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THIS DAY IN GAY HISTORY

based on: The White Crane Institute's 'Gay Wisdom', Gay Birthdays, Gay For Today, Famous GLBT, glbt-Gay Encylopedia, Today in Gay History, Wikipedia, and more … December 16

1863 – The Spanish-born philoopher, essayist, poet and novelist George Santayana was born on this date (d.1952). Born Jorge Agustín Nicolás Ruiz de Santayana y Borrás, Santayana was a lifelong Spanish citizen, was raised and educated in the U.S., wrote in English and is generally considered an American man of letters, even though, of his nearly 89 years, he spent only 39 in the U.S. He is perhaps best known as an aphorist, and for the oft-misquoted remark, "Those who cannot remember the past are condemned to repeat it," from Reason in Common Sense, the first volume of his The Life of Reason.

Although late in fully understanding his sexual preference, he wrote a series of sonnets celebrating his love for a friend who died young and described his male friendships in rhapsodic terms in his autobiography. One finds Santayana's clearest homophile expression in the set of four elegiac sonnets for Warwick Potter, the young man Santayana called his "last real friend," who died of cholera following a boating accident in 1893.

By his own account, Santayana did not really understand his own sexual preference until fairly late in life. During a 1929 conversation about A. E. Housman, a favorite poet, Santayana told his secretary Daniel Cory that Housman "was really what people nowadays call 'homosexual'; the sentiment of his poems is unmistakable." Santayana then added: "I think I must have been that way in my Harvard days, though I was unconscious of it at the time."

It is frequently said that Santayana's The Last Puritan is the best novel ever written by a philosopher. It is also one of the saddest novels in literature for it relates the story of a painfully unrequited love that was Santayana's own. The Harvard philosopher spent almost his entire life in love with an unresponsive heterosexual who, at times, couldn't even remember his name. And it is this lifelong love — for Bertrand Russell's brother Frank — that is reflected in The Last Puritan.

1899 – The English actor, playwright, and composer Noël Coward was born on this date (d.1973). Among his achievements, he received an Academy Certificate of Merit at the 1943 Academy Awards for "outstanding production achievement for his film In Which We Serve."

He was a valued friend of Laurence Olivier, Vivien Leigh, John Mills, Gene Tierney, Judy Garland, Elaine Stritch, Princess Margaret and Queen Elizabeth the Queen Mother. He was a close friend of Ivor Novello and Winston Churchill.

Coward was Gay and never married, but he maintained close personal friendships with many women. These included actress and author Esmé Wynne-Tyson, his first collaborator and constant correspondent; the designer and lifelong friend Gladys Calthrop; secretary and close confidante Lorn Loraine; his muse, the gifted musical actress Gertrude Lawrence; actress Joyce Carey; compatriot of his middle period, the light comedy actress Judy Campbell; and (in the words of Cole Lesley) 'his loyal and lifelong amitié amoureuse', film star Marlene Dietrich. Coward refused to acknowledge his sexual orientation, wryly stating, "There is still a woman in Paddington Square who wants to marry me, and I don't want to disappoint her."

Coward's insights into the class system can be traced back to London life in World War I, when thousands of troops passed through the capital every day, and officers and other ranks met civilians in dozens of highly secret clubs.

He enjoyed a thirty-year relationship with the stage and film actor Graham Payn from the mid 40s until Coward's death. Payn later co-edited with Sheridan Morley the collection of his diaries, published in 1982. He was also connected to composer Ned Rorem, with details of their relationship published in Rorem's diaries. Claims that Coward had a 19-year relationship with Prince George, Duke of Kent, were strongly denied by Payn, who said that Coward always denied anything had happened between him and the Prince.

He was a product of his times (and his own imagination, to be sure) and exquisitely attuned to those times. From his youth Coward had a distaste for penetrative sex and held the modern gay scene in disdain. This disdain, we have to believe is merely a symptom of an era, rather than a matter of character, and something he would have rethought had he been born in another time. His evident innate sense of honor and what is right would have, one has to infer, brought him around.

