#mudbrick architecture

[allthathistory]

British team from the University of Manchester has unearthed new sections of Imet, a 2,300-year-old city in Egypt’s Nile Delta. Radar scans revealed tower houses, grain stores, and a temple to Wadjet, alongside artifacts like a Horus stela and a bronze sistrum. Dating to 400–350 BCE, these finds highlight Imet’s role as a key urban and religious center during Egypt’s Late Period. The discoveries offer a glimpse into daily life and spiritual practices in the ancient Nile Delta

[serpentface]

Sketch of a typical Wardi house (small), located adjacent to farmland on the Briya river floodplain.

Most houses are made with mudbrick and with a smooth outer coating, sometimes plastered or otherwise decorated (this one has fairly minimal decorative painting). The climate is dry overall and mudbrick is the most economical and resistant building material available (though it does require more maintenance than in outright arid climates due to regular and sometimes very heavy winter rains), with the use of wood generally being reserved for maintaining the structural integrity of the roof and portals. These houses are fairly effective at insulation, and a well-constructed home will not have dramatic temperature gradients between hot days and cool nights.

Some homes lack doors altogether and use fabric or straw drapes; actual doors are hung by pintles and made with wood and/or woven reeds. Domestic chimneys have not been invented anywhere in general, and smoke in a small house like this will be removed (not the most efficiently) through small tubes in the walls and via the door/windows. Cooking hearths in these smaller houses are usually placed in the center of the building, which goes a little ways to allowing smoke to disperse.

Flat mudbrick roofs are in use in some places, though pointed thatched roofs like these are more common in all but the driest areas due to better shedding rainfall/occasional snow accumulation. Thatching is made with straw or papyrus, location depending, and can become very thick as a byproduct of routine maintenance on old houses.

Misc bits:

-bell windchimes on each side of the house (wards off ghosts and makes a pretty sound).

-little clay guardian lion over the doorway (most houses will have one on each side, though those not overseeing entrances may be hidden in the thatching or buried to fully embed their protective qualities).

-dung fuel being dried on one of the walls.

-koli plant right outside (easy low maintenance fruit and vegetables)

[hayatheauthor]

7 POC Architectural Inspirations for Your Fantasy World

Fed up with (most) authors sticking to the Renaissance ‘white’ castles so here’s some inspiration (and a gentle nudge to branch out because I can’t stand them anymore): 

1. Mahals (India)

Ornate domes, intricate carvings, and symmetrical layouts. Mehals take decades to be made and are intricately brought to life with beautiful detailings, take the Shish Mahal's mirror work, Jharokhas, the Pietra Dura Mughal inlays, and classic Jaali work that female characters sneek peeks through to watch the throne room from afar. 

2. Qilā (Fortresses of the Mughal Empire)

If you want something more in tune with a war-based story Qilas are a good option. They’re brought to life with massive stone walls, gateways with pointed arches, and courtyards for strategic defense. Qilas are intended for protection but many hold a rustic mix of Persian and Indian architecture which provides that aesthetic charm writers like. 

3. Shiro (Japanese Castles)

Shiros are Japanese castles with many buildings within their walls, such as the Goten (palace). I used a Shiro for my book and it is so convenient if you have a larger cast, like a court system/multiple families. If you want to know all the structures, names, what they look like, etc. just google ‘Nawabari’ (the Japanese term for a Shiro’s layout). 

4. Kasbahs (North Africa)

Kasbahs are native to Morocco and perfect if you need something minimalistic yet pretty. Their structures are very similar to that of a Qila since they both have a pragmatic, angular build. However, Kasbahs are more earthy with thick clay walls, small windows and subtle yet pretty detailing. 

5. Qasr (Middle Eastern Palaces)

Qasrs are Arab palaces that feature ancient Bedouin architecture. However, there is no ‘one size fits all’ Qasr because this word is used to describe both palaces and forts. You can have a ‘qasr’ that is a palace with sprawling courtyards, marble arches, and curvy turrets, or a ‘qasr’ that is a Bedouin fort with structured cylindrical towers. PS: castle = Qusur. 

