#best transceivers and modules

[g-nicerf]

Best Partner for Wireless Modules: A Comprehensive Antenna Selection Guide

n the field of wireless communication, antenna selection is crucial. It not only affects the coverage range and transmission quality of signals but also directly relates to the overall performance of the system. Among various wireless modules, finding the right antenna can maximize their potential, ensuring stable and efficient data transmission.

When designing wireless transceiver devices for RF systems, antenna design and selection are essential components. A high-quality antenna system can ensure optimal communication distances. Typically, the size of antennas of the same type is proportional to the wavelength of the RF signal; as signal strength increases, the number of required antennas also grows.

Antennae can be categorized as internal or external based on their installation location. Internal antennas are installed within the device, while external antennas are mounted outside.

In situations where space is limited or there are multiple frequency bands, antenna design becomes more complex. External antennas are usually standard products, allowing users to simply select the required frequency band without needing additional tuning, making them convenient and easy to use.

What are the main types of antennas?

External Antennas: These antennas can be classified into omnidirectional antennas and directional antennas based on the radiation pattern.

Internal Antennas: These antennas refer  to antennas that can be placed inside devices.

Omnidirectional Antennas: These antennas radiate signals uniformly in the horizontal plane, making them suitable for applications that require 360-degree coverage, such as home Wi-Fi routers and mobile devices.

Directional Antennas: These antennas have a high emission and reception strength in one or more specific directions, while the strength is minimal or zero in others. Directional antennas are primarily used to enhance signal strength and improve interference resistance.

PCB Antennas: These antennas are directly printed on the circuit board and are suitable for devices with limited space, commonly used in small wireless modules and IoT devices.

FPC Antennas: FPC antennas are flexible printed circuit antennas that are lightweight, efficient, and easy to integrate.

Concealed Antennas: Designed for aesthetic purposes, concealed antennas can be hidden within devices or disguised as other objects, making them suitable for applications where appearance is important without compromising signal quality.

Antenna Selection Guide

When selecting the appropriate antenna for a communication module, it's essential to first determine whether to use an internal or external antenna based on the module's structure.

External Antennas: These antennas offer high gain, are less affected by the environment, and can save development time, but they may take up space and impact the product's aesthetics.

Internal Antennas: These have relatively high gain and are installed within the device, maintaining a clean and appealing exterior.

 Sucker  Antennas: These provide high gain and are easy to install and secure.

Copper Rod  Sucker  Antennas: Made from large-diameter pure copper radiators, these are highly efficient with a wide bandwidth.

Rubber Rod Antennas: Offer moderate gain at a low cost.

Fiberglass Antennas: Suitable for harsh environments and ideal for long-distance signal

External Directional Antennas

Typically used in environments with long communication distances, small signal coverage areas, and high target density.

Panel Antennas have high efficiency, are compact, and easy to install, while considering the impact of gain and radiation area Yagi Antennas offer very high gain, are slightly larger, and have strong directionality, making them suitable for long-distance signal transmission; however, attention must be paid to the antenna's orientation during use

Internal Antenna Selection

Most internal antennas are affected by environmental factors and may require custom design or impedance matching

Spring Antennas are cost-effective but have low gain and narrow bandwidth, often requiring tuning for good matching when installed Ceramic Patch Antennas occupy minimal space and perform well, but have a narrow bandwidth

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[skyfallights]

Photonic Integrated Circuit Market Overview Size, Trends, Segmentation & Opportunity Landscape

The Photonic Integrated Circuit Market exhibiting a compound annual growth rate (CAGR) of 17.10% during the forecast period (2024 - 2032). PICs are miniaturized devices that integrate multiple photonic functions into a single chip. They play a vital role in high-speed data transfer, quantum computing, optical sensors, and LiDAR systems.

With 5G networks and cloud computing demanding faster, more efficient infrastructure, PICs provide an ultra-low power solution for transmitting massive data volumes with low latency. Their compact size and reduced energy consumption compared to traditional electronic circuits make them ideal for data centers and next-gen communication systems.

Market Segmentation

By Integration Type:

Monolithic integration: High scalability and cost-effectiveness.

Hybrid integration: Combines best materials for custom applications.

Module integration: Flexible for complex systems like quantum optics.

By Raw Material:

Indium Phosphide (InP): Used in telecom and datacom applications.

Silicon photonics: Dominant in data centers due to compatibility with CMOS.

Gallium Arsenide (GaAs): High-frequency and photodetection systems.

By Application:

Telecommunications: Optical transceivers, DWDM systems.

Data Centers: High-speed interconnects.

Healthcare: Biosensors, medical imaging.

Defense: Secure communication, advanced radar.

Trends

Rise of silicon photonics in AI workloads

Use in LiDAR and quantum optics

On-chip optical computing development

End-User Insights

Telecom companies demand high-speed, low-power solutions

Cloud giants adopt PICs in hyperscale data centers

Healthcare systems benefit from real-time diagnostics

Key Players

Intel Corporation, Cisco Systems, Infinera Corporation, NeoPhotonics, II-VI Inc.

Trending Report Highlights

Brazil IGBT Market

APAC IGBT Market

UK Hardware Security Modules Market

Spain Hardware Security Modules Market

South Korea Hardware Security Modules Market

Russia Hardware Security Modules Market

[accuratetestsolutions]

WPC ETA Testing Lab in Noida – Your Trusted Partner for Wireless Equipment Approval

WPC ETA Testing Lab in Noida

Are you looking for a reliable WPC ETA Testing Lab in Noida to get your wireless and RF equipment approved for use in India? You're in the right place. With the rapid advancement in wireless technologies and IoT, ensuring compliance with the regulatory framework is critical. That’s where WPC ETA testing comes into play, and finding the right testing lab in Noida can save you time, cost, and hassle.

In this article, we will explore what WPC ETA certification is, why it's essential, and why our Noida-based lab is the best choice for your testing needs.

What is WPC ETA Certification?

WPC stands for Wireless Planning and Coordination, a wing under the Department of Telecommunications (DoT), Government of India. It regulates and monitors the use of radio frequency (RF) spectrum across the country.