He was the president of The Actors' Orphanage, an orphanage supported by the theatrical industry. In that capacity he befriended the young Peter Collinson, who was in the care of the orphanage, becoming Collinson's godfather and helping him get started in show business. Later when Collinson was a successful director he invited Coward to play a role in the film The Italian Job; Coward's lover Graham Payn also played a small role in the film.

Here's just a bit of Coward's wit:

Coward was a neighbour in Jamaica of James Bond's creator Ian Fleming and his wife Anne, the former Lady Rothermere. Coward was a witness at the Fleming's wedding and though he was very fond of both of them, the Flemings' marriage was not a happy one, and Noël eventually tired of their constant bickering, as recorded in his diaries. When the first film adaptation of a James Bond novel, Dr. No was being produced, Coward was approached for the role of the villain. He is said to have responded, "Doctor No? No. No. No." * When speaking to Peter O'Toole about his performance in the movie Lawrence of Arabia, he said "If you'd been any prettier, it would have been 'Florence of Arabia'." * When someone pointed out a rising young actor at a party with the words "Keir Dullea" Coward's instant reply was "Gone tomorrow."

The Papers of Noël Coward are held in the University of Birmingham Special Collections.

1923 – Gerald Glaskin (d.2000) was a Western Australian author. Although he won the Commonwealth Prize for Literature in 1955, his works were received more favourably in Europe than in Australia where he had virtually no public profile, and he lived mostly in Asia and later the Netherlands, until returning to Perth in 1968.

Glaskin's extensive time overseas may have been because of the oppressive Australian moral climate of the period against homosexuality. In 1961 he had been charged with indecent exposure (presumably while sexually cruising) on a Perth beach.

His published works were extensive. He wrote poetry, short stories, and novels. Some works also included issues of science fiction and new-age spiritual guidance related to the interpretation of dreams. He was also involved in the Fellowship of Australian Writers.

A resident of Cottesloe, he was enthusiastic for its beach environment. As a writer in Western Australia conditions were not always supportive of the profession.

Glaskin's novel A Waltz Through the Hills was made into a 1989 film of the same title.

The Christos Experiment (or Christos Phenomenon), a phenomenon discussed by several of Glaskin's books, is an Altered State of Consciousness that can produce extraordinarily vivid and realistic Out-of-Body Experiences, Past-Life Experiences and Other-Life Experiences.

His most commercially successful work was a novel about a homosexual love affair, No End To The Way (1965), published under the pseudonym Neville Jackson. Interviewed in later life about the novel, Glaskin said: "It was banned in Australia and the paperback publishers, Corgi, researched the Australian censorship laws, and discovered that the book could not be shipped to Australia. So they chartered planes and flew them in". It may have been inspired by his relationship with Leo van de Pas, whom he met in a gay bar in Amsterdam, and lived with in later life.

Glaskin was also silent financial partner in The Coffee Pot, a popular Perth meeting place for homosexuals, bohemians and students which was established in the 1950s by Dutch Indonesian migrants, and was then the city's only late night cafe.

1930 – Ronald Allen (d.1991) was an English character actor who became a British soap opera star.

Allen was born in Reading, Berkshire. He studied at Leighton Park School in Reading and trained at the Royal Academy of Dramatic Art (RADA) in London, where won the John Gielgud Scholarship. He worked in repertory theatre and had a season at the Old Vic in London. Allen also made several films, including A Night to Remember (1958) about the sinking of the Titanic, the British horror films The Projected Man (1967) and The Fiend (1972), the war film Hell Boats (1970), and the black comedy Eat the Rich (1987).

After roles in the BBC soaps Compact (1963–64) and United! (1966–67)[3] came his best remembered role, in the long-running Crossroads (1969–85). Allen played David Hunter, who was a shareholder of the Crossroads Motel with Meg Mortimer, Tish Hope and Bernard Booth. He also twice appeared as a lead actor in the science fiction programme Doctor Who, in the stories The Dominators (1968) and The Ambassadors of Death (1970).

