding us the call is sometimes coming from inside the house. And he exemplifies Coin’s control and influence over her people. Not all of these are examples of literary foils but if you’re not Mrs Pierce from 12th grade English you don’t get to call me out about it

Why Gale sucks

He has a strong Us vs Them mentality, which is very normal, very problematic, and very worth critiquing. He has a chip on his shoulder about the “well off” merchant class in district 12, he has no empathy or forgiveness for capital citizens like Katniss’s prep team, and holds onto prejudices against victors. Unlike Katniss, he doesn’t get to know people and change his mind about their motives, he doesn’t give respect or humanize those he thinks are against him. He does not remember who the real enemy is

He also has a strong “if you’re not with me you’re against me” view of people. Anyone who isn’t rebelling loudly enough is making themselves his enemy. He’s angry with katniss in Catching Fire for not wanting to join the rebellion, he complains she should be doing more to spread dissent instead of trying to protect herself and her loved ones. He says that anyone sweeping floors in the Nut in district 2 is working for the enemy and deserving of the same treatment as those actively firing weapons against him. He’s very black and white about who deserves mercy and who does not.

He’s a really bad friend!!! He rarely gives Katniss any sort of comfort or emotional support. He ignored it when she’s struggling. He ignores the trauma she went through in the games. He goes so far as to ignore it when her SISTER DIES. When she acts out of fear (trying to run away, performing with Peeta for the cameras, refusing to define any romantic relationships atm) he belittles her.

It has to be said, we all knew this bullet point was coming, the romantic pressure he puts on Katniss is not chill. He kisses her without permission, guilts and manipulates her, gets angry when she doesn’t make a “choice” about who her “boyfriend” should be in the middle of conversations about who will be brutally murdered next. He does not read the room and does not accept her no or empathize with her confusion or fear.

“‘It’s the way he hates you. It’s so… familiar. I used to feel like that,�� he admits, ‘when I’d watch you kissing him on the screen. Only I knew I wasn’t being entirely fair. He can’t see that.’” - Gale says about hijacked Peeta after he’s insulted and embarrassed Katniss in the dining hall. Hijacked Peeta, who barely sees Katniss as human, who tried to kill her, who at best sees her as cruel and manipulative and wicked at this point in the story. Gale relates to that overgrown, violent, jealousy so much he tells katniss it’s FAMILIAR. He says that TO HER FACE. Evil. I know he goes on to say a nice comforting thing about how hijacked Peeta isn’t seeing the real her right after this quote but I will never be over that he says this and I shan’t forgive him for it.

What happened with Prim and the bomb

This gets its own section cuz it’s a big deal and super twisted by in fandom discussions

We know that Gale didn’t make the choice to use the double bomb when and where it was used. He was with Katniss and Co.™️ in the capital when it went down

Gale and Beetee are not even sure that it was their trap design enacted by Coin. But they seem to suspect. Katniss is sure it’s true. We the readers are meant to believe that’s what happened. It was Chekhov's gun, it had to go off

Gale would NEVER hurt Prim on purpose. He’s proven himself to be a protector, and Prim is one of his priorities. He’s saved her life, he’s cared for her, he cares a lot about Katniss and knows better than almost anybody how important Prim is to her. There’s no reality where Gale knew she was going to be in the capital and allowed it. No world where he saw her on the street and pressed a button to drop a bomb on her.

However, Gale is okay with the death of innocence. His design preys on compassion, it intentionally targets medics and those rushing in to help. It reflects his belief system about collateral damage in war perfectly. He knows it’s not pretty, but he believes it’s necessary and the ends justify the means. When he says this he’s imagining the trap being used on the ENEMY. He’s comfortable thinking about the deaths of theoretical, enemy Prims.

The fact that this got turned around and used on allies and ultimately kills someone close to him and ruins the relationship he cares most about is a huge lesson for Gale. He never learned to remember who the enemy is and that failing lead him right up to that scene with katniss in the mirror. He thought there was a wholely good and wholely bad side to the war. He thought his designs would only be used on enemies. He thought those getting hurt would deserve it. He thought the loss of life would be worth it. He was wrong.

[shankhachil]

Countdown to JEE (Main): Week 2/33

I've done a lot this week! Hit almost all the topics I wanted to. You'll notice that there are some topics I've covered but not solved questions for — these are the ones I studied for the first time and/or made notes for.

Other than that, I have my school unit tests from next Wednesday, so there's that. Sadness.....

Test results:

Test at physics tuition center: 116/120, rank 1/67! Yay!

Aryabhatta National Mathematics Competition: score unknown, result expected on 10/07/2024.

Topics covered:

Physics: Potential and Capacitance; Electromagnetic Waves, Waves on a String; Modern Physics; Gravitation; Electromagnetic Induction (6/3)

Chemistry: Chemical Thermodynamics; Atomic Structure; Chemical Equilibrium; Halogen Derivatives; Solid State (5/3)

Mathematics: Differential Equations; Area Under a Curve; Applications of Derivatives; Determinants; Complex Numbers; Ellipses; Hyperbola; Binomial Theorem; Functions (9/3)

Questions solved:

Physics: - FIITJEE Electrostatics* module, Assignment section — 56 questions, 52 correct - Allen Potential and Capacitance module, O1 and O2 — 88 questions, 77 correct -FIITJEE JEE (Main) archives, Electromagnetic Waves — 12 questions, 10 correct - Allen Waves on a String module, O1 and O2 — 67 questions, 59 correct - FIITJEE JEE (Main) archives, Modern Physics — 40 questions, 34 correct - Allen Gravitation module, O1 and O2 — 61 questions, 55 correct Total: 383/60 questions, 287 correct *FIITJEE includes Potential and Capacitance under Electrostatics, while Allen does not.

