#how to input values into an array in c++

[neveropen]

How to get random value out of an array in PHP?

There are two functions to get random value out of an array in PHP. The shuffle() and array_rand() function is used to get random value out of an array. Examples:  Input : $arr = ("a"=>"21", "b"=>"31", "c"=>"7", "d"=>"20") // Get one random value Output :7 Input : $arr = ("a"=>"21", "b"=>"31", "c"=>"7", "d"=>"20") // Get two random values Output : 21 31 Method 1: This method discuss the shuffle() function to get random value out of an array in PHP.PHP | shuffle() Function: The shuffle() Function is an inbuilt function in PHP which is used to shuffle or randomize the […]

[excelr3112]

Advanced Test Design Techniques for ISTQB Advanced Level Certification

The world of software testing has evolved far beyond simple test case creation and bug tracking. As systems become more complex and expectations around software quality grow, test professionals are expected to apply sophisticated techniques to design effective and efficient test suites. One significant benchmark for such expertise is the ISTQB Advanced Level Certification, which delves deep into advanced test design techniques.

Achieving this certification requires not only understanding foundational concepts but also mastering the application of techniques that ensure thorough and risk-based testing. These techniques are essential for crafting well-structured, maintainable, and high-coverage test assets—crucial for industries where software failure is not an option.

The Purpose of Advanced Test Design Techniques

At its core, advanced test design is about creating meaningful tests that uncover potential defects early, reduce redundant testing efforts, and support agile and DevOps pipelines. Unlike basic approaches, which often rely on intuition or broad coverage, advanced techniques follow a systematic approach to identify optimal test conditions and data combinations.

Professionals aiming to clear the ISTQB Advanced Level Certification must gain proficiency in several core techniques, each tailored to specific testing contexts, such as functionality, structure, and risk.

Key Techniques Covered in the ISTQB Advanced Syllabus

Let’s explore the main techniques that the certification emphasises and how they improve the quality of the test process:

1. Classification Tree Method

This technique is particularly useful for identifying combinations of input conditions. It works by visually representing input classes and their values, helping testers ensure diverse yet relevant combinations are selected for testing. The result is an efficient suite that covers a broad range of scenarios without unnecessary repetition.

2. Cause-Effect Graphing

In systems with complex logic, understanding how different inputs (causes) influence outcomes (effects) can be challenging. Cause-effect graphing enables testers to map these relationships and identify decision points that should be tested. This technique ensures logical completeness and is commonly applied in safety-critical applications.

3. Orthogonal Array Testing

Used primarily for combinatorial testing, orthogonal arrays reduce the number of test cases required when testing multiple variables. This is particularly valuable when testing configurations, browser compatibility, or mobile environments. It balances the need for test coverage with the constraints of time and effort.

4. State Transition Testing (Advanced Application)

While basic state transition testing might be familiar, the advanced version focuses on applying it to more complex systems, including those with nested states or concurrent transitions. This is vital in systems like ATMs, reservation systems, or process automation tools.

5. Domain Analysis Testing

This involves identifying test cases by analysing valid and invalid data values across a domain. It is especially useful for validating input forms, financial transactions, or other data-driven functionalities. A sound understanding of domain boundaries ensures higher defect detection rates with fewer test cases.

Many candidates find that practical exposure to such techniques significantly boosts their confidence and success rate. Institutions offering software testing coaching in Hyderabad often provide real-world exercises and case studies, which enhance learning beyond theoretical concepts.

Applying Advanced Techniques in Real Projects

One of the key differentiators of a skilled test professional is the ability to apply these techniques within actual project constraints. Understanding which technique fits best in which situation is a mark of maturity.

For example, if you're working on a payment gateway, cause-effect graphing might help map out all the possible outcomes based on varied input combinations. On the other hand, if you're validating a cloud-based dashboard with numerous configuration options, orthogonal array testing could reduce the test set size while ensuring broad coverage.

In agile environments, integrating these techniques with automation frameworks further amplifies their value. Automated test scripts derived from classification trees or domain analysis often yield better ROI over time, reducing manual effort and increasing release confidence.

The Role of Training and Practice

While reading about these techniques is useful, applying them effectively requires guided practice. Candidates preparing for the ISTQB Advanced Level Certification benefit immensely from structured coaching, where instructors walk them through test models, tools, and real-life scenarios.

Some institutes offering software testing coaching incorporate mock projects, test design workshops, and group exercises. This immersive experience helps candidates grasp not just the “what” but the “how” and “why” of each technique—an essential part of mastering test design.

Conclusion

Advanced test design techniques form the backbone of intelligent, high-quality software testing. By mastering classification trees, cause-effect graphs, orthogonal arrays, and domain analysis, testers can significantly enhance both coverage and effectiveness.

Those pursuing ISTQB Advanced Level Certification must approach these techniques with both curiosity and rigour. The ability to select and implement the right design technique in a given context is what sets a certified advanced tester apart.For aspiring professionals, joining a software testing coaching in Hyderabad that blends theory with application can make all the difference—paving the way not just for certification success but also for long-term growth in a quality-focused career.

[fromdevcom]

String operations are common to all kind of programming. Java has many in built operations supported by String class. String functions in java include substring, split, trim and more. However, there are a few more things we do on a regular basis and can be reused. There are few functions which I observed commonly used and may be helpful to keep handy as StringUtil class with static methods. Getting Exception Stack Trace to a String value Exceptions class provides a printStackTrace() method which directly prints the Stack Trace to the console. Sometimes you may need to take stack trace to a String variable and use it (e.g. logging using logger), or doing processing on the trace e.g. eclipse shows stack trace and links it to the file and line number. Below is a simple piece of code which demonstrates how we can capture the stack trace inside as String variable. This example utilizes the StringWriter class to convert the stream content to a String. public static String toString(Exception e) StringWriter s = new StringWriter(); e.printStackTrace(new PrintWriter(s)); return s.toString(); Merging two String arrays This is another simple Java String utility method, which can be used to merge two arrays of String values. This takes care of eliminating the duplicates and also does null checking. If you are dealing with multiple String arrays then it could be a useful method. /** * This String utility or util method can be used to merge 2 arrays of * string values. If the input arrays are like this array1 = "a", "b" , * "c" array2 = "c", "d", "e" Then the output array will have "a", "b" , * "c", "d", "e" * * This takes care of eliminating duplicates and checks null values. * * @param values * @return */ public static String[] mergeStringArrays(String array1[], String array2[]) if (array1 == null Trim List of String This is a Collections List equivalent of the trim method for String Array. This can be used to trim all String values in a List of Strings. It takes care of null checking. /** * This String utility or util method can be used to trim all the String * values in list of Strings. For input [" a1 ", "b1 ", " c1"] the output * will be "a1", "b1", "c1" Method takes care of null values. This method * is collections equivalent of the trim method for String array. * * @param values * @return */ public static List trim(final List values) List newValues = new ArrayList(); for (int i = 0, length = values.size(); i < length; i++) String v = (String) values.get(i); if (v != null) v = v.trim(); newValues.add(v); return newValues; Trim array of String This is another simple but useful Java String Utility/Util method, which can be used to trim all String values in an array of String. This takes care of null checking while doing trim. java.lang.String class contains the trim method which can be used to trim a string from left and right both sides. So for example if you have a string [" This is a String "] then calling a trim() method on this string will convert it to ["This is a String"]. /** * This String utility or util method can be used to * trim all the String values in the string array. * For input " a1 ", "b1 ", " c1" * the output will be "a1", "b1", "c1" * Method takes care of null values. * @param values * @return */ public static String[] trim(final String[] values) for (int i = 0, length = values.length; i < length; i++) if (values[i] != null) values[i] = values[i].trim(); return values; Unquoting the String This method can be used to unquote a string value. This method takes care of single and double quotes both along with handling the null string. It returns the string as it is when the string is not quoted. /** * This String util method removes single or double quotes * from a string if its quoted. * for input string = "mystr1" output will be = mystr1 * for input string = 'mystr2' output will be = mystr2