Allen also frequently appeared as a guest in The Comic Strip Presents. In the first episode, Five Go Mad in Dorset (1982), which spoofed Enid Blyton's The Famous Five stories, he makes a surprise appearance as Uncle Quentin; deliberately sending up his staid image, he most memorably told The Famous Five, . Allen reprised the role in the sequel Five Go Mad on Mescalin (1983).

Other roles included television's The Adventures of Robin Hood (1957), Danger Man (1960, 1961), Bergerac (1990) and The Avengers (1964).

After Crossroads, he was signed to appear in the American soap Generations, but was unable to get a work permit, and returned to London.

A homosexual, Allen lived for many years with his long-term boyfriend, the actor Brian Hankins, who also appeared in Crossroads, until Hankins' death from cancer in 1979. Surprising everyone who knew him, Allen moved in with close friend, Crossroads co-star and on-screen wife, Sue Lloyd. When the British media started to intrude into their private lives, they made it known they were a couple. After Allen was told that his cancer was terminal, they married. He died three months later, aged 60. Sue Lloyd died twenty years later in 2011, also of cancer.

1935 – Gerald Busby is a Texas-born American composer.

Busby was born in Tyler, Texas. He studied piano as a child, playing with the Houston Symphony when he was fifteen. He attended Yale where he studied music in college, but once graduated, began working as a traveling salesman. At age 40 he had an "epiphany" and began to compose, a direction which surprised him.

In 1977, with the assistance of Virgil Thomson, he moved to the Hotel Chelsea in New York City where he has written most of his work. Living at the Hotel Chelsea brought him into contact with numerous cultural figures. One of them was dancer Rudolf Nureyev and his then-partner Wallace Potts. Potts gave Paul Taylor a recording by Busby's music, which led to Busby writing the score for Taylor's dance Runes. Regarding his scores for Paul Taylor's dance "Runes" and Robert Altman's film 3 Women, Busby said "Those two pieces are acknowledged as masterpieces, so that I know they'll last beyond me," Mr. Busby said. "Not because what I did was a masterpiece, but I was part of it."

In 1985 Busby was diagnosed with HIV as was his partner Samuel Byers. Byers died on December 14, 1993; the couple had been together for 18 years. "Sam's death was just unbearable...He lost his mind and withered away. I was there the whole time with him and taking care of him, so I just went nuts."

After a bout of depression and drug addiction, he became sober and began composing again. In 2007, his monthly income amounted to $658 from Social Security, $78 in disability payments, and $156 in food stamps. Income from his music was undependable; in a good month he could get $1000, or nothing. The New York Times ran him as one of their "most neediest cases." Through the Federation of Protestant Welfare Agencies, Busby was able to receive $754.96 for digitizing recordings originally made on perishable cassette tape.

Despite being HIV positive, he claims that his immune system has regenerated, something he attributes to his daily practice of reiki. He continues to live at the Hotel Chelsea.

1963 – Liu Bingjian, born in Anhui, is a Chinese film director who emerged on the cinema scene in the late 1990s with his LGBT-themed film Men and Women.

Originally trained as a painter, Liu attended the prestigious Beijing Film Academy where he studied cinematography. Upon graduation, he switched to directing and worked in television before making his first film Inkstone which failed to be screened either in China or abroad.

In 1999, he directed the underground LGBT film Men and Women. Though the film was banned in China, it was seen as a rare example of a Chinese film to treat homosexuality as an everyday occurrence.

Liu followed up Men and Women with Cry Woman in 2002.

Like many of his colleagues, Liu Bingjian emerged from the underground scene with 2004's state-approved Plastic Flowers, starring actress Liu Xiaoqing in her first role in over a decade. The film premiered at the 2004 Toronto International Film Festival.

