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urogynaecare · 3 years ago

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Urinary Tract Infections

A urinary tract infection (UTI) is a very common type of infection in your urinary system. urologist doctor in Delhi. A UTI can affect any part of your urinary system, including the urethra, urethra, bladder, and kidneys. The symptoms usually include a need to urinate frequently, pain while urinating, and pain in your side or lower back.

Your urine usually does not contain bacteria (germs). When the kidneys remove waste products and excess water from your blood, urine is formed. Normally, urine passes through your urinary system without contamination. However, bacteria can enter the urinary system from outside the body, causing problems such as infection and inflammation.

What is the urinary tract?

The urinary tract creates and stores urine, one of the body's liquid waste products.

Kidneys: These small organs are located in the back of your body, just above the hips. our body's filters – removing waste and water from your blood. This stool becomes urine.

Ureters: The ureters are tube that connect a kidney to bladder. the best urologist doctor in Delhi.

Bladder: It is like a pocket they store urine before it leave the body.

How common are urinary tract infections (UTIs)?

Urinary tract infections are very common, affecting 1 in 5 women at some point in their lifetime. Urinary tract infections develop in one to 2% of children. Every year 8 million to 10 million visit doctors for urinary tract infections.

Who gets urinary tract infections (UTIs)?

Anyone can get urinary tract infection, but it is more common in women. This is because in women the urethra (the tube that carries urine out of the body) is shorter and closer to the anus, where E. coli bacteria are common. Older adults are also at greater risk of developing cystitis. There are a number of medical conditions that can be related to, These include an enlarged prostate or bladder prolapse (a condition where the bladder collapses or moves out of its normal position).

If you have frequent urinary tract infections, your health care provider may order tests to check for other health problems -- such as diabetes or an abnormal urinary system -- that may be contributing to your infection. urologist doctor in Delhi

People with recurrent UTIs are given low-dose antibiotics over a period of time to prevent the infection from coming back. urologist doctor in Delhi. This cautious approach to treating recurrent UTIs is because your body can develop resistance to the antibiotic and you could get other types of infections, such as C diff colitis. This exercise is rarely used.

How are urinary tract infections (UTIs) diagnosed?

Urinalysis: This test will check the urine for red blood cells, white blood cells, and bacteria. The numbers of white and red blood cells found in your urine may actually indicate an infection.

Urine culture: Urine culture is used to determine the type of bacteria in your urine. This test is help to determine the appropriate treatment.

Ultrasound: In this test ultrasound wave create an image. easly find a disease. This test is done on your skin, is painless and usually requires no preparation.

Cystoscopy: cystoscopy this test is made by lens and light source fitted inside the bladder from urethra.

CT scan: Another imaging test, a CT scan is a type of X-ray that takes cross-sections (such as slices) of the body. the best urologist in Delhi NCR. This test is much more accurate than a normal X-ray.

DR. ANKUR SINGHAL

Senior Consultant, Urology

MBBS (Gold Medalist)

MS(General Surgery)

M.Ch. (Urology)

MRCS(London, UK)

Robotic Urology Fellow, Imperial colloge, London UK

Phone number - +91 8800433941

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pharmaphorumuk · 5 years ago

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PureTech’s Vedanta Biosciences gets federal funding for C. Diff. microbiome therapy

US biotech Vedanta Biosciences has been awarded up to $76.9 million to develop VE303 for high-risk Clostridioides difficile (C. diff.) infection by a US government agency.

The Biomedical Advanced Research and Development Agency (BARDA) will pay $7.4 million up front, plus payments worth up to $69.5 million if the project is successful.

Vedanta is one of PureTech’s stable of companies and this is the first ever BARDA award in the microbiome field.

Funding will support completion of an ongoing phase 2 trial and further clinical development of VE303, an orally-administered live biotherapeutic product (LBP) consisting of eight bacterial strains designed to therapeutically reset a patient’s gut microbiota to stop C. Diff infection.

The product is made from pure, clonal bacterial cell banks, which yield a standardised drug product in powdered form, and could replace the need for faecal transplants and the process of having to find donors.

Products such as this aim to repopulate the gut with harmless bacteria that are resistant against pathogenic bacteria such as C. diff., which can take hold in a patient’s digestive tract after treatment with antiobiotics.

While there are no approved competitors, Ferring Pharma reported positive results from a phase 3 trial of its RBX2660 earlier this year, and other firms working in this area include UK-based Microbiota, working in partnership with Roche.

Vedanta’s ongoing phase 2 study is a multi-centre, randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial designed to evaluate the safety and efficacy of two doses of VE303 compared to placebo in patients with high-risk C. diff. infection.

The study is enrolling patients with a recent confirmed diagnosis of C. Diff. infection who have completed a course of antibiotics but remain at high risk for recurrence. The primary endpoint is prevention of infection recurrence at eight weeks.

Vedanta was founded by PureTech and a global team of scientific co-founders who have expertise in the cross-talk between the microbiome and the immune system.

The post PureTech’s Vedanta Biosciences gets federal funding for C. Diff. microbiome therapy appeared first on .

from https://pharmaphorum.com/news/puretechs-vedanta-biosciences-gets-federal-funding-for-c-diff-microbiome-therapy/

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jesseneufeld · 5 years ago

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C. difficile (C. diff): An urgent threat

Clostridioides (previously Clostridium) difficile (C. diff) is the most common cause of diarrhea among hospitalized patients and the most commonly reported bacteria causing infections in hospitals. In a 2019 report, the CDC referred to C. diff as “an urgent threat.”

Who is most at risk?

C. diff infection (CDI) occurs more commonly following antibiotic therapy or hospitalization, and among older adults or patients with weakened immune responses. In 2002, an epidemic strain of C. diff emerged, causing more severe disease with inflammation of the colon (colitis) and an increase in deaths. This strain adheres better to the intestine and produces more toxin, which is responsible for causing illness. Non-epidemic strains may cause less severe disease.

What makes C. diff so difficult to treat?

A high relapse rate poses challenges to treating people with CDI. Recurrence of diarrhea following initial treatment occurs in about 20% of cases. The risk of yet another relapse is even greater in the weeks following treatment for a recurrent CDI.

C. diff produces spores (dormant cells capable of surviving harsh conditions for prolonged periods) that can contaminate the environment. Spores are hearty and resistant to routine cleaning. But enhanced protective measures — careful hand washing, isolation precautions for infected patients (private room, gown, and gloves), and cleaning with agents capable of killing C. diff spores — are effective ways to prevent transmission and control CDI.

Antibiotics disrupt the healthy gut bacteria (microbiome), which then provides suitable conditions for ingested spores to flourish and result in CDI.

Hospitalized patients are at greater risk, although healthy individuals in the community who have not been treated with antibiotics can also become infected.

The World Society of Emergency Surgery released updated clinical practice guidelines in 2019, focusing on CDI in surgical patients. Surgery, particularly gastrointestinal surgery, is a known risk for CDI. (Ironically, surgery is also a potential treatment option for severe CDI.)

What is the difference between C. diff colonization and C. diff infection?

Up to 5% of people in the community, and an even greater percentage of people who are hospitalized, may be colonized with C. diff bacteria, but not experience any symptoms. The risk of progressing to disease varies, since not all C. diff strains produce toxin that makes you sick. People colonized with a non-toxin-producing strain of C. diff may actually be protected from CDI.

CDI is diagnosed based on symptoms, primarily watery diarrhea occurring at least three times a day, and stool that tests positive for C. diff. A positive test without symptoms represents colonization and does not require treatment. Patients colonized with toxin-producing strains are at risk for disease, particularly if exposed to antibiotics.

How is C. diff treated?

The most common antibiotics used to treat CDI are oral vancomycin or fidaxomicin. Extended regimens, lasting several weeks, have been used successfully to treat recurrences. Vancomycin enemas and intravenous metronidazole, another antibiotic, are also used in severe cases.

Fecal microbiota or stool transplant (FMT) from screened donors is an effective investigational treatment for those who do not respond to other treatment. However, it is not without risk. FMT capsules are effective and logistically easier.

Patients with severe CDI not responding to therapy may benefit from surgery, typically a colon resection or a colon-sparing procedure.

What can you do to prevent CDI?

Though there are no guarantees, there are many things you can do to help reduce your risk of CDI, particularly if you are scheduled for hospitalization or surgery.

