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techrevus · 4 years ago

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Types of SSL Certificates

Which one should you choose?

An SSL or Secure Sockets Layer certificate is extremely crucial for a website or a web app to prevent cyber attacks. With so many different types of SSL certificates, choosing the right one for your website can be confusing. You should know about these various types to make an informed decision. Primarily, SSL Certificates are dependent on two main criteria - Validation Level & Number of domains. Let's check out a few of these types:

Types of SSL Certificates by Validation Level

1. Domain Validation SSL Certificate: Domain validation is the lowest level of validation. This certificate is the best for blogs, websites with basic information or small business without e-commerce functionalities. The only thing you need to do to acquire this certificate proves your ownership of the domain to the Certificate Authority (CA). The process is fast and inexpensive. You only have to respond to an automated call from the CA or reply to an email, and you'll receive your certificate with an HTTPS connection and a browser with a padlock.

2. Organizational Validation SSL Certificate: This is a medium level of SSL validation and provides more security than domain validation. If you run a commercial website that represents a company or an organization, this is the recommended SSL certificate. The certificate is delivered to you within a few days after you verify your ownership and the name and address of your company.

3. Extended Validation SSL Certificate: An Extended Validation SSL Certificate is the highest form of validation available to assure your customers and clients of your credibility. An Extended Validation SSL Certificate is required by e-commerce stores, large enterprises and online transaction sites such as banking websites. In case you need an Extended Validation SSL Certificate, the CA conducts a complete background check of your company to confirm its authenticity, physical existence and legal registration. The verification is time-consuming and can be expensive. Make sure that your business actually needs an extended certificate, and get one only if it is required.

Types of SSL Certificates based on Number of Domains:

1. Standard SSL Certificate: A standard SSL certificate works for a single domain only, and is alternatively called single domain certificate. Standard certificates are valid for a single domain and do not work with Subject Alternative Names (SANs) of the domain.

For example - a standard SSL Certificate is valid for www.abcd.com/community/ but would not be valid for community.abcd.com.

2. Wildcard SSL Certificate: If you need to secure the main domain and the subdomains all under the same SSL Certificate, the Wildcard SSL Certificate is recommended. With a Wildcard SSL Certificate, you can make as many subdomains as you want. These subdomains are all secured by the same certificate.

For example - if your domain is abcd.com, the SSL Certificate will secure not only that domain but also subdomains such as blog.abcd.com, community.abcd.com, careers.abcs.com, etc.

There can be some security risks with a wildcard certificate, and additional security measures may be required to combat them. If you plan to reuse the certificate on subdomains hosted on different servers, the security may be compromised.

3. Multi-domain SSL Certificate: A multi-domain SSL certificate can secure several domains under a single certificate using SAN capabilities. This certificate can single-handedly secure domains, subdomains and public IPs. Alternate names for this certificate include Unified SSL Certificate & Multi-domain SSL certificate.

For example - For a domain abcd.com, a multi-domain certificate can secure several domain names like abcd.co, abcd.org, abcd.us. It also secures subdomains such as blog.abcd.com.

How to select the right SSL certificate

The right SSL certificate for your website depends on the level of security the website needs and how many domains or subdomains you plan to secure. It also depends on the kind of business the website represents, the functionality it serves and the overall budget that the website owner is willing to spend on an SSL certificate.

In Conclusion

An SSL certificate is a key to getting your customers to trust you when they visit your website. There needs to be a good amount of time and effort that should go into choosing the right SSL certificate.

If you’re looking to build a website or a web application with excellent security, our experts at TechRev would be happy to assist you in taking your vision and turning it into a great end product.

#sslcertificates #domain hosting #domainvalidation

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huntertower676 · 4 years ago

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Make Docker Run Without Sudo

The Docker daemon binds to a Unix socket instead of a TCP port. By default that Unix socket is owned by the user root and other users can only access it using sudo. The Docker daemon always runs as the root user. If you don’t want to preface the docker command with sudo, create a Unix group called docker and add users to it. I did find one solution that requires third party software. The software AlwaysUp allows Docker to run at startup without the need to login. I followed the instructions, except rather than Docker Tools as the executable to run, I pointed to reference dockerd.exe. Restarted the server, and sure enough I can now connect to my remote daemon.

