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nursingwriter · 4 months ago

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Medical Uses of Electromagnetic Radiation Electromagnetic radiation or EM radiation is "combination of oscillating electric and magnetic fields perpendicular to each other, moving through space as a wave, effectively transporting energy and momentum" (Electromagnetic pp). EM radiation is quantized as particles called photons, and the physics of electromagnetic radiation is electrodynamics, a sub-field of electromagnetism (Electromagnetic pp). Generally, EM radiation is classified by wavelength into electrical energy, radio, microwave, infrared, the visible region, ultraviolet, X-rays and gamma rays (Electromagnetic pp). Radiology is the branch of medicine that specializes in the use of X-rays, gamma rays, radioactive isotopes, and other forms of radiation used in the diagnosis and treatment of disease (Radiology pp). X-ray machines and fluoroscopes are an essential tool in diagnosing bone fractures, tumors, and other abnormalities of the internal organs (Radiology pp). The computerized axial tomography, or CAT, scan uses computer technology to focus X-rays on precise sections of the body, while, magnetic resonance imaging, MRI, uses "supercooled" magnets to focus radiation on very small areas of the body, rendering sharp detail (Radiology pp). "Radioactive isotopes are also employed in diagnosis, e.g. iodine-131 is used to confirm cases of suspected thyroid disorder. In radiotherapy, X rays, gamma rays, and other radiation sources are used in the treatment of cancer and related diseases" (Radiology pp). Vitamin D is produced by the action of ultraviolet radiation on ergosterol, a substance present in the human skin and in some lower organisms, and treatment or prevention of rickets often includes exposure of the body to natural or artificial ultraviolet light (Ultraviolet pp). This form of radiation also kills germs and is widely used to sterilize rooms, exposed body tissues, blood plasma, and vaccines (Ultraviolet pp). Gamma rays are used much the same way as X-rays, such as diagnostic purposes and as well as in the treatment of cancer (Gamma pp). Infrared radiation is thermal, or heat, radiation, and was first discovered by Sir William Herschel in 1800, "who was attempting to determine the part of the visible spectrum with the minimum associated heat in connection with astronomical observations he was making" (Infrared pp). Then in 1847, A.H.L. Fizeau and J.B.L. Foucault proved that infrared radiation has the same properties as visible light, being reflected, refracted, and capable of forming an interference pattern (Infrared pp). Infrared radiation is used in a number of medical purposes, ranging from the simple heat lamp to thermal imaging, or thermography (Infrared pp). "A thermograph of a person can show areas of the body where the temperature is much higher or lower than normal, thus indicating some medical problem" (Infrared pp). Works Cited Electromagnetic radiation http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electromagnetic_radiation Gamma rays http://www.bartleby.com/65/ga/gammarad.html Infrared http://www.answers.com/topic/infrared-1 Radiology http://www.bartleby.com/65/ra/radiolog.html Ultraviolet http://www.bartleby.com/65/ul/ultravio.html Read the full article

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mathew811w · 1 year ago

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Bearing Types in India-GLXB Bearing

Bearing Types in India: A Comprehensive Guide for Every Industry https://glidexbearings.com/ Bearings play a crucial role in various industries across India, enabling smooth and efficient operation of machinery and equipment. From massive turbines in power plants to delicate instruments in medical devices, bearings minimize friction and support moving parts. Understanding the different bearing types in India is essential for businesses and individuals alike, as it empowers them to make informed choices based on specific application requirements. This comprehensive guide delves into the various bearing types available in India, their unique characteristics, and their suitability for diverse applications.

Types of Bearings in India: https://glidexbearings.com/about-us-1/

Rolling Element Bearings: o Ball Bearings: The most common type, offering low friction and versatility. They are suitable for high-speed applications with moderate loads. Popular applications include electric motors, pumps, fans, and bicycles. o Roller Bearings: These bearings can handle heavier loads than ball bearings due to their increased line contact. They are available in various forms, including cylindrical, tapered, and needle rollers. Applications include rolling mills, gear drives, and conveyor systems. o Spherical Roller Bearings: Designed to accommodate misalignment between bearing races, making them ideal for applications with shaft deflection or uneven loads. They are commonly used in construction equipment, mining machinery, and agricultural equipment.

Plain Bearings: o Bushings: These are simple bearings made from various materials like bronze, brass, or composites. They offer low cost and are suitable for low-speed, low-load applications like oscillating parts or hinges. o Journal Bearings: These bearings consist of a shaft rotating within a lubricated sleeve. They are efficient at handling heavy loads and are often used in internal combustion engines, turbines, and gearboxes.

Deep Groove Ball Bearings: These are the most common type of ball bearing. They have a deep raceway groove on the inner and outer rings, which can accommodate a large number of balls. This design makes them versatile and suitable for a wide range of applications, including electric motors, pumps, fans, and bicycles.

Deep Groove Ball Bearing Angular Contact Ball Bearings: These bearings have an angled contact between the balls and the races. This design allows them to support both radial and axial loads (loads acting in the direction of the shaft). They are commonly used in applications such as machine tool spindles, gearboxes, and rolling mills.

Angular Contact Ball Bearing • Self-Aligning Ball Bearings: These bearings have a spherical outer raceway and a double row of balls. This design allows the inner ring and balls to swivel within the outer ring, accommodating misalignment between the bearing and the shaft. They are commonly used in agricultural machinery, construction equipment, and materials handling equipment.

SelfAligning Ball Bearing • Thrust Ball Bearings: These bearings are designed to support axial loads only. They have a flat raceway on one ring and a grooved raceway on the other. They are commonly used in applications such as clutches, thrust plates, and rotary tables.

Factors to Consider When Choosing Bearings in India: • Load Capacity: Select bearings that can handle the anticipated loads without excessive wear or fatigue. • Speed: Different bearing types have varying speed limitations. Consider the operating speed of your application when choosing a bearing. • Alignment: Some bearings are more tolerant of misalignment than others. Choose bearings that can accommodate the expected level of misalignment in your application. • Lubrication: Consider the lubrication requirements of the bearing and the operating environment. • Cost: Bearing prices vary depending on the type, material, and complexity. Choose a bearing that offers good value for your application. https://glidexbearings.com/contact-us/

Bearings find applications in various sectors in India, including: • Agriculture: Tractors, agricultural implements • Automotive: Cars, trucks, motorcycles, scooters • Construction: Construction equipment, earthmoving machinery • Energy: Power plants, wind turbines • Manufacturing: Machine tools, textile machinery, printing machinery • Healthcare: Medical devices, surgical instruments Conclusion: Understanding the different bearing types in India empowers businesses and individuals to make informed choices for their specific needs. By considering factors like load capacity, speed, alignment, lubrication, and cost, you can select the most suitable bearing for optimal performance, efficiency, and durability in your application. https://glidexbearings.com/category/bearings/ Additional Tips: • Regularly consult with bearing manufacturers or distributors in India for expert advice on choosing the right bearing type for your application. • Stay updated on the latest advancements in bearing technology to benefit from improved performance and efficiency. • Implement proper maintenance practices to ensure the longevity and optimal performance of your bearings. https://glidexbearings.com/products-catalogue/ By following these guidelines, you can ensure that your bearings operate smoothly and efficiently, contributing to the success of your operations in India.

