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bestanimal · 7 months ago

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Round 2.5 - Cnidaria - Scyphozoa

(Sources - 1, 2, 3, 4)

Scyphozoa is a marine class of cnidarians commonly referred to as “true jellyfish”, “jellyfish”, or simply “jellies”. They are composed of three living orders: Coronatae (“Crown Jellies”), Rhizostomeae (“Root-mouth Jellies”), Semaeostomeae (“Flag-mouth Jellies”).

Scyphozoans usually display a four-part symmetry and have an internal gelatinous material called mesoglea, consisting of as much as 98% water. A ring of muscle fibres within the mesoglea surrounds the rim of the dome, and the jellyfish swims by alternately contracting and relaxing these muscles. As medusae, they eat a variety of crustaceans and fish, which they capture using stinging cells called nematocysts. The nematocysts are located throughout the tentacles that radiate downward from the edge of the umbrella dome, and also cover the four or eight oral arms that hang down from the central mouth. Some species, however, are instead filter feeders, using their tentacles to strain plankton from the water. The mouth opens into a central stomach, from which four interconnected diverticula radiate outwards. Some genera also have smaller mouths in the oral arms. The lining of the digestive system includes further stinging nematocysts, along with cells that secrete digestive enzymes. The nervous system usually consists of a distributed net of cells, although some species possess more organised nerve rings. Some species also have pigment-cup ocelli, though they are not as advanced as Cubozoan eyes. Coronataens (ex: image 2) are characterized by a deep groove running around the umbrella, giving them the crown shape which gives them their name. Rhizostomeans (ex: image 1 and 3) do not have tentacles nor other structures branching off from the edges of the bell. Instead, they have eight highly branched oral arms which fuse together as they approach the central mouth of the jellyfish. Semaeostomeaens (ex: image 4 and gif below) have four long, frilly oral arms flanking their quadrate mouths, as well as tentacles.

Most species of Scyphozoa have two life-history phases, including the planktonic medusa or polyp form, and the inconspicuous, but longer-lived, bottom-dwelling polyp, which seasonally gives rise to new medusae. Most species appear to be gonochorists, with separate male and female individuals. The gonads are located in the stomach lining, and the mature gametes are expelled through the mouth. After fertilization, some species brood their young in pouches on the oral arms, but they are more commonly planktonic. The fertilized egg produces a planular larva which, in most species, quickly attaches itself to the sea bottom. The larva develops into the hydroid stage of the lifecycle, a tiny sessile polyp called a scyphistoma. The scyphistoma reproduces asexually, producing similar polyps by budding, and then either transforming into a medusa, or budding several medusae off from its upper surface via a process called strobilation. The medusae are initially microscopic and may take years to reach sexual maturity.

Scyphozoans have existed since the Early Cambrian.

Propaganda under the cut:

The Lion’s Mane Jelly (Cyanea capillata) is one of the largest jellyfish, with the largest recorded specimen having a bell width of 210 cm (7 ft) and tentacles around 36.6 m (120 ft) long.

Jellyfish of the order Rhizostomeae are considered edible, both as a delicacy and for use in traditional medicine, and are eaten mainly in Asia, typically dried and/or salted.

The giant Nomura's Jellyfish (Nemopilema nomurai) can reach similar sizes to the Lion’s Mane Jellyfish, and their large size and quantity often negatively affects fisheries in East Asia. Aside from humans, their only predators are swordfish, tuna, sunfish, and leatherback sea turtles. A decrease in predators and an increase in favorable conditions and warming seas have caused an explosion in population, displaying that an increase in animal populations is not always a good sign! Scientists are studying their venom for use in medical applications, such as for treating joint disease and in cancer research. The Japanese company Tango Jersey Dairy also produces a vanilla and jellyfish ice cream using Nomura's Jellyfish.

While most jellies are exclusively marine, the Bay Nettle (Chrysaora chesapeakei) ventures into the Chesapeake Bay’s brackish water all the way up into the freshwater of Baltimore’s Inner Harbor.

The Giant Phantom Jelly (Stygiomedusa gigantea) is a deep sea jellyfish that is rarely seen, with only around 110 sightings in 110 years. It thought to be one of the largest invertebrate predators of the ocean's midnight zone and twilight zone, with an umbrella-shaped bell that can grow up to 1 m (3.3 ft) in diameter and paddle-like arms that can grow up to 10 m (33 ft) in length. The bell's pliant tissue allows for the jellyfish to stretch 4 to 5 times its size, presumably to engulf their prey. They do not have any stinging tentacles and instead use their arms to trap and engulf their prey which consists of plankton and small fish. The Giant Phantom Jelly has a symbiotic relationship with the Pelagic Brotula (Thalassobathia pelagica), for which it provides food and shelter beneath its massive billowing bell, while the fish aids the jelly by removing parasites.

The Mauve Stinger (Pelagia noctiluca) is a fairly small purple jellyfish that is able to glow in the dark (bioluminesce). Light is emitted in the form of flashes when the medusa is stimulated by turbulence created by waves or by a ship's motion. Unusually among cnidarians, Mauve Stingers are able to consume phytoplankton, alongside copepods and other usual planktonic fare.

The Moon Jelly (Aurelia aurita) (see gif above) is gaining popularity in aquarium touchtanks as they lack long tentacles and their sting has little to no affect on humans. They are also one of the longer-lived jellyfish, living up to two years in their medusa form, and are easy to rear and feed, making them a good candidate for giving humans an up-close learning experience with jellies.

Fun fact: my dad let me watch The Sphere (1998) when I was 7 and it gave me Scyphophobia, a fear of jellyfish, that lasted for several years. I knew the behavior of the jellyfish as depicted in the movie wasn’t real, but I still wouldn’t enter the ocean for the next 5 years, and when I did start entering the ocean again every time I saw a jellyfish I would get out and not go back in again for another full year. It took a touch tank and several positive experiences with some moon jellies to get over my fear, and now I would say I’m fully recovered!

#Merry Christmas I got you Jellies #cnidaria #animal polls #round 2.5

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grits-galraisedinthesouth · 11 months ago

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John Kettler: Chief of The unSUCCESSFULS Invisible Staff

John Kettler is out after only three (3) months on the job. No sympathy for anyone who partners with these two (2) bullies. You're either too lazy to read a book or maybe you like to help bullies.

"Joshua lives with his wife in Santa Barbara, CA and holds an MBA from Clemson University with an emphasis on Entrepreneurship and Innovation."¹

Richard Eden for Daily Mail: When the Duke of Sussex appointed Josh Kettler as his grandly titled chief of staff earlier this year, it was said that he was the perfect man to 'guide' Harry 'through his next phase'. However, the Daily Mail understands that Mr Kettler has suddenly quit his job after scarcely three months, amid much intrigue. Josh Kettler is no longer working for them,' a source in California told this newspaper today. The timing is a particular blow to Harry and his wife Meghan as Mr Kettler would have been expected to accompany them on their 'quasi-royal tour' of Colombia, which kicks off this week."

The total number the Sussexes have lost since they married in 2018 is said to be at least 18, with nine or more having left since they moved to California in 2020.