1968 – Ross Burden (d.2014) was a celebrity chef from New Zealand. His early career was as a model and he became a chef later in life, inspired by the time spent cooking with his grandmother. Burden was born in Taradale, New Zealand and brought up in Hawke's Bay, New Zealand. He was a self-taught cook. Burden hosted and was a guest on programmes across the world.

The son of an electrician, Ross Kelvin Burden was born on the North Island of New Zealand, where, as a boy, he took more interest in the great outdoors than in goings-on in the kitchen. "I wanted to be Jacques Cousteau," he recalled, and in his teenage years he took a job at a marine tourist park helping to look after the animals. After Taradale High School, he read Zoology at Auckland University, modelling part-time to fund his studies.

Burden’s career began in the early years of the 90s when he moved to Britain from his native New Zealand to take a Master’s degree in Zoology. For a bit of fun in 1993 he signed on to compete in the BBC 1 hit series MasterChef, and to his surprise (he was completely untrained) found himself reaching the finals.

Burden's television career began after reaching the final of the BBC series MasterChef 1993. He was also a regular on Ready Steady Cook for at least eight years, filmed a healthy-eating video with Joan Collins, and made at least five series for Taste.

Though feted by the press as "the tastiest man in Britain" and named as one of the UK’s 50 most eligible bachelors, Burden later came out as gay,

Burden published at least two books and wrote columns for two magazines. In May 2006, he appeared on The X Factor: Battle of the Stars along with fellow chefs Jean-Christophe Novelli, Aldo Zilli and Paul Rankin.

In 2010 Burden was lured back to New Zealand to be a judge on the country’s home-grown version of MasterChef. At the same time he returned to Auckland University to take a Master’s degree in Maori Studies, working as a waiter in Sails, an upmarket Auckland restaurant, to help pay his bills.

Burden died in Auckland on 17 July 2014 of an infection relating to treatment for leukaemia. In November 2014 it was revealed that Burden had died of Legionnaires' disease due to the infected water supply in the hospital.

1970 – Kyle Hawkins is the former head coach of the German National Men's U-19 lacrosse team, and former head coach of the University of Missouri Men's Lacrosse team.

In May 2006, he discussed his sexual orientation with several media outlets, including the New York Times and MSNBC.com after having revealed to the university and team that he was gay. In April 2007, the story again made media waves with an Associated Press story featured on MSNBC.com. Hawkins was named the first openly gay man coaching an intercollegiate men's team sport by ESPN.

1980 – Andrew Marin is an American author and President and Founder of The Marin Foundation, a public charity that works to build bridges between the LGBT community and social, theological and political conservatives.

Andrew grew up in the suburbs of Chicago as a self-professed "bible-banging homophobe,". In the summer after his freshman year in college his three best friends all came out to him. That prompted Andrew to move into the predominantly LGBT Boystown neighborhood in Chicago. After years of living in the neighborhood talking to his new neighbors and community, going to gay bars and public events with a goal of listening and learning, he clearly noticed that the LGBT/conservative disconnect was the single reason for so much unnecessary pain and trauma in a lot of people's lives. The Marin Foundation (TMF) was birthed out of this realization, and TMF works to fill the disconnect at the root of these problems.

The Marin Foundation is most well known for their I'm Sorry Campaign, where their LGBT and straight members attend gay pride parades and hold up signs apologizing for how Christians have treated LGBT people. The now famous and viral photo, "Christians Hugging a Gay Man in his Underwear" has been shared over 20 million times between sites such as Facebook, Twitter, Reddit, BuzzFeed and Instagram. It was also recently named by BuzzFeed as the #1 Picture to Restore Faith in Humanity. Besides the I'm Sorry Campaign, The Marin Foundation holds their Living in the Tension gatherings twice a month in Chicago, as well as around the US. Among a variety of TMF media appearances on major conservative outlets such as the 700 Club, and LGBT outlets such as The Gay Agenda Show, the BBC World News recently featured The Marin Foundation's regular gatherings held at a popular gay bar in Boystown, in print and on a 30 minute World News special.