#ball bearing #bearingtypes #ballbearingtypeinindia

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newnews24 · 1 year ago

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Bearing Types: Exploring the Diversity of Mechanical Bearings

Bearings are fundamental mechanical components widely used in various engineering applications to facilitate rotational or linear motion while reducing friction and supporting loads. This article explores the significance of bearings, their types, functions, and applications across different industries.

Grab a detailed PDF with more insights: https://www.transparencymarketresearch.com/sample/sample.php?flag=S&rep_id=1647

Importance of Bearings:

Bearings play a crucial role in engineering for several reasons:

Friction Reduction: Bearings minimize friction between moving parts, allowing for smoother and more efficient motion in machinery and equipment.

Load Support: Bearings support radial, axial, or combined loads, distributing weight evenly and preventing excessive wear on components.

Motion Control: Bearings enable controlled motion in machines, ensuring precise positioning and alignment of shafts, axles, and other moving parts.

Noise and Vibration Reduction: Bearings help dampen noise and vibration generated by rotating or reciprocating components, improving overall comfort and performance.

Extended Lifespan: Properly selected and maintained bearings contribute to the longevity and reliability of mechanical systems, reducing downtime and maintenance costs.

Types of Bearings:

There are several types of bearings, each designed for specific applications and operating conditions:

Ball Bearings: Consist of rolling balls housed within inner and outer raceways, capable of handling radial and thrust loads in various machinery and equipment.

Roller Bearings: Utilize cylindrical, tapered, or spherical rollers to support radial or thrust loads, offering higher load capacities and improved shock absorption compared to ball bearings.

Thrust Bearings: Specifically designed to support axial loads and accommodate thrust forces in applications such as automotive transmissions and machine tools.

Plain Bearings: Also known as bushings or sleeve bearings, these bearings feature a simple design with a sliding surface to support radial loads in low-speed and high-load applications.

Tapered Roller Bearings: Employ tapered rollers and raceways to support both radial and axial loads, commonly used in automotive wheel hubs and heavy machinery.

Spherical Roller Bearings: Feature spherical roller elements to accommodate misalignment and shaft deflection, ideal for applications with oscillating or tilting motion.

Applications of Bearings:

Bearings find applications in various industries and sectors, including:

Automotive: Bearings are used in engines, transmissions, wheel hubs, and chassis components to support rotating shafts and axles.

Aerospace: Bearings are critical components in aircraft engines, landing gear, and flight control systems, where reliability and performance are paramount.

Industrial Machinery: Bearings are integral to machinery such as pumps, compressors, turbines, and conveyors, enabling efficient operation and motion control.

Construction and Mining: Bearings support heavy-duty equipment such as excavators, bulldozers, and cranes, enduring high loads and harsh operating conditions.

Renewable Energy: Bearings are essential in wind turbines, solar tracking systems, and hydroelectric generators, contributing to the efficient generation of renewable energy.

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o-craven-canto · 1 year ago

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On to the sapient part.

Once you are an intelligent, social tool-user, you are no longer competing against other pre-sapient species but only other sapient populations. Dispersal requirements will also loosen; for example, fire + fitted clothes will allow you to settle cold environments without biological adaptations for that. In fact, given the change of timescale, there would be little biological modification -- maybe enough Mutations left for a few tweaks. The role of Mutations will be taken over by Memes, which will be produced by growing populations and serve in the same way to "purchase" innovations. Also, the map will no longer simulate continental drift (though we'll keep atmospheric chemistry around for the industrial age!), and natural disasters will be smaller-scale.

Evolved behavior should affect to a degree the psychology and society of your species. Its Neurotype will be a point on a surface with two orthogonal axes, one representing intragroup cooperation vs. intragroup competition and the other curiosity & short-term focus vs. caution and long-term focus (Oxytocin vs. Serotonin and Dopamine vs. Epinephrine, though of course this only loosely reflects actual neurochemistry). Behavior and brain anatomy will have built a Neurotype over evolution: for example cooperative parental care will increase Oxytocin, whereas battles for harems will increase Serotonin. This will orient a species toward some types of society: a very high Oxytocin/Serotonin ratio will make an egalitarian society easier to maintain, while a very low O/S might make it near impossible.

In the earliest sapient segment, you will be looking for areas that can support denser populations, and developing the tools that allow you to live there. Much like earlier adaptations could include behaviors, so the innovations you can get include beliefs and social structures that may be more or less functional in your surroundings. You can interact with other populations in two main ways: War (mostly raiding for captives) and Trade. Your population still has parameters similar to the previous stages: Natality, Health, Energy Capture. (There might be a measure of your people's Welfare, starting as the logarithm of per capita Energy plus or minus various modifiers.)

At this point resources on the map, independent from the biomes, should become important. Ecological niches will no longer be simulated, but wherever species with certain traits existed, there will be domesticable "plants" and "animals" of various categories (staple crops, mounts, drugs, etc.); biomes with dense forests or plankton will have accumulated coal or oil deposits as long as conditions have allowed it; biomes with high volcanic activity will have productive soil, or mineable obsidian, and so on. The distribution of resources, in short, should be determined by the geological and biological simulation in the earlier stages.

Once you get some sort of agriculture/aquaculture/vermiculture/whatever, it becomes possible to found long-term urban settlements. War now allows to take over territory, and Trade encompasses many more resources. Now Stability becomes an important parameter, which at first will be very low and wavering, though you will try to prop it up with innovations (writing, monuments, etc.) Stability oscillates over generations, and can be driven down by natural disasters, poor or inequal living conditions, lost wars, violating taboos, and such. If your Stability falls too low, you fall into revolution (your social institutions change suddenly, which may or may not help) or collapse (you lose control of most of your territory and population).

As your reach and communication technology increase, you get to your equivalent of the Axial Age, in which you formulate formal philosophies or religions. You have now a third way to deal with other peoples, Preach, which entails trying to convert them over to your ways and beliefs. (I'm thinking you might not play as a sovereign nation as much as a broader cultural group, something like the set of Greek or Mayan city-states, which may be more or less unified at various points. I suppose you could also go on as nomadic herders instead of founding cities -- perhaps taking them over later.)

Energy is still the unifying thread of the whole thing, so your main concern will still be harvesting energy from various sources (first farming and manual labor, then watermills and windmills, and so on) and allocating it to different aspects of your society, such as scientific research, art patronage, armed forces, or government maintainance. SimEarth had a simple system along these lines. As technology advances and economy becomes more integrated, War will become increasingly destructive and eventually will yield less profit than Trade or Preach.

At some point, you will presumably industrialize; I don't think any mechanics should change significantly, even as Energy and Population numbers will change by orders of magnitude. (We'll want to keep track of pollution, but deforestation, charcoal fires, soil erosion and salinization etc. will have been happening in previous ages too. Certainly natural resources should have a definite starting amount and a rate of renewal, which for some will be zero.) Malthusian crises would follow naturally from the logistic growth model we've been using, and the Demographic Transition will occur just as naturally by first increasing Health, then decreasing Natality.

Things will change more significantly as you get into space. (Your species' traits will affect how hard it is: a large or aquatic organism will need much heavier spaceships, a soft-bodied one might handle acceleration worse, etc.) At that point you will get access to other planets in your system, then to other systems in your galaxy (it should be pretty trivial to generate lists of stars and planets, each with a few basic parameters like mass, temperature, and composition); at that point the map of your home world should become less prominent and less detailed. (I'm not sure if some kind of world unification should take place at this point.)

