#Reduced Relative Clause

[sunum-teknikleri]

İleri Seviye Relative Clause ve Modifier Kullanımı: Kapsamlı Rehber

İngilizce'de cümleleri zenginleştiren ve daha akıcı hale getiren ileri seviye Relative Clause (Sıfat Cümleciği) ve Modifier (Niteleyici) yapılarını detaylıca öğrenin. Defining, non-defining, reduced relative clause'lar, participial phrase'ler ve appositive'ler hakkında kapsamlı bilgi ve örnekler. https://www.fullofenglish.com/ingilizce-dilbilgisi/ileri-seviye-relative-clause-ve-modifier-kullanimi-kapsamli-rehber/

[kagxme]

started thinking about the buffalo sentence, and now like. the point of the sentence is to show off english's capacity for ambiguity irt homonynms and homophones but like. the 8 word version only barely works in practice frfr? like i feel like the point would be easier to understand and convey if you just used a shorter version? like okay the full 8 word sentence:

"Buffalo buffalo Buffalo buffalo buffalo buffalo Buffalo buffalo" is, technically, grammatically correct. but the reduced relative clause in the middle (marked in blue above) gets clunky and weird without the necessary "that" or "who" or "which." the instinct then (for me at least) is to reflexively add in the pronouns to return it to a fully restrictive clause (Buffalo buffalo who Buffalo buffalo buffalo buffalo Buffalo buffalo).

but i feel like if the sentence was just "Buffalo buffalo buffalo Buffalo buffalo," you would still get the point across quickly. it doesnt sound as cool (weird mfers fucking LOVE clauses in the middle of the sentences), but the meaning of the sentence remains more or less unchanged and it still shows off the weirdness that is english's homonynms and homophones? idk.

[yuk-tepat]

Diachronic change in Yuk Tepat

Yuk Tepat is often presented here as a fixed entity - “Classical Yuk Tepat” - but beneath that has undergone evolution like all languages. The following sentences both mean “A man I didn’t know came in.” The first represents the most archaic layer of old Tepat, and the second is a relatively modern colloquial version from the late Conciliarity period.

Ci niw yan-uk syow mi-yat ku hyew.

*[tsi niw ja nuk sju me jat ku hjew]

PAST enter person 1P REL NEG know to room

(Alternately: Ci niw yan syuk mi-yat ku hyew. (syuk = syu + =uk)

Hûq-khal yan i-wat ôl-yat mul nt’ôl-nyul hyew-iw.

[hɯʔ kʰal ja ni wɒ ɾl̩ jat mu ln̩ tl̩ nyɬ çø wiw]

one CLASS person of 1P PAST know NEG 3P PAST enter room CIS

Let’s unpack this. First, a couple of very notable things:

The modern sentence is much longer.

Only three words are the same in both sentences: yan, yat, hyew.

Digging deeper….

Ci was the normal particle expressing past tense in Old Yuktepat, but it has been replaced by ôl in the second sentence.

The second sentence begins with a subject noun phrase Hûq-khal yan i-wat ôl-yat mul, which is normal SVO word order. The equivalent subject noun phrase in the first sentence comes AFTER the verb. In archaic language, this is an acceptable ordering for INDEFINITE subject nouns (but actually, it would still have been unusual for a complex noun phrase like this).

The subject noun yan in the second sentence is modified by a numeral-classifier phrase hûq-khal ‘one.’ This kind of specification of number - such as ‘one’ for any old indefinite noun phrase - is more common in later Yuk Tepat.

The first person pronoun. In the first sentence, there is a clitic form -uk. In later Yuk Tepat, everything has been leveled to the invariable pronoun wat.

The subject contains a relative clause. In the first sentence, it is relativized by syow, in the second sentence it is relativized by i. I also means ‘of’ and has been generalized to all kinds of situations, while specific subordinating particles like syow - which is only used to relativize objects - have fallen out of use.

(Additionally, syow and -uk might occur together as a fused form syuk.)

The negative. The first sentence uses mi before the verb, the second sentence uses mul after the verb.

The second sentence contains a pronoun nat (contracted to nt) which follows the subject noun phrase, before the verb. Kind of like ‘The man I didn’t know, he entered the room.’

Niw and nyul ‘enter.’ Niw and nyul are the same verb basically. Niw is an older intransitive form. Most verb pairs of this sort have been leveled to only one form. In Yuk Tepat, the originally transitive form nyul has taken over everything.

The first sentence has a preposition ku ‘in, at, to.’ This is missing in the second sentence. ‘To’ is considered implicit in the verb nyul. Ku is no longer used except in fixed expressions.

The second sentence ends in a clitic -iw indicating motion toward the speaker. This is derived from the verb khiw ‘come.’

These examples are very different, but the reality may not be that extreme. Although only 3 words are identical, most words in either sentence are found in all stages of the language, although their usage may have shifted. For example past tense ci is still used, but it has a very archaic sound. It is used for DISTANT past, or in say, historical textbooks, but ôl is now the neutral past tense marker. Hence, either (written) sentence should be interpretable to someone from the other time period. Through this we also see one trend of the language’s evolution, that of reducing morphological variants to a single uninflected form.

[witchofthesouls]

I feel like Megatron in the doner clause au has to acknowledge Phase 7, a widely heald urban myth, which makes it a legitimate thing. There is a memo that excepting emergency doner donations or couples with ne sparks below a certian afe while the carrier still needs suport, as explained under clause number blah bla blah, birth control is now mandatory. we have not actually reached Phase 7 yet.

It's required for all Deceptacons. Even ones like Sunstorm and Kaon who will just end up frying it.

The Autobots are so confused when the Deceptacons start raiding and stealing every piece of cybertronian reversible BC they can get their hot little hands on. To the exclusion of more tacticaly useful suplies.

Oh no, I actually had thoughts about it.

Everyone is on birth control. Even if few are able to support a full carriage, there's not enough resources to maintain a constant source of lab-cultured sentio metallico for potential sparklets. While sparklets are relatively easy to terminate, there still runs the risk of them maturing enough to cause spark burnout as they pull on their carrier's spark to sustain themselves.

Every single mech has baffles inserted his spark chamber. It ensures that spark energy can't reach a certain pitch and contains its perimeter. Because mechs with One Point Percenter sparks and sigma abilities have far higher outputs, they need a far more powerful blocker to go along with the baffle. It's easier than constantly changing a standard set out. Baffles also significantly reduces the spark charge that's naturally carried inside transfluid.

That's why Deadzone ran. He didn't expect to sire upon the pretty Camien that went with him. Sure, you have a violet spark, but he has a baffle!

And your high-energy spark burnt out the standard, and Deadzone freaked out with not one. Not two. But three potential newsparks.

Unfortunately, you and Tarn were so compatible in the aftermath of the "fake" wedding ceremony, Tarn's own dense and stupid-high energy resistance baffle was crispy black when Nickel fished it out. It crumbled to dust in her servos.

(And you were crying because what the hell?! You literally measured your own spark capacity after the first carriage! Tarn shouldn't have been able to spark you unless he carries that much charge to overcome your low state!)

So yeah, even Cybertronian birth control can fail with the right conditions...

[anamericangirl]

If the workers themselves do not directly control the means of production, such as the land and the machines used to produce food and other machines, then it is not a communist society.

If the state does not directly control the means of production, then it is not a socialist society.

