#best before: hexadecimal code

[mylittleredgirl]

it's so funny when an item has an expiration date, as in the packaging specifies "best before," and then it's followed by a completely unparsable string of numbers that do not relate to any calendar system currently in use on this planet

[thefirstknife]

The Vex and the Wish

It's been a while since the finale of the Starcrossed mission and I've not stopped thinking about it. I want to talk about some of the stuff that's been on my mind, mostly about all the little hints about what we might be delving into after The Final Shape.

So, the whole premise of Starcrossed is really interesting and has been since we first heard about it. Some sort of a mission in the Black Garden? During an Ahamkara season? It immediately meant that we'll be dealing with some Ahamkara shenanigans in the Black Garden, two things that have previously not been combined. And the Ahamkara element was really good and nice and heartbreaking!

But the bigger thing that got me thinking and overthinking was all the Vex elements this season. They're kinda flying under the radar because we have bigger issues to deal with, but everything we got about them this season has been super weird and concerning. Especially the Black Garden stuff!

The Sol Divisive have been very active doing... things we don't truly understand. They've made their attempts to somehow interact with Ahamkara magic and they've been messing with Darkness as well. I'll do my best to recap all the stuff we've gotten about the Vex this season and how it relates to Starcrossed. Long post under!

The first thing that got us all thinking was of course the premise for the season in the first place; we knew that we would be dealing with Ahamkara, the Dreaming City and the Awoken, but we did not know about the Vex. That was peculiar in general because they simply haven't been mixed together with Ahamkara before. This was also really intriguing because of the reason we needed an Ahamkara in the first place: to get through the portal in the Traveler and follow the Witness. So why are the Vex (Sol Divisive) interfering?

As soon as the season started and we could look at the items, the first very interesting lore tab was Scatter Signal. In it, we have Osiris tracking some sort of a signal, locking onto it and getting a transmission in the form of hexadecimal code. When decoded, it revealed a strange message from a still unknown source, discussing the Vex:

“A churning singularity of shadow and mimicry beats again within cultivated chaos. Minds orbit its gravity, to bridge communion with a Voice, to move from parallel to entanglement. They dream of a dark core, contained within a timeless structure. A suspended return to the primordial. If not for this truth, why kneel? If not for this truth, why does it elude definition? Though not all agree on all, all agree on this. Sol is Salvation.”

We still don't really know what this message means or who sent it, but I've speculated before that it could have something to do with the Ishtar scientists, most likely Chioma or maybe even Maya and the others. I wrote about this speculation before Starcrossed was out, so now that we know how Starcrossed ended, I believe more strongly that the Ishtar team (at least their simulated copies) is somehow still out there and capable of communicating and that they're the ones who sent this message.

As for the message, now that the season is over, I believe it talks about the Black Heart (churning singularity of shadow and mimicry beats again within cultivated chaos) and the Sol Divisive's obsession with it and their belief that it could grant them some sort of knowledge or ability (possibly paracausality) or a way to return the universe to the way it was before paracausality existed (return to the primordial): this is possibly also talking about the speculative time when the Traveler and the Veil were one, a time that the Vex perhaps remember. It also warns us that while the Sol Divisive are unique in their worship of the Darkness, the Vex as a whole agree on the simple truth that whatever they want to finally achieve will be achieved in Sol, our system, because this is where they have all the necessary ingredients to do so. Whether this is understanding paracausality, resetting the universe or Convergence, we don't know.

When I wrote that speculation initially, since Starcrossed wasn't out yet, a lot of my questions were about what possible connection could there be between the Black Garden and the Ahamkara. That was the only thing we knew before the mission dropped after all. Now in retrospect, we can at least put some of the theories to rest; originally there was speculation that Riven or the Vex or both are doing something that would end up tricking us somehow. This has since been disproven; the Ahamkara in the Black Garden was Taranis who made his lair there to stay hidden and to hide his and Riven's children.

However, a very important question remains. Did the Vex know about this and did they use Taranis' residence in the Black Garden to study paracausality and Ahamkara magic? I believe they must've known about him and that they must've dedicated at least some observational resources to monitor him and his shenanigans in their space. This obviously isn't good. The Vex have been trying to understand paracausality for a very long time and we've been practically giving this information to them for almost equally as long. Taranis living within reach of the Sol Divisive probably offered them some insight into it as well and possibly also insight into Ahamkara abilities.

Sol Divisive has spent a considerable amount of time and resources trying to understand the Darkness, the Witness and the Veil. This season we've gotten confirmation that they're actively merging with Darkness and even trying to somehow fuse with the Witness. We've seen them being able to simulate techeuns, we've seen oracles appearing outside of the Vault of Glass and shaping themselves with Darkness energy, as well as tapping into Darkness in general, into memory, to enhance their predictive abilities. They spent this whole season messing with Ahamkara eggs and Riven's Lair and the Coil as Vex artifacting became more and more prominent as the weeks went on. Osiris has also noted, on several occasions, just how similar wishing magic and Vex simulations are. The second one is particularly interesting:

What is a simulation if not a machine's wish? A projection of what might be, were certain parameters to be altered.

One big problem is that while a lot of this is linked purely to the Sol Divisive and their obsession with the Darkness and the Witness, a lot of it is not. First, one very interesting thing that happened this year is that after nearly 10 years, we finally got an explanation about the Black Heart; it was the Sol Divisive's failed attempt to recreate the Veil, very likely an idea given to them directly by the Witness, to create a makeshift Veil after the original had been lost in the Collapse. A lot of the stuff in the background of this year has been about the Vex, simulations, augmented reality and the Vex attempts at understanding the Veil and paracausality at large; discussed at length in Veil Logs, most notably this one where Chioma speculates about how the Vex could potentially gain access to paracausal simulations if they gained access to the Veil.

This thing, the Veil. It’s… it’s some kind of web of consciousness. Just like the Vex network, but organic instead of artificial. It makes sense why the Vex want it. Paracausal simulations? There’d be no stopping them.

As I said, a lot of this is about the Sol Divisive, but a lot of it is not. The Vex we see on Neomuna are not Sol Divisive, for example. Scatter Signal also implies that despite the Vex at large being in disagreement with the Sol Divisive, all Vex do seem to share some basic ideas which the speaker in Scatter Signal summarises as: "Sol is Salvation." Apparently, all Vex agree on this.

To make things even stranger, here comes Starcrossed. As soon as we first saw it, it was strange because it showed us a big Vex structure in the Black Garden!

This is the centerpiece of the whole mission and as we proceed through it, we get closer and closer to it. This is called a Citadel and it has appeared in the game before; notably, in Destiny 1, but you can now see it in Destiny 2 as well, in the first encounter of Vault of Glass. This structure is distinctly not Sol Divisive and it never has been.

The origin and purpose of the Citadel are not entirely understood, outside of ties to the Vault of Glass. It's been on Venus since the Golden Age where it was investigated by the simulated copies of the Ishtar team:

No human being in the Ishtar Academy has ever crossed the safety cordon and walked the ancient stone under the Citadel, the Vex construct that stabs up out of the world to injure space and time.

And:

"I wonder where it came from," Duane-Mcniadh says. Of course he's the one to break the reverent silence. "The Citadel. I wonder if it was here before the Traveler changed Venus." "It could have been latent," Chioma Esi suggests. She's the leader. She kept them together when it seemed like they faced actual, eternal torture. She pulled them through. "Seeded in the crust. Waiting for a period of geological quiescence, so it could grow." Dr. Shim shrugs. "I think the Traveler did something paracausal to Venus. Something that cut across space and time. The Citadel seems to come from the past of a different Venus than our own. It doesn't have to make any sense by our logic, any more than the Moon's new gravity." Maya Sundaresh walks at the center of the group. She's been too quiet lately. What happened to them wasn't her fault and maybe she'll believe that soon. "What could you do with it?" she murmurs, staring up. "If you understood it?" Chioma puts an arm around her. "That's what we're going to find out. Where the Citadel can send us. Whether we can come back."

This is interesting to us now because a very similar construct appeared out of nowhere in the Black Garden and when we reached the end of the Starcrossed mission, we gained access to the inside of the structure. And inside, we found a single room decorated with the symbol of the Ishtar Collective made out of Vex materials.

As I've noted before in the post where I speculated about the names of the seasonal missions and the meaning of Scatter Signal and what this mission in the Black Garden could be, this whole situation brought me back to thinking about the lore book from Season of the Undying: Aspect. In it, we follow Praedyth who is eternally stuck in the Vault of Glass (incidentally, this happened to him because he wished to an Ahamkara) and who discovers the simulated Ishtar scientists and establishes communication with them.

He realises that something has changed and that he's no longer in a loop, but able to change things by talking to the Ishtar team. He and the Ishtar team develop a strategy in which the simulations are able to theorycraft and instruct Praedyth (who is physical and in a physical space) to create a way for all of them to escape their associated prisons. The team figures out together that a way out could be achieved through the Black Garden and that they would need a specific event to jumpstart their escape; this event would be the Undying Mind and its awakening which opened the gate to the Garden again, this time on the Moon. They start with Praedyth sending messages through in hope that someone, somewhen, will hear them. Soon, as the disturbances in the Black Garden get more prominent, they get the chance to not just send messages of code out, but to actually try to escape physically.

The lore book never tells us if they succeeded.

A hundred and sixty Mayas reach for the Chiomas by their side. A hundred and fifty-eight Chiomas reach back. One Praedyth, waiting for the conductor's baton to drop. Uncountable Vex in the Garden, waiting for the same event, a synchrony none of them notice. Somewhere, a veil is always lifting. Somewhere, Kabr is always dooming himself. Somewhere, a door is always opening. Somewhere, they are always stepping through.

The name of the final chapter is "irrealis;" a grammatical mood for situations or actions that are not known to have happened at the moment of speaking. All Aspect chapters are named in this way, one of the reasons I started thinking about this lore book in the first place, the moment I noticed the names of missions this season (this theme is also extended to the weapons reprised from Undying: Imperative, Adhortative, Subjunctive and Optative). As an addition, the final mission's name is also very interesting and it is possible that maybe there will be another (one more radio message and triumph haven't been unlocked yet).