If you are scheduled for surgery, discuss routine antibiotics to prevent infection with your surgeon. In most cases, according to the CDC, one dose of an antibiotic is sufficient. If you have an established (non-C. diff) bacterial infection, several recent studies show that shorter antibiotic courses are effective and may also reduce your risk of CDI. You should also ask your doctor about avoiding antibiotics that are more likely to result in CDI (clindamycin, fluoroquinolones, penicillins, and cephalosporins).

If you are hospitalized with CDI, you should use a designated bathroom and wash your hands frequently with soap and water, particularly after using the restroom. In the hospital, encourage staff to practice hand hygiene in your line of sight, and express appreciation to hospital staff for keeping your environment germ-free. If you are at high risk for a CDI recurrence (you are 65 or older, have a weakened immune response, or had a severe bout of CDI), discuss the potential value of bezlotoxumab with your provider. This monoclonal antibody can help to further reduce risk of recurrent CDI in those who are at high risk for recurrence.

There are other preventive measures that you can take whether or not you are hospitalized. Limit the use of antacids, particularly proton-pump inhibitors (PPIs). Don’t ask your doctor for antibiotics to treat colds, bronchitis, or other viral infections. Request education about side effects of prescribed antibiotics from your doctor or dentist, and discuss the shortest effective treatment duration for your condition. Let your doctor know that you want to minimize your risk for CDI. Practice exceptional hand hygiene before eating, and especially before and after visiting healthcare facilities.

For more information, visit the Peggy Lillis Foundation and the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention.

Follow me on Twitter @idandipacdoc

The post C. difficile (C. diff): An urgent threat appeared first on Harvard Health Blog.

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mhealthb007 · 5 years ago

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Who is most at risk?

What makes C. diff so difficult to treat?

Antibiotics disrupt the healthy gut bacteria (microbiome), which then provides suitable conditions for ingested spores to flourish and result in CDI.

Hospitalized patients are at greater risk, although healthy individuals in the community who have not been treated with antibiotics can also become infected.

What is the difference between C. diff colonization and C. diff infection?

How is C. diff treated?

Patients with severe CDI not responding to therapy may benefit from surgery, typically a colon resection or a colon-sparing procedure.

What can you do to prevent CDI?

Though there are no guarantees, there are many things you can do to help reduce your risk of CDI, particularly if you are scheduled for hospitalization or surgery.

For more information, visit the Peggy Lillis Foundation and the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention.

Follow me on Twitter @idandipacdoc

The post C. difficile (C. diff): An urgent threat appeared first on Harvard Health Blog.

from Harvard Health Blog https://ift.tt/2P8vcgS Original Content By : https://ift.tt/1UayBFY

#Health #Fitness #Healthy #Fit #Health and Fitness #Being Healthy #Health maintenance #fitness mainte

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terabitweb · 6 years ago

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Original Post from Security Affairs Author: Pierluigi Paganini

The Cybaze-Yoroi ZLab analyzed a new sample of Nanocore Remote Administrator Tools (RAT) using a Delphi wrapper to protect its code.

Introduction

Historically, cyber-criminals adopted one or more layers of encryption and obfuscation to lower their footprint and avoid detection. The usage of cryptors and packers has become a commodity in the contemporary malware landscape, providing the so-called “FUD” (Fully UnDetectable) capabilities to malicious code and allowing the outsourcing of the payload hiding.

The CSDC monitoring operations spotted a particular sample of the famous Nanocore Remote Administrator Tools (RAT). In this specific case, a Delphi wrapper was used to protect the RAT. Thus, Cybaze-Yoroi ZLab decided to analyze this threat.

Technical Analysis

Nanocore RAT is a “general purpose” malware with specific client factories available to everyone and easily accessible. During our cyber-defense activities we discovered attack attempts against Italian companies operating in the Luxury sector. For instance, we intercepted malicious email claiming to come from a well known Italian Bank and then we started to analyze it.

Figure 1: Part of initial e-mail

The attachment looks like a 7z archive file containing a valid PE file with Adobe Acrobat icon. Trivial trick used to lure ingenuous users to believe that it is a legit PDF file. However, it contains a PE executable:

Hash 8274313b5b1e941a67b54e9f311094f2f56a3afe97820ad03560d9885a60b71b Threat Nanocore RAT wrapper Brief Description Delphi Language Wrapper for Nanocore RAT Ssdeep 24576:FZ8elMYdWD7yWQ5/It6OxPtNHApfqGwcblA8:FyYEvt6OxPTHAgJcblA8 Icon

Table 1: Static info about Nanocore dropper/NanoCore RAT

Then we extracted some static information on the sample:

Figure 2: Information about “trasferimento.exe” dropper/NanoCore RAT

The sample was compiled with “BobSoft Mini Delphi” compiler and two characteristics are significant: the first one is the high level of entropy, this leads us to think that the sample was somehow packed; the second one is the absolutely fake compilation timestamp of the executable.

Executing the malware, we notice the presence of some checks performed by the malware in order to evade analysis boxes.

Figure 3: Processes checked by malware

In the above figure, are shown some processes checked by the malware. This action is performed through the usage of the classical Win32 API calls “CreateToolhelp32Snapshot” and “Process32Next”.

Figure 4: API calls to check open tools

If no one of the checked processes is active, the malware can proceed with the real infection: it writes the real payload of Nanocore RAT in the “%TEMP%” folder.

Figure 5: NanoCore payload written by the loader and relative API calls

The interesting thing is the payload, that is further loaded into memory, is merely embedded inside a resource without any encryption or obfuscation.

Figure 6: Comparison between payload embedded in resource of “trasferimento.exe” sample and “non.exe” written in %TEMP% folder

As shown in the above figure, the “trasferimento.exe” Delphi wrapper has got a lot of embedded resources (as visible on the left), and one of them contains the entire Nanocore RAT payload. On the right, there is a diff analysis of the resource named “2035” and the actual payload triggered on the victim machine. The resource “2035” has a sort of header (highlighted in yellow, on the left upper corner), which contains the name of the payload to implant on the machine “non.exe”. The succeeding piece of code is identical, without any protection. The “trasferimento.exe” component runs a scheduled task in order to guarantee its persistence.

Figure 7: Task-scheduler set by malware

At this point the malware creates a xml file with a pseudo-random name containing the configuration for its persistence on the machine. After creating this file, the malware spawns the “non.exe” process and then re-spawn itself through the following command lines.

schtasks.exe” /create /f /tn “IMAP Subsystem” /xml “C:UsersadminAppDataLocalTemptmpC5A7.tmp”schtasks.exe” /create /f /tn “IMAP Subsystem” /xml “C:UsersadminAppDataLocalTemptmpCB59.tmp”

The body of the xml configuration file is the following:

InteractiveToken HighestAvailable Parallel false false true false false false false true true false false false PT0S 4 ”C:UsersadminDesktoptrasferimento.exe” $(Arg0)

The difference between the two scheduled tasks is the fact that one references “trasferimento.exe” process and the other one references “non.exe” process. It seems to be a sort of a survival mechanism in which both the processes work and keep the infection alive.

Figure 8: Details about set task scheduler

These two processes contact two different C2s. During the analysis one of them (185.244.31.[50) was down and the other one (79.134.225[.41) continues to work.

Figure 9: Communication with two different C2

NanoCore Client

Hash 52d73eee176a2ff30af7e386809b94ef1c4918f131f8de1e2b66915ab8cc3790 Threat Nanocore RAT Brief Description NanoCore RAT client Ssdeep 6144:MLV6Bta6dtJmakIM5u8GL+1WUQ52F+/8Ej4eg:MLV6BtpmkqGLUcQsEEj4h

Table 2: Information about “non.exe” NanoCore RAT

At this point, let’s start to analyze the “non.exe” file which is the Nanocore RAT Client, even this one is compiled in .NET language.

Figure 10: Other information about “non.exe” NanoCore RAT and relative compiled language

The de-compiled code is quite obfuscated and encrypted with some custom routines.

Figure 11: Version of NanoCore Client

The real nature of the payload is revealed after few steps of debugging, we extracted also the current version: 1.2.2.0, as highlighted in the red square. Going ahead with debugging, we found a recurrent routine used to decrypt RAT’s static strings and the malware configuration too:

Figure 12: Decryption routine to extract the configuration file

Like other crimeware, also this one leverages encrypted configuration only decrypted during the malware execution. Interestingly, the extracted configuration does not include persistence, which is however guaranteed by the scheduled task handled by the external wrapper.

Figure 13: Configuration information of the RAT client

As we can see from the above figure, this client has some interesting enabled features, like the capability to bypass the UAC control, or prevent the system to go to sleep. Moreover, the primary and backup C2 are the same and the solution of the backup C2 is guaranteed through the other “trasferimento.exe” RAT mode process.