Chemistry: - Allen Chemical Thermodynamics module, S1 and S2 — 40 questions, 37 correct - R. N. Sarin, Atomic Structure — 18 questions, 18 correct - R. N. Sarin, Chemical Equilibrium — 11 questions, 11 correct - Allen Halogen Derivatives module, JEE (Advanced) archives — 24 questions, 22 correct Total: 93/60 questions, 88 correct

Mathematics: - Allen Differential Equations module, O1 — 30 questions, 25 correct - Allen Area Under a Curve module, Do Yourself 1, 2, 3, 4, 5 and O2 — 51 questions, 46 correct - FIITJEE JEE (Main) archives, Applications of Derivatives — 45 questions, 39 correct - FIITJEE JEE (Main) archives, Determinants — 22 questions, 17 correct - Yellow Book, Complex Numbers, single-choice questions — 20 questions, 17 correct - Pink Book, Ellipses, single-choice questions — 16 questions, 14 correct - Yellow Book, Binomial Theorem, single-choice questions — 15 questions, 12 correct - Pink Book, Hyperbolas, single-choice questions — 21 questions, 18 correct - Allen Functions module, O1 and JEE (Main) archives — 48 questions, 44 correct Total: 268/60 questions, 232 correct

GRAND TOTAL: 744/400 questions, 607 correct

Upcoming tests:

23/06/2024 (next Sunday) — Allen monthly test. Topics: Kinetic Theory of Gases; Physical Thermodynamics; Electrostatics; Potential and Capacitance; Current Electricity; Electromagnetic Induction; Alternating Current; Electromagnetic Waves; Waves on a String; Sound Waves; Ray Optics; Wave Optics; Circle; Functions; Differentiation; Applications of Derivatives; Indefinite Integrals; Definite Integrals; Area Under a Curve; Differential Equations; Matrices; Silicates; Molecules That Do Not Exist; Coordination Chemistry; Metallurgy; Electronic Displacement Effects; Halogen Derivatives; Atomic Structure; Chemical Equilibrium; Solid State; Solutions; Chemical Kinetics; Chemical Thermodynamics. Yeah. I've no idea how I'm going to finish the syllabus in time, since I haven't even started Coordination Chemistry, Metallurgy or Alternating Current — they finished the classes in Allen before I even joined the batch. Anyway, let's see.

That'll be all till next week — see you again!

[whencyclopedia]

The Scientific Revolution

Before class, students will be asked to read two World History Encyclopedia articles.

Introduction (10-15 minutes)

Hook: Start with a thought-provoking question: "How would you determine whether something is true or not? What process would you use?"

Write students’ responses on the board to highlight different approaches, such as personal experience, advice from others, intuition, or logical reasoning.

Explain that before the Scientific Revolution, people often relied on methods like tradition, philosophical reasoning, or religious teachings to determine the truth.

Introduce the idea that the Scientific Method emerged as a new approach to discovering truth, emphasizing that this method is based on observation, experimentation, and evidence rather than solely on abstract reasoning or accepted beliefs.

Hands-On Activity (25-30 minutes)

Present the following scenario to the class: "A farmer notices that some crops in his field are growing poorly while others are thriving. He wants to understand why this is happening."

Divide the class into an even number of small groups. Half of the groups will receive Handout 1: Philosophical Approach and the other half will receive Handout 2: Scientific Method Approach.

Instruct each group to brainstorm solutions to the farmer's problem based on their assigned approach.

Philosophical Approach: Groups might suggest reasons based on general principles, such as the alignment of the stars, the will of the gods, or moral interpretations of natural events.

Scientific Method Approach: Groups should focus on making specific observations, forming testable hypotheses, designing experiments, and collecting data.

Pair each Philosophical Approach group with a Scientific Method Approach group. Have the paired groups present their ideas to each other. Encourage them to discuss and debate the differences between the philosophical reasoning and the scientific method.

Class Discussion and Reflection (15-20 minutes)

Reflect on the activity, highlighting the strengths and limitations of each approach and the importance of the Scientific Method in advancing knowledge and solving problems.

Summarize key takeaways from the lesson, emphasizing how the Scientific Method has led to a more systematic and evidence-based approach to knowledge.

Reflect on how the Scientific Method has shaped modern knowledge and technology and ask students how they might use the Scientific Method in their own lives or future careers.

Homework/Extension

Students will pick one scientist from the collection of 12 Great Scientists of the Scientific Revolution, read their biography, and answer questions on the worksheet (see below). If needed, further research can be done to complete the worksheet.

Continue reading...

[somediyprojects]

DIY Peg Wall by Christine Wisnieski:

When I moved into my studio fifteen months ago, I knew I wanted to create a feature wall near the entryway that felt curated, functional and peppered with color. It’s a place where I’d greet clients and a space to display my work and objects I’ve collected. While I would have loved to contract a carpenter to build out a drop-dead shelving system like this, it was simply not in my budget. So, out of necessity, I came up with a solution that was pocketbook friendly, doable with limited tools and offered flexibility.

The solution was inspired by the old pegboard system we were tasked with climbing in grade school physical education class, except this one would not require climbing. We used wood dowels and double-sided screws to create the pegs. The shelves we picked up at the local hardware store. Filled with some art and a few of my favorite objects, this project made a big step forward in shaping up our entryway. Not to mention, it created a perfect spot to drop your coat on your way in! To see more of the studio space, stop by my Instagram feed and say hello. –Christine Wisnieski

Here’s what you’ll need:

For Planning -stud finder -tape measure -level

For Shelf System

-1″ diameter hardwood dowel rods (cut into 7 1/2″ pegs) -shelves (four 8″ x 36″, one 8″ x 48″) -5/16″ x 2 1/2″ dowel screws (1 per peg)

General Supplies

-drill -saw -sandpaper -vice -pliers -drop-cloth -all-purpose paint brush -white paint (we used leftover latex paint from our walls) *lathe

Steps:

Determine your shelving plan

First, sketch out your shelving plan. My wall is 12′ tall x 14 1/2′ wide and features 24 pegs. Pegs are spaced 24″ horizontally (2′ in from the adjacent walls) and 20″ apart vertically (starting 4′ from the floor). For extra support, I placed pegs on studs.

Measure out design

Following your plan, use pencil, stud finder, tape measure and level to grid out your peg positions onto the wall. I found a laser level to be a helpful tool.

Trim down dowels

Using a saw, trim dowels into pegs 7 1/2″ long (…or ask the folks at your local hardware store to assist you with this). Sand any rough edges left from cutting.

Prep pegs

Next, drill a 1 1/4″ hole into the center of each peg to hold screw. The most accurate way to do this is by using a wood lathe. If that’s not an option, simply find the center of the 1″ dowel, secure rod in vice and drill a 1 1/4″ deep hole. Once holes are drilled, insert screw into dowel using pliers.