If neither the state nor the workers directly own the means of production, but instead the means of production are owned by business owners and share holders, then you have a capitalist society.

These are the basic economic principles that define the difference between socialism, communism, and capitalism.

Now lets look at Nazi economic policy, with key points of interest in bold.

After the Nazis took power, industries were privatized en masse. Several banks, shipyards, railway lines, shipping lines, welfare organizations, and more were privatized. The Nazi government took the stance that enterprises should be in private hands wherever possible. State ownership was to be avoided unless it was absolutely necessary for rearmament or the war effort, and even in those cases "the Reich often insisted on the inclusion in the contract of an option clause according to which the private firm operating the plant was entitled to purchase it." However, the privatization was "applied within a framework of increasing control of the state over the whole economy through regulation and political interference," as laid out in the 1933 Act for the Formation of Compulsory Cartels, which gave the government a role in regulating and controlling the cartels that had been earlier formed in the Weimar Republic under the Cartel Act of 1923. These had mostly regulated themselves from 1923 to 1933.

The month after being appointed Chancellor, Hitler made a personal appeal to German business leaders to help fund the Nazi Party for the crucial months that were to follow. He argued that the experience of Weimar Republic had shown that "'private enterprise cannot be maintained in the age of democracy.' Business was founded above all on the principles of personality and individual leadership. Democracy and liberalism led inevitably to Social Democracy and Communism." In the following weeks, the Nazi Party received contributions from seventeen different business groups, with the largest coming from IG Farben and Deutsche Bank. Many of these businesses continued to support Hitler even during the war and even profited from persecution of the Jews. The most infamous being firms like Krupp, IG Farben, and some large automobile manufacturers. Historian Adam Tooze writes that the leaders of German business were therefore "willing partners in the destruction of political pluralism in Germany." In exchange, owners and managers of German businesses were granted unprecedented powers to control their workforce, collective bargaining was abolished and wages were frozen at a relatively low level. Business profits also rose very rapidly, as did corporate investment.

The Nazis granted millions of marks in credits to private businesses. Many businessmen had friendly relations to the Nazis, most notably with Heinrich Himmler and his Freundeskreis der Wirtschaft. Hitler's administration decreed an October 1937 policy that "dissolved all corporations with a capital under $40,000 and forbade the establishment of new ones with a capital less than $200,000," which swiftly effected the collapse of one-fifth of all small corporations. On July 15, 1933 a law was enacted that imposed compulsory membership in cartels, while by 1934 the Third Reich had mandated a reorganization of all companies and trade associations and formed an alliance with the Nazi regime. Nonetheless, the Nazi regime was able to close most of Germany's stock exchanges, reducing them "from twenty-one to nine in 1935," and "limited the distribution of dividends to 6 percent." By 1936 Germany decreed laws to completely block foreign stock trades by citizens. These moves showed signs of Antisemitism and a move toward a war economy, with the belief that the stock market was being operated by Jews.

From this it is clear to see that Nazi economy does not fit into any of the previous categories of socialist, communist, or capitalist. While the Nazi party started as a greatly capitalist industry, it did eventually move towards more government control, to which it had previously been the antithesis of. However, It also employed Union Busting to stop the expansion of workers rights, much like as occurred in America at the same time, and froze wages, much as America has done these past 20 years. But to say Nazis are socialist, is historically factually incorrect, as many businesses that were privatized continued to thrive unimpeded.

As much as I appreciate your ability to copy and paste from wikipedia, you should know that wikipedia is actually not the definitive source on this issue. It's not like anyone can just go on there and edit it lol. If everything you know comes from wikipedia that explains why you don't know much.

Look, I've already thoroughly responded to all these points and I'm not going to keep having the same argument with people who can only repeat themselves or copy and paste from wikipedia without actually responding to what I say.

You do not understand how "privatization" worked in Nazi Germany but you should do some reading about it. You can read the wikipedia page on the term "Gleichschaltung" to get you started.

Anyway, your privately owned business isn't really privately owned if it has to follow certain rules set by the regime and can be shut down by them if you don't support them or break their rules.

It's historically factual to say the Nazis were socialist because they were and you only having the understanding of the different economic systems that don't go any deeper than a google definition and not knowing how "privatization" worked in Nazi Germany and the fact that you can't discuss this issue if you can't copy/paste your entire argument from wikipedia hardly makes a case against that fact.

Only people who are liars or historically ignorant say the Nazis weren't socialists.

[marta-bee]

News of the Day 3/21/25: Trump vs. the Judiciary

(Original.)

There's a lot going on with the alleged-Tren de Aragua deportation story. I've been trying to think of the best way to frame it, and depressingly, this one's not bad. (Also historically interesting, FWIW.)

Tl;dr: the Trump administration rounded up several hundred Venezuelans they say are part of Tren de Aragua they wanted to deport to an El Salvador mega-prison under the Alien Enemies Act, which was used to justify the Japanese internment camps and not much else since it was passed back in 1798. (Hence the above historical connection.) It gives the president broad powers to deport people during a declared war or actual invasion, neither of which currently applies. Rather than going through the usual deportation procedure with its fact-finding and due process, Trump could just boot them out, or so he claims.

Which he did, a judge blocked him, and now all hell is breaking loose in the circles I run in. (I volunteer with an immigrant aid group and my day job involves working heavily with a bunch of folks with J.D.'s, so I'm hearing about this story from both sides.) If we're not quite to a constitutional crisis we're certainly approaching one asymptotically (X)

More news links below the cut.

Suspected Tren de Aragua Members Deported to El Salvador

Federal judge demands formal explanation for why Trump didn't turn around flight of Venezuelan deportees after court order blocked their deportation. (X)

The judge issued a written order that the Alien Enemies Act couldn’t be invoked, but also said verbally if deportations had begun the Trump administration had to turn the planes around. The administration later argued they didn’t have to return planes to America since it was only a verbal order. The judge was skeptical as Trump administration argues his verbal ruling didn't apply: "That’s one heck of a stretch, I think." (X)

DOJ refused to answer subsequent questions from judge who ordered Trump not to deport people under the Alien Enemies Act. (X)

DOJ ties itself in knots to explain why it defied a judge’s order to halt deportations. (X)

Administration’s Details on Deportation Flights ‘Woefully Insufficient,’ Judge Says. (X)

Relatives of missing Venezuelan migrants desperate for answers after US deportations to El Salvador. (X)

Everyday tattoos got Venezuelan men ID’d as gang members and deported, lawyers say.

The legal fight around the deportations, and broader attacks on the judiciary

Legal experts warn Trump's refusal to return plane of deportees to America after judge blocked their deportation caused a constitutional crisis. (X)

Trump personally insulted the judge who ordered him not to deport immigrants to El Salvador, called for his impeachment. (X)

US Rep. Gill filed impeachment articles against judge who blocked Trump's deportation under the Alien Enemies Act.

Elon Musk also backs the impeachment effort. (X)

Stephen Miller: Court has ‘no authority’ in deportation of alleged Venezuelan gang members.

Trump admin asks Supreme Court to reassign the judge considering its deportation of Venezuelan immigrants to El Salvador. Roberts 

SCOTUS justice Roberts criticizes Trump for calling for impeachment of a judge who ruled against him. (X) Again, I may be burying the lead reducing this to one link among many. It’s…. Just, wow.

Border czar Tom Homan says "We’re not stopping. I don’t care what the judges think" after deportations may have violated judge's order. (X)

Congressman Hawley to introduce legislation to curb court rulings against Trump agenda (details TBD).