Conclusion

Nowadays a lot of cyber criminals don’t strive to write malware from scratch because there already are a vastity of public tools suitable for this need. From the attacker point of view, the problem about the usage of these tools is the fact they sooner or later will be recognized by the Anti-Virus engines.

Therefore, attackers adopt other technologies like packers and obfuscators, many time publicly available too, or write down custom loaders to hide their espionage tools, keeping them running into victim machines for a long time, silently observing their targets and awaiting the right time to act their criminal plans.

Technical details, including IoCs and Yara Rules, are available in the analysis published in the Yoroi blog.

https://blog.yoroi.company/research/dissecting-nanocore-crimeware-attack-chain/

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Pierluigi Paganini

(SecurityAffairs – NanoCore, malware)

The post Dissecting NanoCore Crimeware Attack Chain appeared first on Security Affairs.

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Go to Source Author: Pierluigi Paganini Dissecting NanoCore Crimeware Attack Chain Original Post from Security Affairs Author: Pierluigi Paganini The Cybaze-Yoroi ZLab analyzed a new sample of

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cdifffoundation · 4 years ago

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Destiny Pharma Update On the Acquired NTCD-M3 Biotherapeutic Clinical Program For Prevention of Recurrence of C. diff. Infections (rCDI)

Update on the recently acquired NTCD-M3 biotherapeutic clinical programme for prevention of recurrence of C. difficile infections Press release by Destiny Pharma: Brighton, United Kingdom – 22 December 2020: Destiny Pharma plc (AIM: DEST) a clinical-stage innovative biotechnology company focused on the development of novel medicines that can prevent life-threatening infections, announces it is…

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#Are there clinical trials for recurrent C. difficile infections?#Dale Gerding MD #Destiny Pharma #non-toxigenic C. difficile strain M3 #NTCD-M3 #Phase 3 rCDI clinical trial #Recurrent CDI prevention

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paullassiterca · 6 years ago

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Super Poopers: Premium Donors Sought for Fecal Transplants

Fecal microbiota transplants (FMTs) have become increasingly popular to cure diarrheal infections, including Clostridium difficile (C-diff). Unfortunately, after the media carried encouraging research results, many began following advice given on YouTube channels to do their own fecal transplants.

Although a fairly common medical practice, performing your own transplant exposes you to a range of bacteria that may do more harm than good. Donor feces obtained from medical facilities are first screened and tested for microbes having previously been associated with health conditions such as Parkinson’s and multiple sclerosis, before being used in transplant procedures.1

Physicians have reported patients experiencing sudden weight gain or new bowel diseases after fecal transplants. Even those who appear to be in robust health may silently carry harmful bacteria they can pass to others.

Fecal transplants have become a standard of care for those suffering repeated infections with C-diff and physicians can now prescribe freeze-dried donor stool in capsule form that their patients can swallow.2

A new study published in Frontiers in Cellular and Infection Microbiology3 supports the theory that some fecal donors have gut bacteria that increases the success rate in treating disease over the average donor. Called “super donors,” the study finds results of clinical remission may double with super donor stool compared to stool from the average donor.

Fecal Transplants From Super Donors Increase Success Rates

Since Alzheimer’s, multiple sclerosis, asthma, heart disease and certain cancers are associated with changes to gut bacteria, researchers were interested in understanding what makes a fecal super donor. Senior study author Justin O'Sullivan, Ph.D., from the University of Auckland, says:4

“The last two decades have seen a growing list of medical conditions associated with changes in the microbiome — bacteria, viruses and fungi, especially in the gut.

In fact, we know already that changes to the gut microbiome can contribute to disease, based on studies in germ-free mice as well as clinical improvement in human patients following restoration of the gut microbiome by transplanting stool from a healthy donor.”

The efficacy of FMT in treating chronic diseases has been modest, with scientists and doctors finding high variability in patient responses. Some studies have pointed to the microbial diversity and composition of the donor, believing this increases the potential of a super donor.

In this new study, the researchers reviewed evidence and explored the idea that keystone bacterial species may be predictors of FMT success. O'Sullivan and the team analyzed more than 100 fecal transplant trials, finding evidence that not only do super donors exist, but data that could potentially explain why.5

In the small percentage who outperformed others, the donors had a high diversity of microbiota. These results may be significant in helping to identify how human gut microbiology influences disease to develop screening for FMT donors.

Today, the overall cure rate for recurrent diarrhea infections exceeds 90 percent. However, FMT for other conditions has an average success rate of only 20 percent.6 O'Sullivan believes the pattern of success actually demonstrates the existence of super donors, where clinical remission rates may double over those of the average donor.

One Stool Doesn’t Fit All Conditions

Researchers have also found the balance of other bacteria present in the stool sample, and the interactions between them, influence the retention of species needed to treat specific conditions.7 By digging deeper, researchers discovered not only do the species of bacteria matter, but also what’s present around the bacteria, such as viruses and other debris.

Ultimately, the team acknowledges the bacterial diversity of super donors may not fully account for successful transplantation, as some failures could be attributed to the recipient’s immune response to the transplanted microbes, potentially stemming from underlying genetic differences.8

Compatibility between the donor and recipient, in which bacterial species and strains are present in the recipients’ gut before transplant, are also important in predicting success.

O'Sullivan believes supporting the transplanted microbiome through diet is important to improving the success rate, as it has been shown a rapid change in diet can alter the composition of your gut microbiota within 24 hours.9 The researchers concluded that while super donors may be identified as those whose donations have a higher potential for success, there is no “one stool fits all.”

The authors believe FMT will require a personalized approach with better matching between recipients and donors to improve transplant success. Through improved matching, the procedure may also have a higher rate of success for other diseases, such as asthma. Robert Knight, Ph.D., expert on human microbiome from UC San Diego, who was not involved in the study, commented:10

“Strategies to find super-donors whose stool is especially effective as a curative are still in their infancy, although progress on this topic — or making synthetic super-donors from the stool of many people — could greatly improve application of [fecal transplants].”

FMT Helps Re-Establish Bacteria Wiped Out by Chemotherapy

Your gut microbiome exists in a dynamic balance between external and internal stimuli. Anything impacting the balance, such as chemotherapy and antibiotics, can severely change your gut microbiota. Chemotherapy-induced cognitive impairment and mucositis are common side effects of chemotherapy treatment for cancer.11

Two studies from Memorial Sloan-Kettering investigated how gut microbiome influences the outcome for patients undergoing stem cell transplants. The data revealed changes in the balance of bacteria affect the patient receiving a treatment for blood cancers, such as leukemia and lymphoma, making them temporarily more susceptible to infection.

Antibiotics used to prevent or treat some infections following the transplant also create an opportunity for harmful antibiotic-resistant bacteria to grow abundantly in the gastrointestinal tract. Researchers found a diversity of bacteria can substantially drop with the administration of chemotherapy and antibiotics, increasing the likelihood infections in the bloodstream.12

A second study demonstrated graft-versus-host disease is also affected by the balance of microbiota and the gut.13 The goal of a recent study published in Scientific Reports14 was to assess the efficacy of FMT to reverse antibiotic and chemotherapy-induced dysbiosis in an animal model.

Ampicillin was administered to mice causing a significant and immediate decrease in bacterial species richness and diversity, persisting for one week. However, in the mice receiving FMT, the disruption was reversed immediately.

The mice who received FMT demonstrated significant increase in bacterial species known to have anti-inflammatory properties. While chemotherapy led to a critical decrease in beneficial bacteria, FMT appeared to mitigate these effects.

Stool Donation Not as Simple as It Sounds

If you’re considering donating stool, it may not be as simple as it sounds. OpenBiome is a Boston-based company aimed at expanding the safety and access to FMT. They actively recruit stool donors and pay up to $40 per donation, but carefully screen applicants.

The company claims an 85 percent success rate for treatment for C-diff using their FMT. In order to donate, individuals must be from the Boston area and pass a series of rigorous screenings.15 Applicants must be between 18 and 50 years old during their donation period, go through a clinical in-person health assessment and two rounds of blood and stool testing.