Paint pegs

Wipe each peg with a damp towel to remove any dust. Using an all-purpose brush, paint all sides white. Tip: For drying, we found it easiest to tie each peg up using a piece of string and hang from an extra dowel.

Install shelf system

Next, drill holes into marked wall to hold pegs. Once drilled, screw pegs into position by hand and arrange shelves into desired configuration.

Style

There are endless configuration options–objects can be placed on shelves, hung from shelves and shelves can even be stacked.

[vavaclasses]

NCERT Solutions for Moving Charges and Magnetism Class 12

Class 12 Physics typically covers the topic of moving charges and magnetism, which is an essential part of electromagnetism. Here's a brief overview of the key concepts:

1. Magnetic Field (B):

A magnetic field is a region around a magnet or a moving electric charge where magnetic forces are experienced.

The SI unit of magnetic field is the tesla (T).

2. Magnetic Force on a Moving Charge:

When a charged particle moves through a magnetic field, it experiences a magnetic force perpendicular to both its velocity and the magnetic field direction.

The magnitude of the force is given by the formula: F = qvBsinθ, where q is the charge of the particle, v is its velocity, B is the magnetic field strength, and θ is the angle between v and B.

3. Lorentz Force:

The total force experienced by a charged particle moving in an electric field (E) and a magnetic field (B) simultaneously is called the Lorentz force.

The formula for the Lorentz force is given by: F = q(E + v x B), where x represents the cross product.

4. Magnetic Field due to a Current-Carrying Conductor:

Ampere's law states that the magnetic field produced by a current-carrying conductor is directly proportional to the current and inversely proportional to the distance from the conductor.

The direction of the magnetic field can be determined using the right-hand rule.

5. Magnetic Force between Two Parallel Current-Carrying Conductors:

When two parallel current-carrying conductors are placed close to each other, they experience a magnetic force due to the interaction of their magnetic fields.

6. Magnetic Field due to a Circular Loop:

A circular loop carrying a current produces a magnetic field similar to that of a bar magnet. The field is stronger inside the loop and weaker outside.

7. Torque on a Current Loop in a Magnetic Field:

When a current-carrying loop is placed in a magnetic field, it experiences a torque, which tends to align the loop with the magnetic field.

These are some of the fundamental concepts covered in the topic of moving charges and magnetism in Class 12 Physics. Understanding these concepts is crucial for various applications, including the functioning of electric motors, generators, transformers, and many more.

[bellaaegis]

How could anyone be scared of a storm? When chaos approaches you must simply become one with it, embrace it. Be the tempest you're so afraid of and take charge of that storm, let it roar.

◇ Threads ◇─◇ About ◇─◇ Connections ◇ ◇ Headcanon ◇─◇ Mirror ◇─◇ Musings ◇

BASIC INFORMATION

FULL NAME: Bellatrix Eris Black

ALIAS/NICKNAME: Bella, Trix (during her childhood),

AGE: Twenty Three

BIRTH DATE: May 3rd, 1955

BLOOD STATUS: Pureblood

AFFILIATION: Death Eaters

GENDER/PRONOUNS: Cis-Female. She/her

CURRENT LIVING CONDITIONS: Hogwarts, Slytherin Dormitory

OTHER: Black Manor

OCCUPATION: Student at Hogwarts, Majoring in History of Magic

PETS: Millie (female, chartreux cat), osiris (male, tawny owl)

WAND: Elder wood, Unicorn hair core, 12 ¾ inches, hard flexibility

PATRONUS: Polecat

BOGGART: Her cousin as a happy Gryffindor, with her standing by his side in Gryffindor uniform

RELATIONSHIPS

PARENTS: Druella Black nee. Rosier & Cygnus Black III

SIBLINGS: Andromeda Black. Narcissa Black.

SIGNIFICANT OTHER: None.

OTHER FAMILY: None known to her.

CHILDREN: None.

EDUCTATION:

SCHOOL: Hogwarts

HOUSE: Slytherin

YEAR: Twelfth

MAJOR: History of Magic

EXTRA CLASSES: Potions, Defense against the Dark Arts, Astronomy

EXTRACURRICULAR: Quidditch & Keeper for the Slytherin Quidditch team, Potions Club, President & Member of the Dueling club, Arithmancy, Ancient Runes, Slug Club

SPOKEN LANGUAGES: English, Italian, Bulgarian, Latin

PHYSICAL TRAITS

EYE COLOR: Blue

HAIR COLOR: Brunette

HEIGHT: 5′5

SCARS: Small scar on her shoulder from a dueling accident, always covered up.

PERSONALITY

INTELLIGENCE: High. Adaptive. Chaotic.

SKILLS: Wandless magic (basic, practicing), Flying (decent), Dueling (practicing, decent), Potions (advanced), Ballroom dancing (skilled)

POSITIVE TRAITS: honest, confident, determined, ambitious, loyal

NEGATIVE TRAITS: chaotic, impatient, stubborn, opinionated, too proud

MBTI: ENTP

Before Hogwarts

✦ Born mere minutes after midnight of a foggy night in May 1955 ✦ While her parents were hoping for a son to take over as the proper heir of the Black name, Bellatrix was still welcomed with open arms ✦ Grew up admiring her father while assuring that her mother's wishes were made clear for her education ✦ Was a kid with mischief and curiosity in her eyes, a burning desire to explore the world and understand every inch of it ✦ Bellatrix was overjoyed to have little sisters to take care of, determined to prove that three little girls could easily be as impressive as the desired heir that Druella and Cygnus lacked even after three children ✦ When not in dance lessons or tutored by her private tutor or governess busy running across the fields around the manor and the gardens ✦ Always saw herself drawn to the dark and dangerous yet knows when to stop before curiosity gets the best of her ✦ Bellatrix sees herself as the one watching over both her sisters, wanting them to prosper into something more than what people think capable ✦ She noticed early on that she had a fascination for history and the way of the world. Every little detail mattered and felt like the solution to a puzzle yet unknown to her ✦ When her letter for Hogwarts arrived, Bellatrix told herself that Slytherin would be her path with no exceptions. It was a choice made based on knowledge and a feeling of duty