Mr Kettler was seen entering St Paul's Cathedral with the duke for the anniversary service, which was attended by figures including Harry's uncle, Earl Spencer, but no other members of the Royal Family.

Later that month, Mr Kettler was a key figure on the Duke and Duchess of Sussex's three-day 'tour' of Nigeria and was by Harry's side as he met government officials in the West African country. His role on the visit was said to be a foretaste of what he would achieve in the future.

Prince Harry and Meghan with Mr Kettler (circled) by their side. His role on the visit was said to be a foretaste of what he would achieve in the future.

¹Bio: "Joshua Kettler is an experienced executive accelerator, organizer, and confidant. Seasoned in guiding C-suite functions, critical cross-functional program management, high-level strategy development, and board of directors / investor relationship management. Focused on bringing unparalleled products and experiences to customers while working in lockstep with leaders, executing on their vision.

Joshua spent the better part of a decade with Patagonia, a leader in outdoor apparel, serving as a trusted resource and right hand to the Vice President of Global Sales and Customer Experience. He helped direct all revenue driving strategies and operations worldwide, spanning seven major markets and $1B+ in yearly revenue. His efforts included managing the organization's workflow, prioritization, and oversight of regional GMs, while providing input on critical decisions including distribution strategy, customer touch points, internal and external communication, organizational structure, and personnel matters.

In 2021, Joshua shifted is focus to start up ventures, becoming Chief of Staff to the CEO of Better Place Forests and most recently joining Cognixion as Chief of Staff and Head of Strategic Partnerships, helping to accelerate and support the transformative AR / BCI company.

Joshua is an avid trail runner and skier, and a steadfast supporter of conservation and the environment. Joshua lives with his wife in Santa Barbara, CA and holds an MBA from Clemson University with an emphasis on Entrepreneurship and Innovation."

#markled #spare us #like a spare #megxit #chief of staff #revolving door #John Kettler #meghan markle is a bully #meghan markle is a liar #horrible bosses #archeFRAUD #pro tip: revenge by tom bower #valentine low

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brotoman-exe · 1 year ago

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Some Transformers Prerendformers AU Backstory Ideas

Autobots

The Autobots as a whole started as those who followed Optimus Prime once more open resistance against the treatment of the lower castes and Sentinel Prime's increasing acts of cruelty. Eventually many smaller groups would also come to follow the Autobot banner and once rescued from the Gladiator Pits of Kaon, Megatron would serve as co-leader since many that first joined Prime were Megatron's fellow miners and the newly arisen Prime even once saying he'd learn to inspire from how Megatron inspired him. After Sentinel's defeat and Megatron's fall the label Autobot remained only for those that chose not to follow Megatron.

Decepticons

Born from Megatron's galaxy wide famous speech titled "You Are Being Decieved" given after the first liberation of Tarn and before his capture and imprisonment in Kaon's Gladiator Pits it became the name and symbol of Megatron's most loyal supporters. At first just an in group under the greater Autobot movement composed of those directly reporting to Megatron after his rescue, it became harsher and more combative against others as friction between Optimus and Megatron began to become more frequent. Eventually when the breaking port was reached Megatron would declare the name Decpticon as the moniker of those who would truly reclaim the glory of the Cybertronian race in this galaxy.

Optimus Prime

Obviously still starts with the name Orion Pax. Cold Constructed shortly after Sentinel Prime coming to power Orion was part of what was called the Convoy batch of sparks all designated for tasks such as long haul transport of materials, those that remember him as Orion would find it ironic that in his human disguise when trapped on Earth so long after he decided to do the same work, as Sentinel was kicking production and mining into high gear with eyes on expansion. Naturally friendly and possessing a warmth that put off many of his overseers as "too alive" Orion would manage to make friends all across Cybertron with mechs Cild Constructed and forged alike. Some chief among those being the miner Megatron, illegally operating doctor Ratchet, and Iacon guard captain Ironhide.

It was the friendship with Ironhide and Ratchet that saved Orion's life as they got word about Sentinel having created a drone fleet to "phase out" the convoy as turned out their frequent interactions with other Cybertronians, and many such as Pax himself helping distribute the writings of one Megatron, was proving too have them become empathetic to the plight of the lower castes. Orion would flee into the still not expanded into wastes of Cybertron later learning that only two other of his batch mates survive. Those two becoming leaders of small resistance cells, Pyra Magna with her Rust Renegades and Ginrai with his Burning Justice, that would later fold into the greater Autobot cause. The three surviving Convoy would also, despite disagreements, would come to view themselves as true siblings.

While traveling the wastes; Orion's goal was to make it to Tarn where news of Megatron leading a revolt had spread hoping to link up with his old friend. Instead he was pulled by a sudden need to drive elsewhwre. He found himself finding some lost temple from Cybertron's past which inside contained the missing Matrix of Leadership. It joined with and transformed him the mech known as Orion Pax leaving that temple now as Optimus Prime. Finally arriving in Tarn Optimus would find many scattered and scarred rebels worried they'd be next since Megatron had been captured and sent to the Gladiator Pits of Kaon. Gathering these lost and in danger mechs Optimus swore he'd help them and find a way to save Megatron because "Freedom is the right of all sentient beings."

Megatron

Cold Constructed for mining near the tail end of Nova Prime's reign Megatron of Tarn was one of the few miners that actually survived until Sentinel Prime took over. During Nova Prime's time things were much more lax about what materials ended up in the workers hands since Nova believed the Comd Constructed were hardly above drones access to reading or viewable materials did no harm as they were unintelligent and naturalky docule. So that means by the time the transition began Megatron could actually be considered a very educated mech even if others wouldn't believe in the fact he was intelligent at all. Once Sentinel was in charge though he knew better about the Cold Consteucted's ability for intelligence, unfortunately he saw that as a threat and the greater number of Overseers that were said to be there to fix the problems of workplace safety also became harsh jailers with almost any kind of reading banned. As well Sentinel applied even stricter conditions on what knowledge new Cold Consteucted Cybertronians could have installed at initial activation.

Aware enough to be disgusted by this Megatron took action. First he began illegal schools in the mines. Teaching all new workers how to read beyond just the words on some signs around the mines, math, basic science, and anything else he could get materials for. These classes led many younger miners viewing Megatron as mentor like what all forged Cybertronains were allowed to have. Megatron also began writing and crunching numbers to release papers about how the use of a Cold Constructed, or later assigned under Functionist Endentured Servitude for younger Forged, work force and their mistreatment was both unethical and not even mathematically efficient. He'd have these writings distributed with the help of some mechs part of the Cold Constructed batch known as the Convoy and Forged Cybertronians who were already sympathetic.

Unfortunately he was eventually found out and in attempt to silence him one of his overseers began to beat Megatron brutally. Fearing for his own life Megatron reached out, grabbed a mining drill, and struck the Overseer with it killing them. This erupted into the entire mine starting an open revolt and before Megatron could process taking his first life he was standing on a balcony having taken the city of Tarn and giving his famous speech "You Are Being Decieved". For a time the restructuring of the city was going well but then in a surprise attack agents loyal to Sentinel Prime captured Megatron taking him away and began to try and retake the city.

