#count philip of alsace

[historypaintings]

Bruges Receives its City Charter from Philip of Alsace

Artist: Albrecht De Vriendt (Belgian, 1843-1900)

Date: 1890

Medium: Oil on panel

Collection: Royal Museum of Fine Arts Antwerp, Belgium

Description

In 1176, Bruges received its city charter from Count Philip of Alsace, granting the city significant privileges and autonomy, including the right to self-governance, which was crucial for its development as a powerful trading center.

[angevinyaoiz]

Some Dieudonnés

Putting these 2 illustrations next to each other, since I liked the style I used for this! Finally got better at drawing veils and patterns which is nice

[nanshe-of-nina]

Favorite History Books || Sybil, Queen of Jerusalem, 1186–1190 by Helen J. Nicholson ★★★★☆

As a child, Sybil’s future prospects appeared excellent: as the eldest child of King Amaury of Jerusalem and as a member of the dynasty that claimed descent from Godfrey de Bouillon and the other heroes of the First Crusade, we might expect that she would have been an attractive marriage prospect. Yet European noblemen did not queue up to seek her hand. One reason for this might have been that commanding the defence of the kingdom of Jerusalem in the face of aggressive Muslim expansionism was a daunting prospect for any warrior, no matter how ambitious. Moreover, as her brother Baldwin’s illness became generally known in Europe, Sybil’s potential husbands may have wondered whether she and her children would be similarly afflicted. In addition, as her brother Baldwin and his council made clear to Philip of Alsace in autumn 1177, outside aid was unwelcome in the kingdom except on the terms they dictated. Robert VI of Béthune, Philip of Alsace’s candidate for Sybil’s hand, might have made a more effective count of Jaffa and Ascalon, regent of the kingdom and king consort than Guy de Lusignan, but Baldwin – aged only sixteen at the time of Count Philip’s crusade – preferred to marry his sister to a man he knew. If King Baldwin IV had supported his elder sister as the heir who – given that Baldwin V was very young and in uncertain health – would almost certainly inherit the kingdom, it might have been possible for Sybil to unite the nobles of the kingdom behind her as her brother had done. But his contradictory and changing policies left her rights of inheritance unclear and the nobles of the kingdom divided. He married her to one of his household knights, then attempted to divorce them; he appointed her husband as procurator, then shortly afterwards deposed him and appointed her son as his co- ruler, and then appointed another procurator, then finally appointed two regents, one to care for the young king Baldwin V and the other to govern. If he made further arrangements for the succession after Baldwin V they were unworkable. By marrying his younger half-sister to a leading noble of the kingdom but forcing the bridegroom to surrender his inherited estates in return, King Baldwin IV ensured that both his sisters and their husbands and supporters had grievances against him. While his measures reduced any threat that he would be overthrown during his lifetime, they boded badly for the kingdom after the death of his immediate heir. Given the rivalries between the leading nobles of the kingdom and Saladin’s need to win a decisive victory over the Franks, no one could have prevented Saladin from taking Jerusalem and conquering most of Sybil’s kingdom; Sybil was doomed to failure as queen. Not only did she lose Jerusalem, but she also failed in the most fundamental function of a noblewoman: she failed to provide an heir for herself, as both her son Baldwin and her daughters died in childhood. On the other hand, in the face of disaster she did not abandon her kingdom and flee to Europe, nor did she retire to a religious house. Instead, she stayed in the crusader states and did all she could to oppose the invader. She tried to defend Ascalon, she remained in Jerusalem until it was surrendered to Saladin, she obtained her husband’s release from Saladin’s prison, and by accompanying him in the months that followed she gave him the authority to continue as king of Jerusalem. As husband of the eldest daughter of King Amaury of Jerusalem and as a crowned king, Guy had a stronger claim to royal authority than Conrad of Montferrat: crusaders from Europe rallied to him and the representatives of the Italian maritime cities supported him so that he could begin the fightback against Saladin which was continued by the Third Crusade and enabled the kingdom of Jerusalem to continue to exist until 1291. When Sybil died, Guy’s authority died with her; but she had ensured that her kingdom would not die, at least for another century.

[wonder-worker]

Although heiress to a wealthy and powerful county, [Ida of Boulogne] is portrayed as a pawn, [Renaud of Dammartin's] stepping stone to a more favorable position vis-à-vis the king of France. While she is characterized as instrumental in Renaud’s rise to power, she disappears from most narratives after their marriage and his pledge of fidelity to the king [Philip Augustus] in 1191. Such accounts, which fail to recognize her as an actor in her own right, reduce Ida to an object of exchange among men, not only dismissing her desires as inconsequential but discounting them in the interest of male scheming. The use of the term abduction to describe the events preceding her marriage perpetuates this view, suggesting a bride forced to marry against her will. As a result of such assumptions about her lack of agency, Ida is only briefly mentioned in texts that purport to address the political history of France during Philip’s reign (1180–1223).

However, a careful assessment of the sources in which Ida appears, including both chronicles and charters, reveals a more nuanced view of her ‘‘abduction’’ and of her agency as countess of Boulogne. The chronicle of Lambert of Ardres, the main narrative source for her marriage to Renaud and for conclusions about the forced nature of their union, suggests that in fact Ida conspired with Renaud to secure it over serious opposition. The registers of Philip and the cartularies compiled by monastic foundations in Boulogne provide considerable information that corroborates the view of Ida as a willing accomplice in her abduction. The charter evidence demonstrates that while her ability to govern Boulogne was limited during her minority and first two marriages, it grew markedly during her marriage to Renaud, further supporting the theory of her complicity. Indeed, from 1192 until Renaud’s incarceration in 1214, Ida emerges as an increasingly active religious patron who participated extensively in county governance, and it may well be that marriage to Renaud attracted her precisely because it afforded her a greater political presence.

— Erin L. Jordan, "The ‘‘Abduction’’ of Ida of Boulogne: Assessing Women’s Agency in Thirteenth-Century France", French Historical Studies, Volume 30, Issue 1 (Winter 2007)

Ida’s rise to a position of authority as heiress of Boulogne illustrates the problems that resulted from the medieval insistence on primogeniture and patrilineage and from the high mortality rates among men in the era of crusades, tournaments, and constant military conflict. […] Initially, Ida’s experience seems to have conformed to the expectations attending female authority versus male power. Until her first marriage in 1181, Boulogne was ruled by her uncle, Philip of Alsace, count of Flanders since the death of his father, Thierry. The young countess was rarely mentioned in documents issued by Philip that pertained to the governance of Boulogne. In a charter issued in 1180 concerning the collection of a tithe on herring at Calais, Philip referred to Ida as his niece, countess of Boulogne, whose tutor he had become. Both Ida and her younger sister, Mathilda, appeared among the list of witnesses, identified as ‘‘daughters of my brother Mathieu, once count of Boulogne.’’ In addition to governing Boulogne, Philip orchestrated both girls’ marriages, which he viewed as opportunities to foster alliances favorable to Flanders.While Ida was married to Gérard II, count de Geuldre, Mathilda was married to Henri of Louvain, son of Godefroid, duke of Brabant. Although the union of Ida and Gérard was not in the best interests of France, the young Philip Augustus was not yet in a position to object. During their brief marriage, Gérard demonstrated little interest in county affairs, apparently issuing only one charter as count of Boulogne. This charter, which granted concessions to the town of Calais, was witnessed by a number of individuals. Ida was not among them, but she issued a later charter confirming her husband’s actions.