During Hogwarts

✦ When the sorting hat was placed on Bellatrix head it was actually rather torn, questioning if Bellatrix might find a home within Gryffindor or Slytherin as she had a mind that would find comfort within either houses. It was Bellatrix who denied the notion of Gryffindor as nothing but Slytherin would do. A choice she didn't regret. ✦ Bellatrix fit right in with the others, easily becoming part of the crowd and taking charge when needed. It was all too easy when the name carried so much weight ✦ Once third year came around she joined the Quidditch team and became the Captain by sixth year, showing off her natural leading capability ✦ When rumors of a wizard determined to take charge and ensure blood purity began to spread, Bellatrix was one of the first to join up and although she isn't parading that around, the ones who know are very much aware of her alliance and intentions ✦ When Sirius was sorted into Gryffindor it almost felt like a punch to the gut, being reminded of her very own sorting that almost landed her in the house her family would have only frowned upon. ✦ Narcissa's sorting into Ravenclaw filled her both with confusion and pride, seeing only the benefits within her sister proving to be such a wonderfully smart being. Bellatrix loves both her sisters so she'll be the one to support and protect when needed. ✦ When the time to pick a major came it wasn't hard for the witch to settle on History of Magic, seeing nothing but usefulness within the one thing others only saw dry and boring nothingness within ✦ It was around that time when her parents reached out to make it clear that a perfect match was needed, their sights set on the Lestranges. Bellatrix doesn't mind and when the choice will be made, she'll be ready for it.

Future Plans

Bellatrix is aware of what's expected of her. While incapable of carrying on the Black family name it has been made clear that finding a good match to continue the bloodline at the very least on into is of the utmost importance. Yet the witch desires to have fun and live a little before settling down entirely. If life and time allows for it she desires to work in the Genealogy Department within the french Ministry of Magic or remain with the British Ministry of Magic as a curator and historian within the Department of Magical Artifacts.

Headcanons (more here)

✦ Bellatrix has taken to baking, secretly for the most part. The house elves of the manor know not to say anything because Bellatrix can get quite harsh. When not at home she can be found baking in the school kitchens of Hogwarts. Only close friends know and she's sure to make Lucius try her baked and cooked goods. ✦ Loves dark blue roses and white lilies the most out of all the flowers despite their controversial meaning ✦ Despite her strong belief in blood purity and the value within it, she doesn't find an issue with the occasional or casual relationship between purebloods and others as long as those of purer blood are aware that it can be nothing more than a game to be played and dropped at a moments notice ✦ Bellatrix' middle name 'Eris' comes from the ancient greek goddess of chaos and discord. No one had any idea just how much that would shape the path in her life. ✦ At times she finds herself torn about her sister's and cousin's houses, not entirely sure what to make of it even though in case of Sirius the step back and away from the familial bond was a lot harsher.

[pravatchemistry]

Unlock Your Medical Dream: The Best NEET Coaching in Bhubaneswar

For students dreaming of donning the white coat and stepping into the noble profession of medicine, cracking the NEET (National Eligibility cum Entrance Test) is the first major milestone. But this journey isn't easy—it demands rigorous preparation, expert guidance, and a focused study environment. If you're searching for the most effective and results-driven NEET coaching in Bhubaneswar, then look no further than Pravat Chemistry. With years of proven excellence, Pravat Chemistry has emerged as one of the top coaching institutes for aspiring NEET candidates in Odisha.

Why Choosing the Right NEET Coaching Matters

NEET is one of the most competitive entrance exams in India, determining admission to top government and private medical colleges. Every year, lakhs of students appear for this exam, but only a fraction succeed. What makes the difference? The right mentorship, a strong academic foundation, and a personalized approach to learning.

Good coaching not only strengthens your core concepts but also provides strategic planning, time management, mock tests, and doubt-clearing support—key pillars to succeed in NEET. This is exactly what Pravat Chemistry offers its students.

Pravat Chemistry: A Trusted Name for NEET Coaching in Bhubaneswar

With a commitment to quality education and student success, Pravat Chemistry has set a benchmark for NEET coaching in Bhubaneswar. Whether you are a fresh 11th-standard student planning a long-term strategy or a dropper aiming for a final shot, Pravat Chemistry has a course tailored just for you.

Salient Features:

Expert Faculty: Our teaching team comprises highly experienced faculty members with deep subject knowledge and years of experience in NEET preparation. They are passionate educators who believe in mentoring every student with attention and care.

Concept-Focused Teaching: We emphasize conceptual clarity over rote learning. Each topic is taught from the basics to the advanced level, ensuring students fully understand the core principles of Physics, Chemistry, and Biology.

Regular Mock Tests: Weekly and monthly NEET pattern mock tests help students get accustomed to the actual exam pattern. Performance analytics and test discussions are also provided to identify areas of improvement.

Personalized Mentorship: At Pravat Chemistry, every student is treated uniquely. We track progress regularly, provide one-on-one doubt-clearing sessions, and adjust teaching plans based on individual strengths and weaknesses.

Comprehensive Study Materials: Our in-house study materials are designed to align with the latest NEET syllabus and exam trends. They include theory, MCQs, previous year questions, and assignment problems.

Digital & Classroom Learning: Blending traditional classroom techniques with digital learning aids, Pravat Chemistry ensures seamless access to lectures, assignments, and tests—anytime, anywhere.

NEET Crash Course, Regular Batches & Foundation Program

Whether you want to start from Class 11, revise in the final few months, or are preparing after your 12th boards, Pravat Chemistry offers a variety of flexible course options:

1. NEET Foundation Course (for Class 9 & 10 students)

This is ideal for students who wish to build strong fundamentals early on. It introduces basic concepts of Physics, Chemistry, and Biology aligned with the NEET syllabus.

2. Two-Year Regular Course (for Class 11 students)

A complete package that goes deep into the NEET syllabus, aligned with school curriculum. Weekly assessments, concept reinforcement, and regular parent-teacher interactions make it a complete learning solution.

3. One-Year NEET Course (for Class 12 or drop-year students)

A focused one-year intensive program covering the entire NEET syllabus with multiple revision cycles and full-length mock tests.

4. NEET Crash Course

A power-packed, short-duration course that revises the full syllabus with practice questions, doubt-clearing, and final-stage preparation tips.

Why Bhubaneswar is Becoming a Medical Coaching Hub

Bhubaneswar has witnessed rapid development in education over the past decade. It has emerged as a major hub for competitive exam coaching in eastern India, particularly for engineering and medical streams. The availability of quality faculty, affordable cost of living, and a stress-free learning environment make it an ideal city for NEET aspirants.