After this rigorous screening, only 3 percent of applicants are accepted. The nonprofit’s clinical program director states this is because most of the chosen stool will eventually end up treating a recipient and if not carefully screened the recipient could wind up with a number of medical conditions.16

Donors who have taken antibiotics, traveled anywhere deemed risky, or if their body mass index or alcohol intake is too high, are not accepted. Once they pass the initial questionnaire, a clinician asks up to 200 more questions on other topics such as a history of depression, anxiety, allergies and asthma, some of the other common reasons a donor may be ruled out.17

Once accepted, donors can provide samples three times a week for a period of 60 days, earning approximately $40 for each donation. At the end of 60 days, if they wish to continue providing donations, they must go through the screening process again.18

Protect and Improve Your Gut Microbiome Using These Simple Steps

Hippocrates once said “all disease begins in the gut,” and the more we learn, the more accurate that statement becomes. With research and study, scientists now understand your gut plays a crucial role in many health and disease processes, and actually acts as your body’s second brain.

The diversity of your gut is established as an infant and affected by genetics, whether you’re breast or bottle-fed and your immediate environment. As you age, it is continually affected by your food choices and medications. Diets high in sugar and processed foods reduce the variety and have a negative impact on your overall health.

Taking care of your gut not only may help prevent disease, but also may help you achieve your goals in weight loss, fitness and overall health and wellness. The consequences of a poorly developed microbiome may affect your mood, emotions, allergies and anxiety.19

Consider these strategies to improve your gut microbiome and affect recovery should you have to take antibiotics.

• Eat more fermented foods — This is one of the easiest, most effective and least expensive ways to make a significant impact on your gut microbiome. Fermentation, especially when using a starter culture, ensures you end up with a high-quality product with high levels of healthy bacteria and beneficial enzymes, including short-chain fatty acids that support healthy immune function.

• Take probiotics and prebiotics — Probiotics increase the diversity of your microbiome, while prebiotics feed beneficial bacteria, helping them to grow and thrive. Beneficial bacteria require high levels of fiber found in a variety of fruits and vegetables.20

If you starve your gut microbiome of fiber, some die off and others switch their source of nutrients to the mucus lining your gut.21 High-fiber diets help reduce your risk of premature death from all causes,22 but in order to work the fiber must be unprocessed.23 Processed supplement fiber such as inulin powder does not provide your gut bacteria what they need.

It’s far better to use a supplement processed from Jerusalem artichokes where inulin is extracted. Organic whole husk psyllium is another great source, as are sunflower sprouts and fermented vegetables, the latter of which also supply beneficial bacteria.

• Avoid antibiotics — Before antibiotics, the average life expectancy was 47 years and most died from communicable diseases. Today the leading causes of death are noncommunicable, but antibiotics are triggering other health conditions. Although useful in severe infections, they also damage bacterial colonies in your gut, which may increase your risk for a number of different ailments and diseases.

If it is essential to take antibiotics, sporebiotics may be able to re-establish your gut microbiome more effectively than regular probiotics when taken in conjunction with antibiotics, as they do not contain any live strains, only spores.

• Avoid processed foods — Processed foods are high in sugar and grains and low in fiber. I believe you need 50 grams of fiber for every 1,000 calories consumed each day, as fiber feeds your good bacteria and strengthens your gut health.

Sugar is the preferred fuel for harmful bacteria, so it’s important to reduce your net carbohydrate intake and eliminate processed foods and white sugar.

• Optimize your vitamin D — Optimizing your vitamin D level to 60 to 80 ng/mL is another simple yet effective means of improving your gut microbiome and reducing metabolic syndrome. Vitamin D deficiency is associated with the development of certain cancers, infections, cardiovascular disease and dysbiosis.24 In one study, researchers discovered metabolic syndrome in mice improved when supplemented with vitamin D.25

An insufficient amount of vitamin D aggravated the imbalance in the gut microbiota. This finding confirms vitamin D deficiency hinders the production of antimicrobial molecules your body uses to maintain the integrity of gut bacteria.26

from Articles http://articles.mercola.com/sites/articles/archive/2019/02/04/fecal-microbiota-transplantation.aspx source https://niapurenaturecom.tumblr.com/post/182545686636

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jakehglover · 6 years ago

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Super Poopers: Premium Donors Sought for Fecal Transplants

Although a fairly common medical practice, performing your own transplant exposes you to a range of bacteria that may do more harm than good. Donor feces obtained from medical facilities are first screened and tested for microbes having previously been associated with health conditions such as Parkinson's and multiple sclerosis, before being used in transplant procedures.1

A new study published in Frontiers in Cellular and Infection Microbiology3 supports the theory that some fecal donors have gut bacteria that increases the success rate in treating disease over the average donor. Called "super donors," the study finds results of clinical remission may double with super donor stool compared to stool from the average donor.

Fecal Transplants From Super Donors Increase Success Rates

Since Alzheimer's, multiple sclerosis, asthma, heart disease and certain cancers are associated with changes to gut bacteria, researchers were interested in understanding what makes a fecal super donor. Senior study author Justin O'Sullivan, Ph.D., from the University of Auckland, says:4

"The last two decades have seen a growing list of medical conditions associated with changes in the microbiome — bacteria, viruses and fungi, especially in the gut.

One Stool Doesn't Fit All Conditions

Researchers have also found the balance of other bacteria present in the stool sample, and the interactions between them, influence the retention of species needed to treat specific conditions.7 By digging deeper, researchers discovered not only do the species of bacteria matter, but also what's present around the bacteria, such as viruses and other debris.

Ultimately, the team acknowledges the bacterial diversity of super donors may not fully account for successful transplantation, as some failures could be attributed to the recipient's immune response to the transplanted microbes, potentially stemming from underlying genetic differences.8

Compatibility between the donor and recipient, in which bacterial species and strains are present in the recipients' gut before transplant, are also important in predicting success.

"Strategies to find super-donors whose stool is especially effective as a curative are still in their infancy, although progress on this topic — or making synthetic super-donors from the stool of many people — could greatly improve application of [fecal transplants]."

FMT Helps Re-Establish Bacteria Wiped Out by Chemotherapy

Stool Donation Not as Simple as It Sounds

If you're considering donating stool, it may not be as simple as it sounds. OpenBiome is a Boston-based company aimed at expanding the safety and access to FMT. They actively recruit stool donors and pay up to $40 per donation, but carefully screen applicants.

After this rigorous screening, only 3 percent of applicants are accepted. The nonprofit's clinical program director states this is because most of the chosen stool will eventually end up treating a recipient and if not carefully screened the recipient could wind up with a number of medical conditions.16

Protect and Improve Your Gut Microbiome Using These Simple Steps

Hippocrates once said "all disease begins in the gut," and the more we learn, the more accurate that statement becomes. With research and study, scientists now understand your gut plays a crucial role in many health and disease processes, and actually acts as your body's second brain.

The diversity of your gut is established as an infant and affected by genetics, whether you're breast or bottle-fed and your immediate environment. As you age, it is continually affected by your food choices and medications. Diets high in sugar and processed foods reduce the variety and have a negative impact on your overall health.

Consider these strategies to improve your gut microbiome and affect recovery should you have to take antibiotics.

It's far better to use a supplement processed from Jerusalem artichokes where inulin is extracted. Organic whole husk psyllium is another great source, as are sunflower sprouts and fermented vegetables, the latter of which also supply beneficial bacteria.

Sugar is the preferred fuel for harmful bacteria, so it's important to reduce your net carbohydrate intake and eliminate processed foods and white sugar.

from HealthyLife via Jake Glover on Inoreader http://articles.mercola.com/sites/articles/archive/2019/02/04/fecal-microbiota-transplantation.aspx

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jerrytackettca · 6 years ago

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Super Poopers: Premium Donors Sought for Fecal Transplants

Although a fairly common medical practice, performing your own transplant exposes you to a range of bacteria that may do more harm than good. Donor feces obtained from medical facilities are first screened and tested for microbes having previously been associated with health conditions such as Parkinson's and multiple sclerosis, before being used in transplant procedures.1

A new study published in Frontiers in Cellular and Infection Microbiology3 supports the theory that some fecal donors have gut bacteria that increases the success rate in treating disease over the average donor. Called "super donors," the study finds results of clinical remission may double with super donor stool compared to stool from the average donor.

Fecal Transplants From Super Donors Increase Success Rates

"The last two decades have seen a growing list of medical conditions associated with changes in the microbiome — bacteria, viruses and fungi, especially in the gut.

One Stool Doesn't Fit All Conditions

Researchers have also found the balance of other bacteria present in the stool sample, and the interactions between them, influence the retention of species needed to treat specific conditions.7 By digging deeper, researchers discovered not only do the species of bacteria matter, but also what's present around the bacteria, such as viruses and other debris.