After Gérard’s death in 1182, Ida returned to Boulogne, where she acted as countess until 1183, issuing four charters to several religious foundations in her domains. In 1182 she issued one granting certain forest rights to the abbey of Saint-Josse-sur-Mer ‘‘for the soul of her father,’’ whose sepulcher was located in the abbey’s church. In 1183 she made concessions to the abbey of Licques concerning a tithe at Westaxla ‘‘for the soul of her father and her mother’’; she also confirmed earlier charters issued by ‘‘those men of good memory, the counts of Boulogne, Mathieu and Gérard de Geuldre’’ on behalf of the abbey. The third charter issued by Ida in 1183 confirmed a donation of a tithe made to the abbey of Andres. This charter was most likely issued on the eve of her marriage, as she stipulated that the donation would be confirmed later by her husband. All of these charters were issued by Ida expressly as ‘‘countess of Boulogne’’ and under her seal.

However, Ida’s increasing activity as countess was temporary, as the county of Boulogne was too strategically important for her to remain a widow. Her second marriage, to Bertold IV, duc de Zeringhen, in 1183, was also arranged by Philip of Alsace, whose motives are unclear. Since Bertold was nearly sixty, it seems unlikely that Philip expected the union to produce an heir. Although Ida had become more visible after the death of her first husband, she apparently returned to the periphery and issued not a single charter during her three years of marriage to Bertold. Her limited role in county affairs may have resulted from his lack of interest, as he issued no charters pertaining to Boulogne during their marriage. Like Gérard, Bertold seems to have been content to leave control of the county to Philip, which may be why the marriage appealed to the count of Flanders in the first place.

When Bertold died in 1186, Ida returned to Boulogne. Although she had already been married twice, she was only twenty-five [or, alternatively, as young as twenty-one] and had not produced an heir to the county; she would most likely have anticipated a brief widowhood.

Most modern accounts of her third marriage, to Renaud of Dammartin, imply that the union occurred against her will, but the evidence is open to interpretation. If nothing else, it suggests the need to revisit our understanding of the medieval use of the term abduction. According to Lambert of Ardres, after her return to Boulogne, Ida began an affair with Arnold of Guines, son of Bauduin II, count of Guines, and a staunch ally of Philip of Alsace. Arnold had been raised in Philip’s household and had gradually distinguished himself as a man of courage and honor. When Renaud, son of the count of Dammartin, began to entertain thoughts of marrying Ida, his intentions were made known to her by Isabelle of Hainaut, niece of Philip of Alsace and wife of Philip Augustus.Lambert suggests that initially, in spite of her affair with Arnold, Ida was receptive to Renaud’s overtures: ‘‘He sought her boldly with a not dissimilar effort and expectation, and he labored and strove to attract her love with great industry. Inflamed and alight as she was with women’s frivolous love, she would have satisfied both her desire and Renaud’s if she had found her uncle, the count of Flanders, ready and willing to consent.’’ However, Philip of Alsace was convinced that Ida’s marriage to Renaud would force him to relinquish control of the county. According to Lambert, ‘‘Count Philip, a man of worthy spirit, had gotten the county of the land of Boulogne and held it in hand and had received and dispensed its fruits at will.’’ Unlike Renaud, Arnold was clearly subordinate to the count of Flanders and could not wrest from him control of Boulogne. Furthermore, Philip of Alsace was convinced that Renaud ‘‘was both related to and had the ear of the king of France and helped and obeyed him in every way and in all things in his council.’’By this time the breach between Philip of Alsace and Philip Augustus had widened into open hostility, and the count of Flanders undoubtedly feared the consequences of an alliance between the king of France and the count of Boulogne. As a result of her uncle’s opposition to her union with Renaud, Ida, ‘‘full of stupid female instability and inflamed by love,’’ returned her affection to Arnold.

However, Renaud was not easily dissuaded; he continued to plot marriage, even though he was already married to Marie de Chatillion, the king’s cousin. Luring Ida away from Arnold, Renaud removed her to his castle in Lorraine and consummated their union. To Lambert, it is clear that Ida assented to her ‘‘abduction’’: ‘‘Renaud, who was always vigilant and feared Arnold of Guines more than anyone else, secretly came to her with his henchmen and—oh, the perfidy of female instability!—without really using force, he brought force against the willing woman, just as he wished to do; he abducted her and carried her to the fortress of Riche in Lorraine without consulting Count Philip of Flanders.’’ While Lambert does use the word abduxit to describe Renaud’s actions, it is clear in context that any ‘‘abduction’’ was feigned, as Ida was clearly a willing participant in the scheme. Thus Renaud’s real crime was to marry Ida without the consent of her uncle and tutor, Philip of Alsace.

Lambert states that Ida, appealing to Arnold for help, insisted that ‘‘Renaud had brought force against her while she resisted and was unwilling.’’ Yet he remains skeptical, dismissing her assertion as ‘‘the machinations of feminine treachery.’’ Lambert presents her as complicit in her own abduction but regretful of her actions afterward. She promised Arnold that ‘‘she would leave Renaud and marry him [Arnold] if he could come for her’’ however, before he could arrive, she betrayed him to Renaud by informing the latter of her impending rescue. Ida’s duplicity enabled Renaud to seize the unsuspecting Arnold and imprison him in ‘‘unyielding shackles.’’ Ultimately, Lambert dismisses Ida’s protestations as a disingenuous attempt to manipulate the men around her. He represents her ‘‘abduction’’ as a means of circumventing her uncle���s opposition to her marriage to Renaud. Once the union was consummated, of course, Philip of Alsace’s disapproval was irrelevant. Even though he unequivocally condemns Ida’s behavior, Lambert questions neither her complicity nor her agency.

Although Lambert mentions only the objection of Philip of Alsace, Ida’s abduction may also have been an attempt to overcome the opposition of Philip Augustus, whose niece would have had to accept an annulment from Renaud before he could marry Ida. However, like Philip of Alsace, Philip Augustus would have been forced to recognize the marriage once it had been consummated and Ida’s consent was no longer an issue. After receiving the annulment (retroactively), Renaud secured Philip Augustus’s consent (also retroactively) to marry Ida, who then declared by charter in 1191 that ‘‘the lord king of France Philip received my homage of the county of Boulogne and received my husband, Renaud of Dammartin, as his liege man of the same county with my assent.’’ Apparently determined to make the best of the situation, the king exacted from Ida the unprecedented sum of seven thousand livres artois, in addition to the feudal relief of three thousand livres artois owed by major vassals of the crown; he also forced her to forfeit a key fortress at Lens and relinquish all claims to the Vermandois. Moreover, in pledging homage to Philip Augustus, Ida and Renaud removed Boulogne from a position of subordination to the count of Flanders and thereby became direct vassals of the king, strengthening his position by weakening his rival’s.

Lambert’s depiction of Ida as an assertive woman who may have welcomed marriage to Renaud is corroborated by charter evidence. Initially, Ida seemed destined, as expected, to function as a feudal placeholder, legitimating the actions of the men who wielded power in her stead. During her minority she played an extremely limited role in the governance of Boulogne. Rather than expanding this role by removing her from the tutelage of Philip of Alsace, Ida’s first two marriages perpetuated her marginalization. When she returned to Boulogne in 1186 after the death of her second husband, however, Ida became increasingly active in county affairs. In four years she issued sixteen charters, directing donations to the church of Watten and to the abbeys of Andres, Clairmarais, Cluny, Fontevraud, Longvilliers, Saint-Vulmer, and Sainte-Austreberthe de Montreuil. Such patronage did not merely stem from personal piety; it would have been perceived by her contemporaries as a reflection of her authority and an indication of the resources at her command.