Among the many options available, Pravat Chemistry stands out because of its result-oriented approach, transparent teaching methods, and strong student success record.

Success Stories that Inspire

Pravat Chemistry takes pride in its students' success. Year after year, our students secure top ranks in NEET and get admitted into reputed medical colleges across India. Our success rate is a reflection of our dedication and the trust parents place in us.

Alumni often return to share their journeys, providing inspiration to current batches. These real-life testimonials fuel the confidence of every student walking into our classrooms.

Tips to Maximize Your NEET Preparation at Pravat Chemistry

Stick to the Schedule: Follow the coaching timetable strictly and ensure you don’t miss any class or test.

Revise Regularly: Use the revision modules and previous papers provided by Pravat Chemistry to stay on track.

Ask Doubts Without Hesitation: Utilize the personalized doubt-clearing sessions. No doubt is ever too small.

Stay Updated: Keep yourself informed about NEET notification dates, pattern changes, and syllabus updates. Pravat Chemistry helps you stay informed through regular bulletins.

Stay Positive and Confident: Regular mentoring and motivational sessions at our institute ensure students maintain a healthy mindset during this stressful preparation journey.

Enroll Today to Transform Your Dreams into Reality

Medical aspirants deserve the best guidance to crack NEET, and Pravat Chemistry promises just that. With structured programs, excellent mentorship, and a proven track record, it’s not just about coaching—it’s about creating future doctors with confidence and clarity.

If you're serious about your NEET journey and want to join the best NEET coaching in Bhubaneswar, Pravat Chemistry is the place where your preparation gains momentum and direction. Let’s walk the path to your dream medical college—together.

[rajcosmetic359]

Say Goodbye to Baldness: Hair Transplant Solutions in Chennai

Are you tired of hiding your thinning hair or bald patches? You're not alone. Hair loss is a growing concern for both men and women, affecting not just appearance but also confidence. Thankfully, with the advancement in medical technology, hair transplant treatment in Chennai has become a reliable and effective solution for those looking to restore their hair and self-esteem.

Chennai has emerged as one of the top cities in India for hair transplant procedures, thanks to its combination of skilled doctors, modern clinics, and affordable pricing. The city offers a range of treatment options, from Follicular Unit Extraction (FUE) to Follicular Unit Transplantation (FUT), each tailored to suit different levels and patterns of hair loss. These procedures are safe, minimally invasive, and deliver natural-looking results when performed by experienced specialists.

One of the main reasons people choose hair transplant treatment in Chennai is the balance of quality and cost. While international treatments can be expensive, Chennai offers the same world-class expertise at a fraction of the price. Most clinics provide thorough pre-treatment consultations, personalized plans based on hair type and scalp condition, and comprehensive post-treatment care to ensure healthy hair growth.

The process typically involves taking healthy hair follicles from the back or side of the head and implanting them in the thinning or bald areas. Over time, the transplanted hair begins to grow naturally, blending seamlessly with your existing hair. Results usually begin to appear within 3–4 months, with full results visible around 9–12 months after the procedure.

If you're considering hair restoration, hair transplant treatment in Chennai could be the ideal choice for you. With numerous reputed clinics and skilled professionals, the city offers a dependable path to regaining not just your hair but also your confidence. Always ensure to do your research, check reviews, and consult a certified specialist to determine the best approach for your needs.

[hairtransplantclinicinahmeda]

Regain Your Confidence with a Trusted Hair Transplant Clinic in Ahmedabad

Hair loss can be a distressing experience, affecting not only your appearance but also your confidence. Whether it's due to genetics, stress, hormonal changes, or medical conditions, losing hair is a common concern faced by many individuals across age groups. Fortunately, advancements in medical science now offer safe, effective, and long-lasting solutions through hair transplant procedures. If you're looking for a reliable and result-oriented hair transplant clinic in Ahmedabad, you’ll find several clinics offering cutting-edge technology, experienced professionals, and personalized care.

Why Choose Hair Transplantation?

Hair transplantation is a minimally invasive cosmetic procedure designed to restore hair in areas affected by baldness or thinning. It involves transferring healthy hair follicles from a donor site (usually the back or sides of the scalp) to a bald or thinning area. Two of the most popular methods used in hair restoration are:

FUE (Follicular Unit Extraction): Individual follicles are extracted and implanted in the target area. This technique is less invasive, leaves minimal scarring, and offers a quicker recovery time.

FUT (Follicular Unit Transplantation): A strip of scalp is removed from the donor site and divided into grafts before implantation. This method is suitable for larger transplant areas and delivers dense coverage.

Both procedures provide natural-looking, permanent results when performed by skilled professionals.

What Makes Ahmedabad a Hair Transplant Destination?

Ahmedabad has rapidly emerged as a hub for advanced medical and cosmetic procedures, including hair restoration. Here’s why more people are choosing a hair transplant clinic in Ahmedabad:

Experienced Specialists: The city is home to some of the most experienced hair transplant surgeons who stay updated with the latest international techniques.

Affordable Treatment: Compared to other metropolitan cities, Ahmedabad offers cost-effective procedures without compromising on quality or safety.

Modern Infrastructure: Many clinics are equipped with state-of-the-art facilities and sterile environments, ensuring world-class care and hygiene standards.

Tailored Solutions: Reputable clinics provide personalized treatment plans based on the extent of hair loss, hair type, lifestyle, and desired results.

Comprehensive Care: From consultation to post-operative care, clinics in Ahmedabad offer full support throughout your hair restoration journey.

What to Expect from a Hair Transplant Clinic in Ahmedabad

When you visit a top-rated hair transplant clinic, you can expect a thorough evaluation and step-by-step guidance. Here’s a typical process:

Initial Consultation: A specialist examines your scalp, medical history, and hair loss pattern to determine your suitability for transplantation.

Treatment Planning: Based on the analysis, the doctor recommends the most suitable procedure (FUE or FUT), number of grafts required, and expected outcomes.

Surgery Day: The procedure is usually completed in one day under local anaesthesia. Most patients experience minimal discomfort and can return home the same day.

Recovery and Aftercare: Within a few days, you can resume normal activities. The transplanted hair will shed initially but will start growing naturally within 3 to 6 months, with full results visible in 9 to 12 months.