Make Docker Run Without Sudo Command

Make Docker Run Without Sudo File

Sudo docker run hello-world. Ubuntu Utopic 14.10 and 15.05 exist in Docker’s apt repository without official support. Upgrade to 15.10 or preferably 16.04. A container is an executable unit of software where an application and its run time dependencies can all be packaged together into one entity. Since everything needed by the application is packaged with the application itself, containers provide a degree of isolation from the host and make it easy to deploy and install the application without having to worry about the host environment.

Table of Contents

Alternate installation methods

Certbot-Auto

Certbot is meant to be run directly on a web server, normally by a system administrator. In most cases, running Certbot on your personal computer is not a useful option. The instructions below relate to installing and running Certbot on a server.

System administrators can use Certbot directly to request certificates; they should not allow unprivileged users to run arbitrary Certbot commands as root, because Certbot allows its user to specify arbitrary file locations and run arbitrary scripts.

Certbot is packaged for many common operating systems and web servers. Check whethercertbot (or letsencrypt) is packaged for your web server’s OS by visitingcertbot.eff.org, where you will also find the correct installation instructions foryour system.

Note

Unless you have very specific requirements, we kindly suggest that you use the installation instructions for your system found at certbot.eff.org.

Certbot currently requires Python 2.7 or 3.6+ running on a UNIX-like operatingsystem. By default, it requires root access in order to write to/etc/letsencrypt, /var/log/letsencrypt, /var/lib/letsencrypt; tobind to port 80 (if you use the standalone plugin) and to read andmodify webserver configurations (if you use the apache or nginxplugins). If none of these apply to you, it is theoretically possible to runwithout root privileges, but for most users who want to avoid running an ACMEclient as root, either letsencrypt-nosudo or simp_le are more appropriate choices.

The Apache plugin currently requires an OS with augeas version 1.0; currently itsupportsmodern OSes based on Debian, Ubuntu, Fedora, SUSE, Gentoo and Darwin.

If you are offline or your operating system doesn’t provide a package, you can usean alternate method for installing certbot.

Most modern Linux distributions (basically any that use systemd) can installCertbot packaged as a snap. Snaps are available for x86_64, ARMv7 and ARMv8architectures. The Certbot snap provides an easy way to ensure you have thelatest version of Certbot with features like automated certificate renewalpreconfigured.

You can find instructions for installing the Certbot snap athttps://certbot.eff.org/instructions by selecting your server software and thenchoosing “snapd” in the “System” dropdown menu. (You should select “snapd”regardless of your operating system, as our instructions are the same acrossall systems.)

Docker is an amazingly simple and quick way to obtain acertificate. However, this mode of operation is unable to installcertificates or configure your webserver, because our installerplugins cannot reach your webserver from inside the Docker container.

Most users should use the instructions at certbot.eff.org. You should only useDocker if you are sure you know what you are doing and have a good reason to doso.

You should definitely read the Where are my certificates? section, in order toknow how to manage the certsmanually. Our ciphersuites pageprovides some information about recommended ciphersuites. If none ofthese make much sense to you, you should definitely use the installation methodrecommended for your system at certbot.eff.org, which enables you to useinstaller plugins that cover both of those hard topics.

If you’re still not convinced and have decided to use this method, fromthe server that the domain you’re requesting a certficate for resolvesto, install Docker, then issue a command like the one found below. Ifyou are using Certbot with the Standalone plugin, you will needto make the port it uses accessible from outside of the container byincluding something like -p80:80 or -p443:443 on the commandline before certbot/certbot.

Running Certbot with the certonly command will obtain a certificate and place it in the directory/etc/letsencrypt/live on your system. Because Certonly cannot install the certificate fromwithin Docker, you must install the certificate manually according to the procedurerecommended by the provider of your webserver.