Sentinel Prime was a mech bot astonishingly cruel and at time paradoxically sensible. The latter comes up in that he knew just killing Megatron now meant creating the type of martyr not seen since the begining of Nova Prime's own liberation of Cybertron, the former shined in his decision to try and remedy that by breaking the revolutionary. So Megatron was made prisoner in the Gladiator Pits of Kaon forced to fight for his life almost every day and the brutality required to do it shown to the planet in a bid to make his followers think he was nothing but a violent brute stripped of any intelligence or rhetoric. Unfortunately this ended up working against the Prime as not only did Megatron become popular as a gladiator but the Senator running the Pit Ratbat refused orders to actually later just pull the trigger and kill Megatron even having his 'son' Soundwave leak recordings of Megatron's fights in which he gave speeches upon winning. Of course Ratbat thought Megatron would never escape just wanting all the money this popular fighter was bringing him. So he wasn't counting on a combination of Soundwave's infatuation with the revolutionary plus hatred of Ratbat's treatment, the other the top gladiators the Combaticons becoming loyal to Megatron plus having rediscovered the lost power of combination, and Optimus Prime leading a strike force to save his friend all leading to his downfall.

Once rescued Megatron would become co-leader of the Autobots but by then a darkness had already been born that would come to almost engulf the mech's spark and quickly lead to the begining of the Autobot vs Decepticon war.

Ratchet

A bot that can truly be called an elder Ratchet had been serving as a medic for a large amount of Nova Prime's initial unification and when the new Cybertronian Governement was established Ratchet was provided his own hospital to run in Iacon. At first this was fine but then the medic learned about the Cold Constructed. Having no involvement in their creation he was also appaled when he did an independent investigation into the conditions they were under. He attempted to argue against the injustice of it all but by this point those that had fully entrenched themselves in the new political power structure of Cybertron had no reason to change how the tide was turning and Ratchet was "encouraged" to drop the subject.

Instead he went to ground and started illegally medically treating the Cold Constructed and any other bot that Nova, later Sentinel's, society was leaving behind. Many of the Cybertronians who served under Nova and didn't get involved in the government, plus a minority of politicians who were too afraid to actively speak out against the rest, respected Ratchet letting him get away and do what ever he wished to aid those that needed it.

Sentinel and those that he promoted were much less forgiving and the old mech found himself being turned away and in some cases attacked when trying to provide others with care. It started to seem hopeless but then Ratchet met a young Orion Pax and as time went on he began to see in him what Nova was like before the weight of his decisions and apathy let him compromise on the dream he had fir Cybertron. When Orion Pax returned on the scene as Optimus Prime, Ratchet decided this time he'd be working right along the new Prime and just maybe finally get the equal society where all can be treated well.

Sixshot

Throughout Cybertron's history there was organizations that seemed to possess abilities that went beyond what normal Cybertronian's should be capable of. The Six Clan of Cyber Ninja were one such group discovering techniques that not only let ones spark comfortably exist in a frame or alt mode it was not attuned to at creation but also increase the total number of forms one could become. Sixshot was the current leader of the clan when he revealed himself to the bit who would become Nova Prime. Seeing the Quintessons as an existential threat he broke the clans policy on neutrality and secrecy teaching the young leader how to have flight incorporated into his frame with a third mode to match, then actively fought to free Cybertron and unify it with Nova's forces.

When the conflict ended Sixshot took a majority of the Six Clan back into hiding at their monastery not having any interest in politic now that the threat had passed. Later when Sentinel took over he came not to recieve training but to challenge Sixshot for right to command him and his clan. Sentinel lost horribly and Sixshot scarred the Cybertronian leader stating to never try and find his clan again.

Years later though another would come to their door. This time a recently freed Megatron who had heard legend of the Six Clan from fellow gladiators. He chose to be humble and requested simply training for him and some of his men so they might better fight for their freedom. Sixshot after some negotiating agreed and trained many of these at the time Autobots. Some stand outs include Megatron actually managing to master four modes the three besides robot being a tank, heavy armored fighter jet, and a cannon; A newer recruit Soundwave learned the secrets of size shifting and stealth; Springer who was part of another group of rebellious working bots called the Wreckers became a triple changer; One of Optimis Prime's lieutenants Jazz learned the fighting styles and weapons of the cyber ninja but kept to a single alt mode type he was forged with; One final student of note was a fellow miner of Megatron's Lugnut who desired strength and the ability to fly because he was injured and unable to chase after "Glorious Megatron" when his leader had been abducted and taken to Kaon, while not able to mentally match the Cyber Ninja mentality at all he did succeed in his goals even adapting a cyber ninja fighting move into what he called a Punch Of Kill Everything.

Once these students were trained Sixshot wished them well and expected Cybertron to be back to peaceful so he could go back to looking after his clan in peaceful isolation. Instead later still Megatron returned again. This time not humble but like Sentinel before him demanding a challenge to command the Six Clan as part of his now independent Decepticon faction. Unlike Sentinel, Megatron could back up his talk and defeats Sixshot. From then on the Six Clan were sworn to the Decepticon cause whether they wished to be or not and became a deadly force in Megatron's new war against the Autobots.

#transformers #maccadam #pretendformers au #megatron #optimus prime #orian pax #autobots #decepticons #ratchet #sixshot #things were feeling a bit too dark so sprinkled in some cyber ninjas #I will fill in more backstories later and also more details on the hiding as human shenanigans this AU was based on #Lugnut #Soundwave #Jazz #Springer

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theblogs2024 · 5 months ago

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The Art Of Filmmaking: A Tutorial to Crafting Cinematic Masterpieces

Filmmaking is a robust medium that mixes storytelling, Visible artistry, and complex precision to build compelling narratives. No matter whether you’re an aspiring director, a seasoned cinematographer, or just a film enthusiast, comprehending the fundamentals of filmmaking is important to producing significant-top quality videos. During this weblog put up, we’ll explore the essential factors of filmmaking, from pre-output to post-production, to assist you deliver your creative vision to existence.

one. Pre-Output: Laying the inspiration Each great movie starts off that has a sound plan. Pre-creation involves scripting, budgeting, casting, area scouting, and storyboarding. This phase makes sure that each depth is diligently deemed right before filming commences. A nicely-structured script and a clear eyesight assist streamline the generation method, conserving time and assets.

2. Manufacturing: Bringing the Story to Daily life The production phase is exactly where the magic occurs. Administrators, cinematographers, and actors collaborate to capture scenes that align With all the movie’s vision. Camera angles, lights, and seem play a vital purpose in generating the specified temper and tone. Successful communication amongst the crew users is crucial to executing Just about every shot seamlessly.

youtube

three. Submit-Production: Refining the Final Solution The moment filming wraps up, article-production commences. This phase incorporates modifying, audio design, Visible results, and color grading. Expert editors piece alongside one another footage to make a coherent and fascinating Tale. Tunes and sound results increase psychological effect, when coloration correction adds a sophisticated, cinematic touch.

four. Distribution and Promotion: Sharing Your Perform with the earth Following finalizing the film, the next move is distribution and advertising. Whether or not you select standard theaters, movie festivals, or streaming platforms, advertising is essential to reaching your viewers. Social websites, trailers, and press releases can generate Excitement and draw in viewers for your masterpiece.