Choosing the Right Hair Transplant Clinic in Ahmedabad

When selecting a clinic, consider the following factors:

Doctor’s Qualifications: Ensure the procedure is performed by a certified and experienced hair transplant surgeon.

Before & After Portfolio: Reviewing real patient cases gives insight into the clinic’s capabilities.

Technology Used: Clinics using advanced tools and proven methods like DHI, FUE, and robotic assistance generally deliver better outcomes.

Patient Reviews: Check online reviews and testimonials to gauge patient satisfaction and clinic reputation.

Consultation Transparency: A professional clinic will clearly explain the procedure, costs, risks, and realistic expectations during your consultation.

Benefits of Hair Transplantation

Permanent Results: Transplanted hair is resistant to balding and continues to grow naturally for a lifetime.

Natural Appearance: When performed by skilled experts, the results are undetectable from natural hair.

Improved Self-Esteem: Restoring your hair can enhance your confidence and positively impact your personal and professional life.

Low Maintenance: Unlike wigs or hair systems, transplanted hair doesn’t require special care or maintenance.

Final Thoughts

Choosing a hair transplant clinic in Ahmedabad could be the first step toward regaining your self-confidence and achieving a youthful appearance. With skilled professionals, advanced technology, and affordable pricing, you can expect world-class care and impressive results.

Whether you're experiencing early-stage thinning or advanced hair loss, don't let it hold you back. Book a consultation with a trusted clinic and explore your treatment options today. The journey to a fuller head of hair begins with the right decision.

[enterprisewired]

Meet the Youngest CEO in the World Who Beat All Odds?

The idea that CEOs must be older and highly experienced no longer holds. A new wave of young leaders is changing how companies grow. They bring energy, creativity, and smart strategies. The youngest CEO in the world is part of this shift, leading teams and shaping industries with a bold vision.

Top 10 Youngest CEOs in the World

Here are ten young CEOs who are leading their businesses with brilliance. Some started as early as 9 or 10 years old. Each story is different, but all are examples of determination, vision, and leadership.

1. Hillary Yip – MinorMynas (Hong Kong)

Source- linkedin.com

Hillary Yip founded MinorMynas when she was just 10. The idea was simple but powerful: a platform where kids could learn languages by talking with other kids. By 15, she was already known worldwide. Today, she promotes global education and encourages young people to learn and connect.

2. Tilak Mehta – Papers N Parcels (India)

Tilak Mehta launched Papers N Parcels at the age of 13, a courier company in Mumbai. He teamed up with the city’s famous dabbawalas to deliver small parcels. His idea turned into a real business that now competes with big courier brands. He is called the youngest CEO in the world in logistics.

3. Mikaila Ulmer – Me & the Bees Lemonade (USA)

Mikaila started selling lemonade at 9 using her great-grandmother’s recipe. She added a twist, helping save bees. Her brand, Me & the Bees Lemonade, is now sold in major stores. A part of the profits goes toward saving honeybee habitats. She proves business can also help the planet.

4. Ritesh Agarwal – OYO Rooms (India)

Ritesh began his journey as a teenager with a dream to fix budget travel. He founded OYO Rooms and became CEO before 20. OYO is now one of the biggest hotel chains in the world. Ritesh showed that youth and ambition can take a local idea global.

5. Suhas Gopinath – Globals Inc. (India)

Suhas built his first website at 14 and started Globals Inc. soon after. By 17, he was officially the youngest CEO in the world at that time. His company provided IT solutions and worked with international brands. He showed that age doesn’t limit technical skills or leadership.

6. Alina Morse – Zolli Candy (USA)

Alina was just 7 when she came up with an idea for a healthy candy that wouldn’t harm teeth. At 9, she founded Zolli Candy, which now sells in over 25,000 stores across the U.S. Her sugar-free candy became a hit, and she became the youngest person to ever pitch at the White House.

7. Advait Thakur – Apex Infosys India (India)

Advait launched Apex Infosys India at 12, an IT and AI company. He developed websites and apps for schools, NGOs, and businesses. His passion for tech and entrepreneurship led to recognition by Google and the United Nations. By 15, he was managing real clients and growing fast.

8. Moziah Bridges – Mo’s Bows (USA)

Moziah Bridges started sewing bow ties at 9. His fashion brand, Mo’s Bows, took off quickly. By 11, he was featured on Shark Tank and gained a mentor. His products were worn by NBA players and sold online. He built a personal brand with class and confidence.

9. Cory Nieves – Mr. Cory’s Cookies (USA)

Cory started selling hot cocoa at 6 to help his mom buy a car. That small idea grew into Mr. Cory’s Cookies, a cookie company known for quality and charm. He became a CEO while still in school. His story shows how passion and purpose can turn into a business.

10. Harli Jordean – Marble King (UK)

Harli started selling marbles at age 6 because he loved playing with them. His online shop, Marble King, grew quickly as orders came from across the UK and the world. By 8, he was managing a successful e-commerce business while inspiring other kids to follow their interests.

Also Read: Famous Business Leaders in History: Icons of Innovation

Business Strategies and Leadership Styles

The youngest CEO in the world doesn’t follow old rules. These leaders move fast, learn quickly, and use digital tools. They talk directly to their teams and listen to feedback. Most focus on innovation and real-world problems. They prefer small teams, flexible work, and clear goals. They lead with purpose, not just profits, and build strong communities around their brands.

Challenges and Future Growth

Being a young CEO is not easy. They face challenges like:

Earning trust from adults

Balancing school and business

Learning legal and financial terms

Also Read:

Selling your Business? These CEO Qualities drive Strong Private Equity Partnerships

The Titans of Industry: Exploring the Qualities of Influential Business Leaders

Leadership Podcast for Entrepreneurs: A Game-Changer for Business Growth

Conclusion

The youngest CEO in the world is not just a title, it’s a powerful message. These kids and teens prove that ideas, courage, and hard work matter more than age. They inspire millions and remind us that leadership starts with action. As more young people start businesses, the future of work and innovation looks exciting. These CEOs lead with heart and hustle, and the world is watching.

FAQs

1. Who is the youngest CEO in the world today?

Hillary Yip is the Youngest CEO. She launched her startup at the age of 10 and officially took the title of CEO in her early teens.