Gov. DeSantis says Congress should eliminate districts of federal judges who make unfavorable rulings to Trump. (X)

How Trump's Alien Enemies Act Deportations Violate the Due Process Clause of the Fifth Amendment. (X)

Fact check: Is Tren de Aragua invading the US, as Trump says? (X)

Other discussion of Trump and the judiciary.

Two perspectives on the role of the courts in the early months of Trump's second term.

Why “Constitutional Crisis” Fails to Capture Trump’s Attack on the Rule of Law. (X)

Chuck Schumer says a 'lawless' Trump has caused a constitutional crisis. (X)

What can be done if Trump is openly defying the courts? (Not much at least within the legal system.)  (X)

Hang in there, Shirelings, and do try to keep your wits about you.

[attorneyinthenetherlands]

Entire Agreement Clause under Dutch Law

In the realm of Dutch contract law, understanding the nuances of contractual clauses, particularly the entire agreement clause under Dutch law, is crucial. Let's delve into what this clause entails under Dutch law and its interaction with the Haviltex principle.

What is an entire agreement clause under Dutch law?

An entire agreement clause, frequently present in Dutch contracts, serves as a vital legal provision. It explicitly states that the written contract encompasses all agreed terms, excluding any prior agreements, discussions, or representations not documented within. This clause aims to prevent parties from relying on pre-contractual statements or agreements, promoting clarity and reducing disputes over ambiguous verbal or written understandings.

Dutch Supreme Court Ruling: Relativity of the Entire Agreement Clause

A landmark ruling by the Dutch Supreme Court emphasized that the impact of the entire agreement clause in Dutch law varies depending on the contract's specifics. In the case of Lundiform B.V. v. Mexx Europe B.V., the court highlighted that a strict textual interpretation may not be conclusive, particularly in standard, unadvised contracts. This underscores the significance of the Haviltex principle in contractual interpretation.

Dutch entire agreement clause: key points

Key aspects regarding the entire agreement clause under Dutch commercial contract law include:

Interpretation Flexibility: The Dutch Supreme Court clarified that the entire agreement clause does not automatically preclude considering pre-contractual statements or conduct when interpreting the contract.

Contextual Relevance: The effectiveness of the entire agreement clause depends on various factors, such as contract wording, negotiation circumstances, and the parties' intentions.

Haviltex Principle Primacy: Dutch courts prioritize understanding the parties' intentions over strict textual interpretation, especially in cases involving basic contracts without extensive negotiations.

What is the purpose of an entire agreement clause in a contract under Dutch law?

The primary purpose of an entire agreement clause in a Dutch contract is to establish the written document as the comprehensive and final agreement between the parties. It aims to:

Enhance Certainty: By limiting the agreement's terms to those expressly stated in the written contract, it promotes clarity and certainty.

Exclude Prior Agreements: It excludes any prior negotiations or representations from having contractual effect, minimizing ambiguity.

Prevent Disputes: By restricting interpretation to the contract text, it mitigates the risk of parties claiming additional terms or promises outside the written document.

Common examples of entire agreement clauses in Dutch contracts

Examples of typical entire agreement clauses include:

"This Agreement constitutes the entire agreement between the parties…"

"This Agreement, including the exhibits attached hereto, contains the entire understanding of the parties…"

"This Agreement represents the entire agreement between the parties and supersedes all prior negotiations…"

The Haviltex Principle in the Netherlands

In Dutch contract law, the Haviltex principle plays a pivotal role in contractual interpretation. Unlike common law jurisdictions, where literal wording often prevails, Dutch law focuses on discerning parties' intentions. This principle underscores the contextual understanding of contractual clauses.

Significance of the Entire Agreement Clause under Dutch Law

The entire agreement clause, although common in Dutch contracts, has a limited effect compared to common law jurisdictions. While it asserts the contract's completeness, its interpretation is context-dependent, with Dutch courts prioritizing parties' intentions over strict textual interpretation.

For comprehensive legal assistance in the Netherlands, our adept team at MAAK Advocaten is at your service. Contact us via our website, email, or phone for tailored legal solutions suited to your needs.

[lotrinhhoctienganh]

NHỮNG NGỮ PHÁP CƠ BẢN TRONG IELTS GIÚP BẠN CHINH PHỤC ĐIỂM CAO

Khi nói đến luyện thi IELTS, nhiều người thường nghĩ đến việc học từ vựng học thuật hay chiến lược làm bài. Tuy nhiên, một yếu tố quan trọng không thể bỏ qua chính là ngữ pháp cơ bản. Dù bạn đang ôn luyện để đạt band 6.0 hay hướng tới 7.5+, việc sử dụng ngữ pháp chính xác là điều kiện bắt buộc để đạt điểm cao, đặc biệt trong hai kỹ năng Writing và Speaking.

Vậy đâu là những điểm ngữ pháp cơ bản nhưng “ăn điểm” trong IELTS? Hãy cùng khám phá ngay dưới đây.

1. Thì trong tiếng Anh (Tenses)

Việc sử dụng thì đúng và linh hoạt là yếu tố hàng đầu trong việc thể hiện khả năng ngôn ngữ của bạn. Trong bài thi IELTS, bạn cần nắm vững ít nhất 5 thì cơ bản:

Hiện tại đơn (Present Simple)

Quá khứ đơn (Past Simple)

Hiện tại hoàn thành (Present Perfect)

Tương lai đơn (Future Simple)

Quá khứ hoàn thành (Past Perfect)

📌 Ví dụ – Writing Task 1 (biểu đồ): The number of students increased sharply between 2010 and 2015. (Số lượng sinh viên tăng mạnh từ năm 2010 đến 2015.) → Dùng quá khứ đơn

📌 Ví dụ – Speaking Part 2: I have learned English for over five years. (Tôi đã học tiếng Anh hơn năm năm rồi.) → Dùng hiện tại hoàn thành

🎯 Mẹo luyện tập:

Viết nhật ký sử dụng các thì khác nhau

Mỗi tuần ôn lại 1 thì và áp dụng vào bài viết thực tế

2. Câu ghép và câu phức (Compound & Complex Sentences)

Để đạt band điểm từ 6.0 trở lên, bạn cần chứng minh khả năng viết câu dài, mạch lạc và có liên kết logic. Sử dụng các liên từ (conjunctions) như:

And, but, so, because, although, even though, while, whereas, in order that...

📌 Ví dụ: Although many people believe in the benefits of fast food, it can have serious health consequences. (Mặc dù nhiều người tin vào lợi ích của thức ăn nhanh, nó có thể gây ra hậu quả nghiêm trọng cho sức khỏe.)

🎯 Gợi ý khi luyện thi IELTS:

Viết lại câu đơn thành câu ghép hoặc câu phức

Dùng mindmap để liên kết ý và chuyển hóa thành câu hoàn chỉnh

3. Câu bị động (Passive Voice)

Câu bị động rất thường xuyên xuất hiện trong Writing Task 2 và cả trong Task 1 khi bạn mô tả quá trình (process). Sử dụng đúng bị động giúp bài viết mang tính học thuật và khách quan hơn.

📌 Ví dụ: Laws should be implemented to reduce air pollution. (Luật nên được ban hành để giảm ô nhiễm không khí.)