ETA, or Equipment Type Approval, is a mandatory certification for all wireless and RF-based equipment that operates on de-licensed frequency bands (like Wi-Fi, Bluetooth, ZigBee, etc.) before being imported, marketed, or sold in India.

Without ETA, businesses risk regulatory penalties and confiscation of non-compliant devices.

Why Do You Need ETA Testing?

Before applying for ETA from WPC, the equipment must undergo RF testing in a WPC-authorized lab. The testing ensures that the device conforms to prescribed power output, frequency, and bandwidth norms defined by Indian standards.

Here’s why ETA testing is crucial:

✅ Regulatory Compliance: It’s a legal requirement for import and sale.

✅ Market Access: Enables smooth entry into the Indian market.

✅ Customer Confidence: Ensures that your product meets safety and performance standards.

✅ Avoid Penalties: Prevents legal consequences, shipment delays, and import rejections.

Our WPC ETA Testing Lab in Noida

Located in the heart of Noida’s industrial and tech hub, our WPC ETA Testing Lab is a government-recognized facility equipped with cutting-edge testing instruments, experienced RF engineers, and efficient customer support.

We specialize in end-to-end ETA testing and certification services for various wireless products, including:

Wi-Fi Routers

Bluetooth Speakers

Smart Watches

Wireless Earphones

ZigBee & LoRa Devices

RF Modules and Transceivers

IoT and Smart Home Devices

Wireless Surveillance Cameras

Why Choose Our ETA Testing Lab in Noida?

There are several reasons why startups, importers, OEMs, and manufacturers across India and abroad trust us for WPC ETA testing:

1. Accredited & Authorized

Our lab is authorized by the WPC and NABL-accredited (ISO/IEC 17025:2017) for RF testing. That means the results we generate are accepted directly by WPC without additional verification.

2. Fast Turnaround Time

Time is money in business. Our streamlined testing process and in-house certification experts ensure that your ETA application is completed in the shortest time possible – usually within 5–7 working days.

3. Experienced Team

Our engineers have over a decade of hands-on experience in RF testing and WPC compliance. Accuratetestsolutions Whether you’re launching a new product or modifying an existing one, we provide the right guidance at every step.

4. Cost-Effective Packages

We believe in offering value. Our WPC ETA testing packages are competitively priced without compromising on quality or accuracy.

5. Hassle-Free Documentation

From test report preparation to online submission on the Saral Sanchar portal, we handle everything, so you can focus on your core business.

6. Support for Foreign Manufacturers

If you’re a global brand looking to enter the Indian market, we assist in testing and filing ETA on your behalf through an Indian Authorized Representative (IAR).

Step-by-Step ETA Certification Process

Here’s how the typical ETA certification journey works:

🔹 Step 1: Submit Product Details

Share the product datasheet, RF specifications, and internal photos for our evaluation.

🔹 Step 2: Sample Testing

Send your product sample to our Noida lab for testing on designated frequency bands and power limits.

🔹 Step 3: Generate Test Report

We issue an RF test report confirming your device complies with WPC norms.

🔹 Step 4: Online Submission

Our experts submit your application on the Saral Sanchar portal using the official Digital Signature Certificate (DSC).

🔹 Step 5: Get ETA Certificate

Once approved by WPC, your ETA certificate is issued and sent to your registered email.

Devices That Need ETA in India

Here are some common product categories that need ETA certification before entering the Indian market:

Device Type

Example Brands

Wi-Fi Routers

TP-Link, Netgear, Asus

Bluetooth Earbuds

boAt, Sony, OnePlus

Wireless Cameras

Hikvision, Dahua, CP Plus

Smartwatches

Apple, Samsung, Fire-Boltt

Wireless Keyboards

Logitech, Dell, HP

IoT Devices

Google Nest, Amazon Alexa

If your product operates in de-licensed frequency bands (e.g., 2.4 GHz, 5 GHz), WPC ETA is mandatory.

Frequently Asked Questions (FAQs)

Q1. How long does it take to get WPC ETA certification?

Typically, it takes 7–10 working days including testing and approval.

Q2. Do I need ETA if my device has already been certified abroad?

Yes. Even if your product is FCC or CE certified, WPC ETA is still required for use in India.

[teardownit]

PLC: data transfer over power lines

In electrical networks, the voltage typically alternates at a frequency of 50 or 60 Hz or is direct current. However, power cables can also carry signals at higher frequencies, even up to tens of MHz. This means the same cable can transmit power and high-speed data in both directions.

This technology is called Power Line Communication, or PLC for short. The early version of PLC was used for dispatcher communication over power cables, operating from 20 kHz to 1 MHz, mainly for the energy sector. This technology emerged in the mid-20th century. In this range, carrier frequencies are defined with a step of 4 kHz, allowing voice signals to be transmitted via amplitude modulation. This setup enables two-way communication and even multiple channels over a single wire.

The digital version of PLC technology started to gain traction in the late 1990s during the internet boom. At that time, energy companies hoped to compete with telecom providers by offering internet access to homeowners. Back then, people had access to two types of internet connections: dialup at speeds up to 56 kbps and ISDN at up to 64 kbps. It’s hard to imagine now, but end users agreed with these speeds. Setting up data transmission between a house and a transformer substation using PLC was easy at these speeds. The equipment for internet access was installed at the substation, which could be a couple miles from the house.

However, internet speeds quickly soared to tens and even hundreds of Mbps. PLC can only handle such speeds within a single apartment or house. The idea of providing internet access via the power grid never made it beyond local experiments, leaving fiber optics and twisted-pair cables to dominate. Still, PLC carved out a niche among telecom technologies.

Combining power and data transmission in one cable

Special couplers are used at both ends of the line to connect PLC equipment. These filters separate the PLC frequency range from the frequency of the power current or direct current. These devices prevent the network voltage from reaching the modem's input and output.

Couplers work based on different principles: antenna, capacitive, inductive, resistive, and optoelectronic.

In antenna couplers, a short piece of wire parallel to the power cable acts as an antenna for sending and receiving signals. The power cable then reradiates the signals received or transmitted by the antenna. This technology is outdated and no longer in use.

The two most common capacitive coupler circuits

These are the most common type and consist of filters made from coupling transformers, chokes, and capacitors.