2005 – On this date the country of Latvia edited its constitution to ban equal marriage rights to Gays and Lesbians.

Today's Gay Wisdom:

The Wit of Noël Coward:

I like long walks, especially when they are taken by people who annoy me.

I'm not a heavy drinker, I can sometimes go for hours without touching a drop.

I've sometimes thought of marrying - and then I've thought again.

It is discouraging how many people are shocked by honesty and how few by deceit.

My body has certainly wandered a good deal, but I have an uneasy suspicion that my mind has not wandered enough.

People are wrong when they say opera is not what it used to be. It is what it used to be. That is what's wrong with it.

Wit ought to be a glorious treat like caviar; never spread it about like marmalade.

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knick-nudiex · 2 months ago

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A diary is a written or audiovisual memorable record, with discrete entries arranged by date reporting on what has happened over the course of a day or other period. Diaries have traditionally been handwritten but are now also often digital. A personal diary may include a person's experiences, thoughts, and/or feelings, excluding comments on current events outside the writer's direct experience. Someone who keeps a diary is known as a diarist. Diaries undertaken for institutional purposes play a role in many aspects of human civilization, including government records (e.g. Hansard), business ledgers, and military records. In British English, the word may also denote a preprinted journal format.

Today the term is generally employed for personal diaries, normally intended to remain private or to have a limited circulation amongst friends or relatives. The word "journal" may be sometimes used for "diary," but generally a diary has (or intends to have) daily entries (from the Latin word for 'day'), whereas journal-writing can be less frequent.

Although a diary may provide information for a memoir, autobiography or biography, it is generally written not with the intention of being published as it stands, but for the author's own use. In recent years, however, there is internal evidence in some diaries (e.g. those of Ned Rorem, Alan Clark, Tony Benn or Simon Gray) that they are written with eventual publication in mind, with the intention of self-vindication (pre- or posthumous), or simply for profit.

By extension, the term diary is also used to mean a printed publication of a written diary; and may also refer to other terms of journal including electronic formats (e.g. blogs).

Etymology

The word 'diary' comes from the Latin diarium ("daily allowance," from dies, "day"). The word 'journal' comes from the same root (diurnus, "of the day") through the Old French jurnal (the modern French for 'day' being jour).

The earliest recorded use of the word 'diary' to refer to a book in which a daily record was written was in Ben Jonson's comedy Volpone in 1605.

History

The earliest known book resembling a diary is the Diary of Merer, an ancient Egyptian logbook whose author described the transportation of limestone from Tura to Giza, likely to clad the outside of the Great Pyramid. The oldest extant diaries come from Middle Eastern and East Asian cultures, although the even earlier work To Myself (Τὰ εἰς ἑαυτόν), today known as the Meditations, written in Greek by the Roman emperor Marcus Aurelius in the second half of the 2nd century AD, already displays many characteristics of a diary. Pillowbooks of Japanese court ladies and Asian travel journals offer some aspects of this genre of writing, although they rarely consist exclusively of diurnal records.

In the medieval Near East, Arabic diaries were written from before the 10th century. The earliest surviving diary of this era which most resembles the modern diary was that of Abu Ali ibn al-Banna in the 11th century. His diary is the earliest known to be arranged in order of date (ta'rikh in Arabic), very much like modern diaries.

The precursors of the diary in the modern sense include daily notes of medieval mystics, concerned mostly with inward emotions and outward events perceived as spiritually important (e.g. Elizabeth of Schönau, Agnes Blannbekin, and perhaps also, in the lost vernacular account of her visions, Beatrice of Nazareth).