Innovation would largely proceed along two parallel paths, one centered on self-modification (brain-machine interfaces, genetic modification, euthenics, &c), the other on environment modification (spacecraft and habitat building, Dyson swarms, &c). Your energy budget remains at the center of all. Cultural drift would be a major challenge at this point, as interstellar distances are increasingly vast (perhaps you'll find half your planets turned to hedonium); but eventually, you'll also run into other kinds of spacefarers, whether natural or artificial. (The game's planet and life is assumed to be Earth-like, but on other worlds, you could have life on gas giants, in cryosolvents or magma or star plasma, made out of semiconductors, neutron matter, dark matter, and so on.)

Once you get near the top of the Kardashev scale and both your lines of innovation are complete, I suppose you could branch into different endings: merge with all the Universe as a conscious being; slow down your perception to live through the end of the physical universe; generate new universes or escape into a virtual reality, which I guess would be a nice excuse for a New Game Plus.

This all describes a "main route" mostly based on human history, as it's the one we know for a fact is possible, but it would be good to have alternative paths to run. These might include:

Strictly aquatic technology, if you find a way to make it work;

Swarm intelligence in a eusocial species, or in a group of symbionts of different species;

Secondarily evolving a "plant" or "fungus" into more animal-like shape;

Reverting from a sapient species into a non-sapient one, and possibly going through the cycle again;

Evolution of intelligent machines after a nanotech plague or an AI takeover.

It should be fairly easy to adjust playing difficulty by fiddling with Mutation/Meme production rate, frequency of natural disasters, and odds of success in conflicts. Plus, since there already are NPC species and civilizations, most of this stuff should also run fine on its own as a simulator, rather than a game. If well balanced, it might end up being useful to generate worlds as settings.

(other mock screen from some time ago, also without map:)

I’ve long been thinking about making a little incremental game along the lines of Universal Paperclips in which you start as a single self-replicating molecule in the oceans of a lifeless planet and grow from there. The universal resource would be energy. Over time you’d unlock the possibility to build complex organisms, migrate into different environments, develop technology and culture, and so on. The final goal, if any, would be to populate the entire universe so that all its energy would flow through you. This runs into the small inconvenient that I don’t actually know how to program, apart of little pieces of JS that I’ve scavenged here and there.

#games #stuff i'd probably like if it existed

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kreuzaderny · 3 years ago

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Measurement of the axial vector form factor from antineutrino–proton scattering

Scattering of high energy particles from nucleons probes their structure, as was done in the experiments that established the non-zero size of the proton using electron beams. The use of charged leptons as scattering probes enables measuring the distribution of electric charges, which is encoded in the vector form factors of the nucleon. Scattering weakly interacting neutrinos gives the opportunity to measure both vector and axial vector form factors of the nucleon, providing an additional, complementary probe of their structure. The nucleon transition axial form factor, FA, can be measured from neutrino scattering from free nucleons, νμn → μ−p and 𝜈¯𝜇𝑝→𝜇+𝑛, as a function of the negative four-momentum transfer squared (Q2). Up to now, FA(Q2) has been extracted from the bound nucleons in neutrino–deuterium scattering which requires uncertain nuclear corrections. Here we report the first high-statistics measurement, to our knowledge, of the 𝜈¯𝜇𝑝→𝜇+𝑛 cross-section from the hydrogen atom, using the plastic scintillator target of the MINERvA experiment, extracting FA from free proton targets and measuring the nucleon axial charge radius, rA, to be 0.73 ± 0.17 fm. The antineutrino–hydrogen scattering presented here can access the axial form factor without the need for nuclear theory corrections, and enables direct comparisons with the increasingly precise lattice quantum chromodynamics computations. Finally, the tools developed for this analysis and the result presented are substantial advancements in our capabilities to understand the nucleon structure in the weak sector, and also help the current and future neutrino oscillation experiments to better constrain neutrino interaction models.

#physics

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jotrin-electronics · 3 years ago

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Classification of digital elements

Resistors: plug-in film (colour ring) resistors, steel film resistors, metal oxide film resistors, carbon film resistors, cord wound resistors, cement resistors, aluminium instance resistors, ceramic chip resistors, thermistors, pressure-sensitive resistors, and so on.

Capacitors: aluminium electrolytic capacitors, tantalum capacitor factor capacitors, polyester capacitors, polypropylene film capacitors, metalized polypropylene film capacitors, ceramic capacitors, security capacitors, anti-EMI capacitors, etc.

Potentiometers: wire-wound potentiometers, conductive plastic potentiometers, metal-ceramic potentiometers, carbon movie potentiometers, trimmer potentiometers, panel potentiometers, accuracy potentiometers, straight-slide potentiometers, and so on.

Magnetic elements: wire-wound chip inductors, laminated chip inductors, axial inductors, colour-coded inductors, radial inductors, toroidal inductors, chip grains, plug-in beads, commercial regularity transformers, audio transformers, switching power transformers, pulse signal transformers, RF transformers, etc.

Buttons: slide switch, change button, light touch switch, mini switch, button switch, essential button, straight vital switch, rotating button, dip switch, membrane layer switch, and so on.

Relays: DC electro-magnetic relays, A/C, magnetic retention relays, reed relays, solid-state relays, etc.

Connectors: the row of pins and row of ladies, European adapters, bullhorn ports, easy bull connectors, IDC ports, XH adapters, VH linkers, D-SUB adapters, crystal head crystal holders, power adapters, plug jacks, IC owners, RF linkers, fibre optic wire adapters, European terminals, fencing terminals, plug-in terminals, rail terminals, spring terminals, earphones Socket plugs, round bare terminals, and so on.

Insurance parts: fuse, fuse, gas discharge tube, etc.

Filter components: piezoelectric ceramic filters, SAW oscillators, quartz crystal filters.

PCB board: paper-based PCB, glass cloth-based PCB, artificial fiber PCB, ceramic-based PCB, etc.

Motor fan: DC motor, a/c motor, AC generator, DC generator, AC follower, DC follower, and so on.

Electro-acoustic devices: speakers, microphones, receivers, transmitters, transmitter-receiver mixes, earphones, pickups, buzzers, buzzers, and so on.

Cables: enamelled cable, cord and also wire, fiber optic cable, etc.

Diodes: rectifier diodes, fast recuperation diodes, ultra-fast healing diodes, Schottky diodes, switching diodes, voltage regulatory authority diodes, transient suppression diodes, TVS diodes, varactor diodes, trigger diodes, light-emitting diodes, and so on.

Triode: PNP type triode, NPN type triode. General-purpose tiny power transistors, switching over transistors, general-purpose power transistors, Darlington tubes, low-saturation transistors, voltage drop transistors, electronic transistors, with resistance transistors, RF transistors, etc.

Integrated circuit ICs: Analog ICs Power administration ICs: linear voltage regulator ICs, voltage referral ICs, switching voltage regulatory authority controllers, functional amplifiers, voltage comparators.

Digital ICs, basic reasoning ICs: buffers, drivers, flip-flops, latches, signs up, gates, encoders, decoders, counters, transceivers, and degree converters.

Processor: CPU, Microcontroller, DSP, FPGA, CPLD.