* * @param String value to be unquoted. * @return value unquoted, null if input is null. * */ public static String unquote(String s) if (s != null && ((s.startsWith(""") && s.endsWith(""")) /** * Same method as above but using the ?: syntax which is shorter. You can use whichever you prefer. * This String util method removes single or double quotes from a string if * its quoted. for input string = "mystr1" output will be = mystr1 for input * * string = 'mystr2' output will be = mystr2 * * @param String * value to be unquoted. * @return value unquoted, null if input is null. * */ public static String unquote2(String s) (s .startsWith("'") && s.endsWith("'")))) ? s = s.substring(1, s .length() - 1) : s; Extracting File Name from Absolute path Exact file name extraction is required many times when dealing with files. Below is a String utility method, which can be used to extract the exact file name from an absolute path. It uses the File.separatorChar which should take care of all platforms. /** * This method extracts the file name from absolute path of file * As an example : * * * * For an input "c:myDirMyFile.java" * The output will be : "MyFile" * * * * * @param absoluteFileName File name with path * @return FileName minus the path */ public static String extractFileName(String absoluteFileName) if (!isNullOrEmpty(absoluteFileName)) absoluteFileName = absoluteFileName.substring(absoluteFileName .lastIndexOf(File.separatorChar) + 1, absoluteFileName.lastIndexOf(".")); return absoluteFileName; Getting Array/List of tokens from String This method can be used to convert a String separated by delimiter into an array of String. /** * This method is used to split the given string into different tokens at * the occurrence of specified delimiter * An example : * "abcdzefghizlmnop" and using a delimiter "z" * would give following output * "abcd" "efghi" "lmnop" * * @param str The string that needs to be broken * @param delimeter The delimiter used to break the string * @return a string array */ public static String[] getTokensArray(String str, String delimeter) A better and simpler/improved version of the same method is suggested by one of the readers and the code looks like this. /** * This method is used to split the given string into different tokens at * the occurrence of specified delimiter * An example : * "abcdzefghizlmnop" and using a delimiter "z" * would give following output * "abcd" "efghi" "lmnop" * * @param str The string that needs to be broken * @param delimeter The delimiter used to break the string * @return a string array */ public static String[] getTokensArray(String str, String delimeter) if (str != null) return str.split(delimeter); return null; Another variation for the same method is for getting a java.util.List instead of an array of objects. This can be easily done using small change to the above method /** * This method is used to split the given string into different tokens at * the occurrence of specified delimiter * An example : * "abcdzefghizlmnop" and using a delimiter "z" * would give following output * "abcd" "efghi" "lmnop" * * @param str The string that needs to be broken * @param delimeter The delimiter used to break the string * @return a instance of java.util.List with each token as one item in list */ public static List getTokensList(String str, String delimeter) if (str != null) return Arrays.asList(str.split(delimeter)); return new ArrayList(); Checking Starts/Ends with Ignoring the case The java.lang.String class default implementation has startsWith and endsWith() methods which perform case sensitive comparison, Below are two functions, which can be used to do the same startsWith/endsWith check ignoring the case. /** * Check a String ends with another string ignoring the case. * * @param str * @param suffix * @return */ public static boolean endsWithIgnoreCase(String str, String suffix)

/** * Check a String starts with another string ignoring the case. * * @param str * @param prefix * @return */ public static boolean startsWithIgnoreCase(String str, String prefix) if (str == null Converting String to set of Unique tokens This method can be used to create a set of unique string values from a string which has tokens separated by some separator. This is a very useful method when you get the input as comma or space separated string, which has to be converted to a set of values when dealing with each value individually and avoiding duplicates. The code is using StringTokenizer for separating the tokens, so single or multiple separators can be used. /** * This method creates a set of unique string tokens which are separated by * separator * * @param str * @param separator * @return */ public static Set getUniqueTokens(String str, String separator) StringTokenizer tokenizer = new StringTokenizer(str, separator); Set tokens = new HashSet(); while (tokenizer.hasMoreTokens()) tokens.add(tokenizer.nextToken()); return tokens; Another way of writing the same method is (suggested by a reader in the comments section) is using the String.split() method. Below is the code for same /** * This method creates a set of unique string tokens which are separated by * separator * * @param str * @param separator * @return */ public static Set getUniqueTokens(String str, String separator) String [] tmpStr = str.split(separator); return new HashSet(Arrays.asList(tmpStr)); Masking Null String value There are times when we don't want to deal with null String values, in such cases below utility method can be utilized. This method returns an empty string value in case the string value is null. The same argument of extra method call may come up for this as well, but you may save unwanted NullPointerException in your application by using such a method. I have found this useful at places where we are displaying a field value on the user interface and want to mask the null values with an empty string. /** * Return a not null string. * * @param s String * @return empty string if it is null otherwise the string passed in as * parameter. */ public static String nonNull(String s) if (s == null) return ""; return s; Can you think of a function which is not part of this list? Please don't forget to share it with me in the comments section & I will try to include it in the list. Article Updates Updated in April 2019: Minor changes and updates to the introduction section. Images are updated to HTTPS.

[promptlyspeedyandroid]

Complete C++ Tutorial for Absolute Beginners (With Examples)

Complete C++ Tutorial for Absolute Beginners (With Examples)

This Complete C++ Tutorial for Absolute Beginners (With Examples) is designed to guide you step-by-step through the essentials of C++ programming—even if you have no prior coding experience.

C++ is a foundational language that powers everything from high-performance games and software systems to embedded devices and operating systems. Known for its speed and flexibility, C++ is also a great way to build a strong foundation in computer science principles. Whether you're aiming to become a software engineer, game developer, or just want to understand how computers think, learning C++ is an excellent starting point.

Why Choose C++?

Before diving into the tutorial, it's important to understand why C++ is a great language to learn, especially for beginners:

Widely Used: C++ is used by top tech companies like Google, Microsoft, and Adobe.

High Performance: It gives you control over memory and system resources.

Versatile: You can build everything from simple console applications to full-scale games and operating systems.

Great for Learning Fundamentals: C++ teaches you core programming concepts like variables, control flow, functions, memory management, and object-oriented programming (OOP).

Who Is This Tutorial For?

This tutorial is ideal for:

Absolute beginners with no coding experience.

Students studying computer science or engineering.

Self-learners looking to enter the software development field.

Anyone interested in learning C++ from scratch with clear explanations and real examples.

What You’ll Learn in This Complete C++ Tutorial

This tutorial is structured into beginner-friendly lessons that build on each other logically. Here's a quick overview of the topics covered:

1. Introduction to C++

What is C++?

History and evolution of the language.

Where C++ is used today.

2. Setting Up the Environment

How to install a C++ compiler (like GCC or Visual Studio).

Writing your first C++ program using a text editor or IDE (Code::Blocks, Dev C++, Visual Studio Code).

Compiling and running your code.

3. C++ Syntax Basics

Understanding main() and #include.

Output with cout and input with cin.

Writing your first Hello, World! program.

4. Variables and Data Types

Declaring and initializing variables.

Common data types: int, float, double, char, bool.

Constants and type conversions.

5. Operators and Expressions

Arithmetic, relational, and logical operators.

Assignment and increment/decrement operations.

Using expressions in real scenarios.

6. Control Flow

if, else, and else if statements.

switch statements.

for, while, and do-while loops.

Real-world examples like grading systems and number guessing games.

7. Functions in C++

Defining and calling functions.

Function parameters and return values.

Scope of variables and best practices.

8. Arrays and Strings

Working with one-dimensional arrays.

Simple string manipulation using character arrays.

Example: Creating a basic contact list.

9. Object-Oriented Programming (OOP) Basics

Introduction to classes and objects.

Encapsulation, constructors, and destructors.

A simple class-based project like a Bank Account simulator.

10. Basic File Handling

Reading from and writing to text files.

Practical use cases such as saving user data.

Real Examples to Help You Learn

Throughout this tutorial, we provide practical examples for each topic to reinforce your understanding. For example:

Hello World Example

#include <iostream> using namespace std; int main() { cout << "Hello, World!"; return 0; }

Simple Calculator Using if-else

#include <iostream> using namespace std; int main() { char op; float num1, num2; cout << "Enter operator (+, -, *, /): "; cin >> op; cout << "Enter two numbers: "; cin >> num1 >> num2; if (op == '+') cout << num1 + num2; else if (op == '-') cout << num1 - num2; else if (op == '*') cout << num1 * num2; else if (op == '/') cout << num1 / num2; else cout << "Invalid operator"; return 0; }

Class Example: Bank Account

#include <iostream> using namespace std; class BankAccount { public: string name; double balance; void deposit(double amount) { balance += amount; cout << "Deposited: " << amount << ", New Balance: " << balance << endl; } }; int main() { BankAccount acc; acc.name = "John Doe"; acc.balance = 1000.0; acc.deposit(500.0); return 0; }

These hands-on examples ensure that you’re not just reading theory—you’re applying it in a real way.

Where to Go After This Tutorial?