Ultimately, the team acknowledges the bacterial diversity of super donors may not fully account for successful transplantation, as some failures could be attributed to the recipient's immune response to the transplanted microbes, potentially stemming from underlying genetic differences.8

Compatibility between the donor and recipient, in which bacterial species and strains are present in the recipients' gut before transplant, are also important in predicting success.

FMT Helps Re-Establish Bacteria Wiped Out by Chemotherapy

Stool Donation Not as Simple as It Sounds

Protect and Improve Your Gut Microbiome Using These Simple Steps

Consider these strategies to improve your gut microbiome and affect recovery should you have to take antibiotics.

Sugar is the preferred fuel for harmful bacteria, so it's important to reduce your net carbohydrate intake and eliminate processed foods and white sugar.

from http://articles.mercola.com/sites/articles/archive/2019/02/04/fecal-microbiota-transplantation.aspx

source http://niapurenaturecom.weebly.com/blog/super-poopers-premium-donors-sought-for-fecal-transplants

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whatshouldinamethisblog · 7 years ago

Text

STOP

NEURO:

TCAs (Brain, Eyes, Heart, Colon, Prostate):

- with dementia.

- with glaucoma.

- with cardiac conductive abnormalities (pro-arrhythmic effects).

- with constipation or medication likely to cause constipation.

- with prostatism or prior history or urinary retention.

BDZs (withdraw slowly if taken for longer than 4 weeks):

- with acute respiratory failure (PO2 or PCO2).

- if fallen in past 3 months.

- for longer than 4 weeks.

Antipsychotics (Anticholinergic, Extrapyramidal Symptoms):

- long term > 1 month as hypnotics.

- long term > 1 month in Parkinson’s or Lewy Body Disease (likely to worsen extrapyramidal symptoms).

- with moderate-severe antimuscarinic/anticholinergic effects

- with a history of prostatism or previous urinary retention.

- as hypnotics unless sleep disorder if due to psychosis or dementia.

- in patients with behavioural or psychological symptoms of dementia unless symptoms are severe and other non pharmacological treatments have failed.

Levodopa or Dopaminergic Agonists:

- for benign essential tremor.

Phenothiazines (antimuscarinic):

- in patients with epilepsy (may lower seizure threshold).

- as first line tretament for anything except in palliative care where prochloprerazine for N/V/Vertigo, Chlorpromazine for hiccoughs, and Levomepromazine for N/V.

Anticholinergics:

- to treat extra-pyramidal side effects of antipsychotics medications.

- in patients with delirium or dementia.

- including first generation antihistamines.

Cholinesterase Inhibitors (Heart Block):

- with known history of bradycardia, heart block or recurrent unexplained syncope or concurrent treatment with drugs that reduce heart rate such as B-Blockers, Ca++ Blockers, and Digoxin.

SSRIs (Hyponatremia, GI Bleeding):

- with history of clinically significant hyponatremia (<130).

Citalopram and Escitalopram:

- with QT prolongation.

- or with drugs that prolong QT.

Opiates:

- for first line therapy of mild to moderate pain.

- slow release in severe pain without short acting breakthru.

- regular more than two weeks in chronic constipation without laxatives.

- long term in those with recurrent falls.

- long term in those with dementia unless for palliative care or chronic pain.

ENDO: ***Sulfonylureas of long duration of action (Hypoglycemia).

***Metformin if eGFR < 30 (Renal Failure).

Pioglitazone in patients with heart failure.

Estrogens (Breast Cancer, Uterine Cancer, DVT):

- history of breast cancer.

- history of DVT or PE.

- without progesterone in patients with intact uterus.

Any Hormone Replacement Therapy (Liver Disease, Estrogen Dependent CA, Vaginal Bleeding, Acute DVT):

- acute liver disease.

- estrogen dependent cancer.

- undiagnosed vaginal bleeding or untreated endometrial hyperplasia.

- active DVT or thrombophilic disorder.

- active or recent arterial thromboembolic disease (eg: angina or MI).

Androgens:

- in absense of primary or secondary hypogonadism.

Bisphosphonates:

- if greater than 3-5 years duration for drug holiday.

- if unexplained thigh hip or groin pain.

- given orally in patients with current or recent history of GI disease (dysphagia, esophagitis, gastritis, duodenitis, PUD, UGI Bleeding).

- if low risk of fracture (FRAX tool).

Denosumab:

- if low risk of fracture.

- if unable to have regular dental checkups.

CARDIO:

Digoxin:

- for heart failure with normal systoic ventricular function.

- for left systolic ventricular function where key interventions have not been tried.

- at long term dose greater than 125 mc/day if eGFR < 30 (risk of toxicity if digoxin plasma levels not measured as eGFR may not be an accurate indicator of clearance).

Thiazide Diuretic (Hypokalemia, Hyponatremia, Hypercalcemia, Gout):

- with current significant hypokalemia, hyponatremia, hypercalcemia or with recent or concurrent gout.

Loop Diuretic:

- as treatment for Hypertension.

- for dependent ankle edema without clinical, biochemical or radiological evidence of heart failure, liver failure, nephrotic syndrome or renal failure (leg elevation or compression hosery usually more appropriate).

Aldosterone Antagonists:

- spironolactone, eplerenone and ARBs, particularly if co-prescribed with potassium conserving drugs like ACE, amilioride or triamterene... without monitoring of serum potassium.

Verpamil or Diltiazem:

- with heart failure.

Nicorandil:

- if ulceration of the GI Tract, skin or mucosa including eyes.

- ulcers caused by Nicorandil do not respond to conventional Rx.

ACE or ARB:

- in patients with hyperkalemia.

- in combination with each other.

Centrally Acting Antihypertensives:

- methyldopa, clonidine, monoxidine.

- unless clear intolerance or or lack of efficacy with other classes of antihypertensives.

Amiodarone:

- as first line antiarrthythmic therapy in SVT.

Non-Selective B-Blockers:

- with recent history of bradycardia, heart block or uncontrolled heart failure, or asthma requiring treatment.

ANTICOAGULANTS AND ANTIPLATELETS:

Any:

- with concurrent significant bleeding risk, ie: uncontrolled severe hypertension, bleeding diathesis, recent non-trivial spontaneous bleeding.

ASA:

- long term ASA > 150 mg/day.

- with recent past history of PUD without PPI.

- in combination with Warfarin or NAOCs in patients with chronic A-Fib.

- as monotherapy for stroke prevention in A-Fib.

ASA + Clopidogrel:

- as secondary stroke prevention unless the patient has a coronary stent inserted in the previous 12 months or concurrent acute ACS or has a high grade symptomatic carotid artery stenosis (no added benefit over clopidogrel monotherapy).

Antiplatelet Agents with Warfarin or NAOCs:

- in patients with stable coronoary, cerebrovascular or perpheral artery disease (no added benefit drom dual therapy).

Warfarin or NOACs:

- for first DVT > 6 months without continuing provoking risk factors (eg:thrombophilia).

- for first PE > 6 months without continuing provoking risk factors (eg:thrombophilia).

Direct Thrombin Inhibitors (eg: Dabigatran):

- if eGFR < 30.

Factor Xa Inhibitors (eg: Rivaroxaban, Apixaban):

- if egFR < 15.

RESP:

Antimuscarinic Bronchodilators (Ipratropium, Tiotropium):

- with history of narrow angle glaucoma.

- with history of bladder outflow obstruction.

Theophylline:

- as monotherapy for Asthma or COPD.

Systemic Corticosteroids (Bleeding, Hypertension, Hyperglycemia, Hypercholesterolemia):

- instead of inhaled corticosteroids for maintenance therapy in moderate-severe COPD.

GI:

Metacloprmide and Perchlorperazine (Parkinson’s):

- with Parkinsons’s.

- after maximum treatment 5 days (metaclopromide).

***Domperidone (Heart Problems):

- for treatment other than N/V.

- after maximum treatment time of one week.

- in patients with serious underlying heart conditions.

- if receiving other medications known to prolong QT or with potent CYP3A4 inhibitors.

***PPI (Pneumonia, C-Diff, Osteoporosis):

- for uncomplicated PUD at full theraputic dose after 1-2 months (if healed, offer low dose maintenance treatment possibly on an as required basis - review anually).

Drugs likely to cause Constipation:

- anticholinergic drugs, oral iron, opioids, verapamil, aluminum antacids in patients with chronic constipation where non-constipating alternatives are available.

- for diarrhea of unknown cause, consider possibility of Clostridium Difficile infection (CDI) if there is a history of antibiotic use in the last 8 weeks or recent hospital discharge. If CDI suspected stop 1. Antimotility Drugs, 2. unnecessary antibiotics, and 3. unnecessary PPI use.