Inductive couplers come in two types. The first type connects a coupling transformer’s winding to the ground break of the neutral, with the other winding connected to the transceiver. The second type involves Rogowski coils placed around the power lines, which are then connected to the transceivers. Inductive couplers are used in transmission and distribution networks.

Resistive Couplers are simple voltage dividers made from resistors. They are compact and inexpensive but don’t provide galvanic solid isolation.

In optoelectronic couplers, signals are transmitted and received through optocouplers, semiconductor devices containing a light-emitting diode and a photodiode. This setup provides the best galvanic isolation. However, the technology is limited by cost and the nonlinear characteristics of optocouplers, which can distort the signal.

Modern applications of PLC

At the time of writing, PLC technology is widely used for:

- Data transmission from "smart" electricity meters, including remote functions like disconnecting or limiting power supply for the customers that are late on payments - Controlling street lighting systems - Automation and dispatching at power facilities - Monitoring and control in distributed generation systems (e.g., solar power plants) - Smart home systems - High-speed data transmission within an apartment or house.

These applications typically involve data transmission from tens of kbps to a few Mbps over distances up to 6 miles.

PLC is used for monitoring solar power generation

Pros and cons compared to other communication technologies

Compared to fiber optics, PLC does not need an additional communication cable alongside the power line. Moreover, fiber optic cables can’t be bent beyond a certain radius (around 3 inches) and require specialized equipment and skilled technicians for splicing.

PLC also offers benefits compared to wireless technologies. Radio signals can sometimes struggle to pass through obstacles, and the crowded 2.4 GHz band can experience interference. However, PLC offers a more reliable connection than wireless technologies.

The main downside of PLC is that it transmits data over a network originally designed for power delivery. This means there are components where the PLC signal can’t pass. In AC networks, transformers are always a barrier. Additionally, some random devices in unexpected spots of the power network can block the PLC signal, making installation time-consuming and complex as it involves troubleshooting.

Power cables aren’t shielded from interference; they emit the PLC signal, potentially causing radio interference. Special modulation types are used to combat induced interference. To prevent cables from creating interference, the signal spectrum is capped at 500 kHz in the USA and 148.5 kHz in Europe.

PLC-G3 Standard

Another challenge is the lack of standardization in data transmission technology. Often, equipment is incompatible due to different protocols. However, for applications like data collection from electricity meters or solar energy management systems, where speeds of a few tens of kbps are sufficient, there’s an international standard called PLC-G3, formalized in the ITU-T G.9903 (08/17) by the International Telecommunication Union. Additionally, a significant advantage of PLC-G3 is its compatibility with IoT systems and the ability to set up IPv6 networks over PLC-G3 channels.

PLC-G3 uses OFDM modulation, known for its resilience against signal fading and reflections, ensuring high reliability. Data transfer rates for commercially available equipment reach up to 45 kbps (with a theoretical limit of 234 kbps), and a network can include up to 1,000 stations.

In Europe, PLC-G3 operates in the frequency ranges of 35.9–90.6 kHz (GENELEC A) and 98.4–121.9 kHz (GENELEC B). In the USA, it uses the 154.7–487.5 kHz range (FCC); in Asia, it operates between 154.7–403.1 kHz (ARIB). These bands experience low interference in the electrical network, above the frequencies of fluorescent lamp ballasts. Additionally, these bands are not used for broadcasting or public address systems in these regions.

Standardization and excellent electromagnetic compatibility with other equipment have made PLC-G3 the go-to solution for digitalizing power systems. The standard is suitable for AC and DC networks, which opens up its use in solar energy, where solar panels generate DC power.

[skyoptics]

Sky Optics is a top DWDM Transceiver manufacturer company in China. DWDM transceivers are critical components in optical communication systems. These devices enable high-capacity data transmission by multiplexing multiple wavelengths over a single optical fiber, optimizing bandwidth utilization. For more information call us @ +8675533967196

[hydtechnology12]

Optical Transceivers: The Backbone of High-Speed Fiber Optic Networks

In the age of rapid data exchange and ever-expanding digital networks, the demand for high-speed and reliable data transmission has never been greater. Fiber optic networks have emerged as the preferred choice for meeting these demands due to their capacity for lightning-fast data transmission and immense bandwidth capabilities. At the heart of these networks lies the unsung hero: the optical transceiver. This vital component, often overlooked but indispensable, serves as the bridge between electrical and optical signals, making high-speed data communication possible. In this article, we delve into the critical role of optical transceivers and the importance of selecting a trusted optical transceiver manufacturer.

Optical transceivers are the linchpin of fiber optic networks, as they facilitate the conversion between electrical signals, which our devices understand, and optical signals, which fiber optic cables transmit. These small yet powerful devices house intricate electronics and optics that enable the modulation and demodulation of data into and out of light pulses, ensuring that data can travel vast distances at incredible speeds. They come in various form factors and configurations, tailored to the specific needs of different network applications.

One of the key considerations when it comes to optical transceivers is the choice of manufacturer. A reputable optical transceiver manufacturer plays a pivotal role in ensuring the reliability and performance of a fiber optic network. Here are some critical factors to consider when selecting an optical transceiver manufacturer:

Quality Assurance: A trustworthy manufacturer adheres to rigorous quality control standards, conducting thorough testing and inspection of each transceiver unit. This commitment to quality minimizes the risk of premature failure and ensures consistent performance over the lifespan of the transceiver.

Compatibility: A reliable manufacturer produces optical transceivers that are compatible with a wide range of network equipment from various vendors. Compatibility is crucial for seamless integration into existing network infrastructure.

Performance Specifications: Look for manufacturers that provide detailed performance specifications for their transceivers, including data rates, reach, and power consumption. This information helps network administrators make informed decisions about which transceivers best suit their network requirements.

Warranty and Support: Manufacturers that offer robust warranties and excellent customer support provide peace of mind for network operators. A manufacturer's willingness to stand behind its products reflects confidence in their reliability.

Customization Options: Depending on the specific needs of a network, customization options may be essential. Reputable manufacturers can often tailor transceivers to meet unique network requirements, ensuring optimal performance.

Environmental Considerations: Energy efficiency and eco-friendliness are increasingly important considerations. Some manufacturers design transceivers with lower power consumption, contributing to greener and more sustainable network operations.