Storage: DRAM, SRAM, PROM, EPROM, EEPROM, FLASH MEMORY.

Other classifications: user interface IC, clock IC, ADC converter, DAC to the tool, unique IC custom-made IC, microblogging IC, hybrid IC, and so on.

Crystal oscillator: average crystal oscillator, temperature complementary crystal oscillator, consistent temperature level crystal oscillator, voltage control crystal oscillator, and so on.

Display devices: digital tubes, LED gadgets, OLED display screens, LCD liquid crystal screens, and so on.

Sensing units: Hall sensing units, temperature sensing units, etc.

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screechinggivertragedy · 4 years ago

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Understanding Compressors

Compressors are mechanical devices used to increase pressure in a variety of compressible fluids, or gases, the most common of these being air. Compressors are used throughout industry to provide shop or instrument air; to power air tools, paint sprayers, and abrasive blast equipment; to phase shift refrigerants for air conditioning and refrigeration; to propel gas through pipelines; etc. As with pumps, compressors are divided into centrifugal (or dynamic or kinetic) and positive-displacement types; but where pumps are predominately represented by centrifugal varieties, compressors are more often of the positive- displacement type. They can range in size from the fits-in-a-glovebox unit that inflates tires to the giant reciprocating or turbocompressor machines found in pipeline service. Positive-displacement compressors can be further broken out into reciprocating types, where the piston style predominates, and rotary types such as the helical screw and rotary vane.

In this guide, we will use both of the terms compressors and air compressors to refer mainly to air compressors, and in a few specialized cases will speak to more specific gases for which compressors are used.

Types of Air Compressor

Compressors may be characterized in several different ways, but are commonly divided into types based on the functional method used to generate the compressed air or gas. In the sections below, we outline and present the common compressor types. The types covered include:

Piston

Diaphragm

Helical Screw

Sliding vane

Scroll

Rotary Lobe

Centrifugal

Axial

Due to the nature of the compressor designs, a market also exists for the rebuilding of air compressors, and reconditioned air compressors may be available as an option over a newly purchased compressor, including special process gas compressors.

Piston Compressors

Piston compressors, or reciprocating compressors, rely on the reciprocating action of one or more pistons to compress gas within a cylinder (or cylinders) and discharge it through valving into high pressure receiving tanks. In many instances, the tank and compressor are mounted in a common frame or skid as a so-called packaged unit. While the major application of piston compressors is providing compressed air as an energy source, piston compressors are also used by pipeline operators for natural gas transmission. Piston compressors are generally selected on the pressure required (psi) and the flow rate (scfm). A typical plant-air system provides compressed air in the 90-110 psi range, with volumes anywhere from 30 to 2500 cfm; these ranges are generally attainable through commercial, off-the-shelf units. Plant-air systems can be sized around a single unit or can be based on multiple smaller units which are spaced throughout the plant.

To achieve higher air pressures than can be provided by a single stage compressor, two-stage units are available. Compressed air entering the second stage normally passes through an intercooler beforehand to eliminate some of the heat generated during the first-stage cycle.

Speaking of heat, many piston compressors are designed to operate within a duty cycle, rather than continuously. Such cycles allow heat generated during the operation to dissipate, in many instances, through air-cooled fins.

Piston compressors are available as both oil-lubricated and oil-free designs. For some applications which require oil-free air of the highest quality, other designs are better suited.

Diaphragm Compressors

A somewhat specialized reciprocating design, the diaphragm compressor uses a motor-mounted concentric that oscillates a flexible disc which alternately expands and contracts the volume of the compression chamber. Much like a diaphragm pump, the drive is sealed from the process fluid by the flexible disc, and thus there is no possibility of lubricant coming into contact with any gas. Diaphragm air compressors with spare parts are relatively low capacity machines that have applications where very clean air is required, as in many laboratory and medical settings.

Helical Screw Compressors

Helical-screw compressors are rotary compressor machines known for their capacity to operate on 100% duty cycle, making them good choices for trailerable applications such as construction or road building. Using geared, meshing male and female rotors, these units pull gas in at the drive end, compress it as the rotors form a cell and the gas travels their length axially, and discharge the compressed gas through a discharge port on the non-drive end of the compressor casing. The rotary screw compressor action makes it quieter than a reciprocating compressor owing to reduced vibration. Another advantage of the screw compressor over piston types is the discharge air is free of pulsations. These units can be oil- or water- lubricated, or they can be designed to make oil-free air. These designs can meet the demands of critical oil-free service.

Sliding Vane Compressors

A sliding-vane compressor relies on a series of vanes, mounted in a rotor, which sweep along the inside wall of an eccentric cavity. The vanes, as they rotate from the suction side to the discharge side of the eccentric cavity, reduce the volume of space they are sweeping past, compressing the gas trapped within the space. The vanes glide along on an oil film which forms on the wall of the eccentric cavity, providing a seal. Sliding-vane compressors cannot be made to provide oil-free air, but they are capable of providing compressed air that is free of pulsations. They are also forgiving of contaminants in their environments owing to the use of bushings rather than bearings and their relatively slow-speed operation compared to screw compressors. They are relatively quiet, reliable, and capable of operating at 100% duty cycles. Some sources claim that rotary vane compressors have been largely overtaken by screw compressors in air-compressor applications. They are used in many non-air applications in the oil and gas and other process industries.

Scroll Compressors

Scroll air compressors use stationary and orbiting spirals which decrease the volume of space between them as the orbiting spirals trace the path of the fixed spirals. Intake of gas occurs at the outer edge of the scrolls and discharge of the compressed gas takes place near the center. Because the scrolls do not contact, no lubricating oil is needed, making the compressor intrinsically oil-free. However, because no oil is used in removing the heat of compression as it is with other designs, capacities for scroll compressors are somewhat limited. They are often used in low-end air compressors and home air-conditioning compressors.

Rotary Lobe Compressors

Rotary-lobe compressors are high-volume, low-pressure devices more appropriately classified as blowers. To learn more about blowers, download the free Thomas Blowers Buying Guide.

Centrifugal Compressors

Centrifugal compressors rely on high-speed pump-like impellers to impart velocity to gases to produce an increase in pressure. They are seen mainly in high-volume applications such as commercial refrigeration units in the 100+ hp ranges and in large processing plants where they can get as large as 20,000 hp and deliver volumes in the 200,000 cfm range. Almost identical in construction to centrifugal pumps, centrifugal compressors increase the velocity of gas by throwing it outward by the action of a spinning impeller. The gas expands in a casing volute, where its velocity slows and its pressure rises.

Centrifugal compressors have lower compression ratios than displacement compressors, but they handle vast volumes of gas. Many centrifugal compressors use multiple stages to improve the compression ratio. In these multi-stage compressors, the gas usually passes through intercoolers between stages.

Axial Compressors

The axial Low-Pressure Water Lubricating Oil-free Compressor achieves the highest volumes of delivered air, ranging from 8000 to 13 million cfm in industrial machines. Jet engines use compressors of this kind to produce volumes over an even wider range. To a greater extent than centrifugal compressors, axial compressors tend toward multi-stage designs, owing to their relatively low compression ratios. As with centrifugal units, axial compressors increase pressure by first increasing the velocity of the gas. Axial compressors then slow the gas down by passing it through curved, fixed blades, which increases its pressure.