Summary Filmmaking is actually a dynamic and rewarding process that requires creativeness, dedication, and technological skills. By mastering Every stage of output, you'll be able to transform your Tips into fascinating cinematic activities. Whether you’re producing limited films, documentaries, or element-duration flicks, The important thing to accomplishment lies in passion, perseverance, and constant Finding out. So, get your camera, start filming, and convey your tales to daily life!

Check out more details here: Severance Season 2

#Severance #Severance Season 2 #Behind the Scenes #Film Crew #Film Crew Roles #Filmmaking #young filmmakers #video production #Youtube

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luchicm04 · 1 year ago

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lost in the forest - part 32

Masterlist

Summary: Who would have thought a simple, 30 year old girl would have the most powerful men at the time in her debt.

Pairing: Senju Tobirama/Original Female Character

Tag: #lost in the forest fic

posted on ao3

Word Count: 3.8k

That's all I've posted on Ao3 so far. From now on, updates will be posted all at once, so you will probably will have to wait a few days or weeks for me to continue to carry on the story.

Overall warnings: canon-typical violence, adult content, time skips, angst

It is a beautiful summer day. Her heart is light as the preparations are evident in light decorations. It is not the only engagement celebrated in the same month, but it is the most important one.

She feels nervous when taking a bath. Karen sometimes thinks it’s unreal as she walks through the hallways of that house.

She wants to see the optimism. There have been days of slight depression due to the weight of the true meaning of this, a phase that she should have planned with her family and in her style... An old dream that was taken from her hands and transformed by circumstances beyond her control.

Adapting it to the culture of this reality... “Karen-san... do not look so sad.” Someone catches her attention just as she enters the room. Mito has been a regular visitor who has begun to notice certain patterns in her behavior.

Creepy... but she has to assume that it is normal for a kunoichi of her caliber. She knows that her fame precedes her and even if she is a princess, she is just as infamous as Madara or Hashirama.

“I... am I?” she frowns with her heart clenched. She tries to smile but judging by the eyes of her partner, it’s easy not to believe it. “I just... I’ll be fine.”

“Karen-san, it is your engagement...” the redhead sighs, getting up from her bed to show that the yukata and every decoration has already been prepared. Her room is adjusted to these changes and the preparations that will be carried out. “Did you really want to get married?”

“Uh...” She blinks remembering what Hashirama warned her. She smiles, taking the hand of the restless kunoichi who surely is already beginning to suspect something, and shakes her head. “It’s not that, I just... wish my family would be here.”

“Why did you not send a letter?” the young woman asks curiously.

“It’s not as easy as sending a letter to contact them...” she accepts with a bleeding heart. Saying it out loud is so difficult... that she prefers to keep it to herself.

“Oh...”

“My father always told me that he hoped I would find my... partner,” she says, remembering the uncomfortable conversations with her father who was so convinced that she could still, if she decided, get married. Being the eldest, they had high expectations of that kind. “They would like to participate in this.”

“I am sorry to hear that. To impersonate your mother or sister... I would never do it.”

“I’m sure neither would mind,” she mocks, remembering both people with affection. The latter wasn’t the most organized considering her entertainment tastes, but that wasn’t the point now, right? She looks at Mito. “So don’t worry. Besides, you’re nervous to, aren’t you...?”

“Well, yes,” she blushes. “Hashirama has talked with me regarding... the room we will use in the main complex.”

“I see. At least he lets you participate. Tobirama always ignores me,” she rolls her eyes remembering that this house will be part of her legacy in this reality. Every stroke, every distribution and detail were instructed by the albino without consulting her. In addition to garden things she loves to see from the backyard.

They may be on the grounds of the main complex, but they are still independent.

“Oh, really?”

“Yes. He is a bit... obsessive,” she mockes, remembering how detailed he is with regard to her tastes. She doesn’t know how, but he has managed to make use of them without even asking her directly, like her office in the back, the three rooms that have been prepared, the kitchen, the hall... everything is spacious in its own way.

It is surprising that even now she is discovering.

And refining.

“I imagine,” the redhead laughs amused.

“Karen-san?” Mikami asks as she enters to look at her. “You have not put on your underdress yet,” she complains about her when she notices her talking to the redhead, looking between them with slight scolding.

“Sorry, we got distracted.” Karen was sincere with a soft laugh towards the girl who has carried most of her things in this process, along with Kaori and now Mito. She has been extra help for the infamous fiancé.

“It shows,” the newcomer says. “The Daimyo has arrived,” she informs so casually.

“Uh...”

“My... that man is really shameless.” Mito looks upset. Without telling her the whole story, she knows what the man’s interest in personally seeing her event is about. One thing she is sure she doesn’t know if she will do for Hashirama and Madara.

And whose rumors have already arisen in both compounds.

Annoying.

“He is an opportunist,” Mikami huffs to look at her with a pout. “But that is not the point now. You have to prepare!”

“There are still some hours left, right?”

“Valuable time to get you ready,” her friend complains looking at Mito, who is taking out various items from a huge scroll. Makeup, combs, decorations... every irritating thing possible to wear that she simply allows to be placed.

She is not in the mood for this and even if she must pretend, she can rest for now.

The day will be long. Karen is sure of it.

──

She once thought that all this was strange, hostile and external to her daily life. A city girl who fell after a vacation, so far from her home that it is unreal... another world, another nation with abilities that she never imagined and has not gotten used to them.

She is at the mercy of all of them... but thanks to whoever is having fun with her destiny, she has been thrown into a less bad place.

Of course, she will get married against her will. The person who has taken that job is not the most pleasant, but she knows there are worse things, remembering what cruel fate she was about to be sent to when she thought she was free the first time.

Women are bargaining chips, something that Karen did not expect would be applied to her, but now it is... walking slowly towards where the fiancé waits among elegant decorations that enhance the beauty of the enormous patio decorated by nature, flowers and scattered seats under the forum where the person in charge waits to present their engagement.

Formalizing it.

Tobirama looks striking in a matching yukata with a solemn posotion that she almost envies, there observing her closely with those red eyes that she was once afraid of. He is not hostile, he looks serene and very strange from her point of view, considering how bitter he usually is.

There is silence. Many people are observing the process where the view and expectations are set as the event follows its own rhythm. Each word delivered, promises and gifts are notorious between both in this exchange.

Without a family, the dowry is given by Hashirama himself, who has taken it as his duty to throw her into the engagement. She sees the Daimyo in the background, attentive to her every word according to the agenda, while the vows are delivered with incense beginning to flood her nostrils.

She coughs a little, still not used to the smell.

“Are you alright?” Tobirama questions. She can’t deny that up close he looks elegant and... strangely handsome. It amuses her because of her crazy thoughts. He is a rather serious young man with those eyes that annoyingly don’t leave her.

“Yes... I just inhaled a little bit of the smell,” she comments in English without drawing attention of the others, while the person in charge of such a presentation begins the final step.

She squeezes her yukata. It feels unreal and she wants to cry but holds it in when she feels the warmth of someone holding her hand. She is surprised, but subtly accepts the moral support that Tobirama shows her.