Cost-Effectiveness: While quality should never be compromised, cost-effectiveness is still a vital factor. Reliable manufacturers offer competitive pricing without sacrificing performance or reliability.

In summary, optical transceivers are the unsung heroes that enable the high-speed and reliable data transmission that underpins our modern digital world. When selecting an optical transceiver manufacturer, it's crucial to prioritize factors such as quality assurance, compatibility, performance specifications, warranty and support, customization options, and environmental considerations. A trusted optical transceiver manufacturer not only ensures the seamless operation of fiber optic networks but also contributes to the overall efficiency, reliability, and sustainability of network infrastructure. In an era where connectivity is king, the right choice of optical transceivers and manufacturer can make all the difference.

[servers4less]

How to choose the best fiber optic transceiver?

How to choose the best fiber optic transceiver?

Buying Guide for Fiber Optic Transceivers To enhance the connectivity across your network, it is often difficult to find the right transceiver that is compatible with the system that not only enhances the connectivity but also helps with optimizing the performance of the network. What are optical transceivers?  Fiber Optic Transceivers are networking devices that utilize fiber optic technology…

[iptvsubscriptoinprovider]

Setting Up an IPTV Service - Is IPTV Best TV Technology?

If you looking for Setting Up an IPTV Service is the best idea. IPTV is best TV technology that's give you all world TV entertainment in on click. Our IPTV service provides you that's all you want from this new technology. We provide world best IP TV services around the world from 2017. With our single IPTV subscription you and your family can enjoy all world TV channels and thousands of new and old movies and series in your language. Save your money with our cheap IPTV service. Don't need to waste your money for sports events now you can watch all sports events with our best iptv subscription service.

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Best IP TV service

Setting Up an IPTV Service

What is IPTV?IPTV is a popular form of digital-to-analog converter/transmitter technology. It delivers high-definition television programming delivered through IP networks. IPTV was first developed for enabling secure, low-cost video surveillance and control. IP TV is also useful for application deployment and IP TV services are being utilized in the retail, commercial, and public sector. IP TV delivers high-quality digital broadcast over the IP network and offers the advantage of a single IPTV subscription to multiple users.

What Is History Of IPTVIPTV was initially launched on the Internet and became part of the Broadband Technology Interface (BITP) in 2004. BITP-protected IP TV connections are supported by Unicast Real-Time Transport Protocol (SRTP) along with standard packet broadcast. The major feature of IP TV is that it provides high-quality broadcast video traffic within a secure network, without any form of transparency or loss of data.How Does IPTV Work?IPTV technology enables television stations to transmit digital-to-digital video signal over digital-to-analog converter/transceiver (DTC/IADC) networks, which supports different class of IPTV services, such as VOD's (Video on Demand), broadcasts of live events, and recording of TV programs. The technology is based on the fact that digital broadcast traffic can be decoded by consumer receiver systems at the point of reception. The decoded signals are then sent to I-V transmitters for sending over the airwaves. The received ip tv signals are then decoded by television channels to enable transmission of the digital signal in the form of analog signals. A special decoder is used for this purpose to convert the analog signal into digital ones and vice versa.Why IPTV system is better than other TV systems.Satellite and terrestrial IPTV networks run on different technologies. While the former runs on LNB (licensed local network) while the latter utilizes ISMP (Internet Service Provider) technology. This means that the latter has better potential in gaining wider distribution. However, both have significant disadvantages, such as long distance and cost.

Setting Up an IPTV Service

IPTV is best digital TV technology!

Pros and Cons of IPTV ProsConsElectronic program guide (EPG)Depend of the internet speedCatch-UP (Recording)Many scamming IPTV website on internetParental Control Synchronization IssuesVideo on Demand (VOD)FHD, 4K quality3D channelsAvailability on all devicesCheap ratesEasy to setup With the help of the latest technology and tools, you can easily set up your IPTV service called digital television. You need a high-speed broadband connection to stream IPTV signals to your set-top box and to view live channels on your television. Setting Up an IPTV Service on set-top box that supports SDP/SDP compatible modules will enable easy connect and enable smooth transfer of video data from your computer to your television.

Best IPTV provider 2022 Buy your IPTV subscription now. Fill the form and send to us! Read the full article

[g-nicerf]

Mini3060: 100mW Wireless transceiver module Ultra-compact size

Mini3060 is a module based on the low-power, long-range wireless transceiver chip that uses ChirpIoTTM modulation and demodulation technology. It supports half-duplex wireless communication and utilizes a TCXO crystal oscillator, offering high anti-interference capability, high sensitivity, low power consumption, and ultra-long transmission range. It features a maximum sensitivity of -129dBm and a maximum output power of 20dBm, providing an industry-leading link budget, making it the best choice for long-distance transmission and applications with high reliability requirements.

Mini3060 strictly uses lead-free technology for production and testing, complying with RoHS and Reach standards.

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[syrotech]

Benefits of SFP Optical Transceivers and various other aspects

The 21st century is marked by rapid advancements in every field. The advent of telecommunication devices, optical fibers, and other networking solutions has enabled hassle-free transmission of information. Data transmission with complete ease, efficiency, and effectiveness over long distances requires the installation of compact telecommunication devices. SFP or Small form-factor pluggable device refers to a dedicated telecommunication module that is connected to the Ethernet port of dedicated SFP port or media devices for long-distance data transmission. The device is known for easy and faster delivery of information from one place to another seamlessly.

The role of a dedicated SFP device as made available by a professional SFP optical transceiver supplier can be understood following benefits and functions:

1. Hi-speed data transmission:

SFP devices as connected to media devices and dedicated ports enable long-distance high-speed data transmission. These enable hassle-free transmission of information through the use of networking components and other devices. High speed up to 10gbps is supported on the modern and better versions for SFP devices and modules.

2. Usage:

SFP modules are dedicatedly used with specialized SFP copper and fiber optical cables. Data transmission from one media device to another can be made hassle-free through the use of SFP modules that are connected to such fiber-optic cables. 

3. Compact in size:

SFP devices or modules as made available by professional companies are compact. Therefore, these allow easy connectivity to various media devices. Moreover, connectivity to specialized media devices can be made hassle-free through SFP modules that can reach areas that otherwise may be difficult to access.