Antimotility Drugs:

- should be avoided if there is blood and mucus in stools or high fever during severe infective gastroenteritis.

Simple Antacids:

- Long term frequent dose continuous prescribing of simple antacids that relieve symptoms rather than preventing them.

Known Precipitants:

- that are associated with dyspepsia or reflux, including smoking, alcohol, coffee, chocolate and fatty foods.

GU (Orthostatic Hypotension, Dementia, Glaucoma, Prostatism):

A1-Receptor Blockers:

- in those with symptomatic orthostatic hypotension.

- in micturition syncope.

Anticholinergic Drugs:

- in dementia.

- in narrow angle glaucoma.

- chronic prostatism.

Phosphodiesterase Type 5 Inhibitors:

- in severe heart failure with hypotension.

- concurrent nitrate therapy for angina.

Diuretics:

- or other drugs that increase urinary flow with urinary incontinence.

MSK:

***NSAIDs (Bleeding, Hypertension, CHF):

- long term > 3 months for symptom relief of MSK pain where simple analgesia or topical NSAID has not been tried.

- with history of PUD or GI Bleeding unless concurrent appropriate gastroprotection.

- with concurrent oral corticosteroids or antiplatelet or antidepressant (SSRI, Venlafaxine) without concurrent appropriate GI protection.

- with severe or uncontrolled Hypertersion.

- with moderate severe Heart Failure.

- if eGFR < 50.

- with Warfarin or NAOCs.

Long Term NSAID or Colchicine:

- > 3 months for chonic treatment of gout where there is no contraindication to Allopurinol.

Diclofenac, COX-2, Ibuprofen:

- with heart failure.

- with concurrent CAD, CVD.

***Long Term Corticosteroids:

- > 3 months as monotherapy for RA.

Corticosteroids:

- other than injections, for OA.

Colchcine:

- if eGFR < 10.

Quinine:

- trial break q 3 months.

- if no benefit in leg symptoms after four weeks.

https://www.herefordshireccg.nhs.uk/library/medicines-optimisation/prescribing-guidelines/deprescribing/748-stopp-start-herefordshire-october-2016/file

0 notes

coolvoidunknown-blog · 7 years ago

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Clostridium difficile Infections Disease Pipeline Drugs Assessment: Clinical Trails Analysis, Player Profiles, Collaborations, Key Targets, Geographic Focus, and Data Publications, 2018

Overview:

Clostridium difficile is a bacterium which infects the bowel and caused diarrhea. This infection is most commonly seen in people who were recently been treated with antibiotics and it can be spread easily to others. Clostridium difficile is also called as C. difficile or C.diff. C.diff infections may cause serious bowel problems. Symptoms of C.diff infections includes watery diarrhea, painful cramps in tummy, dehydration, dry mouth, head ache, loss of weight and appetite etc.

C.diff can be diagnosed by enzyme immunoassay, polymerase chain reaction, GDH or EIA. Treatment for Clostridium difficile infection includes antibiotics course.

A sample of this report is available upon request @

https://www.precisionbusinessinsights.com/market-reports/clostridium-difficile-infectionsdisease-pipeline-drugs-assessment/#ulp-4H8Z4LpNMLEuOnnx

Segmentation:

By Trial Phase, Clostridium difficile Infections pipeline drugs are segmented as:

· Preclinical Trials

· Phase 1

· Phase 2

· Phase 3

· Phase 4

By Company, Clostridium difficile Infections pipeline drugs are segmented as:

· Synthetic Biologics

· Da Volterra

· Pfizer Inc.

· Valneva SE

· Seres Therapeutics

· Summit Therapeutics

· Rebiotix Inc.

· CRESTOVO

· Merck

· XBiotech

· Others

By Drugs, Clostridium difficile Infections pipeline drugs are segmented as:

· Vancomycin

· Fidaxomicin

· Metronidazole

· Ridinilazole

· Cadazolid

· Bezlotoxumab

· Others

By Type of Condition Clostridium difficile Infections pipeline drugs are segmented as:

· Systemic JIA

· Oligoarthritis

· Polyarticular arthritis,rheumatoid factor negative/ rheumatoid factor positive

· Psoriatic arthritis

· Enthesitis-related arthritis

· Undifferentiated arthritis

By Route of Administration, Clostridium difficile Infections pipeline drugs are segmented as:

· Oral

· Parenteral

To view TOC of this report is available upon request @

https://www.precisionbusinessinsights.com/market-reports/clostridium-difficile-infectionsdisease-pipeline-drugs-assessment/#ulp-c654SbFYO64MsOhu

Space Analysis:

· In July 2016, Valneva SE completed Phase II study for its prophylactic vaccine candidate VLA84 targeting primary prevention of difficile infection (CDI). The study met its primary endpoint in terms of identifying the dose/formulation with the highest seroconversion rate against both toxins A and B and confirmed the favorable safety profile observed in Phase

· In June 2017, Seres Therapeutics, Inc. initiated Phase 3 clinical study of its SER-109 (ECOSPOR III) in patients with multiply recurrent difficile infection and also commenced Phase 1b clinical trial evaluating SER-262 in patients with primary Clostridium difficile infection (CDI).

· On May 11, 2017 The U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) granted a Breakthrough Therapy Designation for SYN-004 (ribaxamase) of Synthetic Biologicsfor the prevention of Clostridium difficile infection.

· In October 2015, RBX2660 of Rebiotix was grated orphan drug status and fast track designation from U.S.FDA for its potential to prevent recurrent C. diff. infection.

Report Description:

Clostridium difficile InfectionsDisease Pipeline Drugs Assessment report studies the various therapeutics under clinical development for Clostridium difficile Infections treatment along with targets for various drug candidate. The report provides plethora of information pertaining to trail phases, companies involved in the Clostridium difficile Infections disease pipeline drugs development. This report studies the dynamics of the Clostridium difficile Infections Disease Pipeline Drugs i.e. drivers, challenges and opportunities which are significantly impacting the product development. The report provides various information pertaining the clinical trials such as designation, grants, patents, and technology among others. Moreover, the report on Clostridium difficile Infections disease pipeline drugs assessment comprehensively presents the geographic location, trial status information along with key players involved in the therapeutics development.

Need more information about this report @

https://www.precisionbusinessinsights.com/market-reports/clostridium-difficile-infectionsdisease-pipeline-drugs-assessment/#ulp-14mlyhjMGhVjZqa3

Key Features of the Report:

· Provides the information related to universities and research institutes working in the therapeutics development

· Report comprehensively covers the all active and discontinued studies

· Studies the entire pipeline with special emphasis on companies actively involved in the therapeutics development

· Presents the prominent targets for drug development in each stage of clinical trial

· Provides the in-depth analysis on the each drug candidates in the clinical trial phases

Get access to full summary @

https://www.precisionbusinessinsights.com/market-reports/clostridium-difficile-infectionsdisease-pipeline-drugs-assessment/

About Precision Business Insights

Precision Business Insights is one of the leading market research and business consulting firm, which follow a holistic approach to solve needs of the clients. We adopt and implement proven research methodologies to achieve better results. We help our clients by providing actionable insights and strategies to make better decisions. We provide consulting, syndicated and customised market research services based on our client needs.

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sherristockman · 8 years ago