From the Renaissance on, some individuals wanted not only to record events, as in medieval chronicles and itineraries, but also to put down their own opinions and express their hopes and fears, without any intention to publish these notes. One of the early preserved examples is the anonymous Journal d'un bourgeois de Paris covering the years 1405–1449, giving subjective commentaries on current events. Famous 14th to 16th century Renaissance examples, which appeared much later as books, were the diaries by the Florentines Buonaccorso Pitti and Gregorio Dati and the Venetian Marino Sanuto the Younger. These diaries include records of even less important everyday occurrences together with much reflection, emotional experience and personal impressions.

In 1908, the Smythson company created the first featherweight diary, enabling diaries to be carried about.

Published diaries

Samuel Pepys

Faustina Kowalska

Many diaries of notable figures have been published and form an important element of autobiographical literature.

Samuel Pepys (1633–1703) is the earliest diarist who is well known today; his diaries, preserved in Magdalene College, Cambridge, were first transcribed and published in 1825. Pepys was amongst the first who took the diary beyond mere business transaction notation, into the realm of the personal. Pepys' contemporary John Evelyn also kept a notable diary, and their works are among the most important primary sources for the English Restoration period, and consist of eyewitness accounts of many great events, such as the Great Plague of London, and the Great Fire of London.

The practice of posthumous publication of diaries of literary and other notables began in the 19th century. As examples, the Grasmere Journal of Dorothy Wordsworth (1771–1855) was published in 1897; the journals of Fanny Burney (1752–1840) were published in 1889; the diaries of Henry Crabb Robinson (1776–1867) were published in 1869.

Among important U.S. Civil War diaries are those of George Templeton Strong, a New York City lawyer, and Mary Chesnut, the wife of a Confederate officer. The diary of Jemima Condict, living in the area of what is now West Orange, New Jersey, includes local observations of the American Revolutionary War.

Since the 19th century the publication of diaries by their authors has become commonplace – notably amongst politicians seeking justification but also amongst artists and litterateurs of all descriptions. Amongst late 20th-century British published political diaries, those of Richard Crossman, Tony Benn and Alan Clark are representative, the latter being more indiscreet, in the tradition of the diaries of Chips Channon. In Britain in the field of the arts notable diaries were published by James Lees-Milne, Roy Strong and Peter Hall. Harold Nicolson in the mid-20th century covered both politics and the arts.

One of the most famous modern diaries, widely read and translated, is the posthumously published The Diary of a Young Girl by Anne Frank, who wrote it while in hiding during the German occupation of Amsterdam in the 1940s. Otto Frank edited his daughter's diary and arranged for its publication after the war. Many edits were made before the diary was published in other countries. This was due to sexually explicit material, which also led to some libraries banning the book.

The writing of diaries was also often practiced from the 20th century onwards as a conscious act of self-exploration (of greater or lesser sincerity) – examples being the diaries of Carl Jung, Aleister Crowley and Anaïs Nin. Among important diaries by 20th-century literary figures are those of Franz Kafka, Edmund Wilson and the French writer Paul Léautaud (1872–1956). The self-reflective Diary: Divine Mercy in My Soul written by Saint Faustina contains accounts of her visions and conversations with Jesus.

A strong psychological effect may arise from having an audience for one's self-expression, even if this is the book one writes in, only read by oneself – particularly in adversity. Anne Frank went so far as to address her diary as "Kitty." Friedrich Kellner, a court official in Nazi Germany, thought of his diary as a weapon for any future fight against tyrants and terrorism, and named it 'Mein Widerstand', My Opposition. Victor Klemperer was similarly concerned with recording for the future the tyrannies and hypocrisies of Nazi Germany and of its East German successor state in his diaries. However in these cases, the authors didn't anticipate publication.[citation needed]

Internet diaries

Main articles: Online diary and Blog

As internet access became commonly available, many people adopted it as another medium in which to chronicle their lives with the added dimension of an audience. The first online diary is thought to be Claudio Pinhanez's Open Diary, published at the MIT Media Lab website from 14 November 1994 until 1996.[8] Other early online diarists include Justin Hall, who began eleven years of personal online diary-writing in 1994,[9] Carolyn Burke, who started publishing Carolyn's Diary on 3 January 1995,[10] and Bryon Sutherland, who announced his diary The Semi-Existence of Bryon in a USENET newsgroup on 19 April 1995.