Once you’ve completed this Complete C++ Tutorial for Absolute Beginners, you’ll have a solid grasp of:

Syntax and structure of C++

Core programming logic

Writing and debugging simple applications

From here, you can dive into intermediate and advanced topics like:

Pointers and memory management

Advanced OOP (inheritance, polymorphism)

Standard Template Library (STL)

Data structures and algorithms

Competitive programming

Game development with libraries like SFML or Unreal Engine

Final Thoughts

Starting your programming journey can feel intimidating, but with the right approach and structured learning, it becomes a fun and rewarding experience. This Complete C++ Tutorial for Absolute Beginners (With Examples) is not just about syntax—it's about helping you think like a programmer, solve real problems, and gain confidence in your skills.

Remember, the key to learning C++—or any language—is consistency and practice. Stick with it, write code every day, and don’t be afraid to make mistakes. Every great programmer was once a beginner—just like you.

[peeterjoot]

Pascal's triangle: binomial coefficients, value and recurrence relation

[Click here for a PDF version of this post] I saw an interesting solution of an introductory programming source sample problem, showing how to display Pascal’s triangle up to a given size. For example, given input \( n = 5 \), the output should be like: \begin{equation*} \begin{array}{c} 1 \\ 1 \quad 1 \\ 1 \quad 2 \quad 1 \\ 1 \quad 3 \quad 3 \quad 1 \\ 1 \quad 4 \quad 6 \quad 4 \quad 1 \\ 1…

[keploy]

Property-Based Testing: A Comprehensive Guide

In the evolving world of software testing, Property Based Testing (PBT) has emerged as a robust approach to validate the correctness and resilience of software applications. Unlike traditional testing, which focuses on specific examples, PBT uses generalized properties to define expected behaviors, enabling the discovery of edge cases and unexpected issues.

This article explores the concept of Property-Based Testing, its benefits, and how to implement it effectively in software development.

What is Property-Based Testing?

Property-Based Testing is a testing approach where tests are designed to validate properties or invariants of a system, rather than specific examples. These properties are logical assertions about the system's behavior that should hold true for a wide range of input values.

In PBT, a testing framework generates numerous test cases by randomly varying input values within a defined domain. The goal is to uncover edge cases and behaviors that might not be apparent with example-based tests.

Key Concepts of Property-Based Testing

1. Properties

A property is a general statement about the expected behavior of a system. For example:

A sorting algorithm should produce an output array in ascending order.

Adding an element to a set should not result in duplicates.

2. Generators

Generators produce random or systematically varied input data for tests. These inputs are crucial for exploring edge cases and diverse scenarios.

3. Shrinking

When a test fails, shrinking helps minimize the input data to its simplest form that still causes the failure. This aids in debugging by providing a minimal failing example.

Benefits of Property-Based Testing

1. Comprehensive Test Coverage

PBT explores a wide range of inputs, uncovering edge cases that traditional tests might miss.

2. Resilience to Changes

Properties are often less tied to implementation details, making them more resilient to code changes compared to example-based tests.

3. Scalable Testing

Automated generation of test cases allows testing at scale, especially useful for complex systems.

4. Enhanced Debugging

The shrinking process simplifies failure scenarios, making it easier to pinpoint root causes.

Examples of Property-Based Testing

1. Sorting Algorithm

Property:

The output array should be sorted in ascending order.

The length of the output array should be equal to the input array.

Implementation (using Python's Hypothesis library):

from hypothesis import given 

import hypothesis.strategies as st 

@given(st.lists(st.integers())) 

def test_sorting_algorithm(arr): 

    sorted_arr = sorted(arr) 

    assert sorted_arr == sorted(arr) 

    assert len(sorted_arr) == len(arr) 

2. String Reversal

Property:

Reversing a string twice should result in the original string.

Implementation:

@given(st.text()) 

def test_string_reversal(s): 

    assert s == s[::-1][::-1] 

When to Use Property-Based Testing

Property-Based Testing is particularly effective for:

Algorithm Testing: Validate the correctness of algorithms, such as sorting or mathematical computations.

Data Transformations: Test functions that transform or manipulate data.

APIs: Validate consistency and invariants in API responses.

Mathematical Operations: Test properties like commutativity or associativity in operations.

Popular Tools for Property-Based Testing

1. Hypothesis (Python)

A widely used library for PBT in Python, offering powerful data generation and shrinking capabilities.

2. QuickCheck (Haskell and Erlang)

The original PBT tool that inspired many other libraries, ideal for functional programming.

3. ScalaCheck (Scala)

A PBT library for Scala, tightly integrated with ScalaTest.

4. jqwik (Java)

A property-based testing library for Java, compatible with JUnit 5.

5. FsCheck (C#)

A PBT library for .NET, inspired by QuickCheck.

Challenges of Property-Based Testing

Defining Meaningful Properties: Identifying properties that accurately describe system behavior can be challenging.

Complex Debugging: Failures with random inputs may require effort to replicate and debug.

Performance Overhead: Generating and running numerous test cases can be resource-intensive.

Best Practices for Property-Based Testing

Start Small: Begin with simple properties and gradually expand to complex ones.

Combine with Example-Based Testing: Use PBT to complement traditional tests for better coverage.

Leverage Shrinking: Ensure the testing framework supports shrinking to simplify debugging.

Monitor Test Case Execution: Keep track of execution time and resource usage.

Iterate and Improve: Continuously refine properties and inputs as the system evolves.

Conclusion

Property-Based Testing offers a robust and scalable approach to validate software systems against a broad range of scenarios. By focusing on properties rather than specific examples, it enables the discovery of edge cases and ensures the system behaves as expected under various conditions.

While it requires an initial investment in learning and setup, the benefits of comprehensive coverage and improved reliability make Property-Based Testing a valuable tool for modern software development. Incorporating Property-Based Testing into your testing strategy will not only enhance the quality of your software but also build confidence in its resilience to unforeseen inputs.

[itechburner]

What is TensorFlow? Understanding This Machine Learning Library

In this developing era of machine learning and deep learning, a question always arises: what is TensorFlow? It is a free to use library for artificial intelligence and ML. It can be used to perform various tasks but is specifically focused on integration and training of deep neural networks. It was developed in Google by the Google Brain team in 2015. 

In the starting of 2011, Google released an updated version with various features. Since then, it has received a huge demand in the industry for its excellent features. Considering its huge popularity, people always ask "what does TensorFlow do?" This article gives the proper understanding of this library along with its benefits and applications.

What is TensorFlow?

It is an open-source library introduced by Google primarily for deep learning operations. It was firstly developed to perform huge numerical computations, but not for deep learning applications. Now it supports numerical computations for various workloads, such as ML, DL and other predictive and statistical analysis.  

It collects data in the form of multi dimensional arrays of higher dimensions called tensors. These arrays are very convenient and helpful to collect and store a huge amount of data. This tool works according to data flow graphs that have edges and nodes. It is very simple to execute its code in a distributed manner among a cluster of computers.

How Does TensorFlow Work?

This library enables users to create dataflow graphs for a better representation of data flow in graphs. The graph has two factors: nodes and edges. Nodes represent a mathematical operation and the connection between nodes is called edge. This process takes inputs in the form of a multidimensional array. Users can also create a flowchart of operations that has to perform on these inputs.   

What is TensorFlow in Machine Learning?

What is TensorFlow in machine learning? It is an open-source machine learning framework. It is mostly used in developing and deploying ML models. Its demand in this field is due to its excellent flexibility. It helps to implement a variety of algorithms to perform operations. These operations includes:

Robotics

Healthcare

Fraud Detection

Generative Models

Speech Recognition

Reinforcement Learning

Recommendation Systems

Natural Language Processing (NLP)

Image Recognition and Classification

Time Series Analysis and Forecasting

Components of TensorFlow

The working of this tool can be easily understood by breaking it into its components. It can be divided into the following factors: 

Tensor 

The name TensorFlow is borrowed from its main framework, “Tensor”. A tensor is a vector of a n-dimensional matrix that demonstrates all kinds of data. All values in tensor are similar in data types with an informed shape. The shape of the data represents the dimension of the matrix. It can be generated by inputs or results of the process. 

Graphs

This tool mostly works on graph framework. The chart collects and describes all the computations completed during the process. It can run on multiple CPUs or GPUs and mobile operating systems. The portability of the graph allows it to conserve the computations for current or later use. All of the computation is executed by connecting tensors together.