Power and Fuel Options

Air compressors may be powered electrically, with common options being 12 volt DC air compressors or 24 volt DC air compressors. Compressors are also available that operate from standard AC voltage levels such as 120V, 220V, or 440V.

Alternative fuel options include air compressors that operate from an engine that is driven off of a combustible fuel source such as gasoline or diesel fuel. Generally, electrically-powered compressors are desirable in cases where it is important to eliminate exhaust fumes or to provide for operation in settings where the use or presence of combustible fuels is not desired. Noise considerations also play a role in the choice of fuel option, as electrically driven air compressors typical exhibit lower acoustical noise levels over their engine-driven counterparts.

Additionally, some air compressors may be powered hydraulically, which also avoids the use of combustible fuel sources and the resulting exhaust gas issues.

Compressor Machine Selection in an Industrial Setting

In selecting air compressors for general shop use, the choice will generally come down to a piston compressor or a helical-screw compressor. Piston compressors tend to be less expensive than screw compressors, require less sophisticated maintenance, and hold up well under dirty operating conditions. They are much noisier than screw compressors, however, and are more susceptible to passing oil into the compressed air supply, a phenomenon known as “carryover.” Because piston compressors generate a great deal of heat in operation, they have to be sized according to a duty cycle—a rule of thumb prescribes 25% rest and 75% run. Radial-screw Variable Frequency Water Lubricating Oil-Free Screw Compressor can run 100% of the time and almost prefer it. A potential problem with screw compressors, though, is that oversizing one with the idea of growing into its capacity can lead to trouble as they are not particularly suited to frequent starting and stopping. Close tolerance between rotors means that compressor needs to remain at operating temperature to achieve effective compression. Sizing one takes a little more attention to air usage; a piston compressor may be oversized without similar worries.

An autobody shop which uses air constantly for painting might find a radial-screw compressor with its lower carryover rate and desire to run continuously an asset; a general auto-repair business with more infrequent air use and low concern for the cleanliness of the supplied air might be better served with a piston compressor.

Regardless of the compressor type, compressed air is usually cooled, dried, and filtered before it is distributed through pipes. Specifiers of plant-air systems will need to select these components based on the size of the system they design. In addition, they will need to consider installing filter-regulator-lubricators at the supply drops.

Larger job site compressors mounted on trailers are typically rotary-screw varieties with engine drives. They are intended to run continuously whether the air is used or dumped.

Although dominant in lower-end refrigeration systems and air compressors, scroll compressors are beginning to make inroads into other markets. They are particularly suited to manufacturing processes that demand very clean air (class 0) such as pharmaceutical, food, electronics, etc. and to cleanroom, laboratory, and medical/dental settings. Manufactures offer units up to 40 hp that deliver nearly 100 cfm at up 145 psi. The larger capacity units generally incorporate multiple scroll compressors as the technology does not scale up well once beyond 3-5 hp.

If the application involves compressing hazardous gases, specifiers often consider diaphragm or sliding-vane compressors, or, for very large volumes to compress, kinetic types.

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sublimeheartwizard · 4 years ago

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The Benefits and Drawbacks of an Air Suspension System

he United States developed the air suspension system during World War II specifically for heavy aircraft. The original purpose of air suspension was to save weight with a compact construction. Back then, air suspension systems were also used in other aircraft and some heavy trucks to achieve a self-leveling suspension. This would ultimately result in a vehicle with an axle height independent of the weight of a vehicle's cargo.

Ultimately, the air suspension system offers several benefits and drawbacks for drivers who rely on larger trucks and vehicles to carry heavy loads.

What Is an Air Suspension System?

An air suspension system is a style of vehicle suspension that's powered by an electric pump or compressor that pumps air into flexible bellows that are typically made out of a textile-reinforced type of rubber. Additionally, Pro Car Mechanics describes air suspension as a replacement to the leaf suspension or coil spring system with airbags composed of polyurethane and rubber. A compressor inflates the bags to a certain pressure in order to behave like springs. Air suspension also differs from hydropneumatic suspension because it uses pressurized air instead of pressurized liquid.

What's the Purpose of an Air Suspension System?

In most cases, air suspension is used to achieve a smooth and constant driving quality, but in some instances, sports suspensions feature an air suspension system too. Similarly, air suspension replaces a conventional steel spring suspension in heavier vehicle applications, like trucks, tractor-trailers, passenger buses, and even passenger trains. Air suspension has also become popular in low-riding trucks like this gorgeous 1982 Dodge D200 Camper Special.

What Is Electronically Controlled Air Suspension?

According to the company now known as Dunlop Systems and Components, at the start of the 1990s, Dunlop developed and installed the Electronic Controlled Air Suspension (ECAS) system on the 1993 Range Rover Classic and again on the Range Rover P38A. The United Kingdom-based company developed the ECAS to include several key features:

Vulcanized, heavy-duty rubber air springs at each of the vehicle's wheels

An air compressor in the vehicle's trunk or under the hood of the vehicle

A storage tank for compressed air, which allows you to store air at around an average of 150 PSI

Valve blocks which direct air to the four springs from the storage reservoir through a set of solenoids, valves, and o-rings

ECAS computer that communicates between the vehicle's main computer to calculate where to direct air pressure

Air pipes connecting from the storage tank to the air springs that channel the flow of air throughout the suspension system

A desiccant-filled drier canister to keep the internal recesses of the system dry

The electronically controlled air suspension also features height sensors that are based on sensing resistance in contact with the terrain on all four of the vehicle's corners to provide height reference for all corners. Additionally, further advancements are beginning to feature some Electronic Control Units (ECUs) that are able to fit under the vehicle's floorboard, making air suspension more widely featured in everyday driving.

The Benefits and Drawbacks of Air Suspension Systems

According to Future Marketing Insights, the total value of the air suspension market at the end of 2017 was around $4.3 million. So whether it's a manual or electronic air suspension system, the benefits can greatly improve the ride of the vehicle. Take a look of some of the benefits of air suspension:

More driver comfort due to the reduction in noise, harshness, and vibration on the road that can cause driver discomfort and fatigue

Less wear and tear on the suspension system due to reduced harshness and vibration of heavy-duty driving

Trailers last longer with air suspension because the system components don't take on as much vibration

Front air suspenions reduce the tendency of short wheelbase trucks to bounce over rougher roads and terrain when the vehicle is empty

Air suspension improves the ride height based on the load weight and a vehicle's speed

Higher corner speeds due to air suspension being better suited to the surface of the road

Air suspension increases the transport capabilities of trucks and trailers by providing a better grip that levels the entire suspension. An air suspension system can also be adjusted for feel, so drivers can choose between a softer feel for highway cruising or a harder ride for improved handling on more demanding roads.

In the case of hauling heavy loads, air suspension offers more consistency and keeps all wheels even. The air suspension system keeps trucks level from side to side, especially in cases where cargo is difficult to level. This results in reduced body roll when turning corners and curves.