Ida also participated in the secular affairs of Boulogne, granting rights to a toll to Robert de Béthune in 1189 and exemptions from tolls for travel among various destinations in the county of Boulogne. She also relinquished the droit de lagan, the seigneurial right to all ships that washed ashore, in her domains. Such concessions proved crucial to the town of Boulogne’s ability to establish itself gradually as an autonomous community. Ida’s increasing visibility in the historical record after her second marriage most likely mirrored a growing confidence born of age and experience; it was made possible in part also by the absence of Philip of Alsace on crusade.

While a third marriage may have been inevitable for Ida, her fading back into obscurity in the documentary record was not. Her marriage to Renaud did not force her to return to the margins of government. The number and nature of the charters she issued, both independently and jointly with her husband, demonstrate that Renaud’s interest in the county gave Ida ample opportunity to participate in government. Their marriage was much more a partnership than either of her previous unions had been. Not only did the couple continue to reside in Boulogne, but Ida actively helped her new husband govern, especially in internal matters. The nature of their arrangement is aptly illustrated by the two charters issued on the same day in Paris in 1191 after their marriage. The first, issued by Ida under her seal as countess, was the one stating that the king had accepted her pledge of fealty for the county of Boulogne and had received Renaud ‘‘as his liege man’’; the second, promulgated in the name of the king, conveyed his willingness to accept Renaud’s homage with the consent of Ida, and to accept her homage as well.

In this transaction Ida did not merely consent to Renaud’s oath of homage or appear jointly with him; she was required to make the pledge in her own name. She then designated Renaud as her representative, chosen with her consent to perform the duties associated with the fief. This arrangement illustrates the difference between authority and power in the Middle Ages, particularly with regard to women who inherited powerful fiefs. Legitimate authority in the county of Boulogne derived from Ida, daughter of the former count. Her consent to Renaud’s vow of homage was necessary for him to act in her name as count of Boulogne, wielding power on her behalf. Clearly, Ida’s role was more than perfunctory, her consent more than a rubber stamp for her husband’s actions. Furthermore, it was Ida who officially paid the price for marrying Renaud without the king’s prior consent, agreeing to Philip Augustus’s harsh demands by relinquishing claims to the Vermandois, razing the fortress at Lens, and paying ten thousand livres artois. Renaud issued no corresponding charter concerning Philip’s demands. In fact, he did not grant his consent in either charter to any of his wife’s actions. He remained a silent witness, undoubtedly present but not participating in the legal process.

During their marriage Ida appeared in twenty-four charters, nineteen of them issued jointly with Renaud. Roughly half concerned county administration, primarily arrangements made with local governments. For example, in 1203 the count and countess granted the aldermen of Boulogne extensive rights to self-government, and in 1204 they relinquished the droit de lagan in the area of Rouen. Two years later they relinquished it in Saint-Omer as well, and in 1210 they arbitrated a dispute between the towns of Calais and Merch. Ida and Renaud also made grants to various religious communities, many of which had enjoyed comital favor for generations. The abbey of Saint- Bertin received two confirmations of earlier donations, including rights to a tithe of herrings from Calais and exemption from a toll at Wisant. The abbey of Andres received rights to alms in the form of woods at Hodenehout that Renaud and Ida donated in 1194, and in 1199 the couple confirmed the possessions and privileges enjoyed by the abbey of Saint-Wulmer. The abbey of Notre-Dame du Parc received an annual rent of ten thousand herrings in 1209.

The charter evidence discussed above illustrates the various ways that Ida and Renaud negotiated their roles as countess and count, sharing both authority and power. Their union appears to have been mutually beneficial. Marriage to Renaud allowed Ida considerable independence and autonomy. Rather than returning her to the margins of political activity, where her first two marriages had confined her, it propelled her to the forefront of comital affairs. At the same time, Renaud acquired access to Boulogne’s vast resources and, by leveraging his control of the county, became one of the most powerful men in northern Europe, courted by the kings of France and England. His increasing importance is illustrated by Philip Augustus’s repeated attempts to secure his support with royal favors, including investment with the county of Mortain in 1201 and the arranged marriage of his brother Simon to Marie, daughter and heiress of the count of Ponthieu, in 1208.

[palecleverdoll]

Ages of English Princesses at First Marriage

I have only included women whose birth dates and dates of marriage are known within at least 1-2 years, therefore, this is not a comprehensive list. The average age at first marriage among these women was 16.

This list is composed of princesses of England when it was a sovereign state, prior to the Acts of Union in 1707.

Eadgyth (Edith) of England, daughter of Edward the Elder: age 20 when she married Otto the Great, Holy Roman Emperor in 930 CE

Godgifu (Goda) of England, daughter of Æthelred the Unready: age 20 when she married Drogo of Mantes in 1024 CE

Empress Matilda, daughter of Henry I: age 12 when she married Henry, Holy Roman Emperor, in 1114 CE

Marie I, Countess of Boulogne, daughter of Stephen of Blois: age 24 when she was abducted from her abbey by Matthew of Alsace and forced to marry him, in 1136 CE

Matilda of England, daughter of Henry II: age 12 when she married Henry the Lion in 1168 CE

Eleanor of England, daughter of Henry II: age 9 when she married Alfonso VIII of Castile in 1170 CE

Joan of England, daughter of Henry II: age 12 when she married William II of Sicily in 1177 CE

Joan of England, daughter of John Lackland: age 11 when she married Alexander II of Scotland in 1221 CE

Isabella of England, daughter of John Lackland: age 21 when she married Frederick II, Holy Roman Emperor, in 1235 CE

Eleanor of England, daughter of John Lackland: age 9 when she married William Marshal, Earl of Pembroke in 1224 CE

Margaret of England, daughter of Henry III: age 11 when she married Alexander III of Scotland in 1251 CE

Beatrice of England, daughter of Henry III: age 17 when she married John II, Duke of Brittany in 1260 CE

Eleanor of England, daughter of Edward I: age 24 when she married Henry III, Count of Bar in 1293 CE

Joan of Acre, daughter of Edward I: age 18 when she married Gilbert de Clare, Earl of Gloucester in 1290 CE

Margaret of England, daughter of Edward I: age 15 when she married John II, Duke of Brabant in 1290 CE

Elizabeth of Rhuddlan, daughter of Edward I: age 15 when she married John I, Count of Holland in 1297 CE

Eleanor of Woodstock, daughter of Edward II: age 14 when she married Reginald II, Duke of Guelders in 1332 CE

Joan of the Tower, daughter of Edward II: age 7 when she married David II of Scotland in 1328 CE

Isabella of England, daughter of Edward III: age 33 when she married Enguerrand VII, Lord of Coucy in 1365 CE

Mary of Waltham, daughter of Edward III: age 16 when she married John IV, Duke of Brittany in 1361 CE

Margaret of Windsor, daughter of Edward III: age 13 when she married John Hastings, Earl of Pembroke in 1361 CE

Blanche of England, daughter of Henry IV: age 10 when she married Louis III, Elector Palatine in 1402 CE

Philippa of England, daughter of Henry IV: age 12 when she married Eric of Pomerania in 1406 CE

Elizabeth of York, daughter of Edward IV: age 20 when she married Henry VII in 1486 CE

Cecily of York, daughter of Edward IV: age 16 when she married Ralph Scrope in 1485 CE

Anne of York, daughter of Edward IV: age 19 when she married Thomas Howard in 1494 CE