🎯 Ứng dụng thực tế:

Viết đoạn văn nêu giải pháp hoặc đề xuất trong Task 2

Dùng trong phần Speaking khi không muốn nhấn mạnh chủ thể

4. So sánh (Comparison)

So sánh là một dạng ngữ pháp cơ bản nhưng cực kỳ quan trọng trong Writing Task 1, đặc biệt là dạng biểu đồ. Bạn cần thành thạo cách sử dụng:

So sánh hơn: higher than, more expensive than...

So sánh nhất: the highest, the most important...

So sánh bằng: as...as, the same as...

📌 Ví dụ: The number of male students was significantly higher than that of female students. (Số lượng sinh viên nam cao hơn đáng kể so với sinh viên nữ.)

🎯 Lưu ý khi luyện thi IELTS:

Đừng chỉ học công thức, hãy luyện viết câu so sánh thực tế

Dùng từ vựng đa dạng khi miêu tả sự khác biệt

5. Câu điều kiện (Conditional Sentences)

Dù là phần Speaking hay Writing, cấu trúc câu điều kiện sẽ giúp bạn thể hiện quan điểm, giải pháp hoặc dự đoán hiệu quả.

📌 Ví dụ – Writing Task 2: If stricter laws were enforced, the crime rate would be significantly reduced. (Nếu luật pháp nghiêm ngặt hơn được thực thi, tỷ lệ tội phạm sẽ giảm đáng kể.)

🎯 Tip học nhanh:

Ghi nhớ mẫu: If + S + V2, S + would/could + V

Viết mỗi ngày 2–3 câu điều kiện để luyện phản xạ

6. Câu mệnh đề quan hệ (Relative Clauses)

Mệnh đề quan hệ giúp bạn nối ý và mở rộng thông tin mà không cần tách thành nhiều câu ngắn. Đây là yếu tố giúp nâng band điểm đáng kể về “grammatical range”.

📌 Ví dụ: Technology, which has changed the way people work, also affects human interaction. (Công nghệ, vốn đã thay đổi cách con người làm việc, cũng ảnh hưởng đến sự tương tác giữa người với người.)

✅ Luyện thi IELTS – Ngữ pháp đơn giản nhưng hiệu quả

Trong hành trình luyện thi IELTS, bạn không cần học quá nhiều cấu trúc phức tạp, mà nên bắt đầu từ những điểm ngữ pháp cơ bản nhất. Chính sự chính xác, mạch lạc và linh hoạt trong cách dùng những ngữ pháp nền tảng mới là điều giúp bạn chinh phục band điểm cao.

THÔNG TIN LIÊN HỆ

Trung Tâm Ngoại Ngữ Rồng Việt Tinh Hoa

Địa chỉ: T19-55 Khu Biệt Thự Manhattan Glory, Vinhome Grand Park Thành phố Thủ Đức ( Quận 9)

Hotline: 0326222313

Website: rvelite.edu.vn

Email: rvelite@gmail.com

[chinhphucanhngu]

4 CHỦ ĐIỂM NGỮ PHÁP THƯỜNG GẶP TRONG IELTS

Ngữ pháp đóng vai trò cốt lõi trong kỳ thi IELTS, đặc biệt là ở hai kỹ năng Writing và Speaking. Việc nắm vững các chủ điểm ngữ pháp quan trọng không chỉ giúp bạn diễn đạt ý tưởng rõ ràng mà còn nâng cao đáng kể điểm số ở tiêu chí Grammatical Range and Accuracy.

Dưới đây là 4 chủ điểm ngữ pháp thường gặp nhất trong IELTS, mà bất kỳ ai đang trong quá trình luyện thi IELTS cũng cần ghi nhớ và luyện tập thường xuyên.

1. Câu điều kiện (Conditional Sentences)

Câu điều kiện thường xuất hiện trong các bài viết và cả phần nói khi bạn cần nêu giả định, dự đoán kết quả hoặc đề xuất giải pháp. Sử dụng linh hoạt loại 1, 2 hoặc 3 sẽ giúp bài nói/viết của bạn chuyên nghiệp và logic hơn.

📌 Ví dụ trong Writing Task 2: If people adopted healthier lifestyles, the burden on healthcare systems would be reduced. (Nếu mọi người áp dụng lối sống lành mạnh hơn, gánh nặng lên hệ thống y tế sẽ giảm.)

📌 Ứng dụng trong Speaking – Part 3: If I had more free time, I would definitely take an English course abroad. (Nếu tôi có nhiều thời gian rảnh hơn, tôi chắc chắn sẽ tham gia một khóa học tiếng Anh ở nước ngoài.)

🎯 Mẹo luyện tập:

Tập viết mỗi ngày 1 câu điều kiện với từng loại

Kết hợp học theo chủ đề: sức khỏe, giáo dục, môi trường…

2. Câu bị động (Passive Voice)

Dạng câu bị động thường xuyên được sử dụng trong văn viết học thuật (Writing Task 2) nhằm tăng tính trang trọng và khách quan. Đây là một dấu hiệu cho thấy người viết có khả năng sử dụng câu phức linh hoạt.

📌 Ví dụ: Public funds should be allocated to renewable energy rather than fossil fuels. (Ngân sách nhà nước nên được phân bổ cho năng lượng tái tạo thay vì nhiên liệu hóa thạch.)

🎯 Lưu ý:

Tránh sử dụng quá nhiều bị động liên tiếp

Ưu tiên khi nhấn mạnh vào hành động thay vì chủ thể thực hiện

✅ Khi luyện thi IELTS, bạn nên rèn kỹ năng chuyển từ câu chủ động sang bị động một cách tự nhiên để tăng khả năng biến đổi câu trong bài thi.

3. Mệnh đề quan hệ (Relative Clauses)

Mệnh đề quan hệ là một trong những cấu trúc giúp bạn nối ý một cách mượt mà và diễn đạt các ý phức tạp hiệu quả hơn. Đặc biệt, đây là công cụ mạnh mẽ để tránh lặp từ và tăng tính học thuật trong bài viết.

📌 Ví dụ: The Internet, which has revolutionized communication, also poses several threats to privacy. (Internet, vốn đã cách mạng hóa việc giao tiếp, cũng mang đến nhiều nguy cơ đối với quyền riêng tư.)

🎯 Ứng dụng khi luyện thi IELTS:

Viết lại 2 câu đơn bằng mệnh đề quan hệ

Luyện nói các câu dài kết hợp “who/which/that/where”

📝 TIP: Sử dụng mệnh đề quan hệ rút gọn để tăng tính linh hoạt và tránh rườm rà: Students attending online classes often struggle with distractions.

4. Thì và sự phối hợp thì (Tenses & Tense Consistency)

Sử dụng thì đúng và nhất quán là yếu tố tiên quyết để đạt điểm cao trong IELTS. Nhiều thí sinh mất điểm vì dùng sai thì hoặc chuyển thì không hợp lý trong cùng một đoạn văn.

📌 Ví dụ trong Writing Task 1 (dạng biểu đồ): The number of tourists increased steadily from 2000 to 2010. (Số lượng khách du lịch tăng đều đặn từ năm 2000 đến 2010.)

📌 Ví dụ trong Speaking – Part 2: Last year, I visited Da Nang, and it was one of the most relaxing trips I've ever had.