4. Overall compatibility:

SFP modules are compatible with Single-mode and simplex optic fibred cables that can allow seamless and robots transmission of data and information. Wavelengths up to 1310nm are supported.

There are various versions of SFP modules available that are known for their different functions and overall features. Selection of the best amongst various options and according to one’s need can be made possible only through the understanding of various aspects. Understanding various factors and aspects related to sfp modules and optic transceivers can help in the choice of the best amongst various options: 

1. Understanding the compatibility of SFP module with cable and switch ports:

The first and the most important aspect to keep in mind is to ensure the SFP module is compatible with cables and switch ports of the telecommunications devices. The devices are abbreviated with signs that can help to check the accuracy and compatibility of SFP transceivers with switch ports:

2. Determining the distance of data transmission:

Another important aspect to keep in mind before selecting an SFP module is to identify the distance of data transmission. The distance finally determines the type of SFP transceiver to be selected. An sfp of shorter wavelength is required in case of short distance and longer wavelength for greater distances.

3. Temperature and environment factors:

The temperature and environment factors also determine the type of SFP transceiver. To ensure seamless transmission of information and preventing damage to the devices, compatibility of the sfp device with the environment must be considered.

SFP suppliers making available the best quality sfp optic transceiver is another important factor to be considered for obtaining better and seamless data transmission.

[aksthetwosainthijimiko-blog]

I’m Not Zero

So... what happens when I turn Zero as a Vaishnava (someone’s whose Navigator is God, Krishna)?

Not what you’d expect.

----------------------------------------------------------------------------

Phantom struggled, he had lost the fight, he was as close to shut down as he could... and would bring Zero with him to the void.

Or... this had been the plan.

But it seemed the Red Plague had other plans.

“G... Get of me!” Phantom scream as he tried to dislodge the maverick currently plugged in his system, hacking his programs and turning of the self-destruction module that had been about to activate...robbing the Shinobi of his glorious sacrifice in the most shameful and disgusting of manner.

“Nope... Not after what you tried to do, coward.” Zero spat as he reduced Phantom’s mobility to that of a newborn kitten. Still pressing onto him, preventing the already damaged reploid from even attempting to fight him off...

He had a mission to finish, and if he had to take his own miserable life to get the wily old model scrapped.

Said wily old model was now currently crushing him against the far wall. And despite Phantom’s superior processing speed, Zero’s movement speed had been beyond what he could record.

And for this... he was now disarmed and experiencing the horrifying reality that Zero was in his OS.

Unable to lift his weight, the Shinobi was lowered to the ground by the bane of Neo-Arcadia. Said bane unplugged from Phantom and turned him around so that he was sitting more or less comfortably with the wall at his back.

“Hey... you alright there?” He dared to asked as if he really cared for an enemy.

“You hacked me!” Phantom accused as he tried to burn the sicko with his eyes.

It was inefficient, but it would have to do.

“You were about to suicide.” Zero stated as he peered right into Phantom’s soul. His dark eyes holding a power beyond anything the Shinobi had experienced before.

Not even from a fully grown elf.

“... and why do you care?” He challenged as he tried to unlock his detonation protocols, only to discover that it was completely gone. “Curse you...curse you to the deepest pits of hell!” He tried to scream, but he only managed to hissed it.

Then... Zero did something that took Phantom completely off guard.

Zero smiled.

“Oh... Thank you.” He spoke with not a shred of sarcasm. “May you reach Goloka then.” the bid to the downed guardian.

“Gee, thanks... may you go to Goloka too then.” Phantom slathered as much hatred and sarcasm he could...like a human would do with this brown stuff.

But instead of anger born of a bruised ego, Zero’s gave an even brighter smile! “Great! So don't you dare suicide again, and I’ll personally let you pass Chandranana stick.” he declared as he finally moved out from Phantom’s face... only to sit beside him on the most infuriating and casual manner as possible. Even daring to appeared tired as he let out a huff.

Phantom did his best to ignore him... and attempted to contact reinforcement. Only to be met with a disabled transceiver. Zero had cut whatever access to help he had.

The black and white reploid managed to slid his eyes toward the maverick... he was all alone with the beast, the killer of all mutos and... there was nothing he could do.

Phantom closed his eyes...and began to empty his mind of all thoughts and fear. If he was about to face death...or worst, then he would rather prepare himself and enter the void even before Zero had any chance to corrupt and kill him...or worst.

Time became meaningless, his body but a suggestion...and his mind silent...

“Hare Hare...Hare Rama, Hare Rama, Rama Rama, Hare Hare...Hare Krishna Hare Krishna..”

Phantom’s eyes flew open, his meditation broken. And openly gapped at the maverick.

Zero was sitting in a lotus position, he still had his erect back to the wall, his head held high and gently swinging to the Mantra.

Oh, Phantom knew what a mantra sounded like...and he knew what Mantra meditation was. He was just taken aback as to how the bane of Neo-arcadia’s well-being knew mantra meditation... Not that it was such a great thing.

Those mantras were just crushes, aids for calming the mind. Eventually, the practitioner would keep them inside his purified mind...and finally, they would need nothing.

“So... you still at level one.” Phantom sneered, more than willing to rib the beast until he would either go mad and or leave. “ Pathetic, you can’t even remain in silence.”

“...not really.” Zero admitted. “The Maha-Mantra is meant to be shared with other’s. The more you share, the more potent it gets.” He revealed with a (beatific) smile. Then he turned to Phantom. “How about you? What do you meditate on?” He asked... “Actually, can you wait for... I think thirty minutes? I just have four rounds left to chant and... I would like to finish them today.”

Phantom stared.

Zero sighed. “Listen... the reason why I’m hiding here is that I didn’t have any peace for the last five days since my resurrection. And I barely had anytime to chant any rounds... and my Gayatris.” He admitted with a grumble.

Phantom gapped... this... His intel had told him nothing about that.

“I just want thirty minutes... more if possible.” Zero sighed. “I really don't want to cause any trouble.”

“Not cause us trouble?!” Phantom scoffed. “Well, didn’t you destroy our most important supply train? Took over a factory... And now you’re here to kill master X!” The Shinobi accused the mad man.