6. Baray Temples (Cambodia)

Barays, like those at Angkor Wat, symbolise spirituality. Like many Asian temples, they are typically surrounded by water and reservoirs. The complexes feature intricate stone carvings, steep steps, and a flat triangular top (Google if you cant visualise it please). Unlike most structures on this list, they are typically made using Laterite or Earth/clay. 

7. Mudbrick Mosques (West Africa)

While South Asia uses intricate craftsmanship for their detailing, Mudbrick Mosques have smoothly carved pillars, tapering walls and flat domes that are strategic yet beautiful. The beige tones blend seamlessly into the dessert with wooden beams protruding from its walls to make it stand out. I would recommend looking at the Great Mosque of Djenné; truly a masterpiece. 

I've mainly covered types I've either seen irl or used in my writing please don't come at me if I haven't included something from your culture, you can comment it.

Looking For More Writing Tips And Tricks? 

Check out the rest of Quillology with Haya; a blog dedicated to writing and publishing tips for authors!

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[dailyoverview]

Djenné is a town in central Mali, situated on the floodplain between the Niger and Bani rivers. During flood season, the town becomes an island and is accessed only by causeways. Djenné contains fascinating architecture, with structures made of mudbricks and adobe plaster, and large buildings — like its Great Mosque — featuring exposed wooden-log support beams.

13.905556°, -4.555000°

Source imagery: Maxar

[whencyclopedia]

Mesopotamian Art and Architecture

Ancient Mesopotamian art and architectural works are among the oldest in the world, dating back over 7,000 years. The works first appear in northern Mesopotamia prior to the Ubaid Period (c. 5000-4100 BCE) and then developed in the south during the Uruk Period (4100-2900 BCE) in Sumer which established the first historical civilization.

According to some scholars, the works of the Indus Valley Civilization (c. 7000 to c. 600 BCE) pre-date those of Mesopotamia, but the Indus Valley developments do not appear until the Early Harappan Period (c. 5500-2800 BCE) by which time Mesopotamian works were already established. Early artwork and construction are evidenced in northern Mesopotamia at sites such as Göbekli Tepe (c. 10,000 BCE) and Ҫatalhöyük (c. 7500 BCE), both in modern-day Turkey, and Tell Brak (c. 6500-5000 BCE), in Syria.

The development of these works then progressed through the following eras, though, owing to space limitations, the Hittite and Kassite periods will not be addressed:

Ubaid Period – c. 5000-4100 BCE

Uruk Period – 4100-2900 BCE

Early Dynastic Period – 2900-2334 BCE

Akkadian Period – 2334-2218 BCE

Ur III Period – 2047-1750 BCE

Old Babylonian Period – c. 2000-1600 BCE

Hittite Period – 1700-1200 BCE

Kassite Period – c. 1595 to c. 1155 BCE

Assyrian Period – c. 1307-912 BCE

Neo-Assyrian Period – 912-612 BCE

Neo-Babylonian Period – 626-539 BCE

Achaemenid Persian-Sassanian Persian Period – c. 550 BCE to 651 CE

Artworks included reliefs, sculpture, statuary cast in metal, ceramics, jewelry, cylinder seals, stele & monuments, obelisks, and wall paintings. Mesopotamian monumental architecture is epitomized by the ziggurat, but the Sumerians were also responsible for the first large-scale palaces and temples, as well as urban planning, the arch, canals, and aqueducts, landscaped gardens, and architectural ornamentation. These early innovations would become more refined in the region through succeeding periods and influence the works of other cultures in the Near East and Mediterranean regions.

Earliest Sites & Base Materials

Although the Göbekli Tepe site is dated to c. 10,000 BCE, the first permanent settlements in that area are thought to have been established earlier, and, possibly, for the sole purpose of building the structure which most scholars believe was a temple. Göbekli Tepe is among the earliest sites, along with others such as Nevalı Çori (also in modern-day Turkey), to feature monumental architecture – including the oldest known megaliths in the world at Göbekli Tepe – as well as reliefs.