🎯 Lưu ý quan trọng khi luyện thi IELTS:

Với Writing Task 1 (biểu đồ): Dùng quá khứ đơn cho dữ liệu quá khứ

Với Writing Task 2: Phối hợp giữa hiện tại đơn, hiện tại hoàn thành và tương lai

Trong Speaking: linh hoạt dùng nhiều thì để kể chuyện, giải thích, so sánh quá khứ – hiện tại

✍️ Luyện thi IELTS – Học ngữ pháp đúng cách

Ngữ pháp trong IELTS không cần phải học quá nhiều, mà quan trọng là học đúng trọng tâm và biết ứng dụng vào thực tế. Việc học vẹt cấu trúc mà không luyện viết hoặc luyện nói đi kèm sẽ khiến bạn khó tiến bộ.

Khi luyện thi IELTS, hãy:

Viết mỗi ngày 3–5 câu có sử dụng các cấu trúc trên

Ghi âm phần Speaking và nghe lại để sửa lỗi ngữ pháp

Đọc bài mẫu chất lượng để học cách áp dụng ngữ pháp vào văn cảnh cụ thể

THÔNG TIN LIÊN HỆ

Trung Tâm Ngoại Ngữ Rồng Việt Tinh Hoa

Địa chỉ: T19-55 Khu Biệt Thự Manhattan Glory, Vinhome Grand Park Thành phố Thủ Đức ( Quận 9)

Hotline: 0326222313

Website: rvelite.edu.vn

Email: rvelite@gmail.com

[merrymisst]

The Role of Commercial Property Managers in Alabama’s Booming Real Estate Market

As Alabama’s real estate market continues to grow, both investors and tenants are recognizing the increasing importance of professional oversight and day-to-day operational management of commercial properties. From bustling downtown Birmingham to emerging business districts in Montgomery and Huntsville, commercial developments are multiplying. But with this growth comes complexity—and that’s where commercial property managers step in.

In this post, we explore the crucial role these professionals play in Alabama’s evolving real estate landscape. Whether you're a landlord, investor, or tenant, understanding the function of commercial property managers is essential for optimizing value, reducing risk, and maintaining property performance.

Let’s take a closer look at how commercial management in Alabama is shaping the future of real estate in the state.

Why Alabama’s Real Estate Market Is Booming

Before diving into the role of property managers, it’s important to understand what’s fueling the surge in commercial development:

1. Population Growth and Economic Expansion

Alabama cities like Huntsville and Birmingham are experiencing strong job market growth, fueled by sectors such as aerospace, automotive manufacturing, healthcare, and technology. New residents mean increased demand for office space, retail centers, medical facilities, and industrial warehouses.

2. Affordable Business Climate

With low taxes, relatively inexpensive land, and a business-friendly regulatory environment, Alabama is attracting companies from higher-cost states. These businesses need well-maintained commercial space—driving the need for experienced property managers.

3. Increased Investor Interest

Local and out-of-state investors are flooding into Alabama’s commercial market, especially in areas showing rapid appreciation. Many of these investors rely on commercial management in Alabama to oversee and optimize their properties.

What Does a Commercial Property Manager Do?

At its core, commercial property management involves overseeing the day-to-day operations of buildings used for business purposes. These may include office buildings, shopping centers, warehouses, medical offices, and mixed-use developments.

Key responsibilities include:

Tenant Relations & Retention

Lease Administration

Maintenance & Repairs

Vendor and Contractor Coordination

Rent Collection & Financial Reporting

Regulatory Compliance

Capital Improvements

Risk Management & Insurance Oversight

Let’s break down these tasks and explore why they are critical to success in Alabama’s commercial property market.

1. Tenant Relations: The Heart of Retention

In Alabama’s competitive leasing environment, attracting tenants is only half the battle—retaining them is where profitability lies. Commercial property managers serve as the first point of contact for tenants and ensure their concerns are addressed promptly.

What They Handle:

Responding to maintenance requests

Communicating lease terms clearly

Resolving disputes

Conducting regular check-ins to ensure tenant satisfaction

Why It Matters in Alabama: With increasing development in cities like Mobile and Montgomery, tenants have more choices. A manager who fosters strong relationships can reduce turnover and maintain stable occupancy rates.

2. Lease Administration: Avoiding Costly Oversights

Managing commercial leases is a complex process that requires attention to detail. Leases can span several years and include clauses on rent escalations, CAM (common area maintenance) charges, renewal terms, and exclusivity agreements.

Key tasks include:

Reviewing lease terms

Monitoring critical dates (renewals, expirations)

Enforcing lease obligations

Negotiating renewals or amendments

In Alabama, where lease structures vary widely by region and property type, effective lease administration ensures compliance and maximizes revenue.

3. Property Maintenance: Protecting Your Investment

One of the most visible signs of good commercial management in Alabama is a well-maintained property. Property managers coordinate routine and emergency maintenance, capital improvements, and inspections.

Responsibilities Include:

Regular landscaping and janitorial services

HVAC and plumbing system upkeep

Roof and structural inspections

Emergency response protocols

In Alabama’s humid climate, preventative maintenance is especially important for avoiding mold, water damage, and pest problems—all of which can damage reputation and lead to expensive repairs.

4. Financial Management and Reporting

A commercial property’s financial health is at the core of its investment value. Property managers are responsible for preparing operating budgets, tracking income and expenses, and reporting to owners.

What They Deliver:

Monthly and annual financial statements

Rent roll and delinquency reports

Budgeting and forecasting

Coordination with accountants and tax professionals

For property owners—especially those located out of state—this financial transparency provides peace of mind and ensures optimal performance.

5. Vendor & Contractor Management

Running a commercial property requires coordination with dozens of vendors and service providers. A property manager acts as the liaison between owners and third parties, ensuring quality and accountability.

Services Managed May Include:

Security and alarm systems

Cleaning crews

General contractors

Elevator servicing

Landscaping and pest control

A key advantage of professional commercial management in Alabama is having access to vetted, reliable vendors who are familiar with local codes and climate conditions.

6. Regulatory and Legal Compliance

From zoning laws to fire safety codes, commercial properties in Alabama are subject to numerous regulations. Property managers stay up to date on these legal requirements to help ensure compliance.

Important Areas of Oversight:

ADA (Americans with Disabilities Act) accessibility compliance

Local building codes and inspections

Environmental and stormwater regulations

Fair housing laws (in mixed-use or live/work spaces)

Fines and legal disputes can be costly. An experienced property manager helps mitigate these risks.

7. Risk Management & Insurance Oversight

Commercial property managers play a pivotal role in reducing liability for property owners by overseeing risk management.

Duties May Include:

Ensuring proper liability and property insurance coverage

Conducting risk assessments

Creating emergency response plans

Managing incident reports and insurance claims

In a state prone to severe weather events like hurricanes and tornadoes—especially along the Gulf Coast—risk management is an essential service.

8. Capital Planning and Property Improvement

Beyond daily operations, property managers contribute to long-term planning for renovations, upgrades, and capital improvements that boost property value.

Examples of Strategic Improvements:

Energy-efficient HVAC upgrades

Parking lot resurfacing

Lobby or façade modernization

Technology upgrades (e.g., smart building systems)

Such enhancements not only increase tenant satisfaction but also improve marketability and rent potential—essential components of successful commercial management in Alabama.

The Benefits of Hiring a Commercial Property Manager in Alabama

Investors and landlords often ask whether hiring a property manager is worth the cost. In most cases, the answer is yes—particularly in today’s competitive and regulated environment.

Benefits Include:

Time Savings: Owners can focus on acquisitions or other ventures.