Catherine of York, daughter of Edward IV: age 16 when she married William Courtenay, Earl of Devon in 1495 CE

Margaret Tudor, daughter of Henry VII: age 14 when she married James IV of Scotland in 1503 CE

Mary Tudor, daughter of Henry VII: age 18 when she married Louis XII of France in 1514 CE

Mary I, daughter of Henry VIII: age 38 when she married Philip II of Spain in 1554 CE

Elizabeth Stuart, daughter of James VI & I: age 17 when she married Frederick V, Elector Palatine in 1613 CE

Mary Stuart, daughter of Charles I: age 10 when she married William II, Prince of Orange in 1641 CE

Henrietta Stuart, daughter of Charles I: age 17 when she married Philippe II, Duke of Orleans in 1661 CE

Mary II of England, daughter of James II: age 15 when she married William III of Orange in 1677 CE

Anne, Queen of Great Britain, daughter of James II: age 18 when she married George of Denmark in 1683 CE

[spottinghistory]

Historic site of the week: Gravensteen

Gravensteen, located in Ghent, Belgium, is a medieval castle originally fortified by Count Arnulf I in the 10th century and transformed into a stone fortress by Count Philip of Alsace in 1180. Over centuries, it evolved from a noble residence and administrative center to a cotton mill and industrial complex before being restored in the late 19th century, and today it stands as one of Ghent's most iconic tourist attractions.

[furlantravelfashionblogger]

Gravensteen Castle, located in Ghent, Belgium, is a striking medieval fortress that stands as a testament to the region's rich history. Constructed in the late 12th century by Count Philip of Alsace, it was designed to assert his dominance and provide a strategic defense against invaders. The name "Gravensteen" translates to "Castle of the Counts," reflecting its role as the residence of the Counts of Flanders. The castle's imposing stone walls, fortified towers, and deep moat exemplify medieval military architecture, offering a vivid glimpse into the past.

Over the centuries, Gravensteen has served various purposes beyond its original defensive role. It has been a royal residence, a court, and even a prison, each phase adding layers to its storied past. In the 19th century, the castle faced potential demolition but was saved and later restored, allowing it to become a significant historical site. Today, it functions as a museum, inviting visitors to explore its dungeons, armory, and ancient halls. Exhibits and guided tours provide insights into medieval life and the castle's evolution. Gravensteen Castle remains an iconic symbol of Ghent, blending historical intrigue with architectural splendor, making it a must-visit destination for history enthusiasts and tourists alike.

#montbrun #chateaudemontbrun #montbruncastle #richardthelionheart #instacastles #instacastle #castlesofinstagram #chateauxdefrance #medievalcastle #medievalfrance #medievaleurope #europeancastles #castlesofeurope #frenchcastle #middleages #medievalfortress #castlesoftheworld #medievalarchitecture #moyenage #medievalcastles

[exhunting]

https://ift.tt/3ejMzWx is a castle in Ghent, #Belgium that was built in 1180 by Count Philip of Alsace & was modeled after crusaders' castles. #castle #europetravel https://t.co/LnAvG7WaCK https://ift.tt/2VjKF0X

[realhist]

The so-called Spanish Road was a route that linked the Duchy of Milan to the Spanish Netherlands in the 16th and 17th centuries.

When Philip II of Spain began imposing Counter-Reformation policies in his massive domains, there was little issue in most of his lands. This was not the case in the Netherlands. In 1568, the majority-Calvinist provinces rose in revolt, triggering the Eighty-Years War.

Philip was immediately faced with a problem: how to get his armies to the Low Countries? Transporting them by sea inevitably involved running a gauntlet of hostile French, English and Dutch fleets. The risks were unacceptable.

The only solution was to go overland. Fortunately, Philip had also received the Counties of Franche-Comte and Luxembourg as well as the Duchy of Milan. After securing alliances with the Count of Savoy and the Duke of Lorraine, the Spanish now had a means of marching the roughly 1000km from Italy to the Netherlands entirely within friendly territory.

A 10,000-man Spanish army made the journey for the first time in 1567. This force became the Army of Flanders, a permanent standing army that was widely considered the most formidable fighting force in Western Europe for the first 80 or so years of its existence. By 1574, it had swelled to 86,000 men.

The Spanish Road thus became a crucial artery down with men, material and most importantly money flowed to the Spanish Netherlands.

However, the French were determined to sever this connection. Savoy was defeated by France in a brief conflict in 1600-1601 and was forced to cede the provinces of Bugey and Bresse in the north on the border of Franche-Comte. This cut the Spanish Road for the first time.

The Spanish were forced to search for an alternative. They found it in the Stelvio Pass, northeast of Milan. After traversing the pass, Spanish troops could march through the allied Austrian Habsburg domains of the Tyrol, Further Austria and Upper Alsace to reach Franche-Comte.

To reach the Stelvio Pass, any army had to march through the Valtelline, an alpine valley that now became perhaps the most strategically important region in Europe.

This importance only increased with the outbreak of the Thirty Years War in 1619.

Annexed by Spain in 1620, Spanish troops, supplies and money flowed down the Spanish Road anew.

When France finally entered the Thirty Years War in 1635, a French force was despatched to contest Spanish control of the Valtelline. Another French army managed to defeat the Austrians at Breisach in 1638 and permananty annexed Upper Alsace. Thus the Spanish Road was severed in two places. It was never reconstituted.

The subsequent decisive failure of Spanish efforts to reinforce the Army of Flanders by sea was a major factor in bringing the Eighty Years War to an end in 1648, highlighting the importance of the Spanish Road..

Between its establishment in 1567 and its final blocking in 1633, roughly 123,000 had made the long journey along the Spanish Road to the Netherlands.

[jacobmarion76-blog]

Skyler Whitenack - Rockford Man

Details about the Whitenack family living in Adelshofen was available in action to an ad in the November, 1963 issue of Archiv fur Sippenforschung which was placed by Mr. von Frank.

He believed there might be discovered in the State Archives of Baden which would include records of feudal estates, tax payments, and so on. The records are not indexed so many packages of records would have to be gone through.

Originally Rockford market was based on 2 locaI basic materials: wheat for flour mills and lumber for saw mills. Both resources have actually disappeared from the area. Flour mills paved the way to other industries which took their put on the waterpower they had helped develop. Saw mills provided method to wood working plants which now must reach numerous miles into Canada and Appalachia for basic materials.

Much of the Palatinate was church land. In 1446 Germany was a federation ruled by ecclesiastical princes acknowledging fealty to the Holy Roman Empire. Damage of the Hohenstaufen dynasty by the popes of the 13th century had actually damaged the Holy Roman Empire and in 1400 it was a loose association of Germany, Austria, Bohemia, Holland ans Switzerland. Carinthia was mining gold as early as 1300, in 1519 it was west of Hungary and east of Switzerland and the Tyrol. Styria was just above Carinthia. Styria and lower Austira was ravaged by the Turks in 1532. In 1517 a league of 90,000 peasants in Styria and Carinthia carried out to end feudalism there and they attacked castles and slew their lords. In the Revolt in Alsace of 1562, 20,000 peasants were killed. Peasants had ruined hundreds of castles, abbeys, villages were depopulated and destroyed. Peasants wandered the highways and concealed in the woods.

Records of the Weidknecht's were discovered in Regensburg, Baden and Alsace. Baden was a margraviate in 1689.