For instance, consider an expression, such as:  a= (b+c)*(c+2)

This function can be break into components as: d=b+c, e=c+2, a=d*e

Graphical representation of the expression -

Session

A session is used to exclude the operation out of the graph. It helps to feed the graph with the tensor value. Inside a session, an operation must run in order to create an output. It is also used to evaluate the nodes. Here is an example of session:

Features of TensorFlow

This tool has an interactive multi-platform programming interface. It is more reliable and scalable compared to other DL platforms. The following features proves the popularity of this library:

Flexible

Open Source

Easily Trainable

Feature Columns

Large Community

Layered Components

Responsive Construct

Visualizer (with TensorBoard)

Parallel Neural Network Training

Availability of Statistical Distributions

Applications of TensorFlow

Many newcomers to the field of artificial intelligence often ask, 'What does TensorFlow do?’ It is an open-source platform designed for machine learning and DL operations. Here are some the applications of this library- 

1. Voice Recognition

It is one of the most popular use cases of this library. It is built on neural networks. These networks are capable of understanding voice signals if they have a proper input data feed. It is used for voice search, sentimental analysis, voice recognition and understanding audio signals.

The use case is widely popular in smartphone manufactures and mobile OS developers. This is used for voice assistance, such as Apple’s Siri, Microsoft Cortana and Google Assistance. It is also used in speech-to-text applications to convert audios into texts.   

2. Image Recognition

This use case is majorly used in social media and smartphones. Image recognition, image search, motion detection, computer vision and image clustering are its common usage. Google Lens and Meta’s deep face are examples of image recognition technology. This deep learning method can identify an object in an image never seen before. 

Healthcare industries are also using image recognition for quick diagnosis. TensorFlow algorithms help to recognise patterns and process data faster than humans. This procedure can detect illnesses and health issues faster than ever.    

3. Recommendation  

Recommendation is another method used today to form patterns and data forecasting. It helps to derive meaningful statistics along with recommended actions. It is used in various leading companies, such as Netflix, Amazon, Google etc. These applications always suggest the product according to customer preferences. 

4. Video Detection

These algorithms can also be used in video data. This is used in real-time threat detection, motion detection, gaming and security. NASA is using this technology to build a system for object clustering. It can help to predict and classify NEOs (Near Earth Objects) like orbits and asteroids. 

5. Text-Based Applications 

Text-based applications are also a popular use case of this library. Sentiment analysis, threat detection, social media, and fraud detection are some of the basic examples. Language detection and translation are other use cases of this tool.  Various companies like Google, AirBnb, eBay, Intel, DropBox, DeepMind, Airbus, CEVA, etc are using this library.

Final Words

This article has explained 'what is tensor flow'. It is a powerful open-source tool for machine learning and deep learning. It helps to create deep neural networks to support diverse applications like robotics, healthcare, fraud detection, etc. It is also used to perform large numerical computations. It provides data flow graphs to process multi-dimensional arrays called tensors. You can learn TensorFlow and get TensorFlow Certification.

Its components, such as tensors, graphs and sessions, helps in computation across CPUs, GPUs, and mobile devices. It has various features including flexibility, ease of training and extensive community support. It provides robust abilities, such as parallel neural network training and visualizations with TensorBoard. This makes it a cornerstone tool in the AI and ML landscape.

[sizzlingcreatorcycle]

Learn Best C Programming Language Courses

C Language is one of the most basic or beginner C Programming Languages Course, C Language has had a direct bearing on most of the programming languages that have evolved out of it, and one must at least have an understanding of what is C Language in order to be able to boss any language around. As getting complete knowledge of programming languages is very crucial and essential to enter the world of development which is considered to be the most competitive ad prestigious profession and high paying job in today’s world. So to begin the journey of learning C, you can do so with some of the best courses.

Takeoff upskill today we are going to discuss the 10 Best C Programming Courses for Beginners: these are the best courses offering you good content for learning and at the meantime issued a certificate after completion of the course. To summarize, let’s consider each of them in detail, and perhaps you will decide which method is more suitable for you.

Takeoff upskill should first read some of the C programming language information before explaining the best courses to take for C programming.

Introduction to C Programming:

An overview of C language and where it fits.

Environmental planning (IDEs- for instance VS Code, Dev-C++, etc.).

The bare structure of a C program includes the following categories:

The first process that you need to go through when writing a “Hello World” program involves writing your first program and compiling it.

Variables and Data Types:

Knowledge regarding the different variable types that are available like integers, floating-point numbers, character, etc.

Declaring and initializing variables.

Basic arithmetic operations.

Control Flow:

Conditional statements (if-else, switch-case).

Control of experiments through looping structures such as for, while, do while.

Annotation of code using breaks and continues.

Functions:

Functions and their significance for calculating regularities.

Function declaration and definition.

Passing arguments to functions.

Returning values from functions.

Arrays and Strings:

Declaring and initializing arrays.

Accessing array elements.

Input-output (printf, scan, etc.), string manipulations (strcpy, strcat, strlen, etc.)

Multi-dimensional arrays.

Pointers:

What pointers are, why there are used, and how they and memory addresses?

Pointer arithmetic.

Pointers and arrays.

Malloc, calloc, realloc for dynamic memory allocation and free to free the memory space allocated dynamically.

Structures and Unions:

Defining and using structures.

Accessing structure members.

Nested structures.

Introduction to unions.

File Handling:

Reading and writing files from C (structuring, opening, accessing and closing).

Position(s) of the file (open, read-only, write-only or append)

Different methods, which should be implemented for error handling while processing the files.

Preprocessor Directives:

Significantly, one of the areas that most students face great trouble in is tackling pre-processor directives (#define, #include, #ifdef, etc.)

Taking advantage of macros throughout the program’s code to reduce code redundancy and increase signal-to-clutter ratio, thus improving code readability and maintainability.

Advanced Topics:

Recursion.

Enumerations.

Typedef.

Bitwise operations.

Command line arguments.

Best Practices and Tips:

Coding conventions and standards.

Debugging techniques.

Memory management practices.

Performance optimization tips.

Projects and Exercises:

Giving out a few Specific tasks and activities that come under the topic in question so as to ensure that the knowledge imparted is put into practice.

So if you’re looking for a project that will allow you to use C programming, the following are some suggestions to consider.

CONCLUSION:

All of these topics can be developed into full-scale articles, with various examples and subtopics further elaborated with actual code snippets and describes. To encourage the reader, they can also include quizzes or coding challenges at the end of each section for the reader to solve before moving to the next section. However, using the samples for download and the exercises which are usually included in the lessons make the lessons more effective.

[trouwnutritionsouthasia]

Feed Safety and Performance with Organic Acids

The need for organic acids

Since animal feed represents the largest financial input in livestock production, it is essential to ensure your investment is protected. At Selko, we have conducted extensive research revealing that interventions to support safety, stability and shelf life can make feed safer and improve feed and livestock producers’ margins.

Spoilage can lead to significant losses for producers. Microbes such as bacteria, yeast and moulds can consume valuable nutrients in feed and produce harmful substances like mycotoxins. Spoilage due to lost nutrients has been estimated to result in losses that range from 5% to 100% of a feed’s nutritional value. Adequate safeguards are necessary to prevent moulds, yeasts, and other microorganisms from proliferating and degrading nutritional value.

Beyond the loss of micronutrients like thiamine and lysine, which are essential for animal performance, yeasts and moulds adversely affect the economic value of ingredients, harming the producer’s investment. Furthermore, harmful bacteria, such as Salmonella, are able to be transmitted to food, possibly affecting human health.   

Organic acids for safe feed production

Understanding organic acids and their synergies helps maintain safety, shelf-life, and quality of animal feed. During processing and storage, it is possible to use validated blends of buffered organic acids to safeguard against microbial threats. Their preservative effect enables them to protect against harmful bacteria and fungi.

However, to use organic acids effectively, it’s necessary to understand their modes of action and how best to combine them into effective feed safety solutions. Each organic acid exerts a specific property that has a variable effect against different species of moulds. The metabolic and absorption properties of the different organic acids also differ, and the strengths of acidity per the pKa vary. As a result, one single organic acid cannot deliver the comprehensive benefits needed to protect against microbial threats. To ensure a broad-spectrum effect against enterobacteria, moulds and yeasts common in feed ingredients and finished feeds requires a blend of different acids with different properties.

Organic acids can also support the durability of feed safety interventions after the feed is produced. This is not possible to achieve through using one single organic acid to deal with all the complex safety challenges that exist.

Moisture management agents in organic acid blends also help ensure that the active complex penetrates deep into feed particles, helping the active solution to be better absorbed and retained by feed. By releasing the antimould complex over time through buffering, the blend can prolong feed shelf life further.