2. What makes someone the youngest CEO in the world?

The title usually goes to a registered company founder who takes the legal role of Chief Executive Officer at the youngest age.

3. Are there other examples besides tech startups?

Yes. The youngest CEO in the world may come from various sectors like education, fashion, food, and logistics.

4. How do young CEOs raise funding?

They often use pitch competitions, social media presence, or angel investor platforms to secure seed money.

5. What skills help young CEOs succeed?

Problem-solving, communication, creativity, resilience, and the ability to learn fast are essential.

6. Can someone become CEO before finishing school?

Yes. Many young CEOs run successful ventures while continuing their education or taking alternative learning paths.

7. Does age limit access to business opportunities?

Not anymore. With online tools and global markets, young entrepreneurs can build and grow companies early.

8. What challenges does the youngest CEO in the world face?

Common challenges include legal barriers, funding gaps, credibility issues, and managing adult teams.

9. How do governments support young CEOs?

Some countries offer startup grants, incubators, or special programs for youth-led businesses.

10. What is the long-term impact of youth-led companies?

They reshape industries, increase digital adoption, and inspire social innovation at scale.

[shielddefenceacademy24]

NDA Syllabus 2025 PDF download – Maths and GAT Syllabus

NDA Syllabus 2025 PDF download – Maths and GAT Syllabus

Are you dreaming of joining the Indian Armed Forces through NDA in 2025? Then buckle up, because understanding the NDA syllabus 2025 is the first step toward success. Whether you’re aiming for the Army, Navy, or Air Force wings, the syllabus is your ultimate guide to cracking the NDA written exam.

Let’s break it all down for you — subject by subject, topic by topic. Ready? Let’s dive in.

Introduction

What is the NDA Exam?

The National Defence Academy (NDA) entrance exam is conducted by the Union Public Service Commission (UPSC) twice a year. It’s your gateway to a life of honor, discipline, and adventure in the Indian Armed Forces.

Why Knowing the NDA Syllabus Matters?

You wouldn’t go into battle without knowing the terrain, right? Similarly, you can’t ace NDA without knowing the NDA syllabus 2025 inside-out. It helps you plan, prepare, and perform better.

Overview of NDA Syllabus 2025

Structure of the NDA Exam

The exam consists of two papers:

Mathematics – 300 Marks

General Ability Test (GAT) – 600 Marks

Each paper is of 2.5 hours duration and both are conducted on the same day.

Subjects Covered

The NDA syllabus 2025 focuses on:

Mathematics: Designed to test your problem-solving and logical abilities.

GAT: Evaluates your command over English and General Knowledge.

NDA Mathematics Syllabus 2025

Here’s what you need to conquer:

Algebra

Sets, Venn diagrams

Complex numbers

Quadratic equations

Arithmetic and geometric progression

Logarithms and their applications

Matrices and Determinants

Types of matrices

Operations on matrices

Determinants and their properties

Inverse of a matrix

Solution of simultaneous equations

Trigonometry

Trigonometric ratios

Identities and equations

Heights and distances

Inverse trigonometric functions

Analytical Geometry of Two and Three Dimensions

Cartesian coordinates

Distance formula

Equation of a line and circle

Direction cosines and direction ratios

Plane and line in 3D space

Differential Calculus

Functions and limits

Continuity and differentiability

Derivatives and applications

Integral Calculus and Differential Equations

Indefinite and definite integrals

Area under curves

First-order differential equations

Vector Algebra

Addition and multiplication of vectors

Scalar and vector products

Applications in geometry

Statistics and Probability

Mean, median, mode

Variance and standard deviation

Probability theories and distributions

NDA GAT Syllabus 2025 (General Ability Test)

Let’s break this 600-mark section down further.

English Section (200 Marks)

Your command over English will be tested through:

Grammar and usage

Spotting errors

Synonyms and antonyms

Vocabulary usage

Comprehension passages

Sentence improvement

General Knowledge Section (400 Marks)

Covers a wide range of topics:

Physics

Motion and laws

Heat and Thermodynamics

Light, Sound, Electricity

Nuclear physics

Chemistry

Physical and chemical changes

Atomic structure

Acids, bases, and salts

Carbon compounds

General Science

Human body and nutrition

Biotechnology

Environmental science

History, Freedom Movement, etc.

Ancient, Medieval, and Modern History

Indian National Movement

Constitution of India

Geography

Earth structure and atmosphere

Climate and vegetation

Rivers and mountains

Demography

Current Affairs

National and international events

Awards, sports, and culture

Marking Scheme for NDA 2025

Mathematics: 300 marks (Each question = 2.5 marks, -0.83 for wrong answers)

GAT: 600 marks (Each question = 4 marks, -1.33 for wrong answers)

You need to be accurate — guesswork can cost you.

Best Tips to Cover NDA Syllabus Efficiently

Make a Study Plan

Break the syllabus into daily goals. Focus on weak areas but don’t ignore your strengths.

Practice Mock Tests

Time-bound mock tests simulate real exam pressure. Analyze mistakes and improve.

Refer to NCERT Books

NCERT books from class 9 to 12 are the holy grail, especially for Maths and Science.

Focus on Time Management

Don’t spend too much time on a single question. Practice makes perfect!

Recommended Books and Resources

For Maths

NDA Pathfinder by Arihant

NCERT Maths (Class 11 & 12)

R.S. Aggarwal for basics

For GAT

Wren & Martin (English Grammar)

Lucent’s GK

Current affairs magazines like Pratiyogita Darpan

Importance of NDA Syllabus for SSB Preparation

While the SSB is a different stage, your understanding of current events, logical reasoning, and communication—covered in the NDA syllabus—plays a vital role in your SSB interview.

Changes in NDA Syllabus Over the Years

While the core structure remains the same, the paper pattern and emphasis areas evolve. For instance, recent papers are heavier on applied mathematics and current affairs.

Mistakes to Avoid While Preparing

Ignoring English or GAT

Relying solely on coaching

Not analyzing previous year papers

Poor time management

Final Thoughts

If you’re serious about NDA 2025, your first mission is to decode the NDA syllabus 2025. It’s your blueprint to success. From solving matrices to mastering military history, every topic brings you closer to that dream uniform. Stay consistent, stay curious — and victory will follow.