A very little part of the output of Rockford's hardware factories is taken by her furniture factories, however most of the hardware is marketed in other places, especially in the east. Regional foundries supply metal producers with castings, but once again much of the production is offered in other areas. One furnishings factory focuses on stitching maker cabinets and actually has been acquired by a sewing device company. A slight fraction of the device tool output goes to Rockford metal fabricators. Nevertheless, the correlations between Rockford factories as sources of basic materials, devices, or markets for each other is minor. Rockford's industry makes use of basic materials which, in basic, are obtained from factories in the East; her industry serves a market which, though across the country, also is focused in the East.

In some town in the Palatinate the parochial signs up started in 1691 however the Lutheran registers did not start till 1727 or later on. A history of Alsace, Baden, Speyer, Heidelberg and Mannheim reveals that in 1689 the French Army sacked and burned hundreds of towns, hence records of the occupants would have been ruined. In 1659 Spain signed the Peace of the Pyrenees and deserted all claim to Alsace, ceding it to France. France ended up being the most effective nation in Europe. Louis XIV was the ruler in France. The French generals complied with Louis XIV and revealed to the residents of the above prospering German towns to evacuate their castles and towns as they were to be ruined by fire and sword.

In the 16th century, Bavaria included: Munich, Regensburg and Salzburg. Swabia consisted of: Baden, Stuttgart, Augsburg and Wurttemberg. Upper Rhine consisted of: Frankfurt am Main, Cassel, Darmstadt, Wiesbaden, Hesse and part of Alsace.

Although the Whitenacks were living in Baden, Alsace and Regensburg in the 1600's, they may have initially been from lower Austria or most any place in Europe.

I am revealing the very first generations referred to as Family No. 1, Family No. 2, Family No. 3, then In America calling the numerous households A, B, C, etc. If you need to know just how numerous generations have actually been traced, discover <missing the remainder of the sentence> ... Family No. 1. Martin Weidknecht, burgomaster of Adelshofen, (district Sinsheim, in the Kraichgau, Baden) (village of about 200 homes, some very old with stables connected to your homes). Martin Weidknecht was born about 1601 and died June 24, 1671, age 70 when he passed away; married before 1633 to Barbara--, who was born about 1607 and died December 25, 1687 in Adelshofen, 80 years of ages when she passed away. Problem:

Johann Martin Weidknecht, born about 1633 who passed away Dec. 6, 1688 in Adelshofen.

Household No. 2 He married (1 ): Catherina Weidknecht, the daughter of Hans Weidknecht, resident of Adelshofen who was born about 1619/20 and died Feb. 18, 1670, age 50 who wed prior to 1641 Catherina--, born about 1611 and died August 17, 1679 in Adelshofen. Andreas Weidknecht first marital relationship to Catherina Weidknecht was no Nov. 14, 1671 (she was born about 1648 and died Nov. 12, 1675 in Adelshofen.

Andreas Weidknecht wed (2) Anna Elisabetha Schlà 1/4 tter on July 25, 1677 in Adelshofen who was born about 1653 and she passed away Oct. 24, 1738. Issue by this marital relationship:

The first record of Johannas Wietkneght then is that he joined the church at Readington (North Branch,) N. J. in 1728. He was on the tax list of 1735 in Franklin, (called 6-Mile Run in 1716) Somerset Co., N.J. as owning 100 acres of land, livestock 7, and was taxed  ₤ 1 1s 3d. Hw was a freeholder (of land) in the Sourland Mountain (Western Precinct) in 1753 and a member of Mr. Frelinghuysen's church at 6-Mile Run and was voted a senior of the church on Sept. 25, 1751. In 1761 he contributed  ₤ 0.10 s 0 to build the kerk at Neshanneck. Solutions were in English and Dutch until 1784.

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Whiteanack, Bleker. Whitenack, John. Whitnack, Abraham. Whitnack, Andries. Whitnack, Benjamin.

Northampton county, Pa., Bethlehem Twsp., Mathias Weidkneght was taxed for 100 acres of land, 3 horses and 2 cattle in 1785, 86 and 88.

In a list of Revolutionary War Veterans, Morris Co., N.J. the following were discussed:.

Household No. B-10:. ( Youngest kid of Blakert Whitenack) John Whitenack (Whitekanack) Sr. of Morris Co., N.J. His will was dated Mar. 16, 1799 and proved Feb 8, 1800 (Lib. 39, page 97 File 1052 M) Yeoman. Spouse, Rachel, to have house, furnishings and use of plantation while a widow. Earliest kid, Thomas, all genuine after other half's decease or marriage. Needs to Thomas die without problem, then divide in between boys: William and Peter. Sons: William and Peter  ₤ 50 each. Children: Phebe, Charity, Elizabeth, Susannah, Catarine and Ruth each 20 shillings. Executed by boy, Thomas. Witness: Philip Parker, Samuel Hawes, and John Bockoven. This John Whitekanack is thought to be Bliker Whitnek's youngest boy, who wed Oct. 12, 1773 in Sussex Co. He may be the John Whitenack who remained in the Revolutionary War (Sussex Co.). His son Peter was most likely the Sergeant Peter Whitenack who registered 7 Sept. 1814 in War of 1812 and was released 4 Dec. 1814.

Andreas Weidknecht, his spouse Margretha and 3 children came to America in 1709. They joined the fantastic Palatinate emmigration from Germany to England in 1709. Some authorities declare there were 2,000 and others 32,000 in the group. Not all of them concerned America; soe went to Ireland. Reason for emmigration: thirty years war devastated Palatinate region, greater and higher taxes to support rulers of Germany in high-end, extremem cold winter of 1709 - birds on the wing fell dead, wind in casks froze solid, etc. There were 6 cruisings of Palatinates to America, the very first four boats carried very bad emmigrants who were unable to pay for their passage. The names of the travelers on the very first 4 ships is offered however the Weidknecht family was not noted. The last two ships guests were for the most part tradespersons and spent for their own passage. The last boat did not show up till August 2, 1710 in America. They were all packed with disease obtained on shipboard so they were quarantined for 5 months on Nutten Island now called Governor's Island so physicians might examine them. They lived in camping tents while typhus raved among them. Numerous children were left orphans and they were apprenticed to leading people in New York. 84 orphans were apprenticed in this style. The Palatines had been assured 40 acres each but they did not receive this till they had fulfilled their contract. Queen Anne of England who sympathized with the Palatines in Germany made the essential arrangements to transport them to America where they were to be engaged for tar manufacturing purposes. About half of the Palatines were farmers or vine cabinets in Germany. Upon their arrival, they were used on storehouses and barrels under a strategy whereby they received 2 shillings a day, half in cash and half in credit on their represent food and requirements.

Blakert Whitenack. X. his mark.

Hans Martin Weidknecht, born Jan 28, 1697 in Adelshofen. He is the Martin Weidknecht (Wytknecht) who landed at Philadelphia Sept. 30, 1732 on board the ship "Dragon" (List 26 A, B.C.) 55 passengers on boat from Rotterdam last from Plymouth, England.

County Tax Lists. Bucks County Pa., Millford Twsp., Jacob Wideneicht was taxed for 20 acres and 2 livestock in 1785, 86 and 87.

By 1712, the census of this family showed 3 adults (kids over 10 were counted as adults) so one need to have passed away. The next census showed that Margretha Weidknechtin, widow and two kids at Diese Monschen wohnen auf dem Rarendantz (Kniskerndorf) Schoharie Valley settlement. This is near the Katskill Mountains.