The point is that we don't know if the Ishtar Collective simulations and Praedyth managed to escape because at the time of speaking (when this lore book was released) this was an irrealis mood; unknown if the action has occured. But their plan, to use the situation with the Undying Mind in the Black Garden and the Black Garden itself to escape (the Vault of Glass and a simulation) seems to be connected to the massive Vex Citadel usually connected to the Vault of Glass that suddenly appeared in the Black Garden and has tangible proof of the Ishtar Collective inside.

As in, I believe they did manage to escape, in what for us is right now (or at least in a way that we could detect right now; time shenanigans with the Vex could mean anything honestly). I think that the appearance of the Citadel in the Black Garden correlates with their escape and that the Scatter Signal message is also something that came from the Ishtar team trying to give us information about the Vex. I also believe that this is a massive setup for the future content about the Vex and most likely the return of Venus in some form.

This whole year spent quite a lot of time reacquainting us with the Ishtar Collective: from Neomuna and their adventures in founding this secret city and their investigations into the Veil. Chioma Esi, a character that has existed in Destiny since the first game's release was finally given a voice and she and Maya Sundaresh were developed further and given some extra details to their backstory, most notably all the stuff we were told about Maya specifically and how much the Veil drove her mad. Not only that, but we were also given additional information about the Black Garden and the Black Heart, another point from the original game's first story that was brought back almost a decade later. Like a loop to the beginning.

The fact that it all ended with more stuff about the Black Garden and the Ishtar Collective is not a coincidence, I think. Most importantly, it's not the story that will be resolved this season and very likely won't be something we will be dealing with in the Final Shape. So this is setup for something after; about the Vex and their search for paracausality (and possible success?), about their connection to Venus and about the Ishtar Collective, perhaps even more about the Black Garden and maybe even Praedyth and the Vault of Glass.

As a quick summary:

The appearance of the Vex Citadel in the Black Garden - the original Citadel is linked to the Vault of Glass and is located on Venus. Somewhat related to this, this season Oracles appeared outside of Vault of Glass and were shaping themselves into Pyramid energy.

The Citadel architecture is not Sol Divisive Vex. This is important because otherwise we would be able to just chalk up the appearance of this structure to the Sol Divisive shaping the Black Garden, but the Citadel is not their work.

Ishtar Collective symbol inside; not only linking to Aspect, but also to Venus itself (we got a lot of Ishtar content this year in general, starting even before Lightfall, with Spire of the Watcher dungeon in Season of the Seraph, just before Lightfall, as an intro to the story of Ishtar and founding of Neomuna)

Several mentions of Venus, indirectly (the Citadel, Ishtar Collective) or directly (mentioned in one voice line linked to the history of the Ahamkara in the system, and also in the mysterious mention of an incredibly niche character of Albios, also in context of the Ahamkara history in the system)

All of this points to some Vex heavy content coming post-TFS with a strong connection to Venus and the story of the Ishtar Collective (perhaps their simulations) and some possibility of Praedyth and more about the Vault of Glass. Pretty much everything discussed here and everything the Vex have been doing for years is likely not getting resolved in TFS as the primary problem for us in TFS will be the Witness.

But once the Witness is gone? I'm pretty sure we will be finally moving on to the Vex and possibly their grasp of paracausality. We might be forced to go back to Venus and dig up more information about them, perhaps even reach out to the Ishtar simulations, if they've escaped (which I believe they did, given what we've seen at the end of Starcrossed).

Obviously this will likely be happening in Episodes, probably the first one, given what we've seen about it so far; it is called Echoes and has something vaguely Vex-shaped as a placeholder image. Not only that, but it's covered with plants that have reminded me of Venus ever since it was first shown. Note that none of this is still final and this placeholder image was shown to us before all the troubles with layoffs and delays. But it seems like the general idea will have to remain the same because of all the hints and setup about Vex content we've gotten so far, especially with these open questions at the end of Starcrossed mission.

We don't know yet how big Episodes will be which obviously makes it impossible to make any kind of prediction on what the stories in them might be able to cover and how extensive the content will be. Especially how likely it is to get a whole location like Venus back, not to mention that there are still questions about other Vex-focused locations; for example, are there plans to expand on Nessus and are there plans to also deal with Mercury?

Obviously I would love to deal with Mercury first and foremost (we know Bel), but I think most of everything we've seen through this story and through the hints and setup points to Venus and the return to some of the original unanswered questions in the lore. I'm really excited for the possibility that we'll get more information about the Ishtar team and about what truly happened to their simulations. I'm also excited for the possibility that there might be more information about the Vault of Glass and the Black Garden and the Black Heart (for which I think that the Vex have been trying to rebuild or fix in some way). It would be a neat way to create a circle back to the start of the story, especially since it's dealing with the Vex and time travel shenanigans. I'd really love if the story of the Vex forced us to metaphorically go back to the start of the story and look at everything we've seen so far with a new perspective.

I've gone to a lot of different points in this post, but I hope it makes sense. There have been some really interesting background infodumps and discussions in the lore and character interactions about the Vex and their impact on the world, overshadowed by the fact that we have much bigger imminent problems to deal with. This incidentally also gave Vex enough time and space to do their thing unsupervised. They've had enough time to observe us and other paracausal entities (such as the Ahamkara and the Witness and the Traveler), we've given them plenty of information about Guardians (the fact that we deposit our "paracausal sparks" into Vex receptacles in the Black Garden during Starcrossed is quite concerning) and they've evolved enough to begin shaping themselves with Darkness resonance, and they've never had more information about simulations and prediction.

The Vex have taken their time to catch up with us and they've been especially prolific during Season of the Wish while our attention is directed elsewhere, even with them being directly involved. I'm super excited for whatever they have planned for Vex stuff after TFS and they've given us plenty of content to speculate about it until it releases!

[peppermakesart]

Since it’s the end of the year, I wanted to take some time to explore my favorite games of 2024. Not necessarily games that came out this year, some of them are just new to me.

If you’ve been following me for a little while, it shouldn’t be too much of a surprise that Cassette Beasts is my game of the year. It was recommended to me by a friend whose opinions I trust implicitly, and I wasn’t let down.

I’ve always been a fan of Pokemon, but after 20 years the games themselves have started to feel a bit stale. The games haven’t gotten worse, I just grew up and decided I prefer a slightly different experience. I’ve always liked games with lots of upgrade decisions, where you spend a lot of time in menus crafting efficient builds.

I enjoyed how complex Cassette Beast’s combat system is, but the thing I really enjoyed about the game was the story. They did a really good job of crafting interesting characters, and also how intentional the sound design is in supporting the gameplay. The boss fight against Robin Goodfellow was my favorite point in the game, Viola’s speech hit me so hard, and when the fight starts and the vocals kicked in for the boss ost, was the most emotionally affected I’ve ever been playing a video game. I’ve cried playing video games before, but the best comparison I can make is the Pokemon Sword/Shield gym leader theme, when they’re down to their last Pokemon and the beat drops, but the best drop was so hard you need to just sit there crying for like 2-3 full minutes, just taking a good moment to soak in the moment before getting back to the game.

The portal is broken, there is nothing we can do

My second favorite game of the year is Minecraft, somehow I avoided it until this March, but it was definitely quite the experience. I feel like got to experience every emotion throughout the 2 months or so I was playing, mostly solo or with one of a few friends.

When I started, I had no idea what I was doing, but was having a lot of fun digging straight lines through mountains until the area was covered with pathways, and then when a friend came to play with me we’d go out and explore and they’d teach me a bit about the game. One time a friend took me into the underground and we explored the depths for the first time, but then he had to leave while we were still down there. At first I thought I was fine, but after 20-30 minutes I was starting to panic, and I hit a point where I decided the game was stressing me out to much and I had to put it down for a while. I then threw up. First time a game gave me a panic attack. Minecraft is truly a horror game. I was relaying this story a few days later to the woman who introduced me to Cassette Beasts, and she taught me how to show coordinates, which solves the problem for me. She also said, “poor baby, had a panic attack IN PEACEFUL MODE”

20 days later, I taught myself binary and hexadecimal code because I needed it for computational redstone. It was kind of a wild month.

My third favorite game was Legend of Zelda: Echoes of Wisdom. When I saw the first trailer it immediately piqued my interest, it seemed like a fresh concept, and it delivered exactly what it promised. It didn’t give me a life changing experience like the first 2 games, it was just fun, and quite possibly closest to being enjoyable 100% of the time of any game I’ve played. Most games, even really good ones often have certain aspects of the game that don’t appeal to everyone, or just small weaknesses that take away from the experience, and I barely ever felt that. The game wasn’t super long, I beat it in 3-4 days, but nothing overstayed its welcome, they didn’t fill the game with bloat.

[blubadventures]

Fonts

Today we're going to get very technical and talk about custom fonts in PICO-8. I know I just made this blog, but we're taking a deep dive right away because it's one of the first things I did in my game, and it's still fresh in my mind.

PICO-8 ships with a default character set called P8SCII (a pun on ASCII) that includes 256 different characters. This set includes uppercase letters, lowercase letters, numbers, punctuation, hiragana, katakana, various control codes, and other special glyphs. You can see it below.

The default font has some pros and cons. If we focus on the uppercase Latin letters, punctuation, and numbers specifically, all of the characters conform to a 3x5 pixel size. This is very space efficient and consistent, which makes it an excellent font for writing code on PICO-8's tiny 128x128 screen.

Code is written in "all caps" so to speak, although the concept of uppercase and lowercase letters doesn't really exist in PICO-8 programming. Instead we have normal letters (seen above) as well as an alternate set of 26 characters called "puny characters," which looks similar to the regular font but even smaller!

So it works great for coding, but what if we're reading a lot of English words? Here's an excerpt from Homer's Iliad written using the default font, with regular characters for uppercase and puny characters for lowercase.