Conclusion

Cracking NDA isn’t just about hard work, it’s about smart work. And smart work begins with mastering the NDA syllabus 2025. Whether it’s complex numbers or the history of the Indian freedom struggle, every topic holds the key to your dream career in the armed forces.

So grab that syllabus, make your plan, and start today. The parade ground awaits you!

FAQs

Q1. What are the main subjects in the NDA syllabus 2025? A1. The main subjects are Mathematics and General Ability Test (GAT), which includes English, General Knowledge, Science, and Current Affairs.

Q2. Is there any change in the NDA Maths syllabus for 2025? A2. No major changes are expected. However, UPSC may increase the complexity or pattern of some topics.

Q3. How to prepare for the NDA GAT paper? A3. Read newspapers daily, revise NCERT Science & History, and practice English grammar regularly.

Q4. Are NCERT books enough for NDA Maths? A4. Yes, they form the base. You can complement them with practice books like Arihant or Pathfinder.

Q5. What is the level of difficulty for NDA Maths? A5. It’s moderate to high. Basic concepts from Class 11 and 12 are tested in a tricky manner, so conceptual clarity is vital.

[vavaclasses]

NCERT Solutions- Structure of Atom: Discovery of Sub-Atomic Particles Class 11

In class 11 chemistry, students typically delve into the fascinating world of subatomic particles, the fundamental building blocks of matter. These particles, namely protons, neutrons, and electrons, constitute atoms, which are the smallest units of an element. Protons carry a positive charge, neutrons are neutral, and electrons bear a negative charge. They interact via electromagnetic forces and reside within the atom's nucleus (protons and neutrons) or in electron shells surrounding the nucleus (electrons). Understanding these subatomic particles and their arrangement within atoms is crucial for comprehending the behavior and properties of elements, paving the way for a deeper exploration of chemistry's intricacies.

1. Introduction to Atoms: Atoms are the basic building blocks of matter. They consist of subatomic particles: protons, neutrons, and electrons.

2. Protons: Positively charged particles found in the nucleus of an atom. Protons have a relative charge of +1 and a mass of approximately 1 atomic mass unit (amu).

3. Neutrons: Neutral particles found in the nucleus of an atom. Neutrons have no charge (neutral) and a mass of approximately 1 amu.

4. Electrons: Negatively charged particles that orbit the nucleus of an atom in electron shells or energy levels. Electrons have a relative charge of -1 and a negligible mass compared to protons and neutrons.

5. Atomic Number (Z): The number of protons in the nucleus of an atom. It determines the identity of the element and its place in the periodic table.

6. Mass Number (A): The sum of the number of protons and neutrons in the nucleus of an atom. It represents the mass of the atom.

7. Isotopes: Atoms of the same element with different numbers of neutrons. Isotopes have the same atomic number but different mass numbers.

8. Atomic Mass Unit (amu): A unit of mass used to express atomic and molecular weights. 1 amu is approximately equal to the mass of a proton or neutron.

9. Relative Atomic Mass: The weighted average of the masses of the isotopes of an element, taking into account their relative abundances in nature.

10. Fundamental Forces: Subatomic particles interact through fundamental forces such as electromagnetic force, strong nuclear force, weak nuclear force, and gravitational force.

11. Subatomic Particle Arrangement: Electrons are arranged in electron shells or energy levels around the nucleus. The distribution of electrons follows specific rules such as the Aufbau principle, Pauli exclusion principle, and Hund's rule.

12. Quantum Numbers: Parameters that describe the properties of electrons in an atom including principal quantum number (n), azimuthal quantum number (l), magnetic quantum number (m), and spin quantum number (s).

In conclusion, the study of subatomic particles in class 11 chemistry provides a foundational understanding of the basic constituents of matter. Through the exploration of protons, neutrons, and electrons, students gain insight into the structure of atoms and the principles that govern their behavior. By comprehending the roles and interactions of these subatomic particles, learners lay the groundwork for more advanced topics in chemistry, enabling them to appreciate the complexity and diversity of the elements in the periodic table. Ultimately, the knowledge acquired about subatomic particles serves as a cornerstone for further exploration into the realms of chemical bonding, reactions, and the broader field of chemistry.

[missmaeeegalendez09]

 Lecture Significant Transformation Towards Entrepreneurial Thinking

TCM321 Assignment 12

The significance of entrepreneurial thinking cannot be overstated. This was the central theme of the plenary class led by Mr. Jay Arnel Gahudo, co-founder and CEO of Galanchang Incorporated. His journey from a young dreamer to a successful entrepreneur exemplifies the transformative power of innovation and determination.

Mr. Gahudo's story began at the tender age of 12 when he envisioned building a tech company. Despite facing challenges, including dropping out of high school to pursue his passion for entrepreneurship, he remained undeterred. His early experiences, such as selling food and drinks to fund his first drone project, laid the foundation for his future endeavors. This determination led him to establish a startup during his university years, where he collaborated with peers to create innovative solutions.

Galanchang Incorporated, the startup founded by Mr. Gahudo, focuses on addressing pressing environmental issues, particularly climate change. By utilizing drone and GIS technology, the company aims to expedite mine rehabilitation processes and contribute to reforestation efforts. Their innovative approach involves aerial seeding and the development of a forest monitoring platform, showcasing how technology can be harnessed for environmental sustainability.

One of the most compelling aspects of Mr. Gahudo's presentation was his emphasis on the importance of addressing climate change, a challenge that affects millions globally. He highlighted the alarming statistics surrounding climate-related disasters and the economic losses incurred, underscoring the urgency of finding effective solutions. By leveraging technology, Galanchang aims to combat deforestation and promote socio-economic development, particularly in local communities.

Mr. Gahudo's entrepreneurial journey also reflects the importance of collaboration and mentorship. He acknowledged the support he received from various organizations and individuals, which played a crucial role in his startup's success. This highlights the significance of building networks and seeking guidance in the entrepreneurial landscape.

In conclusion, Mr. Jay Arnel Gahudo's presentation on significant transformation towards entrepreneurial thinking serves as an inspiration for aspiring entrepreneurs. His journey illustrates that with passion, innovation, and a commitment to addressing societal challenges, individuals can create impactful solutions. As students and future leaders, embracing an entrepreneurial mindset can lead to meaningful contributions to both the economy and the environment. The call to action is clear: let us harness our creativity and drive to foster positive change in our communities and beyond.