There are also Docker images for each of Certbot’s DNS plugins availableat https://hub.docker.com/u/certbot which automate doing domainvalidation over DNS for popular providers. To use one, just replacecertbot/certbot in the command above with the name of the image youwant to use. For example, to use Certbot’s plugin for Amazon Route 53,you’d use certbot/dns-route53. You may also need to add flags toCertbot and/or mount additional directories to provide access to yourDNS API credentials as specified in the DNS plugin documentation.

For more information about the layoutof the /etc/letsencrypt directory, see Where are my certificates?.

Warning

While the Certbot team tries to keep the Certbot packages offeredby various operating systems working in the most basic sense, due todistribution policies and/or the limited resources of distributionmaintainers, Certbot OS packages often have problems that other distributionmechanisms do not. The packages are often old resulting in a lack of bugfixes and features and a worse TLS configuration than is generated by newerversions of Certbot. They also may not configure certificate renewal for youor have all of Certbot’s plugins available. For reasons like these, werecommend most users follow the instructions athttps://certbot.eff.org/instructions and OS packages are only documentedhere as an alternative.

Arch Linux

Debian

If you run Debian Buster or Debian testing/Sid, you can easily install certbotpackages through commands like:

If you run Debian Stretch, we recommend you use the packages in Debianbackports repository. First you’ll have to follow the instructions athttps://backports.debian.org/Instructions/ to enable the Stretch backports repo,if you have not already done so. Then run:

In all of these cases, there also packages available to help Certbot integratewith Apache, nginx, or various DNS services. If you are using Apache or nginx,we strongly recommend that you install the python-certbot-apache orpython-certbot-nginx package so that Certbot can fully automate HTTPSconfiguration for your server. A full list of these packages can be foundthrough a command like:

They can be installed by running the same installation command above butreplacing certbot with the name of the desired package.

Ubuntu

If you run Ubuntu, certbot can be installed using:

Optionally to install the Certbot Apache plugin, you can use:

Fedora

FreeBSD

Port: cd/usr/ports/security/py-certbot&&makeinstallclean

Package: pkginstallpy27-certbot

Gentoo

The official Certbot client is available in Gentoo Portage. From theofficial Certbot plugins, three of them are also available in Portage.They need to be installed separately if you require their functionality.

Note

The app-crypt/certbot-dns-nsone package has a differentmaintainer than the other packages and can lag behind in version.

NetBSD

Build from source: cd/usr/pkgsrc/security/py-certbot&&makeinstallclean

Install pre-compiled package: pkg_addpy27-certbot

OpenBSD

Make Docker Run Without Sudo Command

Port: cd/usr/ports/security/letsencrypt/client&&makeinstallclean

Package: pkg_addletsencrypt

Other Operating Systems

OS packaging is an ongoing effort. If you’d like to packageCertbot for your distribution of choice please have alook at the Packaging Guide.

We used to have a shell script named certbot-auto to help people installCertbot on UNIX operating systems, however, this script is no longer supported.If you want to uninstall certbot-auto, you can follow our instructionshere.

When using certbot-auto on a low memory system such as VPS with less than512MB of RAM, the required dependencies of Certbot may fail to build. This canbe identified if the pip outputs contains something like internalcompilererror:Killed(programcc1). You can workaround this restriction by creatinga temporary swapfile:

Disable and remove the swapfile once the virtual environment is constructed:

Installation from source is only supported for developers and thewhole process is described in the Developer Guide.

Warning

Make Docker Run Without Sudo File

Please do not use pythoncertbot/setup.pyinstall, pythonpipinstallcertbot, or easy_installcertbot. Please do not attempt theinstallation commands as superuser/root and/or without virtual environment,e.g. sudopythoncertbot/setup.pyinstall, sudopipinstall, sudo./venv/bin/.... These modes of operation might corrupt your operatingsystem and are not supported by the Certbot team!

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