It doesn't look bad necessarily. I'd even say it conveys a certain amount of retro charm. But I'd be lying if I said it was easy to read.

Enter custom fonts! This is a relatively new feature of PICO-8, and it is one that is a little bit complicated to implement and not very well-documented at the moment, but I'm going to do my best to explain it.

Unfortunately, you can't simply have your custom font loaded and ready to go by setting it up in the cart itself. Custom fonts are defined by messing around with specific memory values at runtime. I'll explain an easy way to actually create and load your own font in another post, but for now lets talk about the memory addresses that need to be modified and how it works under the hood.

First of all, custom fonts must be enabled with the following poke:

poke(0x5f58,0x81)

Address 0x5f58 contains the bitfield for the current character rendering mode. There are a few options, but the ones we care about are 0x01, which enables special rendering modes entirely, and 0x80, which enables the custom font.

Once enabled, all future printing operations will use a custom font that is defined in RAM from addresses 0x5600 to 0x5dff. That's 2,048 bytes total. Remember that there are 256 different characters in P8SCII, so that's 2,048 / 256 = 8 bytes per character.

Each character in the custom font can be as large as 8x8 pixels in size. Each of the 8 reserved bytes for a character represents a row of pixels, and within each byte, each bit represents whether the cell is filled or not, with the least significant bit being the leftmost column.

Here's an example. Capital T has index 116 in P8SCII. 116 x 8 = 928, which is 0x03a0 in hexadecimal, so the custom font for T is defined at 0x5600 + 0x03a0 = 0x59a0. Here is how I have defined T in my custom font.

peek(0x59a0) = 0b00011111 = '#####---' peek(0x59a1) = 0b00000100 = '--#-----' peek(0x59a2) = 0b00000100 = '--#-----' peek(0x59a3) = 0b00000100 = '--#-----' peek(0x59a4) = 0b00000100 = '--#-----' peek(0x59a5) = 0b00000100 = '--#-----' peek(0x59a6) = 0b00000000 = '--------' peek(0x59a7) = 0b00000000 = '--------'

(Remember, the least significant bit is the leftmost pixel drawn, thus the binary representation and the actual drawing appear to be mirrored.)

It doesn't look great on Tumblr, but hopefully you get the gist. As you can see, this character is 5x6 pixels in size. But how will PICO-8 draw this? The two highest addresses (0x59a6 and 0x59a7) are still empty, and there are also still 3 columns of space on the right. Obviously we don't want the T to be floating in the air or have a big gap before the next character is printed, but how would PICO-8 know that?

Here is where things get more complicated. There are two components that define the actual size of a character.

The default size of the entire custom font. This defines a height and width which applies to ALL characters in the custom font.

An individualized width and height offset for all characters. This is a newer feature than the above, and it is what allows us to make variable-width fonts! Because it's newer, you'll see a lot of resources on how to do #1, but resources for how to do #2 are relatively sparse, at least at the time of writing!

Where do we define this stuff? Remember when I said that we have 8 bytes for each of the 256 characters in RAM for defining the custom font? There's a slight asterisk there, which is that the first 16 characters in P8SCII are never actually printed. These are called control codes and they represent various printing functions, not text. They do have a graphic in the first image I posted, but they are never actually printed. Therefore, the bytes in RAM reserved for these first 16 characters may be freely appropriated for other uses.

Font-wide settings are stored in the data reserved for character 0. We can think of this as the "font header". Each of its 8 bytes have different purposes. I'll outline them explicitly.

0x5600: Pixel width of characters 16-127. (Mainly Latin letters, numbers, and punctuation.) 0x5601: Pixel width of characters 128-255. (Mainly special glyphs and Japanese letters.) 0x5602: Pixel height of all characters. 0x5603: Draw offset x. 0x5604: Draw offset y. 0x5605: Set 0x1 to apply size adjustments (see below); set 0x2 to apply tabs relative to the cursor. 0x5606: Pixel width of tabs. 0x5607: Unused.

I'm just going to focus on 0x5600 and 0x5602 here, but you can experiment with other values as you wish. When designing my font, I found that 4 pixels wide generally looked pretty good. However, we also have to account for a gap between characters, which I would like to just be 1 pixel, so our actual character width should be 5, which is the value I poked to 0x5600.

For height, Latin characters vary quite a bit. For most tall characters, like lowercase d, I made them 6 pixels tall. However, some characters like lowercase g are meant to be drawn partially "below the line" when written on paper, so I had these characters dip 2 pixels deeper. Here are some examples.

Since we have characters that extend to both extremes in terms of height, we can say that overall the font is meant to be 8 pixels tall. Furthermore, I once again want a 1 pixel vertical gap when printing to the next line, so we'll say the height is technically 9, which is the value I poked to 0x5602.

But wait! What about the characters which are extra wide, like our uppercase T? That was 5 pixels wide, not 4, so won't it get chopped off? The answer is yes. (Technically, the entire T would still get printed, but we would lose the 1 pixel gap before the next character.)

This is where the per-character width and height adjustments come into play. Remember the data for character 0 formed our header, but we still have characters 1-15 whose data is still unused. That's 15x8=120 bytes. We have 240 printable characters (17..255). Therefore we can allocate one nibble (that is, 4 bits, or half a byte) for each printable character. The lower nibble in each byte will correspond to the lower of the two characters represented by that byte.

The 3 lowest bits in the nibble represent the width offset for that character as a signed 3-bit integer, for a range of -4 to +3. This is what will be added to the default width when determining the actual width for that specific character. The highest bit is used for a vertical offset; if it is set, the character will be drawn one pixel higher than normal.

Finally, to enable these per-character adjustments at all, the lowest bit of 0x5605 must be set to 1, as mentioned previously.

Let's see some examples. Remember that the T we drew earlier was 5x6. Or rather, it's 6x6 if we include the 1 pixel horizontal padding on the right side. But our default width is only 5. Therefore we need to set T's offset to +1.

We have to do some fairly complicated address math to figure out where T's offset lives. Remember its P8SCII index is 116. Among the actually printable characters, its index is 116-16=100. Offset data begins at 0x5608. Remember each byte corresponds to two characters. 100 (or 0x64) is an even number, so it is going to live in the lower nibble of its corresponding byte, which is located at 0x5608 + 0x64 / 2 = 0x563a.

T's roommate is character 117, which naturally, is U. The U I drew conforms to the standard width of 5, so its offset should just be 0. Across the board, I'm not using any height offsets, so those bits will always be 0. Therefore, our offset for T is achieved with the following poke:

poke(0x563a, 0x01)

Lets pick a more complicated example: lowercase L and M. Let me show you what I drew for those first.

Both of these characters have nonstandard widths. Worse yet, they're roommates! L will need an offset of -2, and m will need +1.

L's index is 76, and M's is 77. Their offset data will live in the same byte, with L taking the lower nibble. The address of this data is given by:

0x5608 + (76 - 16) / 2 = 0x562e.

M needs a width offset of 1, which is simply represented as 001 in binary. L needs -2, which is represented as 110 using two's complement on a 3 bit integer. Again, both should have a 0 height offset. Putting this all together, our poke will be:

poke(0x5626, 0b00010110)

Or in hex:

poke(0x5626, 0x16)

Or even in decimal:

poke(0x5626, 22)

Anyway, that's my overlong explanation for how custom fonts work. Now let's see the custom font I made in action, side-by-side with the default font.

Not bad! Personally, I find this dramatically more readable, but it does come at a cost: it takes up way more vertical screen space than before.

[jc-fmp-2025]

Prepping the full rocket model for rendering.

Here, I saved the file as a new one before I join with the rest of the mesh. I named it differently to the other files to make it more distinguishable.

Next, I selected all the meshes and pressed 'Ctrl' + 'J' to join them together.

After that, I decided to set the background to how I have it in my other model files. I clicked onto the 'Shading' window.

I added a 'Light Path', a 'Mix Shader', and a second 'Background' box and connected them together. This allows me to change the background colour without having visually effecting the model.

Next, I copied and pasted the hexadecimal colour code that I have been using for my past models. The code is '#0086FFFF'.

Here, I had set the origin to 'Origin to Center of Mass (Volume)' to get it as close to the center as possible.

After that, I decided to start animating the model. Before I added the first keyframe, I set the location of the model to 0m on the 'Z' axis.

Next, on the 90th frame, I set the rotation to 360' degrees on the 'Z' axis for the keyframe.

For the 180th frame, I had set a keyframe that rotates the mesh by 360' degrees on the 'X' axis.

By the 210th frame, the mesh is set to have rotated back to 0' degrees on the 'Z' axis.

For the last keyframe, I set it to rotate back to 0' degrees on the 'X' axis by the 250th frame.

These are the transformations that I have made for the camera to get the best view of the model. I pressed '0' on the number pad to toggle the camera view to help me.

I was now ready to set up the render settings.

[hexaa12321]

What is Web Hosting and How Does It Work?

Have you ever wondered where websites are stored and how they are available on the internet 24/7? The answer lies in a service called web hosting. Whether it’s a personal blog, an online store, or a company website, web hosting is what makes it possible for people to visit your site anytime, from anywhere.

Let’s explore what web hosting is, how it works, and the different types available.

What is Web Hosting?

Web hosting is a service that stores your website’s files, images, code, and data on a computer called a server. This server is connected to the internet so that anyone can access your website by typing its domain name in a browser.

Think of it like renting space on the internet. Just as you need a shop to sell products in real life, you need hosting space to run a website online.

How Does Web Hosting Work?

Here’s a simple example:

You create a website with files like HTML, CSS, images, and scripts.

You upload these files to a web hosting server.

When someone types your domain (like www.mywebsite.com), their browser connects to the hosting server.

The server sends the website files back to the browser so the user can see your website.

It all happens in just a few seconds.

Types of Web Hosting

Shared Hosting Your website shares a server with other websites. It’s affordable and best for small websites, but can be slower if other sites use too many resources.