The internet has also served as a way to bring previously unpublished diaries to the attention of historians and other readers, such as the diary of Michael Shiner, an enslaved person in the 19th century who documented his life in Washington, D.C.

Web-based services such as Open Diary (started in October 1998) and LiveJournal (January 1999) soon appeared to streamline and automate online publishing, but growth in personal storytelling came with the emergence of blogs. While the format first focused on external links and topical commentary, widespread blogging tools were quickly used to create web journals. Recent advances have also been made to enable the privacy of internet diary entries. For example, some diary software now stores entries in an encrypted format, such as 256-bit AES (Advanced Encryption Standard) encryption, and others only permit access to the diary after correct PIN entry on a secure USB device.

Digital diaries

With the popularization of mobile apps, diary or journaling apps have become available for iOS and Android. Proponents have cited numerous reasons for journaling using digital applications, including ease and speed of typing, mobile portability, and search capabilities. Digital diaries are also tailored towards shorter-form, in-the-moment writing, similar to user engagement with social media services such as Facebook, Twitter and Instagram. Apple released a journal app with its iOS 17.2 update, pulling suggestions for entries based on locations the user has visited, music they have listened to, and photos from their photo library alongside prompts.

Other forms of diaries

Personal organizer

Main article: Personal organizer

A personal organizer is a form of diary to list actions and tasks for the day, which are recorded in a log, often using symbols to differentiate and categorize items.

Freewriting

In free writing, the diarist sets aside a few minutes each day to write without any constraints, letting thoughts flow freely and allowing the subconscious mind to express itself. Freewriting can unearth hidden thoughts and emotions, fostering self-discovery.

Gardening journal

A gardening journal helps gardeners improve their efforts over time by providing a historical record of actions taken, the weather and other elements, and the results.

Gratitude journal

A gratitude journal is a diary of things for which someone is grateful.[16] Keeping a gratitude journal is a popular practice in the field of positive psychology.

Sleep diary

Main article: Sleep diary

A sleep diary or sleep log is a tool used in the diagnosis and treatment of sleep disorders or to keep track of dreams had in order to gain insight to the subconscious or for further contemplation.

Tagebuch

The German Tagebuch ('days-book') is normally rendered as "diary" in English, but the term encompasses workbooks or working journals as well as diaries proper. For example, the notebooks of the Austrian writer Robert Musil and of the German-Swiss artist Paul Klee are called Tagebücher.

Travel journal

See also: Travel literature § Travel journals

A travel journal, travel diary, or road journal, is the documentation of a journey or series of journeys.

War diary

Main article: War diary

A war diary is a regularly updated official record of a military unit's administration and activities during wartime maintained by an officer in the unit. Such diaries can form an important source of historical information, for example about long and complex battles in World War I.

Fictional diaries

Main article: List of fictional diaries

There are numerous examples of fictional diaries. One of the earliest printed fictional diaries was the humorous Diary of a Nobody by George Grossmith and his brother Weedon. 20th-century examples include radio broadcasts (e.g. Mrs. Dale's Diary) and published books (e.g. the Diaries of Adrian Mole). Both prompted long-running satirical features in the magazine Private Eye: the former entitled Mrs Wilson's Diary in reference to Mary Wilson, wife of Prime Minister Harold Wilson, the latter entitled The Secret Diary of John Major Aged 47¾ and written as a pastiche of the Adrian Mole diaries from the perspective of the then-Prime Minister John Major. Another famous example of the use of fictional diaries as prose is Bram Stoker's Dracula. A modern example includes the Diary of a Wimpy Kid series where each book of the series is written in a first-person view of the main character, as if the book were an actual diary. Other examples are the Bert Diaries and the cellphone diaries in the Japanese manga and anime television series Future Diary.

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