She supposes it is difficult to hide everything she has carried, but she endures with honor until the end. She listens to the applause of those present at an event that is so non-private due to the political weight it holds.

This is the second most important after Hashirama’s engagement.

And the wedding... she will face that later.

The shinobi next to her helps her get up in silence while everyone looks happy. “Uh...” she doesn’t avoid saying when she feels the rough hand of whom is her official fiancé wipe something from her cheek.

“Do not look so sad,” he states with his sullen tone but with some warmth that makes her blink realizing what is happening, embarrassed to feel that it was a tear that was running down the outline of her dolled up face.

She didn’t know it was starting to drip.

“I’m sorry, I just...” Karen sighs trying to control her feelings. Tobirama takes her face lightly, with his fingers still cleaning what she’s preventing from coming out.

“...” The shinobi is not the best at consoling, and she sees the discomfort along with other things reflected in his eyes.

“I’ll be fine...” She takes a deep breath to smile uncomfortable with such attention. “Maybe... I just needed time.”

“What a great joy it is to see that you are so happy, Saucedo-san,” the Daimyo interrupts with a soft and suspicious smile between the two.

“Yes... I’m very happy,” she clarifies before her tears are misinterpreted depending on the perspective in which they are placed. She takes the hand of the person who is like a statue next to her, wanting to erase everything she feels in order to pretend a little more. “I am very glad you came,” she bows gently.

“Not at all. Today, you are the star, so leave the formalities behind,” the infamous leader of these lands says. “It is a shame that I could not have you in my harem... you would have been interesting.”

“Sir...” Tobirama is not insolent, but he does interrupt before this turns into a one-sided flirtation, shameless and ignoring the fiancé who raises his eyebrow. “Welcome to our home.”

“Oh, of course,” he dismisses gently. “I brought some presents. I hope you do not mind,” he impertinently adds, handing over a series of boxes that are placed in the front.

There are many watching, others whispering for such attention.

“We appreciate the gesture,” Tobirama throws his own comment by squeezing her hand lightly, taking care of this part as best as he can.

So elegant and diplomatic, it’s confusing.

“Good. It is saddening that I cannot stay for the celebration,” Shinji admits with a wink in her direction. “If you ever go to the capital, do not hesitate to visit me. You will always be welcome. Especially you, Saucedo-san... your talks are entertaining.”

“Thank you,” the girl accepts with restlessness to see the man leave as if nothing had happened.

“...” Tobirama doesn’t stop looking at her while more people come to congratulate the couple. Each hug is notorious between words of encouragement and how she managed to catch someone so cold in a not-so-subtle way.

More from the women who have been watching their steps.

She sighs, pretending and keeping up with the rhythm for a long time.

The discomfort and sadness did not go away the entire time... rather, they were increased by fatigue.

──

The first dance is important. She tries not to step on the feet of the person maintaining most of the rhythm with agility and training. Tobirama has shown to have many skills and corrects her mistakes with subtlety.

“...” Karen does not avoid smiling ironically despite her heavy heart.

Tobirama doesn’t say anything but has remained steadfast in his closeness.

“Try not to step on me,” the infamous shinobi complains to the applause of those who watch the couple.

Each step, each raising of the sake is firm for the good wishes of those who hold her hands in a supposed happiness that she still does not fully feel.

“I don’t promise anything,” she comments because she only went over this part a few times with Mikami. Perhaps she should have paid more attention so as to stop getting embarrassed in the future.

Hashirama is in the background with Mito, whispering things between them that she can see from her point of view. At least Madara didn’t come. Otherwise, it would be more disgraceful as the man is so direct and tactless that he surely wouldn’t be subtle.

The idiot is ungrateful.

“Pay attention.”

“I am,” she sighs at her partner’s scolding.

“It does not seem like it.”

“I’m sorry, I just...” she huffs because the dignified step with these shows is not comfortable. “Be nicer.”

“...” The shinobi frowns but ignores her. There is a spin at the end to finish with a light squeeze to her waist, which makes her uncomfortable due to such an approach.

More so since she cleaned her face a while ago... it’s weird.

“Tobirama?”

“We have to eat,” he orders dryly to carry her to the place where dinner will soon be presented. She wants to say a lot but ends up smiling by force of habit.

Not because she’s sorry, but because it’s what they expect of her.

So, she sits obediently, willing to ignore who is next to her.

For now, she just maintains the façade...

──

The food is traditional, prepared by familiar hands who made an effort to make it worthy of the engagement. Karen feels her feet sore from the typical shoes of the beautiful yukata she owns, sitting in an elegant position and with a pair of chopsticks, she takes light bites with the feeling of her hungry stomach. At least that didn’t disappear by the anxiety of this day.

Tobirama is at her side as serious and firm as a bitter old gargoyle who hasn’t taken his eyes off her form since they sat down after such a disturbing dance. And she doesn’t know if it’s worry or something else.

“You know you can tell me anything you want, right?” she says, still sitting in the middle of the event while many begin to go with their own routine in this type of tradition.

A dance with almost oriental music that makes her curious, because she knows it is not. But she lets it be, because this event was expected by many. A moment of relaxation away from the adaptation of the new compound or the stress of the neighboring clan.

“...” The albino raises his eyebrow at her comment. He hasn’t tried his food and that’s curious.

“We are engaged, aren’t we? Communication is important.”

“...I have seen it for a while,” he assures with a controlled and flat tone, typical of the ice floe that he usually is and today it is not surprising.

“...?”

“Marrying is that bad... is it not?”

Karen sighs, looking at her plate again. “It’s not that. It’s something that we both came to accept, right?”

“I told you about my seasons before.”

“Then why do you want to clarify it today?” she blinks because they had many days to go over everything, something that he himself has taken the lead in organizing.

“Your tears...”

She blushes slightly due to the shame of showing that face to the young man. “I’m sorry about that, it wasn’t my intention,” she says because at least the Daimyo interpreted it as happiness.

He looks at the people around with a serious face, ignoring her comment to cross her arms dignified. “I told you, I will not do anything you do not want. This is... you know what it is.”

“Yes, but you know... even if it’s just... a façade,” she changes the language to English to make it easier to hide her intentions. Karen looks at the man directly. Even if it’s not the place, she feels she should clarify it. “I remembered my family... they would have liked to participate in this.”

“Even if it is just a lie?”

“Even if it is,” she accepts distantly. “My sister... she used to tell me what her wedding would be like when she got married. My parents were anxious for me to find a partner... but a long time passed, years without me focusing on it.”

“...”

“They would be happy for me... and even if it’s not what I dreamed of, it’s something I didn’t imagine I would do,” she laughs a little at the irony. Her plans were never this and now saying it clearly to whom listen attentively, it is confusing and makes her feel stupid. “I’m sorry to tell you this, I know you may not understand.”

“You underestimate me.”

“I don’t, I just... it’s a thing of my culture,” she explains looking at the happy people.

“Hashirama told me a little about... your thoughts.”

“Mph...” she mocks because she has talked more with his older brother than with him regarding this.

“And I know that we both had different ideas.”

“Very different.”

“I am a shinobi. I do not make promises,” Tobirama clarifies looking directly at her, capturing her attention with a hard and clear gesture. “But... you will not be unhappy.”