Architecturally, the site is comprised of circular areas and rectangular buildings with T-shaped pillars of limestone, some carved with images of wildlife in low and high relief. There is little evidence of human activity in the sculptures which seem to emphasize the natural world and, in some interpretations, the people's relationship with their gods. Some scholars associate the site with the later settlement of Ҫatalhöyük, though this claim has been challenged as the design of Göbekli Tepe, and the tools found there, differ from the later site.

Whatever purpose Göbekli Tepe originally served, it was a communal site associated with ritual, while Ҫatalhöyük was entirely residential. No public buildings have been found at the site which is comprised of tightly clustered mudbrick residences accessed by ladders or steps from a hole in the roof. Artwork from the site includes murals and statuary – such as the famous Seated Woman of Ҫatalhöyük – as well as ceramics. The artwork seems to focus on the natural world and the concept of fertility as several pieces represent female figures and erect phalluses.

The people of Ҫatalhöyük used clay, limestone, marble, and other materials for their statuary and paint created from natural substances. The figurines, statuary, and murals are usually interpreted as representing religious concepts, but this claim is not universally accepted. There is no evidence of urban planning at the site; it seems to have developed organically with buildings attached to each other and people using the rooftops for communal activities and movement as there are no streets, courtyards, or public squares.

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[blueiscoool]

33 Greco-Roman Family Tombs Found in Aswan, Egypt

An Egyptian-Italian archaeological mission has uncovered 33 family tombs from the Greco-Roman period near the Aga Khan Mausoleum in Aswan, Egypt.

The joint mission, led by Dr. Mohamed Ismail Khaled, Secretary-General of the Supreme Council of Antiquities, and Professor Patrizia Piacentini from the University of Milan, made the announcement earlier this month. The tombs, discovered west of Aswan’s Nile, date back to the Late Period and the Greco-Roman era, spanning from the sixth century BCE to the third century CE.

The Aga Khan Mausoleum, the resting place of Aga Khan III, Sir Sultan Muhammed Shah, who passed away in 1957, now sits above a necropolis with over 400 tombs. Dr. Khaled noted that it adds a new historical dimension to the Aga Khan area. The tombs vary in architectural style, with some featuring arched entrances and open courtyards made from mudbrick, while others are directly carved into the mountain rock. This diversity reflects the social stratification of the period.

Among the notable finds are mummified remains and funerary objects, including clay figures, sacrificial tables, ceramics, and painted cartonnages. An intriguing discovery within a stone coffin revealed the mummified remains of an adult and a child, likely adhered together by embalming fluids. Further analysis is planned to understand their relationship.

Anthropological and radiological studies have provided insights into the health conditions of buried individuals. Dr. Patricia Piachenti from the University of Milan noted that 30% to 40% of the deceased were infants, children, or adolescents. This high mortality rate among the young offers clues about prevalent diseases during that period. The remains of several adult women showed signs of pelvic bone trauma, suggesting childbirth complications or other medical conditions. Other mummies exhibited evidence of anemia, malnutrition, chest diseases, tuberculosis, and osteoporosis.

“Initial studies reveal that many individuals suffered from infectious diseases and bone disorders,” said Dr. Piacentini. “Some adult females showed signs of medical interventions such as amputations and bone trauma, indicating that ancient Aswan had developed some medical practices.”

Dr. Ayman Ashmawy, Head of the Egyptian Antiquities Sector, said that the lower parts of the necropolis were likely reserved for the middle-class residents of Aswan Island, including physicians, artisans, merchants, and storekeepers. The upper parts of the necropolis, however, appear to have been reserved for the wealthier upper class. This social stratification is reflected in the differing architectural styles and the types of artifacts found within the tombs.

The discoveries also include remains of colored cartonnage, clay and stone figurines, wooden coffins, and offering tables. The tombs’ architectural complexity reflects the advanced skills of the ancient craftsmen who overcame the challenges of digging into rock and constructing low-ceilinged funerary rooms and galleries.

The mission has employed the latest technology, including X-ray and CT scans, to analyze the mummies and artifacts. These technologies have allowed researchers to create three-dimensional reconstructions of the mummies and identify items such as bracelets found on some individuals.