VPS Hosting (Virtual Private Server) A single server is divided into virtual parts. It offers better performance than shared hosting and is good for growing websites.

Dedicated Hosting You get the entire server for your website. It’s fast and powerful but also more expensive. Suitable for large websites with high traffic.

Cloud Hosting Uses multiple servers to host websites. If one server fails, another one takes over. It’s reliable, scalable, and becoming very popular.

Managed Hosting The hosting company takes care of everything — updates, security, and backups. It’s easy for people who don’t want to manage the technical side.

Things to Consider Before Choosing a Host

Speed and Performance Fast-loading websites keep users happy.

Uptime Guarantee Look for 99.9% uptime so your site stays online.

Customer Support Good support can help you fix problems quickly.

Security Features Hosting should include SSL certificates, firewalls, and regular backups.

Scalability As your website grows, your hosting should be able to handle more traffic.

Final Thoughts

Web hosting is the foundation of every website. Without it, your site wouldn’t be visible to the world. Whether you're launching a blog, business site, or online store, choosing the right web hosting is one of the most important steps in going online.

About Hexadecimal Software At Hexadecimal Software (https://www.hexadecimalsoftware.com/), we offer expert solutions for website development, cloud hosting, and digital infrastructure. We help businesses build reliable and scalable web platforms.

Explore More on Hexahome Blogs For more easy-to-understand tech articles, visit https://www.blogs.hexahome.in/. Discover everything from web development to cloud technology in a simple and friendly way.

[bronzebasement]

I few hours ago I had a random flashback of one of the few memories I have from when I was a child, this might have been even before primary school

It was just some silly interaction with my dad, I was telling him about fun TLOZ facts and I said "You know how in Twilight Princess there is this ugly bird called Oocoo? That weird name comes from the color of Link's tunic in the first game!", my dad was reasonably confused as how you get from The Color Green to "Ooccoo" so I tried my best to explain hexadecimal codes without really knowing what they are so I was like "So like colors in computers have numbers and letters for every single color in the world and the number for Link's tunic was 00cc00" and after some discussing my dad hit me with the "Don't believe everything you see in the internet, son" and I was like WHAT. I mean solid advice but DUDE. YOU ARE TALKING TO AN AUTISTIC CHILD WHOSE ONLY HYPERFIXATION SO FAR HAS BEEN ZELDA AND ZELDA TRIVIA. YOUR SON HAS SPENT HOURS ON WEB-BASED PIXEL ART PROGRAMS. I KNOW THAT HEXADECIMAL CODES ARE A THING, I KNOW 00cc00 IS BRIGHT GREEN BECAUSE I WENT TO TEST IT AFTER HEARING THE FUN FACT. YOU CAN'T TREAT ME LIKE I'M LYING TO YOUR FACE.

Anyways. As it turns out, while writing this I looked it up and it was, in fact, misinformation. Ooccoo's name is believed to come from the hex code for Link's tunic in OoT's concept art, not Zelda I. I found two posts correcting this exact same thing from around 2014. I feel thoroughly betrayed

[soc-learning]

Top Strategies for Acing AQA GCSE Computer Science Exams

The AQA GCSE Computer Science exam requires a solid understanding of both theoretical knowledge and practical skills. From mastering key programming techniques to understanding core computational concepts, preparing for this exam can feel overwhelming. However, with the right study techniques, you can boost your confidence and perform your best. In this article, we’ll cover key strategies for excelling in both the theoretical and practical parts of the AQA GCSE Computer Science exam.

1. Understand the Exam Structure

Before diving into revision, make sure you are familiar with the structure of the AQA GCSE Computer Science exam. The exam is divided into two papers:

Paper 1: Computational Thinking and Programming Skills focuses on problem-solving, coding, and algorithms.

Paper 2: Computing Concepts tests your understanding of theory, including data representation, computer systems, and networks.

Knowing how the exam is organised allows you to plan your study sessions and allocate time based on the weight of each section.

2. Master the Programming Basics

Programming is a key component of the AQA GCSE Computer Science exam. Whether you’re coding in Python, Java, or another language, ensure you understand the fundamentals:

Variables, Data Types, and Operators: Get comfortable with declaring and using variables, as well as performing basic operations.

Control Structures: Revise loops (for, while) and conditional statements (if, else) to handle decision-making in programs.

Functions and Procedures: Practice writing reusable code using functions and procedures, which is crucial for efficient programming.

A great way to strengthen your programming skills is to complete coding challenges regularly. Platforms like Repl.it and Codewars offer fun, engaging ways to practice.

3. Use Pseudocode and Flowcharts

Many students struggle with turning abstract problem-solving ideas into actual code. Practising with pseudocode and flowcharts can help bridge this gap. Pseudocode helps you plan out your logic in plain English before diving into the syntax of a specific programming language. Flowcharts, on the other hand, allow you to visualise the steps and decisions in a program.

These tools are invaluable for Paper 1 as they improve your ability to break down complex problems and structure your solutions logically.

4. Focus on Key Theory Topics

For Paper 2, the theoretical part of the exam, you’ll need a thorough understanding of various topics, including:

Data Representation: Binary, hexadecimal, and denary conversions, as well as character sets like ASCII.

Computer Systems: The components of a computer, including the CPU, memory, and storage.

Networking: Key concepts around LANs, WANs, protocols, and network security.

Ethical and Environmental Issues: Be prepared to discuss the impact of computing technologies on society and the environment.

It’s essential to actively revise these topics, taking the time to summarise key concepts and apply them to potential exam questions.

5. Practice Past Papers

One of the most effective ways to prepare for any exam is to practise with past papers. AQA GCSE Computer Science past papers give you a clear idea of the question styles, mark allocation, and exam timing. Make sure you time yourself to simulate exam conditions. After completing each paper, carefully review the mark schemes to understand where marks are awarded and how to improve your answers.

You can find AQA past papers on the official AQA website, and using these alongside our revision courses can help you track your progress.

6. Revise with Flashcards and Quizzes

For theory-heavy topics, using flashcards can help with memorisation. Apps like Quizlet allow you to create your own digital flashcards or use pre-made sets covering topics like networking, data structures, and algorithms. Additionally, online quizzes are a great way to test your understanding of specific topics and get instant feedback.

7. Break Down Programming Projects

In Paper 1, you may be tasked with programming challenges that require logical thinking and problem-solving. To prepare for these tasks, work on breaking down larger programming projects into smaller, manageable parts. When tackling a project, follow these steps:

Analyse the problem: Identify the input, process, and output.

Break it down: Break the solution into smaller steps using pseudocode.

Test frequently: Test your code regularly to avoid errors building up.

Optimise your code: Refactor your code for efficiency and clarity.

Regular practice will help you develop the confidence needed to handle complex programming tasks during the exam.

8. Stay Organised with a Study Schedule

Given the range of content in the AQA GCSE Computer Science syllabus, it’s crucial to create a structured study plan. Use a planner to allocate time for both theory and programming practice, ensuring that you cover all topics before the exam. Prioritise areas you find difficult and revisit them frequently to reinforce your understanding.

Whether you need help mastering programming skills or solidifying your theoretical understanding, our tailored approach ensures you are fully prepared for your GCSE Computer Science exams.

For more details, check out our GCSE Computer Science Courses and start your journey to success today!

[evecolourshock]

....wound up with more of a fic plot, apologies in advance for somewhat highjacking your post

But what if the email... works? It's a last ditch effort from a bored, angry, and deep down scared Program, trying to get hold of his Creator.

Alan_One, please. Please help me. I don't know what to do but there's so much wrong I need to do something and I- I cannot. I'll do anything, accept my deletion or rewriting if I must, but please. Help. Just a plea, thrown out into the yawning void beyond the Grid, begging for a response but not expecting one because it's been so long.

Somewhere far away, a few weeks later, Alan gets a strange email. It's half in hexadecimal, half in rambling binary, and oozes terror once he decodes it - writes it out, pen to paper, before deleting the email because his first and best Security Program is missing and everything company-mandated since just doesn't measure up and he's worried it's a hack.

It's so much worse than a hack.

There's location coordinates, and it takes precious time to find them - Flynn's arcade, of course, everything seemed to be connected to him lately. The apartment above is empty, but Alan searches the place top to bottom with an urgency he's only felt once before. He hasn't been this scared since the MCP took Tron away.

The stupid Tron cabinet moves when he leans against it.

There's a door.

There's a lab beyond the door.

There's a digitization lazer in the lab.

Surely even Flynn wouldn't-

He would, Alan thinks with a heavy heart and a horrified mind.

Tron's alert came from here.

Tron is here.

Alan snarls and pulls up a chair.

He finds Tron, the single speck of his own coding amidst the sea of work that's both Flynn's and almost-Flynn's. He doesn't have time to dwell on it, because Tron is-

Alan brings a hand to his mouth. Oh no.

Tron's barely able to function, scrabbling to turn what's left of its protocols towards something - anything - that remotely resembles what it was made for. It-

Oh God, something's trying to hack his Program. Trying to rewrite it, to carve through all those elegant defenses and sophisticated algorithms and even that prototype learning script Alan added on a whim.

Alan flexes his fingers, pulls up a keyboard interface on Dillinger's old desk, and sets to work. Not on his watch. Not to his Program.

There's another Program trying to get to Tron, he finds. It's newer, code more Alan's than Flynn's - ID code BECK-JA-307020-1. Alan doesn't remember writing it, and on closer inspection he didn't. It's... it acts and behaves like Tron did during what little of a beta run he could carve out for his Program, but its creation... it's like Tron budded off enough scripts to form a new Program in its own right. Alan doesn't know how to feel about that.

It's been helping Tron, anyway, and is stubborn enough a script to try and keep doing that even with Tron in such bad shape. Alan has an ally. An unconventional one, but he'll take all the help he can get.

There are a lot of hacked Programs. Poor Tron must be in overdrive trying to figure out where the next threat is, because to its algorithms they're everywhere.