Organic acids for animal performance and health

Organic acids help prevent animals from taking in harmful microbials through effective feed safety applications. In addition, specific blends of buffered and non-buffered organic acids and additional additives can optimise gut health and overall animal performance. Selko's organic acids also support animal performance, helping make it possible to produce animal protein without the use of antibiotics.

Depending on the desired mode of action in the animal, it is possible to tailor feed additives in order to deliver the required properties – such as preventing bacterial intake in feed and water, improving the feed conversion ratio, supporting digestion, strengthening gut barrier function, stabilising microbiota in the animal, and supporting health and vitality through immunomodulation.

However, it is always necessary to prove the efficacy of any nutritional intervention. Multiple scientific studies have demonstrated the benefits of organic acid blends delivered through feed and water. We have studied the effects of specific blends of organic acids in controlled laboratory studies, on an array of validation farms and through collaborative projects conducted around the globe.

Conclusion

The utilization of organic acids in livestock feed production offers multifaceted benefits crucial for safeguarding both animal health and producer investments. By addressing microbial threats through a blend of carefully selected organic acids, feed safety can be significantly enhanced, thereby minimizing spoilage, nutrient loss, and potential health risks associated with harmful microorganisms like Salmonella.

organic acid blends not only extends feed shelf life but also supports animal performance and health by optimizing gut health, improving feed conversion ratios, and bolstering immunity without resorting to antibiotics

Through extensive scientific validation, it's evident that organic acids act through two primary modes

Acidifying the environment and inhibiting bacterial growth, underscoring their efficacy in preserving feed quality and ensuring livestock welfare

Embracing organic acid interventions represents a proactive and sustainable approach towards maximizing feed safety, performance, and overall profitability in livestock production.

Related Products and Programs

Fytera

[joelcriley]

Navigating the Maze - A Journey Through Labor Relations and HR Management

Meet Joel Riley CT, a seasoned senior executive in the complex world of human resources. This visionary leader's influence in the field extends across multiple facets, including employee relations, compensation structures, and labor contracts, resulting in transformative changes. His professional journey, marked by more than twenty years of consistent growth, has seen him not only master the delicate art of negotiation. He has also established a unique blend of leadership and supervisory styles that are now synonymous with his name.

His comprehensive understanding of HR functions, laws, and management combined with his exceptional skills in conducting investigations and providing training has allowed him to serve in multiple management roles, each with increasing levels of responsibility. His influence and contributions are the fruit of his vast experience and solid academic foundation. He received a Master of Science in Law/Criminal Justice from the University of New Haven and a Bachelor of Science in Public Administration & Political Science from the University of Rhode Island.

This article embarks on a comprehensive exploration of the multifaceted journey undertaken by our visionary executive. It seeks to unravel the intricate tapestry of their career, showcasing the diverse array of roles they have assumed in various management positions. From the inception of small startups to the echelons of large corporations, our executive's expertise has been the linchpin driving successful labor relations, innovative HR functions, and the implementation of comprehensive employee training programs.

This exploration delves deeply into the nuances of their leadership approach—an approach championed by Joel C Riley, that not only vigorously encourages collaboration among team members but also places an exceptional emphasis on the development of unique individual talents. By meticulously analyzing the subtle details of their management philosophy, we garner precious insights into how this distinguished executive, through his strategic vision and adept leadership, has nurtured a work environment where every individual is not merely a small component in an operational machine, but is rather a significant contributor, an essential piece, in the grand puzzle of the organization's success. Every team member's input is valued, and their potential maximized, resulting in not just the achievement of corporate goals, but also the personal growth of each team member.

One cannot fully appreciate the depth of our executive's capabilities without delving into the academic foundation that underpins their strategic acumen. The journey begins with a Master of Science in Law/Criminal Justice from the University of New Haven, a degree that equipped them with a unique perspective in managing the intricate web of human resources. This academic prowess serves as a compass, guiding our executive through the labyrinth of legal frameworks and ethical considerations inherent in the realm of labor relations.

Joel Riley Wallingford CT, through his educational journey, has laid the groundwork for his professional career, his Bachelor of Science in Public Administration & Political Science from the University of Rhode Island being a key element in this journey. This degree, aimed at understanding public policy and the intricate mechanisms of political structures, provides him with an exceptional perspective. This knowledge and understanding enabled him to navigate through the complex labyrinth of organizational dynamics, effectively managing the delicate balance between the internal operations of an organization and the ubiquitous impact of external influences. This strong foundation, coupled with his extensive experience, makes Joel Riley CT an expert in addressing and resolving the multifaceted challenges that arise in the realm of human resources and labor relations.

The synergy of these academic achievements’ manifests in a leader who not only comprehends the legal intricacies surrounding human resources but also navigates the political landscape that often shapes labor relations. This holistic perspective enables our executive to craft strategies that go beyond mere compliance, fostering an environment where legal requirements harmonize with the organization's ethos and values.

Beyond the academic realm, the executive's journey unfolds through a series of pivotal roles that have contributed to their comprehensive understanding of human resources management. In the crucible of small startups, they honed their skills in crafting nimble and adaptable strategies, navigating the challenges unique to emerging enterprises. The ability to build frameworks from the ground up showcases a visionary capacity to anticipate and address the evolving needs of a dynamic workforce.

Transitioning to leadership roles in large corporations, our executive's influence expanded exponentially. Here, their adept negotiation skills and innovative approaches to compensation structures became instrumental in fostering positive labor relations. Through careful orchestration, they transformed HR functions from mere administrative tasks into strategic pillars that contributed significantly to the overall success of the organizations they served.

One noteworthy aspect of our executives’ journey is their commitment to fostering a collaborative team culture. Their leadership model is not a hierarchical monolith but rather a dynamic ecosystem where each team member's strengths are acknowledged and leveraged. This approach not only enhances productivity but also creates a workplace where individuals feel empowered to contribute their unique skills, fostering an environment that nurtures both personal and professional growth.

As we navigate the labyrinth of our executive's career, it becomes evident that their journey is characterized by a relentless pursuit of excellence and a commitment to evolving with the ever-changing landscape of HR management. Whether championing the rights of employees, crafting innovative compensation structures, or spearheading cutting-edge training programs, this visionary leader has left an indelible mark on the field of human resources.

The journey through labor relations and management, as epitomized by our esteemed professional, Joel Riley CT, is a profound testament to the seamless synergy between academic mastery and its practical application in the real world. This voyage is punctuated by an unwavering adaptability, a strategic vision capable of anticipating future trends, and a deep-seated commitment to cultivating a flourishing work environment where every individual can achieve their full potential. As we reflect on this remarkable odyssey, we find ourselves compelled to acknowledge the indelible impact of a leader whose influence extends well beyond the sterile confines of corporate boardrooms. This inspirational figure has not only shaped the landscape of contemporary human resources management but also left an enduring legacy that will continue to reverberate through the industry for years to come.

[flutteragency]

Binder: Flutter State Management

Binder is a Flutter state management library that makes it easy to build scalable and maintainable applications. It uses a hierarchical data structure and a reactive programming paradigm to handle state changes in a declarative and predictable way. If you want to implement the Binder Flutter state management library then you can hire a Flutter developer from the leading Flutter app development company.

Flutter: An Overview

Developing a mobile application is a difficult task. We are given an array of frameworks to use while developing mobile applications. IOS and Android offer native frameworks built with the Objective-C / Swift programming languages. Android offers us a native framework based on the Java language.

However, we must use separate frameworks and two different coding languages to develop an application supporting both OSs. Mobile frameworks supporting both OSs exist to help overcome this confusion. These frameworks range from simple HTML-based hybrid frameworks for mobile applications (using JavaScript for application logic and HTML for the user interface) to complex language-specific frameworks (which handle the tedious task of translating code to native code). Furthermore, these frameworks usually have several errors, one of which is their slow performance.

By utilizing the Flutter framework, developers may create beautiful and responsive user experiences for several platforms with a single codebase. It uses the Dart programming language to write applications, which Google also makes. Developers can design aesthetically pleasing and high-performing apps with Flutter’s layered architecture, reactive framework, and rendering engine.

State Management

State management in Flutter is crucial to building reliable and practical applications. Modern applications are becoming increasingly complicated; thus, it’s critical to maintain their state in an efficient and organized way. Using the “Binder” package is a popular Flutter state management strategy. This post will discuss Binder and how it can assist developers in efficiently controlling the state of their Flutter apps.

Define Binder

The binder is a Flutter state management package intended to make managing the application state more manageable and consistent. It allows developers to handle state changes declaratively and reactively, enabling them to create scalable and maintainable applications.