By Dario Radley.

[culturei6b]

🔥🏛️ Anahita Fire Temple (Dokhtar Castle): The Untamed Spirit of Kerman

Perched atop rugged cliffs in eastern Kerman, the Anahita Fire Temple—also known as Dokhtar Castle—is a mysterious relic from pre-Islamic Iran. Dating back over 2,000 years, this fortress was dedicated to Anahita, the ancient goddess of water, fertility, and purity. Its name, “Dokhtar” (meaning “maiden”), symbolizes the castle’s legendary invincibility and untouched sanctity.

Built from raw clay and mudbrick, the structure blends military architecture with spiritual reverence. The site includes watchtowers, water reservoirs, and hidden passageways, all designed for long-term survival. Local lore tells of a maiden sorceress who protected the castle with a magical talisman, adding to its mythical allure.

From the summit, visitors are rewarded with panoramic views of Kerman’s desert landscape, especially breathtaking at sunrise or sunset. The silence, broken only by desert winds, makes it a perfect spot for reflection and storytelling.

📍 Location & Access

Address: East Kerman, near Enqelab Street, beside Enqelab Park, Kerman Province, Iran

Getting There: Accessible by taxi or private car. The site is open 24/7 and free to visit. Be prepared for a short uphill walk—comfortable shoes recommended!

If you enjoyed this content, don’t forget to follow our channel and subscribe to our YouTube page at @culturei6b for more exciting and culturally rich videos. Stay with us—we’ve got plenty more to explore! 🌍✨

[tyrannoninja]

Malian Queen

A queen of medieval Mali stands on a balcony overlooking her mudbrick palace’s grounds. I love the Malian style of architecture, but damn, those rows of posts they have sticking out of it can be tedious to draw.

[faroukomar2910]

Ramesseum Temple…a timeless architectural masterpiece

The Ramesseum Temple is one of the most impressive funerary temples of ancient Egypt, built by Pharaoh Ramesses II in honour of the god Amun-Ra. Historically known as "The One United with Thebes," the temple was later named "Ramesseum" by the French student Champollion.

Located on the west bank of Luxor, this majestic site is a must-visit for those interested in Egypt Classic Tours. The temple is enclosed by a massive mudbrick wall, 180 meters long and 66 meters wide. Unfortunately, a major earthquake in 27 BC caused significant damage to the structure. However, its remains continue to reflect the majesty of ancient Egyptian civilization and the immense legacy of Ramesses II.

Architectural Marvel & Military History

The Ramesseum Temple features colossal statues of Ramesses II, symbolizing his divine status and power. The temple walls are adorned with intricate carvings depicting the Battle of Kadesh, one of the most famous military conflicts of the ancient world, where Ramesses II achieved a strategic victory against the Hittites. Visitors exploring this site on Egypt Day Tours will be enchanted by the detailed inscriptions that narrate this legendary battle.

At the temple’s entrance, there were once four massive flagpoles, adding to the majesty of the structure. Today, Egypt Tours Package itineraries often include this site, allowing travellers to immerse themselves in ancient Egypt's rich history and architectural brilliance.

Restoration Efforts & Boosting Tourism

Recognizing the Ramesseum's historical significance, restoration projects are underway to preserve it. Experts believe these efforts will revitalize the temple, making it a key visitor attraction on Egypt Easter Tours. This initiative is expected to enhance the tourist experience in Luxor and showcase Egypt's incredible heritage to the world.

For those arriving via cruise ships, Egypt Shore Excursions offers a fantastic opportunity to visit the Ramesseum, along with other breathtaking monuments in Luxor. Meanwhile, travellers based in the capital can easily plan Egypt Day Tours from Cairo, ensuring they don't miss out on exploring this magnificent site.

Egypt continues to preserve its ancient wonders through ongoing restoration and promotion, allowing future generations to witness the wonder of Pharaonic civilization. Whether you're a history enthusiast or simply love exploring iconic landmarks, adding the Ramesseum Temple to your Egypt Tours itinerary is an unforgettable experience.