Karen wants to make fun of this, because he was not the first to make her life difficult at this point. “You have changed.”

“...”

“And do you ensure that... even if I’m a civilian?”

“Even if you are,” Tobirama accepts. “I assure you.”

“Well...” She just sighs, taking another bite of her abandoned food. “Believe it or not, I don’t know what to say about it,” she states with a chuckle. “But I appreciate the intention of lifting my spirits... in your sullen way.”

“Idiot.”

“Ohh... come on, don’t be a jerk,” the girl mocks with a knowing smile to whom rolls his eyes. Her sadness might not be completely erased, nor her upset feelings about this whole topic, but the words spoken in his tone way have comforted her in a way.

She looks at that night’s stars that are starting to appear. The engagement doesn’t look so bad now that it’s done.

Formally, she will soon be part of the Senju.

And she is still not convinced about being called by this last name.

──

Madara arrived almost after a few hours. She notices how everyone remains silent as he makes his way into that beautiful venue where the engagement was arranged. There are people who look with different degrees of contained irritation that they do not hide.

However, the infamous Uchiha does it on purpose, ignoring them until he reaches the spot where the engaged are present.

One of the few who knows the reality of this commitment.

“Wow... you don’t look that bad,” he mocks with unsubtle, sarcastic touches.

“Madara,” Tobirama frowns next to her. Despite the daily dealings and bureaucratic matters as a group, there is still slight hostility.

“Madara!” Hashirama laughs from his place, appearing to interrupt anything they could say. “I didn’t think you would come.”

“We are allies, idiot,” the infamous Uchiha leader growls with a silent Izuna behind him. He rolls his eyes at such an interpretation of the facts while many feel offended by that form of address to their leader.

“Don’t be mean.” The leader becomes noticeably depressed, making her laugh a little because of the typical nature of their relationship.

“Madara-san, I’m glad you came,” Karen says with an amused blink.

“I couldn’t help but take a look at this,” the infamous leader shrugs to throw something in the direction of the woman, caught by her fiancé with agility. “It was for her.”

“She does not have our reaction time, idiot,” Tobirama comments while his brother laughs openly.

Karen wonders if it is too rude to leave to eat another place of food. She is hungry and notices that many people are unwilling to enter this intense social circle.

“Wow... engagement has made you soft, Senju,” Izuna adds mockingly.

“Shut up, Izuna.”

“Guys,” Karen interrupts before this moment becomes intense. She tries to take the scroll from the hands of the shinobi who only arches his eyebrow into place.

“It’s a gift for her,” Madara crosses his arms intimidatingly as always. “In case this idiot does something to you.”

“Madara!”

“You know she is a civilian. And even if there is...”

“Madara, don’t say it,” Hashirama scolds.

“I know,” the man with wild hair rolls his eyes. “If you need something, don’t hesitate to ask. It’s not my business but you have done a lot of work for my clan. You are useful even though you are a civilian... so, I owe you.”

“Thank you,” Karen laughs, feeling silly about this attention.

“There is no need,” Tobirama complains, and then looks at his brother who gives him a harsh gesture. Reluctantly, he hands the scroll to the woman next to him. “I hope you do not use it.”

Karen feels awkward, but she takes it. It’s like a written promise that she doesn’t understand. Maybe she should ask Mito about it.

“I’m hungry,” Madara cuts this strange atmosphere hard and arches his eyebrow at Hashirama, who laughs amused by such a change, offering a space at his table not far from them.

Karen takes another look at the scroll.

“They will support if the Senju clan does not,” Tobirama explains with a firm tone. “It is a promise, a written deal from the Uchiha clan... if it becomes necessary for you to seek shelter and protection.”

“Oh...” she blinks due to the weight of this gift. “Can that be done?”

“An extra protection from anything you do not want,” the man accepts, watching the only two Uchiha talk at Hashirama’s table.

“He’s not that bad.”

“I know,” the man bends his mouth, not liking what this treaty really means. Karen doesn’t take much notice of it but keeps this just in case.

It’s not that she believes the man is capable of doing something that harms her, and just the intention hurts the morale of whom is by her side. “Don’t worry. I don’t think I will need it.” She decides it’s better to say that before the man imagines things in his head.

“...”

“You can be annoying, serious and bitter, but I know that your words are not empty,” she easily shrugs.

“It was not necessary for you to say all of the above... you know that, right?”

“For me, it was,” she laughs a little more, mocking the attitude of her fiancé, who snorts words under his breath that are difficult to hear, which makes her raise her eyebrow.

At least until Mito and Mikami decided to take her. Because they had to close the event and as a future bride, she had to start her own work, and what better way than having a meeting between girls.

The closest ones... giving way to this new stage of her life with various feelings that she has begun to work to overcome. It was not as bad as she had imagined.

She somewhat trusts the words of the Senjus.

Karen wants to believe, clinging to their non-promise.

A/N: As you can see, her engagement is now official and like any adult over 30 years old, Karen tends to be apprehensive and somewhat clinging to her feelings along with her worries, increased by the nostalgia of these days that has accumulated exploding on that day.

It wasn’t her dream... but there she is, somewhat faking her position. At least Tobirama has assured her in a way things that she didn’t know she wanted to hear. Even without understanding it much, I help him.

What will happen now? Have the other clans already started to join? It’s one step at a time and like in real life, things will just fall into place.

Thank you for your comments.

Author-chan out!

#lost in the forest fic #warring states period #angst #senju tobirama #tobirama x reader #tobirama x oc #ocs #hashirama senju #naruto #naruto shippuden #naruto fanfiction #uchiha madara #uchiha izuna #luchipuchi's writing

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materialsscienceandengineering · 1 year ago

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In a solid state diffusion couple in a system with intermetallics, what determines which IMC forms first? I assume kinetics on some level, but do we know why some form first?

Long post warning!

TL;DR: It depends on the temperature and pressure the diffusion occurs at, as well as the exact composition of the components of the diffusion couple, due to the effect these values have on the diffusion coefficients (and interdiffusion coefficient), which determine the rate at which diffusion occurs. The why is generally (mostly) understood - the what depends heavily on processing conditions and is often unknown.

Okay, this one's more complicated than most of what I post here, so there's some definitions under the cut if you need more info. (Defined terms: diffusion; intermetallics/IMCs; solid state diffusion couples; interdiffusion; activation energy; diffusion coefficient/diffusivity.)

Short answer, yes, it's kinetics. The long answer is that it's dependent on the rate of diffusion of each component (diffusivity), which is dependent on activation energy. Knowing that isn't enough to just predict which IMC forms first though - there's actually still a lot unknown here, if you're talking about a diffusion couple between intermetallic AB and CD (wherein each letter represents an element). The growth kinetics of every element under every possible condition is hard enough, let alone every potential compound. So let's start with a simpler example, diffusion between two pure elements. Here's an example article discussing formation of intermetallics between Al and Cu (2022 article) - even here, this is new research that doesn't fully answer the question for every processing condition, but it does demonstrate how one might go about predicting/determining which IMC forms first.