Even with the benefits of an air suspension system, Driving Tests New Zealand suggests several drawbacks. Some of these disadvantages that so and so reports include:

The initial costs of purchasing and installing an air suspension system — air suspension can also sometimes reach three times the cost in repairs as a leaf suspension system over 10 years' time

Fuel overheads for running compressors for occasionally pumping air to the correct pressure

Fuel efficiency can suffer from the heavier weight of rear air suspensions over the weight of leaf suspension

An air suspension system's vulnerability to air leaks can result in malfunctions

Some of the drawbacks of air suspension systems are because of some of the mechanical issues they can be vulnerable to. Several of the common issues with air suspension systems that can require repair include:

Rust or moisture damage from the inside that can lead to the air struts or bags to malfunction

Failure of the air suspension tubing connecting the air struts or bags to the air system

Air fitting failure resulting from initial fitting or infrequent use

Compressor burn out due to air leaks in the springs or air struts from the compressor constantly engaging to maintain the proper air pressure

Even with these common mechanical problems, the benefits can far outweigh the drawbacks.

Understanding Compressors

Types of Air Compressor

Piston

Diaphragm

Helical Screw

Sliding vane

Scroll

Rotary Lobe

Centrifugal

Axial

Piston Compressors

Piston compressors are available as both oil-lubricated and oil-free designs. For some applications which require oil-free air of the highest quality, other designs are better suited.

Diaphragm Compressors

A somewhat specialized reciprocating design, the diaphragm compressor uses a motor-mounted concentric that oscillates a flexible disc which alternately expands and contracts the volume of the compression chamber. Much like a diaphragm pump, the drive is sealed from the process fluid by the flexible disc, and thus there is no possibility of lubricant coming into contact with any gas. Diaphragm air compressors are relatively low capacity machines that have applications where very clean air is required, as in many laboratory and medical settings.

Helical Screw Compressors

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helmerichpayne · 1 year ago

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Autodriller®PRO Control SYSTEM

AN INDUSTRY-FIRST THAT ENABLES SMOOTH DRILLING USING DIFFERENTIAL PRESSURE

H&P’s advanced drawworks control system smoothly controls block velocity while regulating inputs from differential pressure, torque and/or weight on bit (WOB). The Autodriller® Pro control system accomplishes an industry-first by seamlessly transferring to/from WOB and differential pressure, while maintaining smooth drilling that doesn’t require changing gain settings at the drillers console.

A CONTROL SYSTEM THAT KNOWS WHAT IS IMPORTANT, WHEN IT MATTERS MOST.

By design, this system automatically regulates to the parameter most in control at the time (differential pressure, weight on bit, and torque) in order to maintain smooth block velocity to improve consistent bit/rock engagement. Smooth block velocity results in less axial oscillations from surface, providing a higher rate of penetration (ROP) and improved bit and downhole tool reliability.

OUTCOMES

Compare the Performance

› Average Rotating ROP improved 21%, 31% in Int, lateral section respectively.

› Average time saved drilling while rotating 16.6 hours (~$30k/well).

› Total on bottom-time reduced by 17%.

Autodriller® Pro control system

Observations at the Same Depth interval

› Higher differential pressure maintained with the Autodriller® Pro control system—contributing to higher ROP.

› Payout stability observed with reduced variation.

› ROP limit is disabled on the Autodriller® Pro control system with ROP overshoot observed on 4 of 5 stands.

CONTACT US For more information on how our Drilling Engineering Services can help you achieve better drilling outcomes, contact an H&P sales representative today or contact us through our website at helmerichpayne.com/contact. It’s time to follow through on your drilling performance potential.

Download the PDF from here: https://www.helmerichpayne.com/media/product-literature/Autodriller-Pro-Control-System.pdf.

To know more about the Autodriller® Pro control system, watch this full video:https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ai9boL8hLAA.

#helmerichandpayne #drillingtechnology #rigcontractoroilandgas #drillingautomation #drillingrigcontractoroilandgas

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nursingwriter · 4 months ago

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stephypublisher1 · 4 years ago

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Structure Optimization Design of Pulseoscillation Amplifier for Hydraulic Oscillator Based on Numerical Simulation| Stephy Publishers

Trends in Petroleum Engineering

- (TPE)|

Stephy Publishers

Abstract

Hydraulic oscillator is one of the effective tools to solve the problem of high friction in directional drilling and horizontal drilling. However, there are some problems with this kind of tools such as high pressure loss and insufficient vibration force. Because of its self-excited oscillation characteristics, pulse oscillation amplifier can realize the amplification of pulse jet pressure under the condition of lowpressure loss, which is one of the effective ways to solve the above problems of hydraulic oscillator. In this paper, according to the working characteristics of hydraulic oscillator and the demand of pulse amplification, the structure of pulse oscillator amplifier was optimized based on numerical simulation method. Firstly, the geometric and numerical models of the pulse oscillator amplifier were constructed, and the flow field distribution and pulse amplification effect of the pulse oscillation amplifier under different structural parameters were simulated and analyzed, and the influence of different structural parameters on the pulse amplification effect was explored. Secondly, the structure of the pulse oscillator amplifier was optimized by Response Surface Method, and the optimal structure based on the effect of outlet pressure amplification was obtained: upper nozzle diameter D1=22mm, upper nozzle length L1=26mm, lower nozzle diameter D2=28mm, lower nozzle length L2=28mm, cavity length L=58mm, cavity diameter d=80mm, angle 60°. Its pressure loss was 0.3MPa and outlet pressure peak value was 4.5MPa, which was 1.8 times of the inlet pressure peak value of 2.5MPa. Finally, the minimum relative error between the experimental results and the numerical simulation results was 4%, which has verified the credibility of the numerical simulation and structural optimization results.

Keywords

Pulse oscillation amplifier, Numerical simulation, Structure optimization design, Response surface methodology

Introduction

With the acceleration of unconventional oil and gas exploration and development process, the drilling of horizontal wells accounts for about 70% of the total number of drilling in the world, and the length of horizontal section is increasing year by year.1 In the process of long horizontal section drilling, with the increase of well deviation angle and open hole section length, problems such as increased friction, serious overburden pressure and reduced ROP are becoming increasingly prominent, which seriously affect the well quality and drilling cycle.2 By modulating the hydraulic pulse, the hydraulic oscillator uses the hydraulic energy to make the drill string vibrate axially, so as to reduce the friction during the horizontal section drilling, which is one of the effective means to solve the above problems.3–5 But at present, the tool has the problems of high-pressure loss and insufficient vibration force.6 If a pulse oscillation amplifier7,8 was added to the hydraulic oscillator, the self-excited oscillation characteristics of the pulse oscillation amplifier can be used to amplify the pulse pressure without significantly increasing the overall pressure loss of the tool, thus improving the vibration force and reducing drag effect.At present, the research on the pulse oscillation amplifier mainly focuses on the self-excited oscillation mechanism9,10 and numerical simulation method.11–14 Scholars have preliminarily proved its self-excited oscillation mechanism. On this basis, the point vortex and vortex ring numerical simulation models are proposed, which can simulate the self-excited oscillation flow field under the actual working conditions, and become an effective means to study the pulse oscillation amplifier. As the structure andsize of the pulse oscillator amplifier are the key factors affecting the effect of pulse amplification, the optimization design needs to be carried out comprehensively according to the working conditions, pulse characteristics and pressure amplification requirements of the hydraulic oscillator. Therefore, it is necessary to use the numerical simulation and design of experiment methodology to study the influence of structural parameters on the pulse amplification effect and pressure loss according to the working characteristics and pulse amplification requirements of the hydraulic oscillator, so as to optimize the structure of the pulse oscillation amplifier with low pressureloss and high pressurization effect. To read more #PetroleumEngineering https://www.stephypublishers.com/tpe/fulltext/TPE.MS.ID.000503.php