[sakuraswordly]

Sumerian Clay Tablet (2500-2000 BC) with a drawing of a house plan (the ground plan of a residence in Umma with a central courtyard). According to scholars, cuneiform inscriptions are making the central portion common, which is a common layout among Indian homes in the villages too. As the ancient and the present Mesopotamian, Persian and Indian architecture - believes in keeping the central portion of a home open from the top - to let in elements of nature. Plus used as a common meeting room for family members. Sumerians considered as the first major civilization of human history, flourished around 4000-2000 BC, between the rivers Tigris and Euphrates of the crescent fertile. This area was prone to violent weather conditions, such as unexpected flooding. These chaotic conditions resulted in Sumerians becoming a highly religious society. However, bleak nature of their religion where the afterlife was essentially a mud pit reflected the harsh conditions of their existence. Their art was also religious in nature as part of an effort to honor their deities in hopes that their lives would proceed with as little tragedy as possible. Art and buildings were constructed of plentiful clay of region as well as wood, copper, rock, and semi-precious stones like lapis lazuli. Study of Sumerian architecture is based on available archaeological  evidence, pictorial representation of buildings, and texts on building practices. Materials used to build a house were similar but not exact as those used today: reeds,  stone, wood, ashlar, mud brick, mud plaster and wooden doors, which were all naturally available around city, although wood was not common in some cities of Sumer. Although most houses were made of mudbrick, mudplaster and poplar. Houses could be tripartite, round or rectangular. Houses had long-roofed central hallways, courtyards, and storeys. Most houses had a square centre room with other rooms attached to it, but a great variation in size and materials used to build houses suggest they were built by inhabitants themselves. Smallest rooms may not have coincided with the poorest people; in fact, it could be that poorest people built houses out of perishable materials such as reeds on outside of city, but there is very little direct evidence for this. Houses could have shops, workshops, storage rooms, and livestock in them. - Subscribe for Detailed Post - Vorderasiatisches Museum, Berlin

[evokedholavira]

Gujarat’s Pride: Dholavira’s Archaeological Site, Culture, and History | Evoke Dholavira

Introduction:

Dholavira is a UNESCO World Heritage Site and the largest Harappan site in India. It is located in the Kutch Desert of Gujarat and was discovered in the early 1900s. Excavations at the site have revealed a wealth of information about the Harappan civilization, including its architecture, engineering, and social and economic structure.

Dholavira is a significant archaeological site that offers insights into the Harappan civilization, culture, and history of Gujarat. The site is well-preserved and there is a museum on-site that houses a collection of artifacts from the city.

The Archaeological site of Dholavira:

The Dholavira archaeological site is known for its impressive fortifications, water conservation systems, and public buildings. The Dholavira Fort is one of the largest and most well-preserved Indus Valley Civilization forts in India. It has a massive rampart wall that is over 7 kilometers long and 10 meters thick.

Dholavira is also known for its sophisticated water conservation system. The city had a number of reservoirs, dams, and canals that were used to collect and store rainwater. This system allowed the city to survive during the dry season.

Other notable features of the Dholavira archaeological site include:

The Citadel: The Citadel is the highest point in the city and is thought to have been the center of political and religious power.

The Lower Town: The Lower Town is where most of the city’s inhabitants lived. It contains a variety of residential areas, workshops, and public buildings.

The Great Bath: The Great Bath is a large rectangular pool that is thought to have been used for ritual bathing.

The Signboards: Dholavira is home to a number of inscribed stone slabs that are thought to be signboards. These signboards are in a language that has not yet been deciphered, but they may provide insights into the Harappan civilization.

Some of the key aspects of Harappan culture that are evident at Dholavira include:

Art: Dholavira is home to a variety of art objects, including pottery, seals, and sculptures. The art of Dholavira is known for its geometric designs and animal motifs.

Architecture: The architecture of Dholavira is characterized by its use of brick and mudbrick. The city’s buildings were well-planned and well-constructed.

Religion: The Harappan people practiced a variety of religious beliefs. There is evidence of both Hindu and Buddhist worship at Dholavira.