While diffusion isn't a phase transformation per se, it still involves the formation of new phases, so a phase diagram can tell you which phases are possible. The actual phases that form are heavily dependent on processing. In the above example article, there are five possible intermetallic phases in the temperature range the authors are interested in, and they site a few examples of prior research with different processing, wherein different IMCs formed (anywhere from 2 to all 5). The best way to know what's going to form is simply to run the experiment, although modeling is becoming more and more popular as computational materials science improves.

What it all really comes down to is activation energy (it almost always comes down to energy: whatever costs the least energy, the universe will let happen). The thing is, as stated above, a lot of times we don't know the activation energy. The above example paper experimentally determines the rate constant, which they use to get the activation energy for each intermetallic. Activation energy then influences diffusion coefficients.

But that can't always be used to determine which forms first; and, indeed, in the above example it isn't enough. Changing directions slightly, we can turn to something called the effective heat of formation model, wherein the intermetallic with the lowest value will form first. We could also look directly at Gibbs free energy, which can get... complicated (involving a lot of math, including factors based on electron distribution differences, size differences, etc.). It gets even more complicated too for the second intermetallic, because now you've got two interfaces between the original components and the first intermetallic formed.

Another example article here (2011 article) is the diffusion between a steel alloy pure aluminum, including the effect of silicon (essentially the Fe-Si-Al intermetallic system). They list three reasons: chemical potentials; nucleation conditions; and mobilities of constituent elements. Different terminology, but essentially the same discussion. Chemical potential isn't equal to activity or activity coefficients, but they're very closely linked (resource), and mobility is essentially the diffusion coefficient (again relying on activity). The only new reason is the nucleation conditions, as new phases can't form if they don't have nucleation sites; this can be neglected in some theoretical discussions, but obviously is important in real world situations.

So generally speaking, yes, we know why some form first (lower energy required), but we can't always predict what those are going to be just by knowing the components of a diffusion couple. This is a complicated question, with a lot more factors I haven't touched on, and if my answer is confusing (or I haven't properly answered the question at all!), or you want me to expand on any of the points, please let me known and I'll try to give more info!

Additional reading:

Effective heat of formation model: 1996 article, 1991 article

Complicating things by considering grain size/grain boundaries: 2015 article

Example in the Zr-Mo/W system: 2023 article

Additional aluminum-steel alloy systems information: 2022 article

General articles about diffusion in metals and IMCs: 1996 article, 2009 article

[As always, if you know more about the topic and I've gotten something wrong, please correct me (with sources)!]

Diffusion: Diffusion is the net movement of anything (atoms, energy, particles, etc.), generally from a region of higher concentration to lower concentration (definition from Wikipedia; MIT Courseware; book chapter). Intermetallics/IMC: Intermetallics, also sometimes referred to as intermetallic compounds (IMC), are solid phases containing, at minimum, two or more metallic elements with a different crystal structure than the components (definition from Wikipedia; 2013 article; intermetallics in soldering). Solid state diffusion couples: Solid-state diffusion, therefore, is diffusion that takes place between solid phases. Solid-state diffusion couples, therefore, are just bringing two materials into contact in such a manner (usually at elevated temperatures and/or pressures) that the materials begin to diffuse into each other (2017 book chapter; Princeton definition; solid-state diffusion).

Interdiffusion: There are different types of diffusion, such as self-diffusion and interdiffusion; interdiffusion is just diffusion between two different materials, i.e., material A diffusing into material B. (University of Cambridge)

Activation energy: the energy required for a chemical reaction to occur. (LibreTexts) (2018 article)

Diffusion coefficient/diffusivity: This is essentially the rate of a component's diffusion, which varies based on temperature and pressure. It is physically dependent on atom size and bonding, among other factors, and mathematically dependent on the activity coefficients/activation energy of the components. If the diffusivity of material A is higher than material B, A will move into B faster than B moves into A. See University of Cambridge link for Interdiffusion, as well as: (University of Utah) (Thermopedia)

#Materials Science #Science #Diffusion #Intermetallics #Replies

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industrynewsupdates · 8 months ago

Text

Future of Power Transformer Market: Innovations and Developments

The global power transformer market was valued at USD 22.83 billion in 2022 and is anticipated to expand at a compound annual growth rate (CAGR) of 7.1% from 2023 to 2030. This growth is primarily driven by the increasing demand for electricity in both emerging and developed countries, coupled with significant investments in infrastructure. As urbanization and industrialization continue to accelerate, the need for reliable and efficient power distribution systems is expected to fuel market growth. Additionally, the rising focus on modernizing the existing energy grid systems and improving energy efficiency will be key factors driving the demand for power transformers over the forecast period.

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#Power Transformer Market #Power Transformer Market Analysis #Power Transformer Market Report #Power Transformer Industry

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habitual-creatures · 10 months ago

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I stole borrowed an absolute ANCIENT biology book from my dad lmao, too bad it’s in French tho :(

What in the fuck-

Where did your dad even get that?

ps. According to google translate lens. This is what it's garnered:

to establish for the form are also numerous for the volume. The latter can vary in quite large proportions, and, while we find very many nodules on the same subject, they do not generally exceed the volume of a pinhead or a grain of hemp. When, on the contrary, they are isolated, they can reach the volume of a hazelnut, be very apparent under the skin; but it is very rare that they reach these proportions. The most frequent cases are those where the encounter of the dimension of a grain of wheat.

on Number. It is essentially laughable; often we have found only two or three on each leg of the subject examined; sometimes, but more rarely, we have found only one; other times, it was a veritable colony of very small grains rolling under the finger like grains of lead. Chemical composition. From a chemical point of view, these nodules all contain carbonate of lime. In some of them, the presence of calcareous phosphate is beyond doubt. Hydrochloric acid, when poured on one of these pulverized nodules, causes a lively effervescence. A solution is then obtained

true, we have by dense fubrous, lamellae, isolated spaces, flat- tis, oblong, bone lacunae or osteoplasts, which, extended with water and treated with ammonium oxalate, gives a precipitate of lime oxalate. This same liquid, treated with ammonium sulphate, gnesis and ammonia, gives a white gelatinous precipitate of ammonium-magnesium phosphate. Histological characteristics. All the nodules that we submitted to microscopic examination remained for about 60 hours in one-third formic acid, to be decalcified and then immersed in 90º alcohol for 24 hours. The sections that were made on these nodules were always perpendicular to their major axis, because their shape is more often elongated or oval than round.

business anastomosed between them by canaliculi which put them in communication. This preparation of ossified nodules gives rise to many disappointments. Indeed, depending on the degree of hardening of the nodules, the shell which surrounds them is more or less eburned. Now, formic acid acts slowly in decalcification when the bone is eburned, so that after three days this shell is still very hard and sometimes chips the razor. On the other hand, very often this shell does not completely surround the nodule, and formic acid, penetrating easily inside, destroys almost the entire central part and especially what is adipose. It is understandable that it was difficult to have the appearance of the shell and the cavity of the nodule on the same preparation: it was only after numerous failures that we were able to note the drawing of a section of these bone nodules, an absolutely typical drawing, and which, showing fatty vesicles in the center, leaves no doubt as to the origin of these nodules (figure 1).

Fig. 4. Third stage of calcification.