June 20, 1754 Priscilla Witconek wed Joseph Hains. Joseph Hains born 7-23-1722 was the sone of Richard and Agnes Haines who originated from Northumberland, England in 1682. Joseph Hains passed away intestate in 1768 and his spouse's name was: Ann. Another Joseph Hains was sergeant 1st Bat. Salme Co., N.J. Militia Revloutionary War.

The story goes (so Christiana Harker, my granny, whose mother was Mary Whitenack before her marital relationship) that Cornelius, her daddy, was embraced by the Whitenack family about 1795 and that his parents were Dutch and were both drowned when their ship was damaged in the Atlantic Ocean. Cornelius was saved, however, and was adopted by the Whitenack's and raised as their own kid. Other members of this Whitenack family have actually never heard this tale!!.

Family No. B8:. Mary Whitenack (spelled Whitekernek in marital relationship records) born July 7, 1740 passed away June 20, 1806, age 66. Her records specify she was a daughter of Eliakim and Anna Whitenack. Some of Blakert Whitenack's records reveal the name "Eliakim" Mary Whitenack was the (1) better half of George Bockoven (Backofen) who was born Sept. 15, 1734 and died June 3, 1814. He was a Lieutenant in Revolutionary War and they lived in Morris Co., N.J. He had 8 kids by Mary Whitenack. They were married April 12, 1759 (Morristown, N.J. Presbyterian Church records). Later on transferred to Basking Ridge, N.J.

Wythnegt, Joseph & Catreina, had a son Johannis baptized 23 Aug. 1772 Joseph Whiteneck, was a private in Battalion of Rifleman, Pennsylvania June 25, 1775 and July 1, 1776 Col. William Thompson Company likewise in Cap. James Parris Company on August 1776. This Joseph may be the son of Johannas Weidknecht's son Johannas (deceased). He may have been a casualty in the Revolutionary War as there are no further records of him.

There are no more records of the household up until June 17, 1716, Anna Marie Weidknechten saw a Lutheran Baptism on the Raritan at Nine Mile Run, New Jersey. Anna Marie Weidknechten might have been Blakert Witenek's better half. Blakert Witenek's better half's name was Anna but no records of Blakert Witenek remain in existence up until about 1740.

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A Richard Whitekenack experienced a will in Morris County on June 28, 1774. He might be a younger kid of Andres' who was mentioned in Blakert Whitenack's will as having more than one kid.

Family A9:. Abraham Witeknaght baptized April 21, 1765 (born in 1756 at 6 Mile Run, some records state). His pension record notes his birth as Feb. 14, 1757, Sourland Mts., Hillsborough Twsp. He got June, 1776 and served 2 yrs., 3 months and was discharged at end of war. He was a private and sergeant with New Jersey Troops under Captains Verbryck, Coenrath, Ten Myck, Buryea, Taylor, Van Ness and Rynear Staats and Colonels Quick, Taylor, and Van Dyke. He remained in the Battle of Springfield. He passed away Dec. 7, 1833, age 77. He was on Pension Roll under Act of June 7, 1832 Somerset Co., N.J. Revolutionary Pensioners.

Family No. 3 Andreas Weidnecht, born Nov. 1, 1672 in Adelshofen wed Margretha ------, before 1697. Andreas died in America (New York) about 1711. The location and year of Margretha's death is unidentified. Their children whom they brought with them to America are as follows: George Fred Weidknecht born about 1697 and thought to be the Johannes Weidknecht who lived and passed away in New Jersey, see below for his family; Anna Elizabeth Weidknecht, born about 1701 of whom there are no futher records regarding whom she wed or when she died. There is a possibility that Blakert Whitenack is the kid of Andreas and Margretha and was born in America about 1711/12. He is certainly carefully associated to Andreas and Margretha Weidknecht and Johannes Weidknecht as he called his kids after them. For his records, see Family B.

Martin bought 100 acres of land in Bucks county, Pennsylvania on June 26, 1734.

There were lots of John Whitenack's living about the exact same time in New Jersey which were never ever recognized in the records which makes it an uphill struggle to assemble. Revolutionary War Records list a John Whitenight of Sussex, private, and a John Whitenaught (among thes might have been Andreas Whitenaught's sone and the other the above Johannas).

The following may be Johannas Weidknecht's children by his very first marriage and roughly the very same age as Blakert Weidknecht:.

... [details on John's descendants omitted]

... [information of Andreas' descendants ommitted]

Family A5: Petrus (Peter Whitenack baptized at Six Mile Run Reformed Dutch Church, Raritan, Somerset Co., N.J. Jan. 1 1750 wed Elizabeth Johnson in 1796. Problem: Thomas.

Family A4:. Hendrick, no records offered.

Family No. B9:. Elizabeth Whitenack born in 1746 died in 1838. Church records).

... [details of Peter's descendants ommitted] Household A6:. Sarah born Dec. 25, 1754 (Millstone Churchyard Inscription - Sarah Whitenack Wilson passed away Sept. 5, 1831, age 77.

Household A1: Cornelius, some records state he was born June 20, 1731 - others that he was born Nov. 20, 1731. He wed Cortelyantje-- on Nov. 20, 1758 who passed away Oct. 14, 1816. Issue: John, Abraham, Abraham, Isaac, Agnes, Jacob, Nelly, Cornelius C. (Children baptized Harlingen).

From Somerset Co. Neshanic Reform Church:.

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Elias Weidknecht, single freeman in Northampton Co. 1786. Philip Weidknecht,""" ".

The Palatines were led by Rev. Joshua Kocherthal. In the "Kocherthal Records" which was published in Germany in 1717, Rev. Kocherthal listed Margretha Weidknecht as godparent of Johann Dietrich Marterstock 2. XII.1711 Andreas Weidknecht as godparent to Juliana Elisabetha Lastner on 21. XII.171? a Johann Michael Waidnecht was godparent to Elizabetha Mueller. Andreas Weidknecht was on the Safety Committee.

Abraham may have married several times but the only marriage there is record of is to Anne Coshun. Concern: John; Joseph; Sarah; Abraham.

His will is follows: Blakert Whitnak, yeoman. My eldest boy, Andres' eldest boy, John, 20 shillings, son Adres' child, Charity, 20 shillings. Boy, Blakert, 1/2 the plantation and the other half to my yougest son, John Whitnek, and if John pass away without concern his half to my kid, Blakert's child, John.

... [details of Cornelius' descendants ommitted]

Blackert Whitnak's birth and marital relationship records have never been situated. His relationship to Johannas Whitenaught is a secret. Blakert might be Johannas' son by an early marital relationship or he might be a sibling of Johannas and might have been born in America shortly after Andrea and Margaret Weidknecht's arrival in New York. Blakert Whitnak was not discussed as being among the emigrants to America. Thus he probably was born in New York or New Jersey. His relation to Andreas and Margaret Weidknecht (the emigrants) appears to be close as he named his children after them-- his eldest sone ws called Andreas, likewise he had a child John (Johannas) and a daughter, Margaret. If Blakert Whitnak was a son of Johanna Whitenaught who lived in the Sourland Mountain area, it would appear that they were estranged. No reference of his relationship to Johannas or any of Johannas' kids was made by Blakert in his will dated Nov. 30, 1761 proved Oct. 22, 1777 (Trenton, N.J. Book 4 pages 278-281). Blakert might not compose as his will is signed by his mark which was seen.

Records of the Weidknecht family's arrival in America are as follows:.

July 12, 1749 Jane Wit-ker-neack married Samuel Peck of Basking Ridge, New Jersey. (There is a Joseph Peck, Essex Co., N.J. will dated 1700).