Trade: Dholavira was a major center of trade and commerce during the Indus Valley Civilization. The city traded with other Harappan cities in India and Pakistan, as well as with Mesopotamia and Persia.

The History of Dholavira:

Dholavira was founded around 3000 BC and flourished during the Harappan civilization. The city was abandoned around 1500 BC, but the ruins of the city were rediscovered in the early 1900s.

Dholavira is a significant site in the history of Gujarat. It is the largest Harappan site in the state and it offers insights into the Harappan civilization, culture, and history of Gujarat.

Conclusion:

Dholavira is a must-visit destination for anyone interested in Indian history and culture. The Dholavira archaeological site offers visitors a unique opportunity to learn about the Harappan civilization and its many achievements. Dholavira Tent City provides all the luxurious facilities and amenities, making it the perfect place to stay while exploring this fascinating site.

Book your stay at Dholavira Tent City today and experience the magic of Dholavira!

[mythologyandancienthistory]

The Third Dynasty in Ancient Egypt: The Beginnings of Pyramid Building

This article was originally published on [Mythology and History]

To read the full article

The turmoil of the second half of the Second Dynasty had a direct impact on Egypt's future. It is indisputable that Seth-Peribsen's revolt against the worship of Horus affected the course of affairs, and it is also indisputable that the ensuing strife in the country had a negative impact on its progress.

However, it was only a short time after the crisis unfolded that Egypt began to make up for what it had missed, as if that squabbling and instability was a motivation for it later, progressing in all aspects and completing the components of the renaissance.

At this crucial time in the civilized history of the country, a time when Egypt was flowing with youth and vitality, a strong and determined king sat on its throne, marking the beginning of a new era

Djoser, founder of the Third Dynasty

Who founded the Third Dynasty of Egypt?

Although the first king of this dynasty, Djoser, was most likely the son of the last king of the Second Dynasty, the ancients considered him to be the founder of a new dynasty.

Djoser began his life like other kings before him and built a tomb for himself like them in the form of a large mastaba of Mudbrick (95 meters long x 50 meters wide, 10 meters high), but he did not build it in Abydos but built it in the area now known as Beit Khallaf south of Qena, in which many pots were found with seals bearing the name of the king and the names of some of his employees and the various departments that they were in charge of.

What were the major accomplishments of King Djoser?

It is a good fortune for Egypt that one of the geniuses who left a clear impact on the history of mankind appeared in it at that time, the wise Imhotep was ruling a wise-minded king who knew the value of that person's genius and extended a helping hand to him and helped him in realizing his views, so the name of King Djoser was immortalized and his works immortalized, and Egypt advanced during his reign with great progress in all aspects.

Who was Imhotep and what was his role in the Third Dynasty?

Imhotep: We do not know for sure whether Imhotep began his life during the reign of King Khasekhemwy and was among his staff, or whether he appeared only in the days of Djoser. In any case, his name was associated with the name of King Djoser alone, both during his lifetime and in subsequent generations, as the Egyptians immortalized their names together and people kept mentioning them until the last days of Egyptian history. Egyptian writers in the New Kingdom considered Imhotep their symbol and protector, and every writer before starting his work was keen to spill a few drops of water as an offering to him. Until that time, kings were buried in terraced tombs, which did not differ in their general appearance from the tombs of their subjects except for their great size and grandeur, and were built of mudbrick, although some of their internal parts, especially the burial chamber, were built of stone. Djoser built his royal tomb in the south in the style of his predecessors, if the tomb in Beit Khallaf is attributed to him, but Imhotep thought of building another tomb for his master in the northern capital's necropolis and designed it to be more luxurious than any tomb built before that time for any king before him.

What architectural innovations did Imhotep introduce?