All around we see a large cortical layer, entirely eburnated and stratified with scattered and rather rare bony corpuscles. In all this compact substance we see no trace of vessels. What is striking is the concentric arrangement of the lamellae and the irregularly distributed corpuscles. In the center, we see a rounded and sinuous cavity, containing fatty vesicles with walls thickened by a calcareous deposit. In other cases, the nodules are not due

In real bone we were able to follow, so to speak, the phases of development and calcareous transformation. We make a detailed historical description of it, in order to clearly show the process of this transformation.

Have fun with that hell segment. I don't even know if it's right.

#Evan speaks 🗡 🎞#evan emh ask blog #evan rp blog #answered asks #ask response

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ettgroups-in · 2 years ago

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Powering India with Efficiency ETT Groups — A Leading Manufacturer Distribution Transformer in India

In the heart of India's industrial powerhouse, Indore, lies a company dedicated to the efficient flow of electricity - ETT Groups Manufacturer Distribution Transformer in India. As a leading distribution transformer manufacturer in India, they've been quietly powering homes, industries, and infrastructure for over decades.

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33-108 · 11 months ago

Text

"क्रम [Krama]

About the name क्रम (Krama)

Kashmir Śaivism is known as the Trika System. The word “Trika” means “the threefold science of a person and his world” with the goal to enable one’s rise from individuality to universality. The Krama (क्रम) system is one of four subsystems that comprise the Trika system.

Based on the Kālīkula (Kālī worship) branch of Tantric Śaivism, this uniquely Kaśhmirian lineage called itself the Krama (‘sequence’) or the Mahānāya (‘great way’) in reference to its radical non-dualist approach to Yoga, which internalized ritual worship of goddesses as the cyclical phases (krama) of one’s own awareness; jīvanmukti (‘liberation while living’). The Krama (‘Sequence’ or ‘Cycle’), derives its name from the representation of awareness and cognition as cyclical stages / phases of awareness that are compared to goddess manifestations of the formless Kālī, the heart of consciousness itself. The Krama was the most philosophically non-dual among the schools of Kashmiri Śhaivism. The Krama system moves in space and time, but finally leads to Paramaśiva, who is beyond space and time [3].

In the words of Swamy Lakshmanjoo, “The twelve Kalis are said to be the twelve movements of any one cognition. For example, if you look at any object such as a pot, the sensation travels from your thought to the place of the pot, and then returns again from the place of the pot to your thought, giving you the sensation whereby you realize this pot. You do not realize this pot at the place of the pot, you realize this pot in your mind. Your perception has moved from inside to the pot, and then returned again from the pot to your thought. And these movements are distributed in twelve ways as the twelve Kalis in the Krama system.” [1]

The 12 Kālī-s controlling any process of perception are split into three groups of 4 each, where the first 4 represent the “knowable or object”, the next 4 for knowledge and means of knowledge/perception, and the final 4 for the “subject” (the perceiver), respectively [2].

Group 1: The Object

Sṛṣṭikālī

Raktākālī

Sthitināśakālī

Yamakālī

Group 2: For knowledge and means of knowledge or perception

Saṁhārakālī

Mṛtyukālī

Bhadrakālī or Rudrakālī

Mārtaṇḍakālī

Group 3: For the subject (the knower or perceiver)

Paramārkakālī

Kālāgnirudrakālī

Mahākālakālī

Mahābhairavaghoracaṇḍakālī or Mahābhairavacaṇḍograghorakālī

The fourth goddess in each of the three groups (object, knowledge/means of knowledge, subject) is the unmentionable / unspeakable aspect (anākhyā) of the previous three goddesses, i.e., she makes the products of those three goddesses “unmentionable, unspeakable”. Therefore, the fourth goddess is always indefinable regarding the previous three goddesses.

Group 1 Kālī-s:

Sṛṣṭikālī - the creation of the object of knowledge in Parasamvit (Srishti).

Raktākālī - preservation of the object of knowledge, which is the external manifestation of the subject himself (Sthiti).

Sthitināśakālī - the disappearance of the object, that is, the completion of its own existence, its external manifestation (Samhara).

Yamakālī - when transcendental consciousness goes beyond the limits of perception of objects of knowledge and at the same time all processes in them, as distinct from themselves. Objective transcendence (Anakhya).

Group 2 Kālī-s:

Saṁhārakālī - this state is somewhat similar to Sṛṣṭikālī in that the object is being perceived, but in Sṛṣṭikālī the object is different from you, and in Samharakali it is both different and you (Srishti).

Mṛtyukālī is a process of knowing the disappearance of the appearance of an object in itself, but at the same time the object does not collapse, but returns to its source, through which it manifested itself. (Sthiti)

Bhadrakālī - the ability to transform experienced objects stored in memory, for example, in the process of acquiring more perfect, transcendental knowledge (Samhara).

Mārtaṇḍakālī - a group of twelve senses (indriyas), including the five senses of perception, the five organs of action, manas and buddhi, is like the shining of the sun. Ahamkara (Ego), despite the fact that in other contexts it is recognized as an inner feeling, it is not considered as such here, because it is identical with the subject, because it has every object that the indriya can relate to. All indriyas function only when they are connected with Ahamkara, just like an axe acts when it interacts with the hand. Thus, Mārtaṇḍakālī is nothing more than Parasamvit because it leads to the merging of the twelve indriyas, where they completely lose themselves and become nameless. For the same reason, the Mārtaṇḍakālī corresponds to the Anakya Shakti (Anakhya).

Group 3 Kālī-s:

Paramārkakālī - the power by which the enlightenment of all aspects of the true “I” occurs. It is a creative force in relation to its limited and transcendental ego (Srishti).

Kālāgnirudrakālī - also called Mahakali, because it contains everything within itself, not excluding even time. Awareness of the integration of your own “I” with all its eternal aspects (Sthiti).

Mahākālakālī - an experience that characterizes Mahākālakālī - “I am all that.” But there is a higher experience in which the element “it” is missing. The difference between these two experiences is that the first “I” rests on “this”, and the last “this” exists without the “I”, remaining within itself. Parasamvit is called Mahākālakālī, because it produces the fusion of “I”, which shines as opposed to “this”, as well as “I am all that” - in “Pure Self”, “Perfect I”, which is free from all relationships with “objectivity”, “this”. It represents the power of the destruction of the subject (Samhara).

Mahābhairavaghoracaṇḍakālī - “Perfect Self”, subject, object, means of knowledge and knowledge, are in complete identity with pure self- consciousness (Anakhya).

Although the Krama school existed even in the early Kaliyuga (around 5000 years ago) due to the efforts of the great sage Durvāsās, it was refounded by Erakanātha (also known as Śivānandanātha) in the late 7th century AD. This sage initiated only three disciples who were women: Keyūravatī, Madanikā and Kalyāṇikā. These three gurvī-s (female gurus) were very famous and extremely knowledgeable about the Krama school.

References

[1] Kashmir Shaivism: The Secret Supreme - Swamy Lakshmanjoo

[2] Nathas.org

[3] https://shaivayoga.com/kashmir-manuscripts_files/Intro_Krama.pdf"

- Krama Tantricism of Kashmir

#esoteric #occult #hinduism #shiva #tantra #goddess #bhairava #shakti #sanatanadharma

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