“Yeah... Sorry about the train... I still have no idea why Ciel wanted the thing gone. And the computer’s too.” He admitted as he rubbed the back of his helmet.

“Wait... What computer?” Phantom asked.

“You know, the one Leviathan used for Hacking the resistance... I was supposed to destroy them but... I just turned them off, I hope it didn’t cause any inconveniences.” Zero admitted as he let his head heavily rest on the wall, his helmet noisily hitting it. “I swear... I had no idea what I was doing half the time... Thank God for.... God.”

Once again, Phantom hidden brows reached the top of his unseen hair. “God?”

“Yeah... you know, Krishna. He helped me realized that what I was doing was dangerous. Still had to stop this damn train tough, it would have derailed by junction 2-b, by the park... That’s what He said anyway.”

A shudder intruded in Phantom’s frame. Yes, he knew this infamous junction in Neo-arcadia’s most popular park.

Why was there a park in such a dangerous area, and why was a centennial overpass above it that kept dropping pieces of concrete... it could only be a device by the urban sector to do some population control...

‘Alright... Have to look into this mater...’ Phantom tried not to be to happy and admit that Zero’s presence and destructive behaviour had work out for the best in the end but...

“What are your intention?” He asked, not expecting much from the maverick.

“Serve Krishna... Stop the fake from spiting on my X’s legacy and memory and find his tomb.” He revealed like one listed a grocery list.

Phantom stared at him owlishly. “I beg your pardon?”

“My ultimate mission is to constantly serve the lotus feet of God, Sri-Krishna. And He just so happens to like X enough to help me get him out of trouble again.” Zero elaborated to a still confused guardian. “He told me he was between Area X and the throne room at the top. I may have to face Ciel’s copy... But He told me killing him will only make things worst.” He huffed.

“Wait, wait wait! What do you mean by... Ah...”

“Confused?”

“Yes...” Phantom peevishly admitted. “Let’s start with the...copy.”

“Four years ago, Ciel made a copy of X, he went crazy...like all copies do, and now she wants me to kill him.” The ever infuriating Zero explain. “Even X want’s him dead... By the way, do you have any idea why X is now a Cyber-elf?” He asked the Shinobi, who was still trying to compute what Zero had just said.

“What?”

“ X got turned into a cyber-elf... so I guess he’s a... like  Ghost, but Krishna told me he’s more like an astral-projection.” He explained.

 “So God told you.” He pointed at Zero. “That our master X... is a copy.... and that the real one is... still alive and astral-projecting as a cyber-elf... and he never spoke to us?” Phantom scoffed. “Alright, what Type of third-party program you downloaded to get this High?”

“None... That was Ciel, the one who made the copy... who told me about the Copy.”

“And you are aware she’s a traitor to Neo-Arcadia?”

“And you are aware that her information was confirmed by a disembodied X?”

“And how do you know it was X? For all you know, this crazy-cyber elf is just pretending to be X and Ciel, being the junior terrorist she is, tricked you all to assassinate our glorious master.” Phantom shot back. “And aren’t you supposed to suffer from amnesia?”

“ Oh, Krishna cured me of that... I just didn't tell people.” Zero gave a shrugged. “Listen, I’ve known X before the first maverick war, and we’ve been partner for fifty years before I did my dumb pro-move.” Zero informed the practically immobile phantom. “ I Know my Partner...and I know that his biggest pet peeve is to have a fraud use his face to propagate racism and wholesale slaughter. Oh, and speaking with which, were you aware as to how they retire reploid at the centre?” The now incense reploid asked the still very confused Phantom. “They crush them to death under a spiked platform... the operator stand on top.” Zero glowered.

Phantom stared at the fuming mad-bot... “Ah! And you want me to believe that?!”

Zero’s gaze did not move from Phantom’s... but his featured now held the eyes of a man who saw too much. 

And suddenly... Phantom received a tiny video package... it was the fight with Aztec Falcon... on top of a very oily platform... some retired units crushed limbs and a very small reploid’s head was still stuck on the spikes. Their empty gaze boring a hole in Phantoms artificial soul.

Now... Phantom was used to the horrors of wars... and he knew what torture was, but those he would question would always have a swift death by his blade and their bodies respectfully disposed not... not...

“Harpuia... Harpuia must not... this is...” He felt sick... quite a feat for one who lacked a gagging reflex. Something that was useless in his thankless job.

“If he’s aware of it... Krishna gave me permission to cut off his head...” Zero’s tone held a dark promise of retribution. And Phantom was certain he would and could see it through. “This is what the resistance is fighting against... and this is why X told me to destroy his Copy with extreme prejudice.”

Phantom’s head snapped back toward the red nemesis.

“And... Gods... what did God have to do with all this again?” Phantom weekly asked, feeling his whole world to be reduced in rubble.

“Ah... Krishna’s just navigating me toward and auspicious result. Something that won't leave a bloody crater at my exact location.” Zero informed the Shinobi as if this was a complete normal thing to go through. “And he told me where I could find X... He’s in a coma and... Basically, he sealed a very confused elf with his frame, this caused him to... get pushed out of his current body and now... I have to get him out of this tower and try to convince the goof to return.”

“And then?”

“And then... if I succeed, I give a new name to the copy, teach him how to be the best ruler he can, then I bring X to Mayapur where we will live our last decades away from politics, wars and whatever else made this place famous.” Zero enumerated as he once again took to the lotus position. “Now... If you’ll excuse me, I have a few rounds I have to chant...”

“Why did you tell me all this?” Phantom asked, still shaken by the numerous revelation he had just received from the second oldest reploid in the world.

“Krishna told me I couldn’t to it alone... and from everyone in Neo-Arcadia, you're the sanest.” And with that, he began to chant again, leaving a very stunned Phantom to compute all the information he had just received.

Thirty minutes later, Zero’s pleasant drone stopped, and he got up. “Alright... I’ll just... give you back your limbs, I couldn’t risk having you have another go again.” He mumbled as he turned Phantom around and, after repluging it to his system in the most respectful way possible, switched his cerveaus back on. even going as far as to help the ninja up and dusting him off.