The first bold idea in the construction of that tomb was to be built with blocks of stone instead of Mudbrick, so he built a large mastaba of limestone that he cut from nearby quarries and then clad its outer walls with limestone of the excellent white type that they obtained from the quarries of Tura on the eastern side of the Nile. This mastaba was undoubtedly more luxurious and grandiose than any other royal tomb in the region, and underneath the mastaba were corridors and side chambers with a large granite chamber in the center as the king's burial chamber. Unsatisfied with this, Imhotep modified his first design and thought of something new. His master Djoser is a god worshipped by his people, so his tomb must be distinguished from others, and it must rise and rise, and for this he began to build one mastaba on top of another, each of which is less in size than the one below it until the final form of Djoser's tomb became a stepped pyramid with six steps, all covered on the outside with white limestone, thus Imhotep was the first architect in the history of Egypt to build a tomb that resembles a pyramid in its general shape. He did not limit himself to that, but surrounded the pyramid with a large wall built entirely of limestone cut from Tura, ten meters high, and built several buildings inside this wall, some of which were for holding the Thirtieth Festival and others were a symbolic tomb on the southern side or temples also related to the festivals, as he built on the northern side of the pyramid a temple in which statues of the king were erected.

Why is the Step Pyramid at Saqqara historically significant?

The Step Pyramid is considered one of the most important monuments of Egypt, and we see in its buildings the first steps of the Egyptians when they moved from building with bricks to building with stone. We often see the ancient engineer exerting his effort to make his buildings similar to brick buildings, such as the size of the stones (52) cm in length like the size of the bricks in that era or in the formation of the stone roof to be similar to the roof in which they used tree branches, and like the doors that appear as half open and the stone columns that represent those columns that were made of plant sticks and were combined with each other. Most archaeologists tend to accept the opinion that the large outer wall on whose sides they drew the shape of the thirteen gates on its four sides is only a copy of the wall that was around the king's palace in the valley near the capital, and that the main entrance in the southeast corner of the fourteenth gate is similar to the entrance to the royal palace with its columns and places for its guards, and that these buildings built in stone were built on the occasion of the celebration of the thirtieth anniversary of King Djoser, since this king had permanently moved the capital of the king to the north in that city that later became called Memphis. Djoser was buried in his pyramid, and in the corridors surrounding the burial chamber, they stacked thousands of vessels made of alabaster and some of diorite, porphyry, granite, basalt and other stones, some of them small and others more than a meter high, and a number of these vessels could be extracted at least twenty thousand, and many of them still remain in the corridors and were broken into small pieces by the fall of the rock above them. Djoser ruled for many years during which the country saw a general renaissance, and his monuments were not limited to Saqqara only, but he built other temples, and we know that he sent an expedition to discipline some Bedouins of the Sinai Peninsula who were exposed to the campaigns that the kings of Egypt sent to bring copper from the mines near Wadi Maghareh there. Djoser's reign in Egypt was a prosperous period, but from his death until the end of the dynasty, he was not succeeded by anyone to whom we can compare him. Manetho mentions the names of eight kings who ruled in this dynasty, while Abydos lists only six, and the fragmented Turin Papyrus preserves only five names.

Which kings followed Djoser in the Third Dynasty?

Djoser was followed by his son, whose name was pronounced until recently: Semrekhet, but after the discovery of his step pyramid at Saqqara in 1954, the pronunciation Sekhemkhet is more likely and is sometimes called Djoser-teti.

What happened to Sekhemkhet’s pyramid project?

Sekhemkhet wanted to build a building similar to that of his father and chose a place near it, but he died without completing it, and instead of seeing progress in architecture from what Imhotep started, we see that they were imitating what was made, and we also see evidence that the king's treasury could no longer afford to spend so much. This king did not complete his pyramid, neither in the construction of the terraces on top of each other nor inside the pyramid, and his coffin was found empty when it was uncovered, but whatever the result of the excavations, this pyramid has added to our knowledge quite a bit about the method of pyramid construction, and we now have confirmed how the Egyptians since ancient times have been building their pyramids by making a long ascending road over which they drag the necessary stones for construction and that this ascending road was longer and higher as construction progressed, and when everything was completed, they removed it from its place. Although no body was found in the coffin, a large number of stone vessels were found, some of which were made and some of which were not, as well as a few gold ornaments that may have been from the Third Dynasty. Sekhemkhet ruled for only a few years, and perhaps the most important monument known to him before the discovery of his pyramid in Saqqara was the inscription he left in Wadi Maghareh, close to the inscription of his father Djoser.