Cost Efficiency: Managers often get volume discounts from vendors.

Tenant Retention: Happier tenants are more likely to renew.

Legal Protection: Lower risk of fines and lawsuits.

Increased ROI: Higher occupancy and better financial oversight lead to better returns.

Commercial Management Trends in Alabama for 2025 and Beyond

As the market evolves, so does the role of commercial property managers. Here are key trends shaping commercial management in Alabama:

1. Technology Integration

Smart building systems, tenant portals, and remote monitoring tools are becoming standard. Property managers are leveraging technology to improve efficiency and communication.

2. Sustainability

Green buildings are gaining traction. Managers are leading initiatives around energy efficiency, waste reduction, and water conservation—often unlocking tax incentives in the process.

3. Flexible Leasing

Post-pandemic, tenants seek shorter, more flexible lease terms. Property managers are adjusting strategies to meet changing demands in office and retail spaces.

4. Mixed-Use Property Management

Managing buildings that include retail, office, and residential components requires specialized knowledge. This hybrid property type is becoming more common in Alabama’s urban centers.

Final Thoughts: The Backbone of Real Estate Success

Commercial property managers are not just caretakers—they’re strategic partners in the success of every commercial real estate asset. In Alabama’s booming market, where property values and tenant expectations are rising, having a skilled manager can mean the difference between stagnation and sustainable growth.

From lease enforcement to financial planning, from maintenance to market strategy, these professionals handle the heavy lifting so investors can focus on the big picture.

Whether you’re expanding your portfolio or just stepping into Alabama’s real estate scene, investing in quality commercial management in Alabama is one of the smartest decisions you can make.

[companiesnext62]

How to Register an LLP in Delhi-NCR: A Complete 2025 Guide

Delhi-NCR is one of India's most thriving business hubs, with a booming startup culture, tech ecosystem, and growing demand for professional services. Whether you are launching a consulting firm, a tech startup, or a family-run business, registering a Limited Liability Partnership (LLP) can offer the ideal mix of flexibility and legal protection.

In this complete 2025 guide, we will walk you through everything you need to know about registering an LLP in Delhi-NCR – from eligibility, steps, and documentation to timelines, compliance, and expert tips.

What is an LLP?

A Limited Liability Partnership (LLP) is a legal structure that combines the operational flexibility of a traditional partnership with the limited liability protection of a private limited company. Introduced under the LLP Act, 2008, it is especially popular among startups and professionals.

Key Features of an LLP:

It has a separate legal identity from its partners.

The liability of each partner is limited to their agreed contribution.

There is no minimum capital requirement.

An LLP is relatively easy and cost-effective to manage compared to a company.

Why Register an LLP in Delhi-NCR?

Delhi-NCR (covering Delhi, Noida, Gurugram, Faridabad, and Ghaziabad) offers a prime location for setting up businesses due to its infrastructural advantages, skilled workforce, and access to markets.

Benefits of Registering in This Region:

Strategic Location: Easy access to suppliers, clients, and government agencies.

Startup Ecosystem: NCR hosts multiple incubators, accelerators, and venture capital firms.

Professional Support: Availability of legal, financial, and business consultants.

Who Should Choose an LLP Structure?

LLPs are ideal for:

Professionals like chartered accountants, architects, and lawyers

Startups and SMEs wanting to avoid heavy compliance

Businesses with multiple owners/partners

Firms looking to reduce tax liability while ensuring legal protection

Step-by-Step LLP Registration Process in Delhi-NCR

If you’re wondering how to proceed with LLP registration in 2025, here’s a step-by-step breakdown to help you get started.

Step 1: Apply for Digital Signature Certificate (DSC)

Every designated partner must have a Class-3 DSC to digitally sign online forms. You can get it from any licensed certifying authority.

Documents required:

PAN card

Aadhaar card

Email and phone number

Passport-size photo

Time: 1–2 days

Step 2: Obtain Director Identification Number (DIN)

Each partner needs a DIN (Director Identification Number), which can be applied through the FiLLiP form during the incorporation process.

Step 3: Reserve the LLP Name

The proposed LLP name must be unique and compliant with MCA naming guidelines.

How to reserve:

Use the RUN-LLP service on the MCA portal

Ensure the name ends with “LLP” or “Limited Liability Partnership”

Avoid names similar to existing entities

Fees: ₹200 Processing time: 2–3 working days

Step 4: File the Incorporation Form (FiLLiP)

FiLLiP is the main form for LLP registration and includes:

Partner details

Office address

Capital contribution

Consent forms

Documents to attach:

PAN, Aadhaar of partners

Utility bill of registered office

NOC from the landlord (if rented)

Processing time: 5–7 working days Govt. fees: Varies based on capital

Step 5: File LLP Agreement (Form 3)

After incorporation, you must file the LLP Agreement within 30 days.

Important clauses include:

Profit-sharing ratio

Duties of partners

Capital contributions

Exit policies and dispute resolution

Stamp duty: Depends on capital and location (Delhi charges ~₹1,000 for standard agreements)

Cost of Registering an LLP in Delhi-NCR

Here’s a typical cost structure for LLP registration:ServiceEstimated CostDSC (for 2 partners)₹1,500 – ₹2,000Name Reservation₹200Government Fees (FiLLiP)₹500 – ₹1,000Drafting LLP Agreement₹1,000 – ₹3,000Stamp Duty₹500 – ₹1,000Professional/Legal Fees₹5,000 – ₹10,000

Total estimated cost: ₹8,000 – ₹18,000

Time Required for LLP Registration

On average, the LLP registration process in Delhi-NCR takes between 10 to 15 working days, assuming all documents are in order and no objections are raised by the Ministry of Corporate Affairs (MCA).

Documents Required for LLP Registration

For Partners:

PAN Card

Aadhaar Card

Passport (for foreign nationals)

Address proof (utility bill, bank statement)

For Registered Office:

Rent agreement (if rented)

NOC from the owner

Electricity bill or property tax receipt

Post-Registration Compliances

After you register your LLP, some key compliance steps must be followed:

PAN & TAN Application

Apply for the LLP's PAN and TAN to file taxes and deduct TDS.

Open a Bank Account

Open a current account in the LLP’s name using the Certificate of Incorporation, LLP Agreement, and KYC documents.

GST Registration (if applicable)

Mandatory if annual turnover exceeds ₹40 lakh for goods or ₹20 lakh for services in Delhi-NCR.

Annual Filings

Form 11 (Annual Return) – Due by May 30 every year

Form 8 (Statement of Accounts) – Due by October 30 every year

Income Tax Return – Due by July 31 or October 31 (if audited)

Common Mistakes to Avoid

Using a name that resembles existing companies

Delayed submission of Form 3 (LLP Agreement)

Not updating registered address when relocating

Failing to maintain books of accounts

Missing annual filing deadlines (can lead to hefty penalties)

Limited Liability Partnership Registration in Delhi-NCR – Why It Matters

Whether you're a solo consultant or running a business with multiple co-founders, Limited Liability Partnership Registration in Delhi-NCR gives your firm a strong legal foundation. It’s particularly beneficial for entrepreneurs who want to limit personal risk while retaining control over operations. From tax advantages to operational flexibility, LLPs are quickly becoming the preferred model for modern Indian businesses.