#Openaccessjournals https://www.stephypublishers.com/

#petroleum engineering #stephy publishers #petrochemicalengneering #open access journals #open access publishers #Article Publishers in Australia

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yourmakemachineblog · 4 years ago

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Zaozhuang Make Machinery Co., Ltd. has certain requirements for the planning of the spindle assembly of the drilling and milling machine. Generally speaking, the following planning should be achieved to meet the needs. Zaozhuang Make Machinery Co., Ltd. introduces the specific planning requirements for the spindle assembly as follows: 1) Rotation accuracy. It means that the drilling and milling machine is in no-load and low-grade rotary (motorized or manual), and the radial and axial runout values of the workpiece or tool part at the front end of the spindle meet the requirements (for the value, please refer to the relevant machine tool accuracy standards). The intention is to ensure the precision and surface roughness of the machined parts. 2) Stiffness. Refers to the ability of the spindle assembly to maintain a certain operating accuracy under the effect of external forces (such as cutting forces). When the rigidity is lacking, it not only affects the machining accuracy and appearance quality, but also easily causes oscillation. Deteriorating operating conditions of transmission parts and bearings. When planning, the stiffness value should be increased as much as possible under other conditions allowed. 3) Vibration resistance. Refers to the ability of the spindle assembly to resist forced oscillation and self-excited oscillation during the cutting process to maintain stable work. Vibration resistance directly affects the surface quality and productivity of processing, and should be improved as much as possible. The drilling and milling machines X6332Z, X6325 and X6325D of Zaozhuang Make Machinery Co., Ltd. are the best-selling models. Welcome customers to come to consult! https://www.instagram.com/p/CMa621nnrdW/?igshid=kz2vbt14xzld

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psneedlerollerbearing-blog · 6 years ago

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Acquire the Best Bearing Solution from Reputable Manufacturer

In the present time, there are lots of industries wish to use right bearing solution. It is the best way to manage friction in moving components. Needle Roller Bearings are designed with load carrying components that good for handling load easily. The components are placed between two races like a shaft or single races. The bearing components are fixed based on the design of bearing. On the other hand, it comes up with excellent rolling elements and loads bearing surface as well. It manages great features like the stiffness and load capacity that provides support to the industrial application.

It is a specially designed thing for accommodating the axial oriented force rather than radial load. This is used in different application in the industry that perfect for the radial application and parallel to the shaft. In order to manage the good performance of bearing, it is necessary to make use of the best type of bearing. It is the best option to scatter heat and minimize friction. The amount of friction is resultant from the load carrying that based on the size and type of the bearing. On the other hand, the speed of bearing is determined depending on the lubricant used in the bearing.

Withstand the oscillation:

It is a special bearing that suits for high load carrying capacity. This type of bearing is excellent for withstanding oscillation with the great rigidity. Needle Roller Bearing Manufacturer makes the stunning product with the excellent specification and features. It is designed with outer rings that manage excellent strength steels. It is better to reduce the vibration and shock when operating the machine. The manufacturer design bearing with the different options like double row, single row, split or solid cage. It is ideal for the special heat treatment and internal clearance. You can understand the different application that gets benefit from the bearing.

It is excellent for different applications in the industry today. The industry can discover the major benefits of using solution. This one meets the demands and needs of different applications like

• Machine tool

• Power tool

• Garden and lawn equipment

• Automotive

• Power tools

• Primary metals and others

So, you can contact the best service provider and get the ideal solution for application needs. You can pick up the right product for the application. The bearing is made with different materials for different industry and application.

#Needle Roller Bearings #Needle Roller Bearing Manufacturer

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deltaponline · 6 years ago

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International Rotating Equipment Conference 2019 – Programme is available now

The program of the International Rotating Equipment Conference 2019 from 24 to 25 September 2019 is available just from now on. This Conference will take place in Wiesbaden, Germany, Conference Center. You will find here all papers held at the 12th International Pump User Forum - part of the International Rotating Equipment Conference 2019: 24 September 2019 Plenary Session 09:00 - 10:30: Welcome and Opening, Welcome Address, Plenary Lectures Session 1 Centrifugal pumps – Energy optimisation 11:00 - 11:30 New control mode to decrease energy consumption of circulator pumps 11:30 - 12:00 Inlet guide vanes control for storage pump Session 2 Legal frame conditions 11:00 - 11:30 Differences and similarities of ATEX and IECEx – Analysis of the legal framework and market access 11:30 - 12:00 Increasing the energy savings of motor applications: The Extended Product Approach Session 3 Future drive technology 11:00 - 11:30 Evolution mikro – Smallest amount dosing in the highpressure range thanks to innovative drive technology 11:30 - 12:00 New generation of power drive systems for pump applications Session 4 Centrifugal pumps – Performance characteristics 14:30 - 15:00 Analysis of the pressure-side recirculation influence on the head production of a radial pump at strong part load 15:00 - 15:30 Numerical analysis of the flow patterns causing the performance curve instability of a high specific speed centrifugal pump 15:30 - 16:00 Modelling of wall roughness in flow simulations Session 5 Digital transformation 14:30 - 15:00 Business cases for connected pumps and compressors 15:00 - 15:30 Digitization of pumps – Industrie 4.0 submodels for liquid and vacuum pumps 15:30 - 16:00 Embedded operation point detection system for sidechannel pumps on basis of neural networks Session 6 Positive displacement pumps 14:30 - 15:00 New process-safe diaphragm positioning system in oscillating displacement pumps with integrated thermal protection device 15:00 - 15:30 ERP positive displacement pumps – Experimental validation of a typeindependent efficiency model 15:30 - 16:00 CFD analysis of cone valves for oscillating positive displacement pump Session 7 Centrifugal pumps – Simulation methodology 16:30 - 17:00 Rotordynamic simulation of centrifugal pumps considering nonlinear journal bearings including misalignment, local contact and accumulated wear 17:00 - 17:30 Balance between efficiency and cavitation – An approach for pump impeller design and optimization using inverse design and 3D CFD 17:30 - 18:00 A rule-based method for finite element calculation of boiler feed pump casings by parametrized models Session 8 New challenges for pumps and systems 16:30 - 17:00 Improving the efficiency of a pump fleet by designing pumps specially for individual fixed speed drives 17:00 - 17:30 Systemic optimization of booster stations – From data collection to validation 17:30 - 18:00 Reduction of complexity by smart integration and separation of functions Session 9 Rotating displacement pumps 16:30 - 17:00 Pumping of challenging products with hermetically tight magnet driven screw pumps 17:00 - 17:30 Towards model-based condition monitoring for progressing cavity pumps 17:30 - 18:00 Fluid flow optimization in rotating positive displacement pumps with focus on perfect cleanability based on scientific proven CFD flow simulation and real tests 25 September 2019 Session 10 Centrifugal pumps – Multiphysics 08:30 - 09:00 Numerical investigation of the flow-induced noise in a centrifugal pump 09:00 - 09:30 Numerical characterisation of the dynamics of thin flexible structures in a sewage pump 09:30 - 10:00 Experimental investigation and 3D-CFD simulation of centrifugal pumps for gasladen liquids with closed and semi-open impellers Session 11 Submersible pumps 08:30 - 09:00 How can the effect of iron ochre on submersible motor pumps be reduced? 09:00 - 09:30 Optimization of output of a solar powered deepwell pumpsets using information technology tools 09:30 - 10:00 Line start permanent magnet synchronous submersible motor in combination with a modular submersible pump Session 12 Centrifugal pumps – Product lubricated bearing 08:30 - 09:00 Measuring and simulation of fluid forces in annular gaps – Generic experiments covering the relevant parameter range for turbulent and laminar flow in pumps 09:00 - 09:30 CAPM vs. bulk flow – reliable and efficient prediction of forces and leakage for annular gaps in pumps 09:30 - 10:00 Extension of a Reynolds equation based solver to consider the lomakin effect in axially-flown journal bearings of pumps Session 13 Availability (Cavitation) 10:30 - 11:00 The relation between suction performance and reliability – a critical review of suction specific speed limitations 11:00 - 11:30 Performances evolution in 4 quadrant operation under cavitation Session 14 Sewage pumps 10:30 - 11:00 Functional performance assessment of wastewater pumps – validation with pumps from the field 11:00 - 11:30 Experimental and numerical analysis of transient flow characteristics in single-blade and two-blade pumps Session 15 Condition monitoring I 10:30 - 11:00 Enhance autonomous maintenance by utilizing local condition monitoring tool 11:00 - 11:30 A holistic approach for pump system analytics Session 16 Cavitation 14:00 - 14:30 Influence of surface texture on cavitation inception 14:30 - 15:00 Transient flow mechanisms of cavitation in side channel pumps Session 17 Reliability I 14:00 - 14:30 Pump failures, often more than just one problem - A system approach 14:30 - 15:00 Non-intrusive measurement of pressure pulsations using a re-usable wire strain sensor Session 18 Condition monitoring II 14:00 - 14:30 A self-learning binary controller for energy efficient pump operation 14:30 - 15:00 Concept validation of a soft sensor network for wear detection in positive displacement pumps Session 19 Materials and manufacturing 15:30 - 16:00 Development of high performance economical fe-based corrosion and erosion protective coating for pump parts 16:00 - 16:30 Progress with hybrid – An additive manufacturing technology for closed impellers Session 20 Reliability II 15:30 - 16:00 Investigating the chronic high temperature reading on the lube oil system of water injection pumps 16:00 - 16:30 Replacement of a mechanical sealed pump with a vertical erected canned motor pump in the course of capacity expansion of a steamcracker Session 21 Data management 15:30 - 16:00 Development of a digitalized wastewater pumping station test bed 16:00 - 16:30 From notebooks to datapipelines - The Darmstadt approach to handling measurement data and metadata Final Plenary Session 16:30 - 16:45 Closing remarks Registration for the International Rotating Equipment Conference 2019 from 24 to 25 September 2019 has begun. “Experts and interested parties can register easily and conveniently online for this international top-level network,” says Christoph Singrün, Managing Director of VDMA Pumps + Systems and Compressors, Compressed Air and Vacuum Technology. “Benefit from an early registration and use the early booking discount. We grant this until and including 31 May 2019.” http://www.introequipcon.com Read the full article