Then he took a step back, inspecting Phantom under a critical eye...

Then he reached in his meta-pocket.

Phantom... quite stupidly froze. Only to be proven wrong when Zero pulled out an Energen tank. it was already open... And half-drained.

“I know... It’s all I have.” Zero apologized.

Phantom stared at... maybe a peace offering.

Reviewing all that he had learned, and the revelation the mad man had given him....

He pushed the can away. “As much as I appreciate the offer, I’d rather you have it Zero.”

The Red Legend stared at Phantom, his features unreadable.

“You need it more than I...” Not really, but the Guardian of darkness knew where to find the emergency rations. “ I will humour you and let you look in every nook and Cranny of this tower for X. If you find it and prove that the one I’ve been serving is a Plagia, then I will personally kill him. If not... Your life will be forfeited.” He intoned darkly. “You have twenty-four hours...”

“Oh ah... Thank you. I...” A small and infinitely grateful smile light his features. “This... this is more than I deserve.”

“Indeed.” Phantom inclined his head, sending a message to his fellow guardian. “You may stay here and prepare... Mediate as long as you desire, the day is not over yet.”

“No... I’d rather not waste anyone's time. And Krishna’s telling me the earlier I start the better. Thank you for the offer tough.” Zero paused... it was clear he was listening to someone. “Krishna just told me that you have to come with me since I will need a trustworthy witness. You fit the bill.”

“You know I’m a ninja, right?” Phantom asked.

“So am I... and as He said, your trustworthy.” And with that, Zero closed the subject and turned his heels. “Come on, we need to get to area-X, He said that’s were the service door to Yig... Yadra... To where X is.”

“Alright... lead the way.” At this point Phantom had nothing to lose... and he had the feeling this would prove to be most entertaining.

“Oh, by the way. You may call me Dhira-Lalita Das... Or just Lalita, for short.” Zero informed the shinobi... who had that point just nodded, humouring the clearly insane obsolete model.

----------------------------------------

And this monstrosity was born after that failed R.P...to be continued.

[cyangarden]

Technicalities

Lance learns something about his sniper rifle with the help of someone

~2.1k words

It was another day in the Castle, the members of the team doing their own things. Hunk was doing inspections of the Lions, Coran doing maintenance on the Castle, Shiro and Allura were talking to other coalition members for the next move. Lance in the shooting range, further honing his skill as the sharpshooter of the team. Pidge in the lab, scanning through various radio messages picked up by the Castle to see if there was anything interesting.

When Pidge nonchalantly called Lance the Sharpshooter one time during a mission, something inside Lance sensed something, something different. He somehow felt more complete, making him more confident being a Paladin. Yeah, Shiro acknowledge him before when they freed Slav from the Warden’s hands during their escape from Beta Traz, but when Pidge said it, it had a different meaning to it. It made Lance push further when it comes in training, even making his own routine rather than use one of the presets stored in the computer. Whatever it was, Lance was glad it was happening to him.

Pidge took a break, she left computer running the sorting algorithm automatically but set it to notify her if something of attention came up. When Lance and Pidge got the game console from the Space Mall, she noticed that by not spending so much time in the lab, she had more energy throughout the day instead of crashing down suddenly when night came. After that, she had scheduled breaks. Pidge usually went to Lance’s room to play the videogame, sometimes Lance would be there to play with her but sometimes, he’s not there so she plays on her own. Pidge typed the password to his room, but to only see it empty. She wanted to play with Lance, maybe he was somewhere. He went to the lounge then to kitchen, but he still wasn’t around.

Pidge thought about the shooting range, she did notice Lance spending more time going there after she called him Sharpshooter. Lance’s skill became more apparent after she called him the name one time. It amazed her and made her admire his skill, but she didn’t want to admit it out loud that he ended up being right about his name for him. Probably to avoid the teasing from Lance, she thought his head might get to big and he might not let it go. Though she thought she was a bit harsh on him when she doubted the use of the name. She wished she could do something to make it up to him. Lance was happy with his skill, but she felt she still needed to do something about that incident — or that was what she keeps referring to.

Lance moved cover to cover, engaging the targets along the way. His goal for training? Practicing fast transitions between targets to shoot them down as fast as possible. His reaction was something he wanted to work on after Sven almost tackled him down back in the alternate reality. Though nothing bad came out of it, he did not want that to happen again, especially if it would be someone else’s life. He was practicing against target plates rather than sentries, he added a shot timer to measure his reaction time. He had a goal set up of only having a maximum of 1.5 second reaction per target, from the target popup, to aiming his rifle then to shooting it. However, he would still give himself some allowance depending on the context of the target. Lance moved forward to shoot, until he heard a target popping up behind him. He thought it would be too slow to do a 180-degree turn and engage the target, so he spun around but decided to fall on his back. The move was intended to surprise the supposed enemy and might cause the shot fired at him to miss by suddenly presenting a lower profile. Lance fired two shots to the target when he hit the floor, then quickly stood up to scan for more targets.

“What’s the reaction time for the last shot?” Lance asked the shooting range AI.

The AI replied, “1.9 seconds.”

“That’s—” Lance was about to comment but then cutoff by someone.

“Not bad, impressive.” Pidge was standing on the doorway of the shooting range.

“Oh, yeah, I guess so.” Lance said.

Pidge gave Lance a small smile, “I see you’re spending more time here.”

“Well, it doesn’t hurt to train.” Lance winked at her. “By the way, what are you doing here? I thought you’re doing something in the lab?” Lance rarely saw her in the shooting range, he wondered why she was there.

Pidge gave out a heavy sigh, “I decided to take a break, it gets quite boring there really.”

“Wow, Pidge and taking a break? What a weird combination.” Lance joked.

Pidge got back at him, “Hey! I find it really good for me, plus playing KBP is more fun.” She almost forgot what she came here for, “I was actually about to invite you to play Killbot, but then I saw you’re busy… Next time?”

“How about later? You know, being the Sharpshooter here and working on something.”

Pidge smiled at him, “Yeah sure.” Then she remembered the incident back in Beta Traz, and talking about being the Sharpshooter, she asked him, “You wanna see something?” As Pidge went to the console to open a preset scenario.