... [details of Abraham's descendants ommitted] This finishes the descendants of Johannas Weidknecht which were discussed in his will, or from church records of his household. On the next page are some records of Whitenacks (Weidknechts) which have never ever been related to Johannas Weidknecht's family.

Blakert Whitnak's name was spelled in many variations, such as: Bliker, Blecker, Blakert, being the most normal kind. The name Whitnak also was spelled in various forms, such as: Witenack, Whiteanack, Whitekenack adn lastly Whitenack being the normal form. He was also understood as "Eliakim".

Family C:. Martin Whytknecht (also spelled Weidknecht, Whiteknight) showed up in America on Sept. 30, 1732 on the "Dragon" out of Rotterdam (185 on board and Chas. Hargrave, master). He was from Adelshofen, Baden and was a half-brother of Andreas Weidknecht who came to America in 1710.

Records were browsed in neighboring towns for the records of Michael Andreas and Margretha Weidknecht's childrent; these towns were Richen, Ittlingen, Borwangen, Eichtersheim, Eschelbach, Daisbach, Eschelbronn, Neidenstein, Epfenbach, Grombach and Gemmingen however absolutely nothing was found.

The earliest date of his household is of his child Mary's birth record who was born July 7, 1740. It is quite possible that he was married a minimum of 10 years prior to 1740 as he had 10 kids a minimum of. The church at New Vernon, Morris county, New Jersey burned down and possibly the majority of Blakert Whitnak's family records remained in that church.

Revolutionary War Records:. Martin Wethknecht. Martin Weidknieght. Jacob Weidkneght (7 months man of 1782, Col. Daniel Hiester, Jr.'s Battalion in Philadelphia County Militia).

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Family A. Johannes Wietkneght (likewise spelled Witeknaght, Whiteknacht, Whitenaught, and so on) most likely married two times and perhaps 3 times. He would have been old enough by 1719 to marry and maybe have had Blakert Weidknecht. One report is that he had 4 sons in Long Island before he transferred to New Jersey. There are no birth records of such children and no marriage records, and so on of Johannas' ever living in Long Island - simply hearsay. This might be the relationship between Johannas and Blakert.

About 1751, Wilson Whitenack owned a structure set up on the northwest side of the Cornelius Eoff farm not far from the roadway to Peapack.

Household A3:. Andreas Whytkneght (Whitenack) born _______ married (1) Catherine ------- who was the mom of seven of his kids. (2) He wed Maria Hagerman on March 19, 1778. They resided in Hillsborough Twp., Somerset Co. Andreas was a personal in the Revolutionary War. His will was dated Aug. 25, 1815. To his spouse: Maria, $600, bed and bed linen in lieu of dower, Son Daniel, $100 over the other children, likewise a horse and saddle. Children Nelly and Caty, a start as excellent as my other dauthers. Residue of estate to be divided among boys: John, Hendrick, Peter, Abraham, Andrew, Joseph, Aaron and Daniel and daughters: Sarah, Nelly, Caty and Polly. Seen by John Ditmars, Henry W. Coleman, John A. Ditmars, Iventory by James Stryker and Henry Coleman. Submit No. 1706 R.

1790 Census of Pennsylvania. Male over. 16 Males under. 16 Females 1 3 5 Whiteknight, Matthias (Northampton Co. 1 1 1 Whiteknight, Phillip 1 1 1 Wightknegt, Peter (Berks Co. Rockland Twsp. ).

Since the limit lines of Virginia, Pennsylvania and Maryland were not settled for some years. Parts of Frederick Co., Maryland were settled in 1733 by Germans from Pennsylvania. Parts of southern Pennsylvania (Greene, Washington and Fayette) were expected to be within the border of Virginia. Part of Maryland was in what is now York county, Pa. however settlers paid taxes to Maryland.

Their children whom they brought with them to America are as follows: George Fred Weidknecht born about 1697 and believed to be the Johannes Weidknecht who lived and died in New Jersey, see below for his family; Anna Elizabeth Weidknecht, born about 1701 of whom there are no futher records as to whom she wed or when she passed away. He is unquestionably closely related to Andreas and Margretha Weidknecht and Johannes Weidknecht as he called his kids after them. His relation to Andreas and Margaret Weidknecht (the emigrants) appears to be close as he called his kids after them-- his oldest sone ws named Andreas, also he had a kid John (Johannas) and a child, Margaret.

In a re-survey of property in Frederick county, Md. John Whiteneck, Jr. owned 22 1/2 acres called "Pardner's Alley" in 1786, in 1785 he had 16 acres at "Stoney Point". In 1798 he owned 177 1/2 acres called "Hard Climbing" and also had 4 3/4 acres called "Road in the Middle" and 14 1/2 acres at "Whiteneck's Alley".

Household D:. He is reported to have had a kid Benjamin and a daughter. Benjamin had a son John who moved to Mt. Vernon, Indiana when he was 21 and he married Lucy Kindrey. Their concern: John, Will, Martin (Reverend) who moved to Illinois and Okla. and had a boy John who had 10 kids and 4 women.

The John Whiteneck who settled in Frederick county, Md. before 1776 could be the child of Johannas Weidknecht Somerset Co., N.J., deceased; the boy of Martin Weidknecht of Pennsylvania; or the kid of Samuel Whitenack above discussed. One thing should be noted - the John Whiteneck of Maryland family spelled the name: Whiteneck rather of Whitenack.

John Whiteneck voted in governmental election of 1796 (D-R) Frederick Co., Md. In studying Frederick Co., Md.

He married (1 ): Catherina Weidknecht, the daughter of Hans Weidknecht, occupant of Adelshofen who was born about 1619/20 and passed away Feb. 18, 1670, age 50 who married prior to 1641 Catherina--, born about 1611 and passed away August 17, 1679 in Adelshofen. Andreas Weidknecht initially marital relationship to Catherina Weidknecht was no Nov. 14, 1671 (she was born about 1648 and died Nov. 12, 1675 in Adelshofen.

Another marital relationship record of Virginia: Wm. Whitneck and Bidzy Lambeth on Nov. 3, 1828.

There were no Whitenacks listed in Revolutionary War Soldiers of Virginia or in the census of 1790. Nevertheless, Maryland noted:.

John Whiteneck (senior) will proved in 1776).

[animaflandria]

HISTORY OF CATHARINA’S LOYALTIES 

(under read more bc it’s a long history)

pre-862: charlemagne & descendants. flanders is barely a thing yet but charlemagne appoints the forestiers dynasty as keepers of the flemish valley.

862 - 1119: house of flanders. baldwin i ‘iron arm’ becomes the first count of flanders after eloping with princess judith (daughter of charles the bald) and thus the county of flanders comes into existence. loyalty remains until its extinction

1119 - 1127: house of denmark. baldwin vii of flanders dies without heirs and he appoints charles the good, who was his cousin through adela of flanders, as next count. charles was assassinated and died also without heirs.

1127 - 1128: house of normandy (forced). king louis vi of france marched down after he supported the assassination of charles the good and forced the barons to approve of william i clito as new count of flanders.

1128 - 1194: house of alsace / metz. theoderic of alsace claimed flanders after his cousin charles was murdered. the house afterwards ruled flanders until 1194.

1194 - 1244: house of flanders. margaret i ( house of alsace ) marries baldwin viii of hainault and thus house flanders comes back into power.

1246 - 1405: house of dampierre. the succesion war of flanders and hainault came into play in 1244 due to two half-brothers fighting for flanders. in 1246, louis ix of france grants flanders to william iii of dampierre (one of the half-brothers) and so the reign of the house dampierre starts.