The Beck Program is fast and... Alan doesn't have another word except clever. He wouldn't believe it if he wasn't seeing it, but... it's thinking. Not just logical if-then analyses, but clear predictive thought and strategy.

He thinks over Tron's alert, at the fear and exhaustion poured in it. Watches Beck's desperate scrambles trying to get to its- its parent.

These aren't Programs any more. These may as well be people.

...Alan has a child here. A child willing to let him kill them if he wishes, as a twisted kind of proof he cares enough to do that.

He has a grandchild too. One desperate enough to throw themself to whatever's attacking Tron just so they can be with their parent until the end.

The no that rips its way out of Alan's throat doesn't sound like him, too dark and vicious to be him. It sounds like- a hurt and frightened and exhausted Program who doesn't want to fight any more but can't afford to stop because he will not be the tool used to murder his only surviving friend, a vengeful god preparing to smite a suddenly wary corrupted Administrator for his crimes, a raging grieving father on the warpath.

When murder is a few typed lines, Alan finds, it's easy to be the one pulling the metaphorical trigger.

Tron collapses in his restraints, spent. Against all probabilities, his User came for him.

"I have you." Alan murmurs quietly, not knowing his Program can hear him. "You've done well, you're going to be alright. Rest, Tron."

Tron does.

*****

Tron wakes to his User's voice. He trembles as he runs a diagnostic scan - freezes and runs it again when it comes back as undamaged.

Healed.

Upgraded, even.

Tron's either been rescued by his User, or he's wherever Programs go once they're derezzed. Either eventuality wouldn't bother him, except-

Except Beck's on his peripheries. If Beck's been derezzed, Tron is going to find out how to come back as a datawraith and haunt whoever derezzed the beta. And if he derezzed Beck, he's going to find out how to derez the deleted and do it to himself. He sends Beck a formless ping.

"Tron!" He gets a face full of spiky, silky hair and a tearful beta clinging to his chest in a way that protects but doesn't aggravate where his wounds would be.

Secondary self-deletion can wait, he decides, and curls around his beta. "I'm here, Beck." He murmurs. 《Status?》 He asks after a while in a hesitant binary ping, almost afraid of the answer.

"I- I think I'm okay? Clu went poof in a flash of white-blue light kinda like your circuits but brighter and you were so still but a voice said you were gonna be alright and everyone just sorta slumped over and I got really tired but it wasn't the hurt kinda tired it was more like something was urging me to shut down and I sorta went into sleep mode and-" Tron lets Beck's voice wash over him as the beta rambles, listening and committing every word to memory but also just basking in the waves of Beck's energy field.

Nowhere in Beck's recount is there any mention of either of them derezzing. Tron allows himself a glimmer of hope that the all-but-zero chance of his User seeing his alert came true.

And then promptly feels embarrassed at the chance of Alan_One witnessing his weakness, but. At the end of the cycle, he's still here and hasn't been fundamentally changed. If Alan_One thought him weak, he'd been compassionate enough to take the circumstances into account.

Because a flash of light like that usually means deletion by command of a User. Because Beck's unharmed. Because, if Tron's recollection is correct, his User saw what was happening to him and Ordered the rewrite to stop.

"What about you, are you okay?" Beck asks him after catching his breath.

"Diagnostics say yes." Tron admits. "Working on believing it." He adds under his breath - no doubt Beck hears him, but nobody else will.

He gets bombarded with Beck's half-formed pings of relief and delight, but that's okay. Beck's allowed to do that.

Alan watches the two interact, numb. These are people. These are family.

They nearly died.

Tron- Alan's hands still shake. Tron, if they'd been human, would have flatlined. Alan had to keep their metaphorical heart beating manually, until they were repaired enough to stay alive without assistance.

Even then, it had been touch and go until Alan had moved them and the rest of the system to an entirely different machine. One more stable, less prone to overheating, and with far more storage.

And no Flynn. Alan had dragged him off it the moment he'd found the man, given him a bollixing for not telling anyone what he'd been doing, and then turfed him over to an irate Lora.

Sam needs his dad.

Tron seems to need something similar, and the best they have is Alan. So Alan's going to stay as long as Tron needs him.

This side of the screen, or the other if Lora approves.

He wants to see his firstborn and his first grandchild face to face.

But for now, he'll watch over them from where he is.

It's not enough, as far as he's concerned, but it's the best he can do for now.

Thinking about how Tron technically changed in position

He’s a security monitor “monitors all interaction between our system and others finds anything that isn’t scheduled and shuts it down” he has a pretty big and important job. Especially considering the Encom corporate encompasses at LEAST a thousand smaller systems. He has a very specific role

On the Grid his job is beach. “What is my purpose” “you do security”

Flynn basically has him do anything that can marginally pass as work that keeps the system stable and workable. He gets grid bugs, im not knowledgeable in computers but I’m pretty sure bug fixes would be another programs jurisdiction. He finally gets a team and “I’m going to retire forever now ok goodbye*explodes* (I know little about uprising past this—-) no wonder he wanted a successor so badly this man is doing literally everything. 😭

[gooeykit]

can you tell me about MATRIX

Yes. Enzo Matrix from ReBoot 1994 starts off as a mischievous little kid sibling character to Dot Matrix, MainFrame's command dot com. Enzo looks up to her and the new sprite in town, Guardian Bob, who is the best defense MainFrame has against the viral forces as well as the user. The user is the owner of the computer which MainFrame resides, and sends in games which the residents the game has fallen on have to win for their lives, games are equivalent to natural disasters. I digress, Enzo is always trying to get into whatever Bob's doing whenever he's doing it, either helping along the way or being in need of rescue, and post rescue he may even still be of assistance. Enzo, as he's equivalent to ages 9 and 10 in season 1, 2 and early season 3, proves himself very capable despite his occasional need of rescue. He's also very smart, resourceful and insightful, as seen in the episode "High Code".

In the season 2 episode "AndrAIa", Enzo starts being upset with his circumstance of being the only kid sprite left after the Twin City incident, whereas his father, Welman Matrix, had tried to open a port to other systems, accidentally summoning the virus GigaByte, and causing his portal to explode. This created the now city of Lost Angles where Hexadecimal resides, and killing every sprite and binome there. The only sprites who weren't there were Dot and Enzo, unfortunately. Later, a game drops where Enzo is and Bob and Dot just barely make it into it as well, though still distant from him. Enzo meets a game sprite, a new type of enemy that resides in games, which has AI. Her name is Andraia and is also a kid, which excites Enzo and he immediately hits off a friendship with her, not knowing that she wont leave the game with him, as game sprites stay in the game. Andraia becomes saddened when he finds out, as its very upsetting to the both of them, regardless she helps Enzo to beat the game just before the user can, saving all of them. its revealed that she made a copy of herself and attached it to Enzo, helping her to escape the game and live with them in mainframe.

Later in season 2, MainFrame is under siege by web creatures, forcing the Mainframers to team up with Hexadecimal and MegaByte, the resident viruses, and Bob makes Enzo a guardian cadet due to the dire circumstances as well. Just as they manage to get rid of the web creatures, the viral forces turn on the MainFramers, and MegaByte sends Bob into the web before closing the tear. This makes Enzo into the only resident guardian and, despite his age, is tasked with fighting off the viral forces and defending the games, which Andraia will tag along for, and he'll also get general help from the principal office and his sister still. Andraia's game sprite mode made it so that she would not be nullified should she lose a game, and this is passed to Enzo and Mouse, as well as Andraia getting the ability to reboot in games. Despite all this, and his idea to trap the viral forces in a firewall, Enzo takes himself, Andraia, and Frisket, his dog, into a game. Enzo is unable to beat the user and loses his eye in the process. He and the others go into game sprite mode and are sent off in the game, losing themselves from MainFrame.

After this, Enzo, Andraia and Frisket only want to get back to their own system, but grow up as they go around game hopping. Enzo starts going by Matrix at this point and despite his gruff demeanor, only has it up for show, he's jumpy and lacks a trigger finger, but is still compassionate. After a scene where he puts up an intimidating show, claiming nobody wants to save their own system, and storms off, he reveals it was only him trying to make some recruits to train in hopes of the native residents being able to defend themselves and their own system without he and his posse. Much of the episodes around Matrix and co's adult debut is centered around exploring their characters, especially that of Matrix's trauma. I will be the first to admit, ITS VERY CHEESY AND CORNY, its why I like it, I still think that despite this, it's really cool!

I'm not going to give a full synopsis of the show bc this is meant to be about a character, so I'll break off from that here :3 now, I ALWAYS have a soft spot for the token mischievous little boy character, but I rarely like how they grow up. It always ends up being that they lose so much of their values, their playfulness, etc. Matrix, despite being gruff and brooding, deviates from this, because he's still massively compassionate even though he puts up a front, and its a very realistic front all things considered. He still looks up to the same people, he loves the people he's always loved, he's still a go-getter. Matrix is incredibly violent because of everything he'd lost, and now that he's got it back in the end, he wont lose it. The others don't like specifically that he's become as aggressive as he is, but they still respect that its just what he had to be, and he's still loved despite it, partially for it because they know he's like this FOR them. He still needs time to acclimate to relatively calm living because he and the others have been lost for 10 years [within a time dilation tho, he and Andraia grew up rapid fast to everyone experiencing standard time]

Another way he deviates is that he's still a rascal in a way, he doesn't take things seriously if he doesn't feel the need, he loves action, excitement, he loves being shot at with live ammunition and he doesn't like others getting in the way of his fun. he creates issues due to his brashness and his unaccepting of a threat, not because he's stupid or over confident, but because he knows what happens when you're too tolerable. In fact, he's seen being upset with Bob's radical ideals of reprogramming viruses instead of erasing them, Bob who he'd fought for during those 10 years being lost, who he still openly admits to being his hero, who he still actively admires and loves. Still, despite this, he's incredibly trusting of him, showing his anger but backing off, despite the times where it HAS backfired. BLEHHHH he's just so special to me idk if there are a million characters like him, he's still the special one XP

TLDR: i need him

[rogue-of-broken-time]

*scREECH* EXILES EXILES EXILES-

:D I’m glad there are still some people out there who remember them! So, without further ado:

EXILES LORE UPDATE!