#conference #rotatingequipment #VDMA

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bearingsupplier-blog1 · 5 years ago

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Needle roller bearings and precautions

Structure type of needle roller bearing, introduction of micro bearing：

The micro ball bearing is made of carbon steel, bearing steel, stainless steel, plastic, ceramics and other materials, suitable for high-speed rotation, low friction torque, low vibration, low noise requirements. (carbon steel materials are rarely used by customers and are used by low-end customers). Micro bearing refers to all kinds of bearings of metric series with outer diameter less than 9mm and British series with outer diameter less than 9.525mm! The main materials are bearing steel, stainless steel, plastic, ceramics, etc, of which the minimum inner diameter can be 0.6mm, and the general inner diameter is more than 1mm.

Product features: among the ultra small bore micro bearings, there are 18 kinds of metric 68, 69 and 60 series micro bearings with inner diameter less than 2mm, there are 6 British R series. On this basis, they can also be divided into ZZ steel plate bearing dust cover series, RS rubber bearing sealing ring series, Teflon bearing sealing ring series, flange series, stainless steel series, ceramic ball series, etc. Miniature bearings are suitable for all kinds of industrial equipment, small rotary motors and so on. Recently, the demand for miniaturization, lightweight and thin-walled of these devices tends to increase. Main uses: office equipment micro motor, soft drive pressure rotor, dental drill hard disk motor, needle roller bearing, step motor video recorder drum, toy model computer fan, encoder and other fields. KOYO 6305 Bearing

In industry, needle roller bearings are generally selected according to the specific application of different types and precision classes of miniature bearings. For example, when minimum oscillations are required, the non-repetitive oscillations of miniature bearings cannot exceed 0.3 micron. Similarly, the machine tool spindle can only allow the minimum vibration pendulum, in order to ensure the cutting accuracy. Therefore, in the application of machine tools, the miniature bearings with small non-repetitive oscillations should be used.

In many industrial products, pollution is inevitable, so sealing or shielding devices are often used to protect micro bearings from dust or dirt. However, due to the movement of the inner and outer rings of the micro bearing, the sealing of the micro bearing can not reach the perfect degree, so the leakage and pollution of lubricating oil is always a problem that has not been solved. Once the micro bearing is polluted, the lubricant will deteriorate and the running noise will increase. If the micro bearing overheats, it will jam. When the contaminant is between the ball and the micro bearing ring, its function is the same as the abrasive between the metal surfaces, which will make the micro bearing wear. It is a way to control pollution by using sealing and shielding device to keep away dirt. Noise is an index reflecting the quality of micro bearing. The performance of micro bearings can be expressed by different noise levels. The analysis of noise is carried out by Anderson's meter, which can be used to control the quality in the production of miniature bearings and analyze the failed miniature bearings. A sensor is connected to the outer ring of the miniature bearing, and the inner ring rotates at a speed of 1800r / min on the spindle. The unit of measurement noise is Anderson. That is to say, the displacement of micro bearing expressed by UM / rad.

Structure type of needle bearing:

Plane thrust bearing is a kind of high axial load which can be obtained in a small space. It is generally used in the working environment with too large axial load. Its structure is mainly composed of three parts: upper plate, lower plate and middle retainer.

1.plane thrust ball bearing. This structure is the most common type of plane thrust bearing. Its main features are: the middle retainer is a steel ball structure, in addition, the cage frame has iron and brass types (mostly iron structure). In addition, the upper and lower plates are also common with grooves, while the ones without grooves are seldom used.

2.Plane thrust needle bearing, a plane bearing of this structure, has a relatively large feature that the middle retainer is a needle roller structure, and the upper and lower plates do not have grooves. In addition, the rotating speed of the plane thrust bearing is low, but it can bear higher axial load.

3.The plane thrust bearing with cover has a big feature, that is, the outer ring of the whole bearing has a cover, whose main function is to prevent dust. In addition, this type of thrust bearing generally does not have a retainer, so that more balls and needles can be put in, so as to increase the axial load. Also because of the cover, there is no separation between the upper and lower plates, which is more convenient for bearing installation.

#KOYO 6305 Bearing

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