“What is it?” Lance was curious.

The shooting environment switched to a long-range scenario and a small structure appeared with target sentries and a ‘friendly sentry’ inside.

Pidge instructed Lance, “Change your Bayard into a sniper rifle.”

“Okay, I see where this is going but how am I going to see the targets? They’re clearly obstructed.” Lance exclaimed.

“Just aim through your scope.” She told him.

“Is there something supposed to happen?”

“Hold on,” Pidge entered a command into the console, “There.”

The targets appeared in Lance’s scope, “Woah,” he was amazed that he could. Lance moved his scope around the building, checking the scan coverage of his scope. He wondered how it operated, “So how does this work? My scope seeing through the walls?”

Pidge explained, “Your scope is actually indirectly seeing the targets. The scope is not emitting anything but is receiving something over there.” Pidge pointed at the small structure.

Lance looked up to where she was pointing, “Really?”

Pidge continued, “Yep. There’s one sentry inside that’s ‘friendly’, it’s sending out a sonar signal that bounces around the room or obstacles to determine whatever is behind. When the signal returns, the suit forms the ‘map’ of the surrounding and it sends it to your scope. Remember how bats use sound to see in the dark or move around?”

“Yeah.”

“It’s pretty much the same principle but on a more refined scale.”

“You said the friendly sentry is sending out the sonar, does that mean you need to hack an enemy sentry to let me see through walls?” Lance questioned her.

“No, there’s no need to. I just simulated the capability in the sentry because our Paladin suits has it. The entire suit is a sonar array itself, capable of sending out an omnidirectional signal for proper 360-degree coverage. The suit actually has a phased array sonar to be specific.”

“What does the last part mean?”

“Phased array means that instead of having a single transceiver module to send out a signal, the system is composed of smaller modules that work together to send out the signal. Doing that increases image resolution, scan range and improves scan time. Also, kinda like an incandescent bulb versus an LED light, the latter one being better in general.”

“Wow, that sounds cool.” Lance sounded amazed from what he was hearing.

“Also, since the suit is sending out the signal, it’s able to ‘tag’ the contacts found by the suit to determine if it’s friendly or a bad guy. There’s already a tag information database in the suit of known contacts, but there’s still an option to add one if there are friendlies nearby. I’m still not sure about the specifics of the frequency used by our suits, but it’s high enough that the so called ‘image resolution’ would produce a good map. A high image resolution means that we or the system can distinguish contacts clearly. Like being able to determine that an enemy sentry is actually an enemy sentry instead of something like a support column. Whatever material the sonar would hit would produce a particular sonar signature that can be unique from one another, an algorithm is used to sort out that stuff. It’s a very useful thing.”

“If I’m getting these things correctly, the suit ‘maps’ out the surrounding area to see if there are contacts then the processed map goes to my scope? So, I’m able to see because of the suits?”

“Yeah, you got it.” Pidge added another detail, “By the way, the suit has around 20 feet of mapping distance. Any more than that, then you lose image resolution and the map wouldn’t be as good.”

Lance sounded astonished, “That’s a lot of things, I didn’t know it was that complicated.”

“There’s still the data link for the suit-scope communication which is a neat thing itse—” Pidge was cut off by a notification from her lab computer, “Oh, I have to go. Sorry for cutting this.” Pidge sounded a bit disappointed.

Lance replied, “Hey, don’t worry, I know I’m not good with those things, but I’m glad you still took your time to explain those things to me. I did my best to understand them and so far, I did get them all.”

Pidge placed her hand on his shoulder to help reassure him, “Don’t say things like that, Lance. You’re smart in your own way, don’t let anyone else say otherwise. And sorry for when I was being harsh to you when you just want to learn new things, I’m still getting used to making things explained simpler.”

“It’s alright Pidge, I know I sometimes get annoying.”

Pidge just gave him a hug, she wrapped her arms around her waist and pressed her face on his chest. She suddenly thought of doing it, maybe it was the right thing to do.

Lance was surprised when she did, but slowly dropped his arms and wrapped them around her. The hug gave him a slight blush on his face, but thankfully for him, they were facing away each other.

They stayed for a few seconds before pulling back.

“I didn’t know I needed that hug, thank you again.”

“Later, Lance?”

“Yeah, later, I’m waitin’ for you.” Lance gave her a smile.

With that, Pidge went back to the lab and Lance continued with his training.

Their interaction just made Lance more pumped up, suddenly feeling alive and ready for the challenges set.

~~

Lance, Veronica and Kinkade were in an overwatch position on top of an abandoned building. They’re providing sniper support for the ground team who are about to infiltrate a Galra stronghold.

Keith asked for the support team’s cover, “Lance, you ready to cover us when we get inside?”

Lance confirmed, “Ready to go.”

Pidge and Keith teleported inside the stronghold using Kosmo.

Pidge said, “We need to find a port where I can hack in. A control panel or a substation.”

“Got it.” Keith replied. Then two ran through the hallways.

Lance saw the two moving inside, “Got you, Keith. Scanning for hostiles,” Lance cautioned them, “Sentries on the other side of the east wall.”

Pidge and Keith teleported away from the hostiles.

Keith asked, “Lance?”

“You’re clear.” Lance replied.

Pidge and Keith stopped by the column where the tunnels were splitting in two directions.

Lance instructed them, “You guys are gonna have to take the right tunnel. But wait,” he warned, “There are sentries approaching both tunnels. Hold position.” Lance counted down, “Coming up to you in three, two, one.”

Pidge and Keith teleported behind the sentries then they moved towards their objective.

Back in the abandoned building, Kinkade asked how Lance was able to see through the walls.

“That thing pick up heat signatures?” Kinkade asked.

Lance explained, “It actually locks on to their suits’ sonar imaging and renders a 3D map within a 20-foot perimeter. It’s cool Paladin stuff.”

Even though there weren’t much stuff described, Kinkade was still amazed by it, “Must be pretty neat with all the advanced tech you have out there.”

Lance smirked, “Yeah, it is. Especially when someone teaches you about it. It’s amazing.”

Tfw you have to dig out the meta you have written because you forgot the explanation 😅

Here’s a more detailed explanation for how the Lance’s sniper scope works.

[servers4less]

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