Link

Poop Pills Can Combat Deadly Infections Dr. Mercola By Dr. Mercola While it would seem that a fecal transplant in capsule form would be a somewhat bitter pill to swallow, scientists conducting a randomized clinical trial1 found this mode of transportation, in a matter of speaking, for fecal therapy was easier and just as effective for treating patients infected with the serious and dreaded Clostridium difficile infection (RCDI), or simply “C. diff.,” as receiving a fecal transplant via enema or colonoscopy, also known as fecal microbiota transplantation (FMT). Further, FMT in pill form has the capacity to improve patients’ quality of life, as it caused fewer adverse events.2 For those who may be unaware of this protocol, fecal transplants are now not just common, but according to one study, so successful that the first trial was stopped early because the researchers deemed it unethical to withhold the treatment from patients (as some typically are given alternative therapies). As noted by NPR: “That's because C. diff. is kind of a special case. It's a very invasive microbe that has repeatedly been assaulted by antibiotics which have caused a collapse in other microbes. So it's an easy environment for microbes in a donor stool to invade.”3 C. Diff.: Common Bacterium in Hospital Environments One of the problems with C. difficile is that it’s one of the most common health care-associated infections and one of the foremost reasons hospital patients develop debilitating, recurrent diarrhea that’s hard to get a handle on, medically. It’s especially rampant among older individuals on antibiotics for other conditions. CIDRAP states: “(C. diff.) can also be difficult to completely cure. As a result, recurrent infections have become a growing challenge. At least 20 percent of patients who get an initial CDI have a recurrent infection within eight weeks, with the risk of RCDI being as high as 50 percent to 60 percent after three or more infections.”4 Researchers at Brown University, where one program focuses on digestive microbes such as bacteria, fungi and viruses (human microbiomes), say C. diff. became hard to manage when antibiotics prescribed for other conditions disturbed what may have been perfectly functioning, benign gut organisms. By no means a trifling infection, Newsweek pulls no punches as it calls C. diff. both “nasty” and “deadly.” Antibiotics may be the usual treatment in hospitals, but they only contribute to the problem by effectively wiping out beneficial bacteria in patients’ collective microbiome that might keep C. diff. in check, CIDRAP observes. In essence, FMT can be explained as feces being transferred from one healthy donor to the gastrointestinal tract of a C. diff. infected patient. The purpose is to “reintroduce healthy bacteria into the gut (as) a non-antibiotic therapy that's shown promise in clinical studies.”5 What Happens When Your Gut Biome Becomes This Compromised? C. diff. infection impacts half a million people in the U.S. every year. Further, it’s fatal for 15,000 of them, also every year, according to the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC).6 Still, there have been patients who found the prospect of fecal transplant therapy, even through surgical means, to be just too daunting. In fact, efforts have actually been made to extract the beneficial bacteria from the fecal matter to make the idea of swallowing it more palatable, but the effort failed. Far from being a brand-new, innovative idea, using poop to fight the effects of C. diff. and other problems in patients has been around since at least the late 1950s. Different names, besides FMT, have included fecal biotherapy and fecal flora reconstitution. One study explains the science behind it: “FMT involves reconstituting the normal intestinal microflora in a diseased person by infusion (via nasogastric tube, enema or colonoscopy) of a liquid suspension of stool from a healthy donor. The first report of the use of FMT (for a patient with non-CDI pseudomembranous colitis) was published in 1958. Since then, there has been mounting evidence supporting its use in recurrent CDI.”7 Your Microbiome Can Make or Break Your Health How your microbiome works is still being scrutinized by scientists, especially in the way it can make or break your overall health. It’s clear that certain foods are considered positive for “feeding” your microbiome. Foods containing fiber are at the top of the list as they release nutrients for your gut lining. The connection between what you eat and how healthy your gut is are closely interconnected, so consider adding more fiber, especially if you aren’t getting the 50 grams of fiber per 1,000 calories you eat that I recommend. One way fiber benefits your health is by providing beneficial bacteria in your gut with the materials needed to thrive. These beneficial bacteria assist with digestion and absorption of your food, and play a significant role in your immune function. One of the best ways to regain optimal balance in your gut is by eating fermented foods. Besides kimchi and other fermented vegetables, which you can make at home very easily, there are also fermented beverages such as kefir and yogurt, all providing trillions of beneficial bacteria — far more than you can get from a probiotics supplement. Poop Pills, a Colonoscopy or the Other Alternatives? It’s been a tough call for scientists and physicians alike, trying to determine which is worse: C. diff., antibiotics, colonoscopies (the most successful in terms of introducing fecal matter into patients) or the new poop pill-popping protocol. C. diff. being what it is comes with serious, life-altering symptoms, which Medline Plus8 says can include: Watery diarrhea multiple times daily Stomach cramps Fever Dehydration Nausea Abdominal pain and tenderness A colonoscopy is an example of an invasive procedure, but there’s also the fact that patients typically undergo mild sedation, which introduces another risk because their breathing may become too slow. Further, there’s the chance that in the course of the procedure, the patient’s intestinal wall could be punctured, which could introduce life-threatening infections. Time observed: “The benefits of swallowing a capsule are also undeniable compared to swallowing — or trying to swallow — a feeding tube through which a slurry of fecal matter is flowing through. (That’s the way that doctors testing fecal transplants originally administered their doses.) That carries the risk of aspirating some of the fecal slurry into the lungs — not to mention the unpleasantness of introducing feces to the mouth area and accidentally breathing it in.”9 The Poop-in-a-Capsule Trial Dina Kao, a gastroenterologist at the University of Alberta in Canada, used the pills described by Time10 as “fecal matter manufactured into a capsule” for 116 patients in the trial. Compared to a colonoscopy, both methods showed a 90 percent reduction in C. diff. relapses. All 116 study subjects had suffered a minimum of three bouts of C. diff. and were randomly assigned a poop swap via either the capsule or colonoscopy. It must have been an exercise in “mind over matter” for the patients who were required to swallow down 40 capsules in one sitting, which took an average of a half-hour to an hour. The reduction in C. diff. relapse was determined after 90 percent of the patients remained C. diff.-free after 12 weeks. Preeti Malani, professor of medicine at the University of Michigan, who wrote an editorial to go with the study, noted: “Based on this study, I think it would be very reasonable to think about fecal transplant capsules as your preferred approach. If it were myself or a family member, I think avoiding colonoscopy would be helpful.” Still, Melani and other researchers believe more studies are needed, not only to confirm the results found in Kao’s study, but also to get a better understanding of how fecal transplant works. Kao herself says she plans to study all the components of fecal transplants to get a clearer picture of what exactly helps control C. diff. Besides C. diff., microbe transplanting via a capsule is also a therapy currently used for obesity, diabetes, colitis and Crohn’s disease. It’s a way gut bacteria can be positively linked to lowering the risks of such disorders and conditions as obesity, allergies, asthma and even some mental illnesses. A Protocol Still Unapproved by Government Agencies While fecal transplantation may at first glance come across as quackery of the highest degree, once you understand the process, it’s clear it’s a successful way to swap bad bacteria for good. Kao, whose first reaction upon the successful trial, quipped, “It’s absolutely insane. We just don’t see (this) kind of efficacy with drugs,”11 added that she believes the favorable outcome of the fecal transplant pills will “transform” the way conventional medicine at large thinks about the unconventional therapy. She listed several of the benefits over the current protocols of antibiotics or surgery. Poop pills are: Noninvasive Less expensive Free of the risks associated with sedation Can be done in a doctor’s office As it stands, the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) hasn’t yet given the proverbial green light to fecal transplants. It does, however, permit doctors to perform the therapy for patients not currently responding favorably to other forms of remediation, but only as long as patients understand that the poop pill is still being scrutinized as a viable treatment. In addition, CIDRAP notes that in March 2016, the FDA proposed regulations that would further restrict use of FMT by requiring that either the patient recipient or the treating clinician personally know the donor — a restriction that, as yet, is not finalized. Interestingly, among patients who’ve been asked what they thought of the idea of swallowing poop pills, most responded that after all was said and done, it wasn’t too bad. Newsweek observes that two-thirds of the 57 patients who got the pills described the experience as “not at all unpleasant,” while 44 percent of the 59 patients who underwent FMT via a colonoscopy were not as positive. Perhaps when the patients remembered the alternative — that to them, poop pills were a hero of sorts due to their ability to stop the unstoppable on the other end — the therapy could only be seen in a positive light. As Kao concluded, “We still don’t understand what’s going on, and in these other conditions it’s not as clear-cut that the disturbance in the bacterial composition is the cause. Stool is such a complex mixture.”12

#VitalityPath

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jesseneufeld · 5 years ago

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C. difficile (C. diff): An urgent threat

Who is most at risk?

What makes C. diff so difficult to treat?

Antibiotics disrupt the healthy gut bacteria (microbiome), which then provides suitable conditions for ingested spores to flourish and result in CDI.

Hospitalized patients are at greater risk, although healthy individuals in the community who have not been treated with antibiotics can also become infected.

What is the difference between C. diff colonization and C. diff infection?

How is C. diff treated?

Patients with severe CDI not responding to therapy may benefit from surgery, typically a colon resection or a colon-sparing procedure.

What can you do to prevent CDI?

Though there are no guarantees, there are many things you can do to help reduce your risk of CDI, particularly if you are scheduled for hospitalization or surgery.

For more information, visit the Peggy Lillis Foundation and the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention.

Follow me on Twitter @idandipacdoc

The post C. difficile (C. diff): An urgent threat appeared first on Harvard Health Blog.

C. difficile (C. diff): An urgent threat published first on https://drugaddictionsrehab.tumblr.com/

0 notes

maciaslucymua-blog1 · 8 years ago

Text

Is Using Conventional Medicine Child Abuse?