How CompaniesNext Can Help You

At CompaniesNext, we specialize in company and LLP registrations across India, especially in the Delhi-NCR region. Our team of legal and financial experts will handle:

Name search and reservation

Filing of all MCA forms

Drafting of a customized LLP agreement

PAN, TAN, and GST registration

Post-registration support and compliance

We make the process simple, fast, and affordable—ensuring you can focus on your business while we take care of the paperwork.

Final Words

Choosing the LLP structure is a smart move for entrepreneurs and professionals who value legal protection, low compliance, and flexibility. With the proper documentation and professional guidance, registering your LLP in Delhi-NCR can be quick and hassle-free.

If you're ready to start your entrepreneurial journey, reach out to CompaniesNext today. Our experts are here to help you every step of the way with your LLP registration and compliance.

Let us take the paperwork off your plate so you can focus on building your business.

[cain-mga2024mi5016]

GOOD ACADEMIC WRITING - EXERCISES

The art of good academic writing

In essence, elegance in academic writing combines styles and neatness

– But most importantly, simplicity in organising and expressing ideas

Constructing sentences and paragraphs which are easy to read, while directing the reader to the core meaning of arguments and perspectives

Elegant academic writing should flow effortlessly, be clear and direct without being abrupt

– Combining the above provides the reader with confidence in what they are reading

Experimentation with writing is vital learning tool for the development of elegant academic writing

– Differing contexts and purposes for writing require different styles

......................

Exercise 1: Write More Economically

Reduce relative clauses

A relative clause is a part of a sentence that provides more information about a noun.

Typically introduced by relative pronouns such as who, which, that or whose

Why Reduce Relative Clauses?

Improves readability by removing unnecessary words.

Makes sentences more concise and direct

Simplifies complex ideas for the reader.

Original: The results that were presented at the conference were impressive.

Reduced: The results presented at the conference were impressive.

Reduce relative clauses:

Enamel, in dentistry, is a hard, white, inorganic material that is on the crown of a tooth.

A theatre is a building which has been specifically designed for dramatic performances.

Pollution is a form of contamination that often results from human activity.

Exercise 2: Write More Economically

Relative clause practice: Keep or Reduce?

The company that was founded in 1999 quickly became a leader in tech.

Students who are studying marketing must complete this module.

The student who achieved the highest mark was awarded a scholarship.

The scientist who discovered the compound received international recognition.

......................

Introduction (10% of the word count)

Introduction starts with a hook sentence (Attention grabber) - could be a statistic, a joke, dark humour, fact, quote = relevant to the topic.

Background information - generalised yet relevant information

Thesis component - a summary of what this essay will be about “ This essay will critically evaluate…….”

Objective of the essay? What is your driving or dominant question

Establish the context of the question - Set the scene

Engage with working definitions of key terms

Make your line of arguments clear

......................

Main Body (3 - 4 paragraphs)

*a paragraph should be 6 -8 sentences

One paragraph should only carry one argument and it should be summarised in the same paragraph.

Write according to your plan

Keep arguments close to the surface, summarise one point before you move onto the next

Pay careful attention to the transition from one part of your argument to the next

Make sure you give each main point a full paragraph

......................

Follow the TEEEL Structure for paragraphs.

T - Topic Sentence : Main idea of the paragraph. 

E - Explanation of the topic sentence.

E - Examples - bring in references to affirm the above. *have at least 2 examples in a paragraph

E - Explain the example *Examples should always be explained

L - linking sentence “Thus it can be proven that…….”/ In summary, in summation, to conclude with

......................

Conclusion

Provides closure for the reader

Provides a final perspective on the topic of your essay

Don’t fizzle out - be authoritative

Refocus the reader’s attentions on where you started : provide a conclusion in line with the essay question

Conclusion: Structure 

Restating the thesis statement : “This thesis critically evaluated……”

Summarise the key points

......................

Exercise 3 : Take out the deadwood!

Take out the dead wood (Hyland, 2002)

The different ways that many writers choose to report their research and to express their many ideas obviously result from a large variety of social factors and psychological factors. Most crucially, however, rhetorical identity is influenced by the writer’s background and therefore the issue of rhetorical identity becomes more intricate for students who are familiar with intellectual traditions which may be very different intellectual traditions from those intellectual traditions practiced in English academic contexts. Therefore, while Anglo-American academic conventions encourage a conscious exploitation of authorial identity to manage the reader’s awareness of the author’s role and the author’s viewpoint, L2 writers from other cultures may be reluctant to promote an individual self.

The message here for teachers is that we need to be aware of how academic conventions position students and we need to be sensitive to the struggles of those novice writers seeking to reconcile the discursive identities of their home and of their disciplinary cultures. This tentativeness and reluctance to display an authoritative persona among Asian writers may, in part, be a product of a culturally and of a socially constructed view of self, which makes assertion difficult. It is equally possible, however, that native English speaking students also experience very similar problems when entering university. Teachers have an important consciousness raising task to make sure that students understand the rhetorical options available to them and to make sure that students understand the effects of manipulating these options for interactional purposes. With this rhetorical understanding, our learners will be better able to gain control over their writing and they will be better able to meet the challenges of participating in academic genres in a second language. 

[pinipa-mga2024mi5016]

last thursday class work

The art of good academic writing

In essence, elegance in academic writing combines styles and neatness – But most importantly, simplicity in organising and expressing ideas ● Constructing sentences and paragraphs which are easy to read, while directing the reader to the core meaning of arguments and perspectives ● Elegant academic writing should flow effortlessly, be clear and direct without being abrupt – Combining the above provides the reader with confidence in what they are reading ● Experimentation with writing is vital learning tool for the development of elegant academic writing – Differing contexts and purposes for writing require different styles

(Wallace and Wray, 2021)

In-class exercises

Exercise 1: Write more economically ● Reduce relative clauses

A relative clause is a part of a sentence that provides more information about a noun.

Typically introduced by relative pronouns such as who, which, that or whose ● Why Reduce Relative Clauses?

Improves readability by removing unnecessary words.

Makes sentences more concise and direct

Simplifies complex ideas for the reader. Original : The results that were presented at the conference were impressive. Reduced : The results presented at the conference were impressive.

[russellian-j]

バートランド・ラッセルの言葉366_画像版 n.3166j (July 02, 2025)

　愛が(対象を）理解する上での鍵だと説く人もいる。しかし、その「理解」が科学的理解を意味するのであれば、私は彼らが正しいとは思わない。けれども、憎悪を（対象の）理解への鍵と見なすのは、いっそう非科学的だろう。好意的であろうと悪意をもっていようと、あらゆる感情は（対象についての）判断をゆがめる。

There are those who say that love is the key to understanding, but if scientific understanding is meant, I do not think they are right. It would, however, be even more unscientific to regard hatred as the key to understanding. Every emotion, whether friendly or unfriendly, distorts judgement. 　Source: "As others see us" [From: Mortals and Others: Bertrand Russell's American Essays, 1931-1935, v.1 (1975)] 　More info.:　 https://russell-j.com/AS-O-SEE.HTM