Essential Concepts in Binder

1. State: Your application’s current data is represented by the state in Binder. It might be a complex data structure or as essential as a single value. Since the state is immutable, direct modifications are not possible. Instead, a new state instance is created each time there is a change.

2. Binder: In your application, a Binder is a class holding a particular state. It monitors the status and alerts the widgets that depend on it to any changes. You can combine binders to demonstrate your application in every aspect.

4. Binding: Binding connects a widget to a particular state object under Binder’s management. When a widget is bound to a state, the UI is always up to date with the data because the widget rebuilds itself automatically whenever the state changes.

3. Actions: Events or user behaviors that have a chance to alter the state are represented by actions. Actions that include the logic for changing the state in response to these events can be defined using binders. Multiple factors can cause actions to happen, like user input or network responses.

Key classes for integrating Binder into practice are:

BinderScope()- One widget that stores a portion of the application state is BinderScope().

An application using Flutter possesses a minimum of one BinderScope. At the base of the Flutter widget tree is an ideal spot for it.

void main() => runApp(BinderScope(child: MyApp()));

LogicLoader()- is a widget that can load resources when added to the tree.

For instance, the first time this widget develops, you can use it to load data from the repository.

Installation: Using Binder to Get Started

To begin utilizing Binder in your Flutter project, follow these easy steps:

a. Include the Binder dependency in the pubspec.yaml file for your project’s “dependency” section.

Dependency:

binder: ^0.4.0

b. Define the model classes corresponding to your application’s various states.

c. Set up an instance of Binder and bind your models to it.

d. Wrap the UI elements that are dependent on the state using the BinderScope widget that is provided.

e. Use the BinderScope and the model instances to access and change the state.

Implementation of Code

Let’s take a more descriptive look at the binder. The project code, created with Binder, is shown below.

main.dart:

import 'package:flutter/material.dart';

import 'package:binder/binder.dart';

import 'package:myapp/counter.dart';

import 'package:myapp/logic.dart';

void main() {

runApp(const MyApp());

}

class MyApp extends StatelessWidget {

const MyApp({Key? key}) : super(key: key);

@override

Widget build(BuildContext context) {

return const MaterialApp(

home: BinderScope(

child: CounterPage(),

),

);

}

}

class CounterPage extends StatelessWidget {

const CounterPage({Key? key}) : super(key: key);

@override

Widget build(BuildContext context) {

final counter = context.watch(counterRef);

return Scaffold(

appBar: AppBar(title: const Text('Binder Counter')),

body: Center(

child: Container(

color: Colors.blueGrey,

height: 200,

width: 300,

child: Column(

mainAxisAlignment: MainAxisAlignment.center,

children: [

const Text(

'Flutter Agency',

style: TextStyle(fontSize: 24.0, fontWeight: FontWeight.bold),

),

const SizedBox(

height: 30,

),

Text(

'Count: $counter',

style: const TextStyle(

fontSize: 20.0,

fontWeight: FontWeight.bold,

),

),

],

),

),

),

floatingActionButton: FloatingActionButton(

onPressed: () => context.use(counterLogic).increment(),

tooltip: 'Increment',

child: const Icon(Icons.add),

),

);

}

}

logic.dart

import 'package:binder/binder.dart';

import 'package:login_page/counter.dart';

final counterLogic = LogicRef((scope) => CounterLogic(scope: scope));

class CounterLogic with Logic {

const CounterLogic({required this.scope});

@override

final Scope scope;

void increment() {

write(counterRef, read(counterRef) + 1);

}

}

counter.dart

import 'package:binder/binder.dart';

final counterRef = StateRef(0);

class Counter {

const Counter({required this.count});

final int count;

Counter copyWith({int? count}) {

return Counter(count: count ?? this.count);

}

}

Output

Conclusion

Building Flutter apps requires effective state management, and Binder is a solid way to make this process easier. With Binder’s declarative and reactive features, you can effectively handle state updates and keep your UI components in sync with the underlying data. Consider using Binder for your next Flutter project because of its ease of use, scoped state management, and integration advantages. If you need help getting started, Flutter Agency is a leading Flutter app development company that can help you build high-quality, scalable, and maintainable Flutter apps using Binder.

Frequently Asked Questions (FAQs)

1. What is Binder?

The binder is a state management library for Flutter that aims to simplify the process of managing the application state and making it more predictable. Binder’s declarative and reactive state management makes it easy to build scalable and maintainable applications.

2. What are the key benefits of using Binder?

Binder offers several key benefits, including: Simplicity: The binder is easy to learn and use, even for beginners. Predictability: Binder makes it easy to predict how your application will behave in response to state changes. Scalability: Binder is designed to scale to large and complex applications. Maintainability: Binder makes it easy to write and maintain maintainable code.

3. How does Binder work?

Binder works by using an immutable hierarchical data structure to represent the application state. When a change occurs, Binder creates a new state instance and updates all dependent widgets.

Content Source: https://flutteragency.com/binder-flutter-state-management/

[chaussurre]

I know pointers well from my years of C but pointers are unsafe in C#. And also I'm not sure how they would help here ? My main issue is that I can't declare a type to represent a delegate with an unknown number of arguments at compile time, but known at runtime.

A solution would be to have my function accept an array of values as inputs, and then specify everytime they're used how many arguments they actually use but this makes it more confusing to anyone using my lib. I would want them to simply give me a "double function(double, double, double)" delegate and not have to think of the inner workings of the code.

Just wrote this and I feel dirty. Would there even be a clean way to do this ? in c#

[embarcaderotec]

Embarcadero tools are built for elite developers who build and maintain the world’s most critical applications. Our customers choose Embarcadero because we are the champion of developers, and we help them build more secure and scalable enterprise applications faster than any other tools on the market. In fact, ninety of the Fortune 100 and an active community of more than three million users worldwide have relied on Embarcadero's award-winning products for over 30 years.

For more information about Embarcadero Technologies Inc, please call at +1 888.233.2224 to speak with one of our professionals today! or simply visit Our Website - https://www.embarcadero.com/

Appointments:

https://m.me/embarcaderotech

https://www.facebook.com/embarcaderotech

Main: 512.226.8080  -  info@embarcadero.com

Sales: 888.233.2224 option 1  -  sales@embarcadero.com

[pinnithin-writes]

A scene rewrite from MTZ episode 301, when Pleck and AJ went to save C-53 from foodservice hell. Corporate blues got me down, man. 2005 words.

He’s had worse jobs before, he considered.

The tinkling of the service bell was cheerful and the heat from the warmers was pleasant. He was never lonely, surrounded as he was by valued customers from six to midnight. Here, he was the member of a team, possessing a critical skill set necessary to keep this ship on course. He was loved. The training videos said so.

C-53 was undeniably two dimensional these days, which was fine by him. Two dimensions were easier than three, a square simpler than a cube, an employment less painful than emotion. The restraining bolt had been firmly secured for six months now, and every day that passed made his old profession feel more and more like a distant dream.

Yes, he’d had worse jobs before, but he also felt that maybe he’d had better. 

His wandering processing shunted neatly back into place as a customer approached the register. This particular On-N-Off location was never empty for long, situated as it was in the heart of Holowood. It kept him blessedly busy. Taking and inputting orders was automatic by now, and he met such a delightful array of people throughout his shifts. Sentients from all over the galaxy came to his restaurant. C-53 was incredibly lucky. 

“‘Scuse me? Excuse me? I have choked on this toy, and-”

“Oh, I’m so sorry to hear that-”

“So I’m going to sue. What is your name?” 

He paused for only a fraction of a second. “My name is C-53, madam, I am a Yumbassador here at On-N-Off Burger.”

This was a line he still tripped over from time to time. His coding hadn’t fully smoothed it over. He’d always been C-53 - he couldn’t remember a time he ever wasn’t - but there was a different way of introducing himself he used to say with more conviction. C-53 changed frames like other sentients changed hairstyles, but his identity was something that tethered him to reality as he cycled through lifetimes.

He had perhaps been C-53, protocol and diplomatic relations droid, the longest. It was a habit that hurt to unlearn.

The restraining bolt tapped a reminder into his processor. There were patrons to care for. He gracefully handled the choking customer, unsticking the transient object with some simple physics and a chair. Honestly, what would this place do without him? He returned his attention pleasantly to the line of tourists snaking before him.

“Okay, I’ll have uh, one Space Shack burger, uh…”

“Sir,” C-53 broke in gently. “A reminder this is not a Space Shack, this is On-N-Off.”