New Post has been published on http://www.healthgoesfemale.com/is-using-conventional-medicine-child-abuse/

Is Using Conventional Medicine Child Abuse?

I know, I know.

I’m actually not a fan of people calling everything they don’t like, disagree with, or wouldn’t choose “child abuse.” I think it’s an insult to actual child abuse, like starving, beating, or molesting children. (There are other ways to abuse children too…but treating a cold with ginger instead of Triaminic isn’t one of them.)

However, there are people who legitimately believe that choosing alternative medicine for children is actually child abuse. They cite a tiny handful of cases where a child died or was permanently damaged because their parents chose to use alternative remedies. Like the Stephans’ case right now, which is at trial in Canada. I’ve been following that closely, and no, they didn’t kill their son, nor “fail to provide the necessities of life.” Citing silly CBC articles (the company that owns CBC is the one prosecuting them, by the way, so not exactly unbiased) is not going to change that.

Anyway, this isn’t about that.

In a broad sense, alternative medicine isn’t child abuse. Ever. Even if a child dies. (Yes, I really just said that.) To understand this, we need to take several steps back.

What is Child Abuse?

Let’s just start here.

What is child abuse, anyway?

These days, people try to define anything they don’t like as child abuse. They try to define any time a child gets hurt or sick as child abuse. Kid fell out of a tree he was climbing and broke his leg? Child abuse, you shouldn’t have let him climb that tree! Kid ran out of the house and into the road naked, with parent chasing behind? Child abuse, you should have been watching more closely so they couldn’t have gotten out in the first place!

It’s not really a good definition to look what what society considers “abuse” these days, because most of it is pure junk.

Instead, let’s say that abuse is:

Failing to provide basic necessities of life (clothing, food, water)

Physically harming a child (hitting, kicking, shoving, etc. etc. repeatedly or with intent to harm — physical discipline is iffy)

Sexually using the child or allowing them to be used sexually by others

Constant verbal assaults that make it difficult for a child to function (berating, insulting, causing a child to be fearful or depressed)

Okay. So. Causing direct harm to your children is abuse. Failing to feed them at all is abuse. I think we’d all agree on that.

Is it abuse if you get into a car accident and your child dies? No. That is an accident.

Is it abuse if your child sneaks out the door and drowns in a pool? No. That is an accident.

Is it abuse if your child becomes ill, and dies, despite attempts at treatment (conventional or alternative)? No. That is a tragedy.

Parents who mean well and who are doing their best to care for their children are not abusing them…regardless of the outcome of the situation. Accidents do happen. Things don’t always turn out well. If we start to define “abuse” as “when the outcome is bad,” then we’re going to have a serious problem.

Some are going to say right now, “But if a parent uses alternative medicine and the child dies, that is child abuse! They should have used conventional medicine when they knew it was serious!”

I’m going to have to disagree on that.

Is Using Conventional Medicine Child Abuse?

To answer this question, we need to know what we’re looking at.

First, we need to be looking at likely or common outcomes. What usually happens when parents use conventional medicine? (What usually happens when parents use alternative medicine?) We’ll look at main effects, side effects, and long-term effects, if any.

Second, we’ll look at what the worst case outcomes are, and how common these actually are.

Conventional Medicine in Common Situations

Right now, antibiotic use is high — and problematic. One study found that about half of all prescriptions (around 11 million per year) are unnnecessary. On average, people have about 1 antibiotic per year. (But we don’t know how many have none and how many have several, it will vary.)

(Common) Side effects of antibiotic use include:

Nausea

Vomiting

Diarrhea

Stomach pain

Yeast infections

Rash

Swollen, black, or “hairy” tongue

Other side effects include:

Colitis

Seizures

Hives

Jaundice

Yeast infections and pathogenic bacterial infections (like C. diff) are common after antibiotic use, because antibiotics wipe out all the good gut flora along with the bad stuff. This can and does lead to repeated courses of antibiotics. The more courses you have, the more likely that C. diff and other serious effects become.

This might all be worth it, if we were facing serious, life-threatening illnesses, or illnesses that could not be treated in other ways.

However, most people are getting antibiotics for ear infections, sinus infections, UTIs, and other “simple” stuff. The vast majority of the time, antibiotics are not needed for ear infections. They’re almost never necessary for a sinus infection, either. (Decongestants and pain relievers not only don’t usually help, they often delay recovery time.) Antibiotics are almost never needed for bronchitis, either.

And UTIs? They might need antibiotics, but one study found that in recurrent UTIs, probiotics along with antibiotics reduced the risk of additional infections.

Using antibiotics in a child’s first six months of life can lead to increased risk of allergies, asthma, and eczema. I don’t need to tell you that these are generally permanent conditions, not acute like ear infections. That’s a big deal.

None of this even addresses all the prescriptions that doctors write because patients ask for them, without a proper diagnosis. When patients come in and ask for a specific drug, doctors are between twice as likely and twenty times as likely to write a prescription for it! Another study shows that about 100 million antibiotic prescriptions are written annually (half of which are unnecessary and prescribed for viral infections on patient request), which leads to almost 150,000 emergency room visits due to medication issues.

Not to mention that “superbugs” now exist, causing approximately 2 million illnesses and 23,000 deaths annually!

One doctor says, “Everyone feels awful when they are sick and just wants to feel better,” Julien said. “For some reason, faith in the body’s natural ability to heal itself has waned, and everyone believes that an antibiotic is the only possible cure that could help.”

I wonder why that could be, hmm?

To sum it up, we’re writing prescriptions we don’t need, for conditions that typically clear up with no treatment or supportive care, that cause serious side effects, and tens of thousands of allergic and other reactions per year.

…and you’re telling me that, which is clearly causing harm to children, is not child abuse? Or worse, that actually following the evidence and choosing no treatment or supportive care — the obviously better choice, from a scientific standpoint — is child abuse?

Just no.

Alternative Medicine in Common Situations

In contrast, alternative medicine has no such issues.

Ginger has been proven to help treat and prevent colds and other respiratory infections, and has no side effects. Of course, ginger is also known to be excellent for its role in treating digestive disorders (nausea, bloating, diarrhea, etc.) and also has cancer protective and cancer-fighting properties.

Mullein is effective against respiratory infections, worms, and more! No side effects and no known toxicity.

Honey is effective against coughs.

Garlic is a natural antibiotic (more evidence).

Cinnamon essential oil is a natural antibiotic — and even works against resistant bacteria (more evidence on cinnamon).

Lemon essential oil is a natural antibiotic, and is synergistic with cinnamon.

Colloidal silver is effective as a broad spectrum antibiotic. Silver even worked in one study to kill breast cancer tumors!

I could go on.

But, it’s pretty clear here. These natural remedies work. And they don’t cause side effects. They reduce the likelihood of opportunistic infections, because they’re effective against resistant bacteria. They don’t increase the risk of asthma or allergies or any other issues. In fact, ginger may be used to help control asthma.

When I search for “death by herbs,” the first thing that pops up is a study of how herbs cause cancer cells to die.

Deaths or any kind of serious issue from herbal remedies are nearly unheard of. That’s an incredibly safe track record! Herbal remedies work, and they don’t harm people.

Worst-Case Scenarios

This is a lot tougher to look at, for many reasons. Many die despite treatment when something is really serious. Many turn to conventional remedies even if they otherwise wouldn’t when it’s serious.

Regardless of what people choose to do, when it’s serious — there’s a real risk of (further) complications.

Why is it if a mom uses Tylenol constantly and takes him to the doctor and he dies of meningitis, she’s told there’s nothing more she could have done and it’s too bad her baby died…but if she chooses an alternative path instead of or before going to the doctor, she “allowed” him to die?!

It’s because most people think that natural remedies are basically like “doing nothing.”

So let’s get it straight right now: if you think that, you don’t understand natural remedies. Which is okay — stick around, and learn a few things! Unless, of course, you’re using your poor understanding of how natural remedies work to judge other people and say they are bad parents. Then, no, it’s not okay at all.

Worst case scenarios are just that…worst cases. We just don’t know what will happen and there are no guarantees.

So Which is Really “Abuse?”

Neither is actually abuse, and people need to quit saying things they don’t like or don’t understand are abuse. Seriously, grow up.

Looking at the data, though, it’s clear that as far as safety and efficacy, natural remedies win most of the time. I’ll continue to use those, and continue to have healthy children.

If you’d like to learn more about natural remedies, please see my book, Natural Remedies for Kids.

Do you think conventional medicine is child abuse?

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