1405 - 1482: house of burgundy (reluctantly). marageret of dampierre marries philip the bold of burgundy in 1396 and rules with him. he ends the independence of flanders, which catharina hates and she acts out with revolts here and there. their son john the fearless becomes the first sole burgundian ruler.

1482 - 1797: house of habsburg. starts with philip the handsome, son of mary of burgundy and holy roman emperor maximilian i. house bourbon claims flanders too during the franco-dutch wars but catharina remains loyal to the habsburgs, though her anger when a large parts of flanders are annexed by france (in 1678, treaty of nijmegem) is great and she feels immensely betrayed. when these parts are returned to the austrian habsburgs after the war of the spanish succession in 1713 with the the treaty of utrecht, she still holds grudges against the habsburgs and even participates in the brabantine revolution of 1789-1790, which ultimately fails. later holy roman emperor francis ii loses flanders to france in the treaty of campo fornio.

1797 - 1815: french republic , house of bonapart ( but not really to either ). france gains flanders through the treaty of campo fornio and catharina hates it. she doesn’t cooperate at all and often refuses to go anywhere near those who now rule flanders.

1815 - 1830: house orange - nassau ( again, not really ). in the aftermath of the napoleonic wars, flanders is given the newly formed united kingdom of the netherlands (formerly the united netherlands). but the people of the south are not pleased with this new king and slowly becomes more and more estranged from the northern part. many tension arise and in 1830, with catharina’s help, a second revolution, the belgian revolution begins and this time it is entirely succesful. strangely it is france who comes to their aid as well. 

1830 - present: kingdom of belgium / house of belgium ( used to be saxe-coburg belgian branch, but this title was changed to ‘of belgium’ after wwi due to strong anti-german sentiments). catharina is happily part of belgium, the kingdom composed of three region namely flanders, walloons, and brussels. belgium is officially recognised as a country by the majority of european powers in 1831 and even by the netherlands in 1839.

[angevinyaoiz]

1180 era Philip Augustus

Grew out his hair for the coronation, wedding to Isabella of Hainault, seizing the dowager Queen Adele’s lands and feuding with his former guardian-turned-uncle-in-law Philip Of Alsace, the Count of Flanders. At this time, the Plantagenets supported the young Philip against his rivals (also tangentially the count of Flanders was half an Angevin, which is curious)

Wanted to do a design inspired by the long hair style that Louis VII and and Philip II seem to be sporting on their royal seals. Wondering if it was common style at that time or just kind of the visual convention. Merovingian throwback swag maybe? also it's just fun to draw.

Bonus tiny Philip inspired by that one vision Louis had about his boy drinking the blood of the Vassals, very normal indeed

[bm2ab]

Man's Impact on the Environment Gravensteen van Gent

The Gravensteen is a castle in Ghent originating from the Middle Ages. The name means "castle of the count" in Dutch, The Gravensteen is situated at an altitude of 9 meters.

The present castle was built in 1180 by count Philip of Alsace and was modeled after the crusaders castles that Philip of Alsace encountered while he participated in the second crusade. Before its construction, there stood a wooden castle on the same location, presumably built in the ninth century. The castle served as the seat of the Counts of Flanders until they abandoned it in the 14th century. The castle was then used as a courthouse, a prison and eventually decayed. Houses were built against the walls and even on the courtyard and the stones of the walls were used to erect other buildings. At one time it even served as a factory. At the end of the 19th century, the castle was scheduled to be demolished.

The White Queen, a BBC drama series set in the 15th century, used the inside of the castle squares for some scenes and the outside view of the castle with the moat was shown in some short overall views (with some computer modifications to erase modern influences).

In 2015 filming took place for the movie Emperor, starring Adrien Brody, at the Gravensteen castle, on the Sint-Michiels bridge, and at Drongen Abbey.

[wonder-worker]

"Henry the Young King, Philip of Alsace and Richard I face the disapproval of Walter Map and share another characteristic as well: they were among the first representatives of the emerging idea of a chivalrous model of kingship. Henry the Young King was the first example of a knight-king and Philip of Alsace was his mentor, while Richard himself cultivated his knightly legend with great success.

As noted by Martin Aurell, the chivalrous identity exhibited by Henry II’s sons represented a political assertion exalting characteristics of ideal kingship that were different from those developed in the eleventh and twelfth centuries, an assertion that became material in the revolts against Henry II. The contrast between the courtly ideal of kingship and the chivalric model is underlined in the words of Walter Map. In De Nugis, the description of Henry the Young King’s revolt launches an explicit accusation at the evil advisers of Henry the Young King who exhorted him to raise followers against his father in Burgundy and Aquitaine, and among the French, Bretons, and Angevin. In reality, the ranks of Henry the Young King’s supporters included a large number of Anglo-Norman lords and subjects of Plantagenet authority whose public image was strongly influenced by chivalric ideology, such as Bertrand de Born and the cousins Robert III de Beaumont, Earl of Leicester, and Robert II de Beaumont, Count of Meulan. Between the eleventh and twelfth centuries, the French nobility adopted the ethic of chivalry as part of its identity, particularly in Normandy where noble families used it to stress their social eminence and origins. During Henry the Young King’s revolt, the chivalric identity became a political one.

Through the ideal of the knight-king, the men who gathered around Henry the Young King and Richard I promoted the survival of, or return to, a system of aristocratic government in opposition to the autocratic model of twelfth-century kingship. This political activity was conducted on many levels within the factional struggles taking place inside the Plantagenet court. John Gillingham has noted that there might have been a Norman or French faction opposed to an English one, a division that did exist in other European courts concerned with the political activity of the Plantagenet kings in the twelfth century. Some members of the French faction, such as Robert III de Beaumont the Earl of Leicester, were the same men who claimed a chivalrous identity and supported the revolts against Henry II. Therefore, the Plantagenet court appears to have been divided between French/Knights supporting Henry II’s sons and English/ Loyalists faithful to Henry II: the image of the knight-king was a political manifesto held up in opposition to Henry II."

— Fabrizio De Falco, Authors, Factions, and Courts in Angevin England: A Literature of Personal Ambition (12th–13th Century)

[castlesandmanorhouses]

The Gravensteen “Castle of the Count” Sint-Veerleplein, Gent, Belgium.

www.castlesandmanorhouses.com

Built in 1180 by Count Philip of Alsace, modeled after the crusaders’ castles he encountered on the Second Crusade.

[inspi-ration-s]

Gravensteen Blues par Tan Yilmaz Via Flickr : Gravensteen castle at twilight, Ghent, Belgium. From Wikipedia: The present castle was built in 1180 by count Philip of Alsace and was modeled after the crusaders castles that Philip of Alsace encountered while he participated in the second crusade. Before its construction, there stood a wooden castle on the same location, presumably built in the ninth century. The castle served as the seat of the Counts of Flanders until they abandoned it in the 14th century. The castle was then used as a courthouse, a prison and eventually decayed. Houses were built against the walls and even on the courtyard and the stones of the walls were used to erect other buildings. At one time it even served as a factory. At the end of the 19th century, the castle was scheduled to be demolished. In 1885 the city of Ghent bought the castle and started a renovation project. The newly built houses were removed and the walls and keep were restored to their original condition. The castle has been repaired enough to allow people to travel through it and climb on top. It is still partly surrounded by the moat. Inside is a museum with various torture devices (and a guillotine) that were historically used in Ghent.