Knave is Best Bisexual Mom Friend™

Thief is the Shy Aro Girl

Pandit. That’s it, just Pandit

Vandal uses he/him because that’s what he’s always used, but he doesn’t feel as though he strongly identifies as male or female. He identifies as a problem.

Firebrand (Bandit’s older brother who taught him how to speak in hexadecimal, he’s off somewhere doing something) is gay. I’ve decided.

Vandal is the oldest, Knave is a close second. Bandit has a bad case of Middle/Younger Child Syndrome where he feels like he has to overcompensate to please somebody

Thief and Rogue are the same “age”, whatever time means to them xD

The main squad each identify differently because of their author’s identity being so wide-spanning and creative– they can only contain so many facets within themselves

CM was the original villain of the Exiles’ story, but since something happened to the author, he inherited all the concepts that never made it to the words of his. The dark imagination of the author’s toying with ideas, hence why he knows all these codes and such

Any relationship these characters had before the author had their “incident” was stripped away from their memories. So they don’t even know how they related to each other beforehand, but they’re sure as hell friends now. (Except CM. All my homies hate CM.)

And there’s a little more in the works for these guys at the moment! I’m actually thinking of starting to write their actual story!! Who knows when it’ll happen or what format it’ll be in, but whatever xD hope you enjoy, anon! 💙

[arunabadami-blog]

Top 25 C++ Interview Questions for Experienced

Q #1) What is the basic structure of a C++ program?

In cases like this, we're using a directive that informs the compiler to add a header while"iostream.h" that is utilized for fundamental input/output later from the program.

The following line is your"primary" function that returns an integer. The major function is the beginning point of implementation for any C++ program. Irrespective of its status in the source code file, the principal function's contents are always implemented first from the C++ compiler.

We could observe open curly braces that point to the beginning of a block of code within another line. Next, we view the programming education or the amount of code that utilizes the count that's the standard output stream (its definition is current in iostream.h).

This output takes a series of characters and prints into a regular output device. . Please be aware that every C++ schooling ends with a semicolon (;-RRB-, which will be very much needed, and omitting it's going to lead to compilation errors.

Before shutting the braces}we visit the following line" return." This is the come the point to the major function.

Each C++ application will have a fundamental arrangement, as shown above, having a preprocessor directive, chief purpose announcement followed by a block of code, and a returning point to the major purpose, which indicates successful implementation of this program.

Q #2) Which are the Opinions in C++?

Answer: Remarks in C++ are merely a bit of source code dismissed by the compiler. They are only beneficial to get a developer to add a description or additional information regarding their origin code.

Q #3) Difference within Declaration and Definition of a variable.

Response: The statement of a factor is simply defining the data type of a variable and the variable name. As a consequence of the announcement, we inform the compiler to book the area for a memory factor based on the data type defined.

Q #4) Comment on Local and Global extent of a variable.

Answer: The range of a variable is defined as the degree of the app code where the factor remains active, i.e., it could be announced, defined, or worked with.

There are two Kinds of extent in C++:

Neighborhood Scope: A factor is said to have a local range or is local when it's declared in a code block. The factor remains active only within the cube and isn't available outside the code block.

International Scope: A factor has a global range when it's available throughout the application. A global variable is declared in addition to the app before all of the function definitions.

Q #5) What's the precedence when there are a worldwide variable and a neighborhood factor from the app with the same title?

Answer: Whenever there's a local variable with the same title as a global variable, the compiler gives precedence to the local factor.

Q #6) If there are a worldwide variable and Local factor with the same title, how will you get the global variable?

Answer: whenever there are two factors with the identical title but a different extent, i.e., one is a local variable, and the other is a global variable, the compiler will give decision to a local factor.

Applying this operator, we could get the value of this global factor.

Q #7) How many methods are there to initialize an int with a Constant?

Answer: There are just two ways:

The initial format employs conventional C notation.

Q #8) What's a Constant?

Answer A constant is an expression which has a fixed value.

Aside from the decimal, C++ additionally supports two constants, i.e., octal (into the base 8) and hexadecimal (into the bottom 16) constants.

Q #9) How do you define/declare constants in C++?

Answer: In C++we could specify our constants with the #define preprocessor directive.

Q #10) Comment on Assignment Operator in C++.

Answer: Assignment operator at C++ is employed to assign a value to some other variable.

A = 5;

The line of code specifies the integer value 5 to changeable a.

The part in the operator's left is called an lvalue (left value) along with the best as rvalue (good value). Lworth should stay a factor, whereas the ideal side may be a constant, a variable, the result of an operation, or some other mixture of those.

The mission operation always occurs in the right to left rather than in reverse.

One property that C++ has within the other programming languages is the assignment operator may be utilized as the value (or a part of an rvalue) for a different mission.

Q #11) What's the distinction between equivalent to -LRB-==-RRB- and Assignment Operator (=-RRB-?

Answer: In C++, equivalent to -LRB-==-RRB- and assignment operator (=-RRB- are just two entirely different operators.

Equal into -LRB-==-RRB- is a relational equality operator which evaluates two expressions to determine whether they're equivalent and returns true if they're similar and false if they're not.

The assignment operator (=-RRB- can be employed to assign a value to some variable. Hence, we may have an intricate assignment performance within the relational equality operator for analysis.

Q #12) What are the different Arithmetic Operators in C++?

Answer: C++ supports the following arithmetic operators:

+ addition

– subtraction

* multiplication

/ division

% module

Q #13) Which are a Variety of Compound Assignment Operators in C++?

Answer: Following will be the Compound assignation operators at C++:

Q #14) State the difference between Pre and Post Increment/Decrement Operations.

Answer: C++ enables two operators, i.e ++ (increment) and --(decrement), which permit you to add 1 to the present value of a factor and subtract one from the factor, respectively.

Q #15) Which will be the Extraction and Insertion operators at C++? Explain with illustrations.

Answer: From the iostream.h library of C++, cin, and cout would be the 2 data streams which are used for output and input respectively. Cout is generally directed to the display and cin is delegated to the computer keyboard.

"cin" (extraction operator): By utilizing overloaded operator >> using cin flow, C++ manages the standard input.

As shown from the preceding case, an integer variable'age' is announced and it waits for cin (keyboard) to input the information. "cin" procedures the input when the RETURN key is pressed.

It transmits the information that followed it to the cout stream.

Explain with illustrations.

Q #16) What is the difference between while and do while loop? Explain with examples.

Answer: The arrangement of while loop in C++ is:

The announcement block below while is implemented so long as the illness in the given expression is true.

Q #17) What do you mean by ‘void’ return type?

Answer: All works must return a value according to the overall syntax.

Nonetheless, in the event, if we do not need a function to return some value, we utilize"emptiness " to imply that. It follows that we utilize"emptiness " to signify that the function has no return value or it yields"emptiness ".

Q #18) Explain Pass by Value and Pass by Reference.

Answer: whilst passing parameters into the function utilizing"Pass by Value", we pass a copy of the parameters into the function.

Therefore, whatever alterations are made to the parameters in the called function aren't handed back to the calling function. Thus the variables from the calling function stay unchanged.

Q #19) Which are Default Parameters? How are they assessed at the C++ work?

Answer: Default Parameter is a value that's assigned to each parameter whilst announcing a purpose.

This value can be used if this parameter is left clean when calling to the purpose. To define a default value for a specific parameter, we just assign a value to the parameter from the function statement.

If the value isn't passed for this parameter through the function call, then the compiler uses the default value supplied. When a value is defined, then that default value is stepped on along with the passed value is utilized.

Q #20) What's an Inline role in C++?

Answer: Inline function is a function that's compiled by the compiler since the purpose of calling the function, and the code has been substituted at that point. This makes compiling quicker. This function is characterized by prefixing the function prototype using the keyword"inline."

Such acts are valuable only when the code of this inline function is small and easy. Though a purpose is described as Inline, it's completely compiler determined to appraise it as directional or not.

Advanced-Data Construction

Arrays

Q #21) Why are arrays generally processed together for loop?

Answer: Array employs the index to traverse all its components.

If A is an array, then all its components are obtained as A[I]. Everything is necessary for this to work is an iterative block using a loop variable I, which functions as an indicator (counter) incrementing from 0 to A.length-1.

This is just what a loop does, and that is why we process arrays using for loops.

"delete" is used to discharge one chunk of memory that was allocated with new.

Q #23) What's wrong with this code?

Answer: the aforementioned code will be syntactically correct and will compile fine.

The one issue is it will only delete the first part of this array. Although the whole selection is deleted, just the destructor of this first element will be called, and the memory to the first element is published.

Q #24) What is the sequence in which the items in an array are destroyed?

Answer: Objects within an array are destructed in the opposite order of construction: First assembled, last destructed.

Q #25) What's wrong with this code?

Answer: From the preceding code, the pointer is null. Per the C++ 03 typical, it is perfectly legal to call delete on a NULL pointer. The delete operator will look after the NULL test internally.

know more

[ticktockstuck]

Mallek Adalov is the type of person who, once confronted with a problem, will go to the limit to find a solution for it. A lot of his programming expertise comes from his tech not doing what he wanted and promptly deciding to figure out how he can make it work for him. When he gets in a dead end trying to puzzle something out, it gets lodged under his skin like crumbs in a keyboard and just won’t get out of his head.

So the conundrum that came out of a doll showing up at his doorstep begging to be reprogrammed was like an entire actual mouse running around under his keys.

Some context about dolls: While they may be robots in intent and purpose, the programming that goes into them is only loosely similar to any computer code. The oldest dolls (back when they were made of clay and stone) operated entirely off of ink, paper, and ancient runes; over centuries doll construction evolved into modern wood-and-steel models but the magic powering them has changed only in that it’s grown exponentially more complicated. And that magical programming doesn’t just enable their bodies to move, nor does it just constitute the entirety of their personality - more often than not it’s leaden with safeguards and psirewalls to keep them working under someone else’s heel.