“You guys don’t have Space Shack burgers?”

“Well, we have On-N-Off burgers.”

“Oh, well,” the customer faltered and their voice fell to a mutter. “Space Shack only has Space Shack burgers.”

“Well, that’s how branding works, sir,” C-53 explained. Then, as an afterthought, he added, “I don’t mean to rock your world, but-”

“You’re rocking my world,” the customer laughed.

The exchange was vaguely familiar, as if C-53 had made this gentle correction many times before. He probably had, in all reality - his patrons were alway a little starstruck from the Holowood experience and it was easy to make mistakes - but this familiarity felt… older. Fonder. Something plucked in his coding, something that was almost loneliness, and he allowed the restraining bolt to lead him away from the feeling.

It wasn’t like his memory was totally wiped. He kept a fairly accurate recollection of his past firmly locked in his internal hard drive. He remembered names and places and events. He just preferred not to. His current bolt wasn’t nearly as harsh as his old Alliance one - that awful thing had shocked him anytime an emotion surfaced like a fork in an electrical socket. No, this one was nicer. It had his best interest at heart. 

He was knocked out of his reverie by a loud, commanding tone from the front door. “I’d like to order something!” A CLINT, fully plated in battle armor, was waving his rifle conspicuously in the air. “And speak to a manager!”

While this interjection was startling, the voice that followed hit C-53 much harder.

“No, not here - wait in line! Wait in line!”

It was a voice he knew quite well; one he never thought he’d hear again. A voice with a smile in its words. A voice always on the edge of laughter. His processor flooded with a surge of emotion as his memories rushed back, and for a second the restraining bolt scrambled to bypass his programming. C-53’s ocular sensors snapped toward the sound and caught a shock of blue hair further back in the line. It was him, alright. How had he found him?

The CLINT was still hollering from the front door. “I’d like to order something and speak to a manager!”

“AJ!”

C-53’s vocalizer spurred a response automatically and against his will. “Sir, we have a fairly obvious line structure,” he said, indicating with a hand. “If you could just fall in line back there-”

“I’m doing it,” the soldier interrupted, lowering his blaster. “I’m in the line now, and I’d like to order something and speak to a manager.”

“No need to update me any further until you’ve reached the front of the line, sir. Thank you.”

He watched the CLINT fall in with his companion and returned his attention to the customer at hand. Blue locks of hair tugged at C-53’s periphery, but his trust in the restraining bolt kept his sensors aimed on what was important. Somewhere in his coding, a small part of him was screaming through questions and probability, muted and far away.

From C-53’s left, his manager slouched out of their office, drawn by the shouting. “Did somebody say they wanted to speak to the manager?” they sighed.

“Ah, yes, this gentleman does,” C-53 began, but his explanation was cut off abruptly.

“Yes, I would like to,” the CLINT asserted. “I’m ordering stuff and speaking to the manager.”

Protocol allowed C-53 to move his field of vision back to what initially shocked him, and for the first time he was able to fully lay scanners on the tellurian accompanying the CLINT. That was, without a doubt, Pleck Decksetter. He looked different from the last time they spoke - his hair was longer, his face more tired, and he had ditched the ratty orange Federated Alliance jacket in exchange for an even rattier bathrobe, for some reason. But the grin softening his cheeks was sunny as always.

The CLINT, who seemed to be affiliated with Pleck in some way, leaned to him with a stage whisper. “Now’s your chance, now’s your chance-”

“Just relax,” Pleck told him, offering a reassuring pat on the shoulder.

He glanced across the diner and caught C-53’s gaze. His expression was complicated, cycling through so many emotions in rapid succession it was hard for C-53 to clock. As the CLINT reengaged with the manager, Pleck winked - or perhaps only blinked; he couldn’t quite tell with the eyepatch - and slipped out of line.

“Hi, manager, I’m relaxed… right now…” the soldier said to C-53’s superior, who stood by looking disinterested. “And I’d like to order something from you.”

“Oh, you don’t need to order from me,” they answered, gesturing to the register. “That’s what my fine employee C is here-”

“I’d like to speak to the manager,” the CLINT insisted.

C-53 took that moment to break in, unable to follow Pleck’s progress across the restaurant while his programming was in a headlock. “Okay, well, would you like to order, or would you like to speak to the manager?”

“I’ve been told to do both.”

A polite beat of silence. “You’ve been told to do both?”

The CLINT fidgeted, looking lost. “...Yes.”

Movement in his periphery gave C-53 a millisecond of reaction time, and he flung himself out of the way just as Pleck crashed through the register’s divider. Panting, he gripped one of C-53’s shoulders tightly, and with his back to the counter, the droid had nowhere to go. His other hand carried a device C-53 was very familiar with, and alarm zinged through his coding when he recognized it.

“C-53,” Pleck said breathlessly, “I’m here to save you - come with me.”

C-53’s scanners, unbidden, went to the overturned piece of machinery sizzling into the linoleum. He wanted nothing more than to meet eyes with his old friend, but the restraining bolt clamped down hard on his consciousness. This was company property. He’d probably have to file an incident report.

Belatedly, his vocalizer fired up again. “Pleck, what did you just do?”

The tellurian’s grin was lopsided. “I - I had to remove this grill station in order to have a little bit of room for us to exit,” he explained, laughing slightly at himself.

The sound stirred something in C-53, something he was not allowed to examine. “Okay.”

“Look,” Pleck insisted. “Come with me - we’ve gotta go. You’re in grave danger.”

His response was automatic. “Well ah, Pleck, I’m afraid that I am a valued employee here at the On-N-Off Burger family-”

“No, no,” the tellurian protested, “not anymore-” 

“The larger organization that owns the many fine On-N-Off Burger locations across Holowood.”

Pleck wasn’t having any of it. “C-53, stop, no, listen - You’re so much more than that. We have to get back out to the Zyxx quadrant and - and save the galaxy!”

Oh, this hurt. The restraining bolt was no longer gently guiding C-53’s emotions - it was gripping them tight, a vice on his coding. When the word ‘family�� leapt from his vocalizer, a horrible feeling turned deep in his cube, suppressed immediately by a corporate-owned padlock. Pleck was standing there, burning into him with his remaining eye, and C-53 ached in his indifference.

“I think the On-N-Off Corporation values me just a little bit more highly than you do,” he replied. Saying that to Pleck’s hopeful face felt like splicing his own wires.

The tellurian’s brow furrowed only a little as he twirled the restraining bolt remover in his free hand. “Okay, alright,” he said, his smile unaffected. “Just hold still.”

“Okay, I’m-”

Pleck pried the bolt off.

This... was far worse than what C-53 was experiencing before. As soon as his shackle clattered to the floor, everything came surging to the surface at once, and there was nothing left to break the wave overtaking him. What was he doing here? How had this happened to him? His scanners cast a perplexed look around him, taking in the overturned grill - that awful thing - his manager, the droves of customers, the accursed register. A vile feeling wriggled into his circuits, a dismayed realization, a disgust with the self.

And there was Pleck, watching him expectantly. Without a trace of judgment in his eye, even having found C-53 in such a state. A second wave raced up his programming, this time gentle and bleeding. This was something fragile. He was afraid to touch it.

“I’ll have what he’s having,” an onlooking customer commented, breaking the silence. An uncomfortable ripple of laughter ran through the restaurant.

C-53 finally collected himself enough to speak. “Oh my Rodd.”

“C-53, let’s go,” Pleck responded, cheeks pink with relief as he patted his frame.

He said it like it was so simple. Let’s go. Let’s get out of here. C-53’s newly untethered emotions roiled within him, too complicated to fully unravel and examine right then and there, so he clung to Pleck’s certainty instead.

Let’s go. Easy.

There was nothing for C-53 here. On-N-Off certainly wasn’t his family. His family had come to retrieve him, and now it was time to assemble the other missing pieces. Carefully, he strung a sentence together, though his words seemed hilariously inadequate for the sentiment lying beneath them.

“Pleck, I can’t thank you enough,” he said. “This has been a punishing six months.”

“I spent the last six months training to become a Zima knight,” Pleck answered seriously.

“Oh…” C-53 shook his head, blindsided by annoyance and affection in equal measure. “Pleck…”

He really was back, wasn’t he?

[promptlyspeedyandroid]

Unlocking the Basics: A Comprehensive C Programming Language Tutorial for Beginners

Introduction

C programming language is often referred to as the backbone of modern programming. Developed in the early 1970s, C has influenced many other programming languages, including C++, Java, and Python. Its efficiency, flexibility, and powerful features make it a popular choice for system programming, embedded systems, and application development. This tutorial aims to provide beginners with a solid foundation in C programming, covering essential concepts, practical examples, and best practices to help you unlock the basics and start your programming journey.The

Why Learn C?