＜寸言＞ 　佐藤ヒロシ(著)『関係詞の底力』（プレイス出版、2011年刊）は、英文読解における多くの誤解（誤読）に気づかせてくれる名著であり、躊躇なくお薦めできます。著者は、本書出版当時、代々木ゼミ予備校を代表する英語講師の一人で、ラッセル関係の出版企画の関係で一度だけお会いしたことがあります（ただし企画はとりやめとなりました）。 　本書にでてくる次の２つの英文を試しに日本語に訳してみてください。 　(1) All you need is love （ビートルズのレコードの歌詞の一部／「本日のラッセルの言葉」への添付画像の中にでてきています！） (2) All the people in Iraq want is peace and security. 　(1) は「愛こそすべて」と訳されることが多いようですが、これは不適切な訳しかたです（注：“All you need is ～" は「All (that) you need is ～」の "that"が省略されたものです）。同様に、(2)を「すべてのイラクの人々が欲しているのは、平和と安定だ」と訳すのも不適切です。 　より適切な訳は「君（あるいは、あなたたち）に足りないのは愛だけだ！」及び、「イラクの人々が望んでいるのは、平和と安定だけだ！」となります。それは、省略されている関係詞に注意すれば気が付くと思われます。興味のある方は、是非、アマゾンなどで『関係詞の底力』を入手してお読みになってください。 　「本日のラッセルの言葉」をトランプ大統領に捧げたいところですが、理解しようとしないでしょうから、「豚に真珠」になりそうです。

"The True Power of Relative Clauses" (published by Place in 2011), written by Hiroshi Sato, is a remarkable book that sheds light on many common misunderstandings in English reading comprehension. I can recommend it without hesitation. At the time of its publication, the author was one of the leading English instructors at Yoyogi Seminar, a major prep school in Japan. I had the chance to meet him once in connection with a publishing project on Bertrand Russell (though the project was ultimately cancelled). Please try translating the following two English sentences that appear in the book:

All you need is love. (This is a lyric from a Beatles record--it also appears in the image attached to "Today's Words from Russell"!) All the people in Iraq want is peace and security.

Sentence (1) is often rendered in Japanese as 「愛こそすべて」 ("Love is all you need"), but this is an inaccurate translation. (Note: "All you need is ～" is a reduced form of "All that you need is ～1", with the relative pronoun "that" omitted.) Likewise, translating sentence (2) as 「すべてのイラクの人々が欲しているのは平和と安定だ」 is also inappropriate.

More accurate translations would be: "The only thing you (or you all) lack is love!" "What the people of Iraq want is nothing but peace and security!" If you pay close attention to the omitted relative pronoun, you will notice the true structure. For those interested, I highly encourage you to get a copy of The True Power of Relative Clauses, available on sites such as Amazon.

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The Growing Importance of the Logistics REIT in a Digitally Driven Economy

The demand for warehousing and distribution facilities has increased recently, as e-commerce has expanded fast and the global supply chain has been reconfigured. As a result, a logistics REIT is gaining popularity among investors looking for long-term income and portfolio diversification. A logistics REIT is crucial in easing the shift as customers' expectations for quick delivery and online shopping grow.

A logistics REIT is a form of real estate investment trust that acquires, operates, and leases industrial assets for storage, distribution, and freight handling. These properties include warehouses, fulfilment centres, cross-docking facilities, and transportation hubs. With the logistics sector serving as a crucial enabler of economic activity, the logistics REIT is an appealing opportunity to invest in the foundation of trade and commerce.

One of the most compelling characteristics of a logistics REIT is its ability to withstand economic turbulence. While retail and office property markets may face cyclical downturns, demand for logistics facilities remains stable, if not growing, during uncertain times due to the ongoing necessity for product movement. This positions the logistics REIT as a relatively defensive investment, providing stability when other industries struggle.

The growth of last-mile delivery has increased the visibility of a logistics REIT. Companies are increasingly requiring strategic warehouse locations near end customers to ensure timely and efficient delivery. The logistics REIT typically holds assets in urban areas or significant transportation corridors, offering tenants a competitive advantage and ensuring high occupancy rates. As a result, investors benefit from more consistent rental income and lower vacancy risk.

Another factor influencing the appeal of a logistics REIT is its adaptability. The sector has embraced technological advances like automation, robotics, and intelligent inventory systems. These innovations improve operating efficiency, making a logistics REIT asset appealing to tenants in various industries, including retail, manufacturing, pharmaceuticals, and technology.

Furthermore, a logistics REIT often have long-term leases with tenants, many of whom provide critical services. These contracts typically incorporate rent escalation clauses to ensure income growth over time. A logistics REIT offers investors seeking consistent returns both security and the possibility of progressive financial growth.

Sustainability is another critical consideration in the logistics REIT business. Modern logistics facilities are increasingly being developed with environmentally friendly elements, including solar panels, energy-efficient lighting, and water-saving equipment. These adjustments not only reduce environmental impacts but also lower operational expenses, thereby increasing the overall value of a logistics REIT asset.

Despite their obvious benefits, a logistics REIT is not without hurdles. Rising interest rates, regulatory changes, and property scarcity near major cities can all influence growth and profitability. Nonetheless, the sector's robust fundamentals and rising worldwide demand indicate a promising future for long-term investors.

To summarise, a logistics REIT have emerged as an attractive investment option in today's digital economy. The logistics REIT provides a dynamic and forward-thinking approach to real estate investing because of its strategic assets, continuous income potential, and ability to respond to changing market needs. As supply chains develop, a logistics REIT becomes a key driver of industrial growth and investor confidence.

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Learn how to be good at academic writing

Exercise 1: Write more economically

Reduce relative clauses

1. Enamel, in dentistry, is a hard, white, inorganic material that is on the crown of a tooth.

2. A theatre is a building which has been specifically designed for dramatic performances.

3. Pollution is a form of contamination that often results from human activity.

Reduced :

1. Enamel is a hard, white, inorganic material is on the crown of a tooth.

2. A theatre is a building for dramatic performances.

3. Contamination from human activity is pollution.

Exercise 2: Write more economically

Relative clause practice: Keep or Reduce?

1. The company that was founded in 1999 quickly became a leader in tech.

2. Students who are studying marketing must complete this module.

3. The student who achieved the highest mark was awarded a scholarship.

4. The scientist who discovered the compound received international recognition.

Reduced :

1. In 1999, The company became a leader in tech.

2. The students studying marketing must complete this module.

3. The student who achieved the highest mark was awarded a scholarship. (keep)

4. The scientist who discovered the compound received international recognition. (keep)

Exercise 3 : Take out the deadwood!

Take out the dead wood (Hyland, 2002)

The different ways that many writers choose to report their research and to express their many ideas obviously result from a large variety of social factors and psychological factors. Most crucially, however, rhetorical identity is influenced by the writer’s background and therefore the issue of rhetorical identity becomes more intricate for students who are familiar with intellectual traditions which may be very different intellectual traditions from those intellectual traditions practiced in English academic contexts. Therefore, while Anglo-American academic conventions encourage a conscious exploitation of authorial identity to manage the reader’s awareness of the author’s role and the author’s viewpoint, L2 writers from other cultures may be reluctant to promote an individual self. The message here for teachers is that we need to be aware of how academic conventions position students and we need to be sensitive to the struggles of those novice writers seeking to reconcile the discursive identities of their home and of their disciplinary cultures. This tentativeness and reluctance to display an authoritative persona among Asian writers may, in part, be a product of a culturally and of a socially constructed view of self, which makes assertion difficult. It is equally possible, however, that native English speaking students also experience very similar problems when entering university. Teachers have an important consciousness raising task to make sure that students understand the rhetorical options available to them and to make sure that students understand the effects of manipulating these options for interactional purposes. With this rhetorical understanding, our learners will be better able to gain control over their writing and they will be better able to meet the challenges of participating in academic genres in a second language.