Now when that doll showed up at his doorstep Mallek had already established himself as a stop in the Tick-Tock Town black market, and gotten a lot of work done for people. Among those people were a good number of dolls, and word between dolls spreads quickly. So when a certain doll heard of a certain troll with programming skill doing good things for their fellow machines, it was worth daring to go out and see if they couldn’t get some of their locks off.

He couldn’t.

It was way outside his field of expertise. Mallek had to turn them away, and the best he could offer was finding them someone who could actually handle the task. 

Mallek came out of that encounter thinking it was just one awkward deal but as weeks went by it wouldn’t stop nagging at him. Sleepless hours in the recuperacoon spent thinking about what he could do about it. Surely, he could just point the way to some real expert, right? He wasn’t about to learn blacksmithing just because someone wanted an off-market sword, why should some doll off the street asking for a reprogramming be different?

{ Because it = programming; }

It all kept falling back to that. Programming was his house, machines were his territory. Dolls were intricate, delicate, and highly elaborate machines but at their base level they were still machines. He could cede this ground to someone with more expertise but that would implicitly be labelling himself as an inferior in his own field. He couldn’t abide by that.

It took Mallek months just to get some of the resources he needed. The upper crust in Tick-Tock Town had a tight grip on anything magic-related, and his entire enterprise almost got found out (multiple times, even) in the process of getting the right books and tools in his hands. Took him a year and a day just to get a constrictor’s grip on the theory of for-while seals and hexadecimal framework, but that slim similarity between doll programming and computer programming ended up being enough for Mallek to make some headway.

Once he got the ball rolling, it wasn’t long until he felt ready to start putting theory to practice. It wasn’t smooth at first; some wrong lines cut erased here, a few resulting glitches there, but those first few dolls that had to serve as his trial run were overwhelmingly grateful for some help over the no help they were getting before. 

To his credit, Mallek’s gotten better at it with time. He certainly wouldn’t call himself an expert in it, even in the modern day, but he’s got a whole room in his pad dedicated to when dolls come by and the entire doll-reprogramming operation he runs is much more streamlined now. To keep a bunch of tracks from leading back to him, he only does these operations about every other month, but that’s been enough to make him a big name in the free doll community. Mallek certainly didn’t come into this for fame but he’s certainly not complaining about having these kinds of connections for all his other illicit activities.

[hydrus]

Version 345

windows

zip

exe

os x

app

linux

tar.gz

source

tar.gz

I had a good week. The big thumbnail update is done, which means for an important update. Users with smaller databases have less to think about, but anyone with 1,000,000+ files should definitely read all of the following:

thumbnails

This is a great week to make a backup before you update!

Until now, the hydrus client has used two simple thumbnails--one 'full-size', one 'resized'--for each file. Hardware has moved on since then, and so has my code, so it is now feasible to have a single smarter thumbnail that will resize itself on demand. The work for this was done this week. This makes for a simpler and less wasteful storage system and more flexible thumbs all around.

The main thing is that on this update, the client will delete the surplus thumbnails. You will get a popup before it happens to remind you. Specifically, it will delete the 256 'rxx' 'resized' subfolders in your database's file store. If you have moved these folders through the migrate database dialog, this is no problem--the client will delete them wherever they are. Depending on your collection and platform, it could take a few seconds or several minutes. Your new thumbnails may load just slightly slower the first time, but this will return to normal in time.

The best news is that the old 200x200 limit is gone! You can now set your thumbnails' size under options->thumbnails up to 2048x2048! I am now running 360x240 on my 4k machine and like it a lot.

Note that if you previously moved your 'resized' thumbs to an SSD but not your old 'full-size' thumbs, you will want to recheck the migrate database dialog at some point to make sure you move your newly active thumbnail folders to fast storage. This is likely to be a big job, so plan for it.

The migrate database help regarding all this has been updated:

https://hydrusnetwork.github.io/hydrus/help/database_migration.html

Also, be prepared for your next backup run to have significant additional delete overhead as all your backup's 'rxx' folders will be deleted as well. If you have fewer than, say, 250,000 files, I do not think you need to think much of this, but if you have many more, you might like to manually delete these folders from your backup yourself right before your next run. There are 256 of these folders, named in hexadecimal from r00 to rff. Preemptively deleting them will save you backup-scanning time and keep your recycle bin sane (if your backup program deletes to recycle bin). Make sure you do a permanent delete (Shift+Delete on Windows) to skip over the recycle bin yourself.

I tested the new system thoroughly, but as always, some unusual scenario may present problems. The system is more complicated than 'if the thumb is the wrong size, resize it and save it back to disk', so some edge cases may throw an error. Please report any bugs, and I'll try to have them fixed for 346.

full list

or search:

set out a plan to achieve some simple conjunctive normal form (e.g. (blue eyes OR green eyes) AND (blonde hair OR red hair)) OR search support

started work on the object extension and search code to support this search in a very basic (and likely inefficient-for-some-scenarios) way--we'll work on this as we discover the most common inefficiencies

.

thumbnails:

the client no longer uses both 'master' and 'resized' thumbnails--it uses a single, smarter thumbnail

only the 'txx' thumbnail directories (formerly referred to as full-size) are now used, and the thumbnails inside will regenerate and scale themselves as needed on demand (and will be careful to not save changes to disk when when their source file is non-local)

the old 'rxx' 'resized' thumbnail directories are no longer referred to anywhere in the code or ui

the old 'rxx' thumbnails directories will be permanently (i.e. no recycle bin) deleted on update. this is a big job, and you will be prompted on update before it happens

if you have migrated your db to put 'resized' thumbs on an SSD but not the formerly 'full-size', you will want to recheck the 'migrate database' dialog once you have booted and set a new thumbnail override to move the txx directories over

due to the smarter thumbnail, 200x200 is no longer the hard limit for hydrus thumbnails! you can now set up to 2048x2048

all file storage location information is now stored directly in the client db (rather than the options object), which should make for more easily export/importable options in future and improve manual fixing as needed

added more thumbnail-resizing related popup spam to file report mode

fixed a windows-only issue that was making the migrate db dialog close after a file move event concluded

updated database migration help for new concepts and ui

cleaned up some misc storage code

.

the rest:

fixed a problem in the client api with fetching file identifiers from file_ids

fleshed out 'help my db is broke.txt' with more specific clone recovery examples

fixed import support for a variety of single-frame music webms

fixed an edge-case preview viewer initialisation bug that was trying to draw the canvas before any media was set

network report mode now states url classes of urls about to be parsed

misc small fixes and cleanup

next week

I got started on OR search this week. I have a decent plan and feel good. I hope to have some sort of prototype ready for 347. Otherwise I will do some small jobs. I may look into adding multiple-files 'known urls' management.

[deantemjitunit19]

Task 1 - Mini Teach

For task 1, we are asked to design a lesson that uses Art & Design in some way to teach the class skill or some knowledge. Moreover, the lesson session should last for about 10 minutes - not longer and not less. Furthermore, we also had the options whether we are going to stand up in front of the class or create a lesson in a creative way.

To start the project off, I started searching online of what I could teach and these are my mind maps below. However, they seem to be a really boring subject to listen to for about 10 minutes so I decided to scrap that idea.

I came to a conclusion to go with teaching the class hexadecimal colours after searching for something to teach that relates to art & design. However, I knew that teaching how hexadecimal colour works alone would not be enough for people to understand; if most people don’t understand the basic of colour theory first. I have decided to talk briefly about the colour theory and how it links to the hex colour codes at the beginning part of the video lesson.

After I have made my mind up that I’d go with hexadecimal colour code idea, I then begin researching from various websites as to how hex code works and how you will be able to guess colours that way. Of course, this was my first time learning about hex colour codes as well so when the deadline comes - I should be really knowledgeable about this subject.

After that, I have also researched briefly about colour theory. However, I am not going to be mentioning terms that are complicated or scientific which we do not need to know about. Just the basic knowledge of colour theory and how colour works.

Once the research is completed, it is now time for me to decide whether to stand in front of the class with a powerpoint slideshow or make a video presentation and to be honest, video presentation sounds good to me. This is because nobody would really like to listen to a boring powerpoint slideshow for a whole 10 minutes. A better way to educate people is through the uses of images, moving images, and animation. This should be enough to grab their attention for the whole 10 minutes and I do plan on doing a voice over instead of just captions as that could overwhelm the audience.

Before I begin, I’d need to write a script as to what I am going to be teaching in the video, and I also need to make sure to pace myself really well as not to go over the mark of 10 minutes. However, the time I limit myself on the video was actually 7 to 8 minutes as I wanted to leave a few minutes for the class to have a go at a mini quiz of guessing the hex colour code.

I recorded my voice using a microphone and I recorded it to only one sentence each as reading the whole script in one go would mean that there is a high chance that I’d mess it up and have to start over again, which is why I decided to record one sentence at a time and put it together in Adobe Premiere Pro. Furthermore, since English is not my first language, I tried to pronounce words as best as I can so that the audience can understand me easily.

After I have recorded the script, I then put all the voice recorded in Premiere Pro where I put them all together, and it came to almost about 8 minutes which is quite good in my opinion. The next step I did was exported the audio file and imported it into Adobe Audition where I equalize and change the volume to a standard volume. The reason why I have to equalize the sound was that the original record was really bad, and I mean some parts were really quiet and some parts are really loud. By equalizing the sound, it will give off a steady and consistence sound which is good for the viewers to listen to.

Once the scripted audio was equalized, it is time for me to export it into an MP4 file and imported the file into Adobe After Effect. I have made some of the assets in Adobe Illustrator and Photoshop which I then imported it to After Effect; however, most of them were made in After Effect itself. 

I then started to animate some of the elements that match the script to make some of the areas easy to understand, rather than having the viewers only listen to myself - I thought it would be a good idea to have them see what was going on and how it work as well. Most importantly, I have also used quite a few stock footages that I have found on the internet that are free to use. Not to mention, photos that are being used in the video are from a website called ‘Unsplash’, which is a website that you can use images for free at a high resolution too.