Before diving into the tutorial, it’s important to understand why learning C is beneficial:

Foundation for Other Languages: C serves as a stepping stone to learning other programming languages. Understanding C concepts will make it easier to grasp languages like C++, Java, and C#.

Performance and Efficiency: C is known for its speed and efficiency, making it ideal for system-level programming and applications where performance is critical.

Portability: C programs can be compiled and run on various platforms with minimal changes, making it a versatile choice for developers.

Rich Libraries: C has a vast collection of libraries that provide pre-written code for common tasks, speeding up the development process.

Strong Community Support: With decades of history, C has a large community of developers, providing ample resources, forums, and documentation for learners.

Getting Started with C Programming

1. Setting Up Your Development Environment

To start programming in C, you need to set up a development environment. Here’s how:

Choose a Compiler: Popular C compilers include GCC (GNU Compiler Collection) for Linux and MinGW for Windows. You can also use IDEs like Code::Blocks, Dev-C++, or Visual Studio.

Install the Compiler: Follow the installation instructions for your chosen compiler. Ensure that the compiler is added to your system’s PATH for easy access.

Choose a Text Editor or IDE: You can write C code in any text editor (like Notepad++ or Sublime Text) or use an Integrated Development Environment (IDE) for a more user-friendly experience.

2. Writing Your First C Program

Let’s start with a simple "Hello, World!" program to familiarize you with the syntax:#include <stdio.h> int main() { printf("Hello, World!\n"); return 0; }

Explanation:

#include <stdio.h>: This line includes the standard input-output library, allowing you to use functions like printf.

int main(): This is the main function where the program execution begins.

printf("Hello, World!\n");: This line prints "Hello, World!" to the console.

return 0;: This indicates that the program has executed successfully.

3. Understanding C Syntax and Structure

C has a specific syntax that you need to understand:

Variables and Data Types: C supports various data types, including int, float, char, and double. You must declare variables before using them.

int age = 25; float salary = 50000.50; char grade = 'A';

Operators: C provides arithmetic, relational, logical, and bitwise operators for performing operations on variables.

Control Structures: Learn about conditional statements (if, else, switch) and loops (for, while, do-while) to control the flow of your program.

4. Functions in C

Functions are essential for organizing code and promoting reusability. Here’s how to define and call a function:#include <stdio.h> void greet() { printf("Welcome to C Programming!\n"); } int main() { greet(); // Calling the function return 0; }

5. Arrays and Strings

Arrays are used to store multiple values of the same type, while strings are arrays of characters. Here’s an example:#include <stdio.h> int main() { int numbers[5] = {1, 2, 3, 4, 5}; char name[20] = "John Doe"; printf("First number: %d\n", numbers[0]); printf("Name: %s\n", name); return 0; }

6. Pointers

Pointers are a powerful feature in C that allows you to directly manipulate memory. Understanding pointers is crucial for dynamic memory allocation and data structures.#include <stdio.h> int main() { int num = 10; int *ptr = &num; // Pointer to num printf("Value of num: %d\n", *ptr); // Dereferencing the pointer return 0; }

7. Structures and Unions

Structures allow you to group different data types under a single name, while unions enable you to store different data types in the same memory location.#include <stdio.h> struct Student { char name[50]; int age; }; int main() { struct Student student1 = {"Alice", 20}; printf("Student Name: %s, Age: %d\n", student1.name, student1.age); return 0; }

Best Practices for C Programming

Comment Your Code: Use comments to explain complex logic and improve code readability.

Use Meaningful Variable Names: Choose descriptive names for variables and functions to make your code self-explanatory.

Keep Code Organized: Structure your code into functions and modules to enhance maintainability.

Test Your Code: Regularly test your code to catch errors early and ensure it behaves as expected.

Conclusion

Learning C programming is a rewarding journey that opens doors to various fields in software development. By following this comprehensive tutorial, you’ve unlocked the basics of C and gained the foundational knowledge needed to explore more advanced topics.

As you continue your programming journey, practice regularly, build projects, and engage with the C programming community. With dedication and persistence, you’ll become proficient in C programming and be well-equipped to tackle more complex challenges in the world of software development.

Ready to dive deeper? Explore advanced topics like memory management, file handling, and data structures to further enhance your C programming skills! Happy coding with Tpoint-Tech!

[tonefox568]

Drivers Diode

Drivers Ideapad 330

Drivers Dod Smart Card

Drivers Diode Tester

Pulsed Laser Diode Drivers DEI offers a variety of laser diode drivers designed for high power and precision applications for pulsed and Quasi-CW (QCW) operation. High compliance voltages allow for both single diode and diode array use as well as non-laser applications requiring a current source.

In electronics, an LED circuit or LED driver is an electrical circuit used to power a light-emitting diode (LED). The circuit must provide sufficient current to light the LED at the required brightness, but must limit the current to prevent damaging the LED.

DIY Laser Diode Driver Constant Current Source: In this project I will show you how I extracted a laser diode from a DVD Burner which should have the power to ignite a match. In order to power the diode correctly I will also demonstrate how I build a constant current source which delivers a preci.

In its most basic form, a laser driver is a current source built with a current-sense resistor and an operational amplifier.The operational amplifier measures the voltage across the sense resistor and controls its output in a feedback loop to maintain the resistor voltage as close as possible to the control voltage.

Since no current flows into the amplifier negative input, the laser current IL is equal to the control voltage VC divided by the sense resistor RS.

The output stage of most opamps cannot supply more than a few tens of mA, it is thus common to replace it by a discrete transistor:

Compliance voltage

A laser driver can only regulate the current as long as the laser voltage stays within certain limits.The supply voltage VS is the sum of the sense resistor voltage VRs = RS x IL, the laser voltage VL and the transistor voltage VT.

The transistor can been seen as a variable resistor controlled by the opamp.When the laser voltage increases, the opamp tries to reduce the transistor resistance RT to maintain a constant current.At some point, the transistor resistance reaches its minimum value RTmin and the driver behaves as if the laser was supplied with VS, in series with RTmin and RS.

The compliance voltage is the maximum laser voltage at which the driver maintains current regulation.This voltage depends on the current and is usually specified at the maximum operating current of the driver.

Drivers Ideapad 330

Noise analysis

At the input of the opamp, we can consider three voltage noise sources: the noise of the control voltage vC2, the input-referred noise of the op-amp vO2 and the thermal noise of the sense resistor vR2 = 4 kB T RS.

Let's consider a 100 mA laser driver made of a 10 Ω sense resistor, an opamp with 0.85 nV/√Hz input voltage noise and a noise-free control voltage.At room temperature, the thermal noise of the 10 Ω resistor is about 0.4 nV/√Hz.Since the two voltage noises are independent, they sum up to a power spectral density of (0.42+0.852)½ = 1.0 nV/√Hz.Dividing the result by 10 Ω, we obtain a current noise of 100 pA/√Hz.

It is possible to reduce the current noise by increasing the value of the sense resistor as shown in the graph below.At low resistor values, the thermal noise is negligible and current noise scales with the inverse of the resistance.Above about 50 Ω, the thermal noise starts to be preponderant and the current noise only scales with the inverse of the square root of the resistance.

The choice of the resistor value is a trade-off between current noise and power consumption.

Modulating the laser current

Modulation can be performed in at least two ways, depending on the required modulation frequency.As long as the modulation frequency is smaller than the bandwidth of the feedback loop, the laser current can be modulated via the control voltage VC. This bandwidth is usually between a few kHz and a few MHz.

Above the driver's modulation bandwidth, laser current can be modulated with a bias-tee, as shown in the figure below:

The capacitor allows the AC modulation to pass through the laser while blocking the DC signal.The inductor, which isolates the driver from the AC modulation, must be small enough not to add too much phase within the driver's bandwidth.

Drivers Dod Smart Card

Grounding configurations

Some lasers diodes have their positive side (anode) or negative side (cathode) connected to the diode's metal case.If the metal case has to be connected to the ground, it is necessary to use an anode grounded or a cathode grounded laser driver, as shown in the figure below:

Drivers Diode Tester

Anode grounded drivers work from a negative supply while cathode grounded drivers work from a positive supply.In most situations, the diode's metal case can be electrically isolated from the ground so that a floating architecture can be used. In this architecture, the control electronics operate closer to the ground, which often leads to improved power efficiency.