In addition to explaining the basic colour theory and how hex colour code works, I have also made a section where I test out my ideas and using what I have learnt to try to guess the colour using the hex code. I have included that in the video to show that it was possible to guess the colour - although not accurate, as these codes are meant for the computer to process, but it is just a fun way of figuring out the colours.

I did much research into the best way into guessing the hex colour code, but none that I found were as useful or was quite difficult to comprehend and would take some time. This would be a 10 minutes lesson to the class so I want them to learn it in just the amount of 8 minutes, which they would try to take the test on themselves and see whether they have learned anything from the lesson. I realised that this was going to be difficult but I tried as best as I can to use images and animation to make it easy for them to understand.

I came up with an idea to create a number chart which displays 16 numbers from number 0 to 15. Obviously, I have already converted the letter symbol from A - F to 10 - 15 which makes it easier for the viewers to understand. The way it works is rather simple, I did mention in the video that to break the hex colour code in the simplest way, the viewers only need to focus on the first symbol of each red, green and blue colours - which then use the chart to see how much intensity the colour is.

I did also mention that RGB colours started out with darkness or black, which means that the lower the intensity is, for example, number 0 - 4, would actually be a dark colour. The lower the number is, it does not mean that you will get a darker shade of that colour, but would rather get a black colour or nothing the lower the number is. It is a complicated subject to understand but once the viewers understand this point - the rest is easy. 

Script:

Hey, welcome to a video presentation of the basic colour theory and hex colours explained. It is a good idea to understand how hex colours works as a lot of the time, you’d be working with them in Adobe software and I know it can be a little bit confusing as you’ll see letters, numbers, and pound or number sign but I’ll do my best to explain it as much as I can.

So what is hexadecimal code?

Well, if you’ve ever worked with colours on your computer, then chances are you’ve seen the hexadecimal codes before. It started off with a pound or number sign which follows by random numbers and letters that make up a colour.

However, before I begin explaining what hex colours is, let’s touch briefly on the basic colour theory and understand the differences between additive and subtractive colours.

Light or white light is a combination of all colours, and to get a better answer to this. Let’s take a look at this apple. It creates colours by subtracting or absorbing certain wavelengths of colour while reflecting other wavelengths back to the viewers. This is called subtractive colours.

If an object reflects all the white light back to the viewers, it will appear white. However, if the object adsorbs or subtracts all light illuminating it, no light is reflected back to the viewers and it will appear black. It is the subtractive process that allows everyday objects around us to show colours. Now, subtractive or CMY colours requires to be illuminated by white light to be visible and seen in original colour.

As for the additive or RGB colours, it starts with darkness or black and gradually add light to get different results of colours, and this is the perfect inversion of the subtractive primaries we have just talked about and this is because, for subtractive, we are taking away light whereas additive, we are adding light into it.

A computer screen blends varying intensities of red, green, and blue light each of its tiny pixels. These pixels are so small and tightly packed that our human eyes are fooled into the perception that there are many different colours when there are only three.

Before we get into the hexadecimal codes, let’s test my ideas of breaking down hex codes and making an inform guesses on the colours.

What we have here is a hex colour code test and what you do is make a well-informed guess base on the hex code given above to figure out the colour.

[Test]

From what I can see from the hex code, I can see that there is no red, a lot of green and a little bit of blue. Now I know for a fact that it isn’t going to be a bright green because it’s not at its highest intensity so my answer would be this colour here. That’s correct.

As for this one, I can see that there is a bit of red, a lot of green and very little blue. Now, can it be a very bright green or a lime green colour? From what I can see from the hex code, I know that there are quite a bit of red in there and red mix with green gives a yellow colour. However, since the red colour is kind of at the medium point of intensity, my guess would be for this lime green colour. And that’s correct.

And for the final one, I can see a medium amount of red, no green, and medium amount of blue. And I know that if you mix red with blue, you’d get magenta. However, because the intensity for both of the colours is at their medium point, my guess for the colour would be a darker shade of magenta. And that’s correct.

That was a quick demonstration of me trying out the test, and by the end of the video, you’d be able to make a well-informed guess as to which colour it is. So how does this work?

It’s simple to understand the RGB colour system because it’s done in the decimal system, meaning numbers are just like what you’ve learned your entire life. Zero is the lowest and 255 is the highest.

To get the colour of red, the set value needs to be at 255, 0, 0. This value will equal to a bright red colour. If the value is set to 0, 255, 0 – you’d get a bright green colour. And lastly, 0, 0, 255 will get you a bright blue colour.

The standard numeral system uses ten symbols from 0 – 9 and that’s what you’re familiar with. All of the numbers in our system are composed of 0 – 9 and any number we have are going to include these 10 numbers, including the number 0.

However, in the hex numbering system, it uses the numbers from 0 – 9 and an additional 6 letters symbols from A – F which represent the number 10 – 15

Now, why do we use letters instead of numbers? Well, when they get to 10, they want to be able to keep the single digits and there are no single digits after 9 so they would have to use letters as a representation for the number 10 – 15.

So now that we know a bit about how hex codes work, let’s break it down even more. Hex numbers start with a pound sign or hashtag and are followed by six letters or numbers. The first two digits will mean red and tell the computer how much red to add, the next two digits will mean green and how much it should add, and finally, the last two digits will mean blue and how much it should add into creating one complete colour.

In hexadecimal, you’ll define how much red, green, and blue in values between 00 to FF instead of 255 like in RGB. But to be honest, they work exactly the same way. In RGB colour, the value 0 is the lowest and the value 255 is the highest – and this means how much intensity the colour is. The same thing can be said for hexadecimal colours. The lowest intensity equal to 00 while the highest intensity equal to FF.

There is a way to convert hexadecimal numbers to an RGB value. For example, let’s take 7D in hexadecimal number and convert it to an RGB value. To do this, you’d need to take number 7 and times it by 16. And we know that the letter D equals to 13. Take the number 13 and times it by 1. Basically, you just take that number and do nothing to it. Once multiplied, add the number up to get the RGB values.

So, before we end this video and onto the quiz, I just wanted to show my thought process and explain a little bit of how you can guess the colour using hex code. Let’s start basic. So we know that the first 2 digits are red, the next 2 digits are green and the final 2 digits are blue. Now you can do the math and convert the hex code into RGB values and guess it that way if you think that’s easier. However, I think that is just way too long. Let’s keep it simple and only focus on the first digits for the red, green and blue. C equals 12 so we know that it is way past the medium intensity. 3 is a very small number for the green so let’s not worry about that and around medium intensity for blue colour.

Now we know that if you mix red and blue together, you’d get magenta and there are two shades of magenta here. It can get complicated, but just think simple. We have a high intensity for both red and blue so the obvious choice would be a vivid magenta as there is no green colour in there.

Now it isn’t necessary for us to read hex code as they are meant for a computer to process the code to generate the correct colour. However, it is great to be able to understand how it works and that there is a way of breaking down the code and make well-informed guesses.

Mini quiz:

After the video is finished, I then presented them with a mini quiz of five questions to see how much they learn from this lesson. I obviously didn’t want people in the class to feel intimidated by this broad subject, so I started the quiz with 3 simple questions that were mentioned in the video. For example question number one, the question to guess the colour is #0000FF. I did mention that 00 is the lowest intensity while FF is the highest intensity, and the viewers also know that there are six symbols in hex colour code that is divided into a group of 2 to make 6 - with each group representing red, green and blue. FF is the highest intensity and we know that the final 2 digits represent blue colour so the obvious answer would be a blue colour. It is pretty straightforward and this is just to get them started and not feel intimidated by the question.

However, question four is a little bit harder as there are more options and the question wouldn’t be as obvious as the other three. However, it is still pretty simple. Now before I explain the answer, I do feel for the class if they couldn’t get these last two questions as I have printed out a mini quiz for the class, and the colours that they are supposed to be guessing is RGB colours. However, because I have to print these out, I’d need to select the CMYK colours, plus my home printer was being annoying so the colours came out a little faded. I wouldn’t be surprised if they got the answer wrong as the colours are not even correct in the first place. I initially wanted them to try it on the computer screen, but I didn’t know where else they could to take this quiz except for Kahoot. However, I personally don’t like Kahoot and would rather avoid it as it’s annoying so I decided to print it out instead. To compensate for the incorrect colours on the sheet, I tried to make the answer obvious by having colours completely opposite one another to make the choices seem obvious to the viewers.

For question number four, the question is #C1280E and the answer is actually pretty obvious. If the class can remember what I have mentioned that the first 2 digits are red, the middle is green and the last 2 is blue - they should be able to understand this question easily. For example, C equal to number 12 for red. 2 is a very small number for green and there is no blue so the obvious answer would be the red colour.

As for the final question, the question is #B349DD and this is a hard question to test if people have learned anything from this lesson. B equal to number 11 for the red colour, 4 for the green, and D equal 13 for the blue colour. Obviously, the colour red and blue are very high in intensity and if you mix these two colours together - you’d get the colour of magenta which would be the correct answer.

Reflection:

I believe I achieved what I had set out to do at the beginning and managed to make a good quality video presentation. I successfully created the mini quiz as well and I really wanted people to have a go at it - whether they get it right or wrong doesn’t matter as these codes were meant for the computer to process it anyway, but it is a nice way of learning how the code works.

The mini quiz I gave to the class was also well received with 3 to 4 people who actually got all 5 questions correct, while all managed to get at least 3 questions correct. I totally understand it as this type of subject takes time to understand and practice with, but for a 7 minutes lesson - I believe they did extremely well learning it.

As for my presentation, I went a little over 11 minutes but overall, it was a good result. The video I’ve prepared is 8 minutes long and I was planning to have the class do the quiz for about 2 minutes. However, some people took longer than the other but it is no problem as I still think that it was successful.

Final video presentation:

[paragon-hard-disk-managerc5]

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