Who were the kings of Egypt’s Third Dynasty?

We know from the names of the kings who ruled in the third dynasty the name of Horus, Sanakht, Hor-Khaba, and Nebka, who wanted to build a pyramid close to the pyramid of his predecessor in the Zawyet El Aryan area as well, but the work did not progress beyond the completion of the lower part carved in the rock underground, in which the sarcophagus carved from granite.

Written by H. Moses

All rights reserved ©Mythology and History

[blueiscoool]

Sword with Markings of Ancient Pharaoh Ramses II Unearthed in Egypt

Archaeologists unearthed a series of mudbrick rooms filled with religious tributes, soldiers’ personal effects, engraved weaponry and animal bones.

Researchers have discovered a 3,200-year-old Egyptian fort filled with archaeological treasures. Located at the Tell Al-Abqain excavation site in northwest Egypt, the buried structure contained religious tributes, military barracks and a bronze sword inscribed with the name of the pharaoh Ramses II.

The fort was unearthed during ongoing excavations at Tell Al-Abqain. A team led by Ahmed El Kharadly, an archaeologist with Egypt’s Ministry of Tourism and Antiquities, found a series of mudbrick architectural units in the area, according to a statement from the ministry.

Those buildings, or barracks, contained a trove of artifacts, including the necessities and personal effects of the soldiers stationed there during Egypt’s New Kingdom era, a period of prosperity, territorial expansion and peace that lasted from around 1550 to 1077 B.C.E. The barracks show the military power Egypt expended to grow and defend its territory during this time.

“It is an important discovery highlighting the strategic role of Tell Al-Abqain area as a crucial military outpost on the western military road, protecting Egypt’s northwestern borders from potential invasions by Libyan tribes and sea peoples,” Mohamed Ismail Khaled, secretary-general of Egypt’s Supreme Council of Antiquities, tells Ahram Online’s Nevine El-Aref.

The barracks’ advanced architectural layout exemplifies the engineering talents of the ancient Egyptian builders, who skillfully harnessed the existing landscape for military objectives, Khaled adds.

At the site, researchers also found granaries, cow burials and pottery containing fish bones. In ancient Egypt, cows were “revered as celestial deities” and symbols of “strength, abundance and prosperity,” per the statement. However, these specific burials indicate that soldiers likely ate the cows: The bovine remains were found in an area near an oven, “which confirms that they were probably divided into parts and then stored in silos after drying,” El Kharadly tells Live Science’s Owen Jarus.

Along with evidence of soldiers’ daily provisions, researchers found accessories and toiletries, like ivory applicators for kohl eyeliner, necklaces of carnelian and faience beads shaped like pomegranate blossoms, and scarabs engraved with deities’ names, per the statement. The archaeologists also found two limestone blocks, one inscribed with the name of an official, “Bay,” and the other mentioning Ramses.

The pharaoh Ramses II, or Ramses the Great, ruled Egypt from 1279 to 1213 B.C.E., as the third king of the 19th Dynasty. Nicknamed the “builder pharaoh,” Ramses commissioned many temples during his reign, ensuring a lasting legacy. The newly discovered barracks also illustrate his sprawling influence.

One of the most intriguing discoveries was a bronze sword engraved with the cartouche of Ramses, or hieroglyphs arranged in an oval representing his name. Its presence suggests the fort was an important site during the pharaoh’s reign, per Ahram Online.

The barracks are an “important discovery” illuminating Egypt’s military strategy during Ramses’ rule, as Peter Brand, a historian at the University of Memphis who wasn’t involved in the excavation, tells Live Science.

“The weaponry demonstrates the place was well armed and may even have been able to produce some weapons on site,��� Brand adds. The bronze sword was “likely given to a high-ranking officer as a royal reward. … The king’s name and titles engraved on it increased the prestige of its owner and ‘advertised’ the [king’s] wealth, power and generosity.”

By Sonja Anderson.

[culturei6b]

🧵 Ardakan Carpet Museum – A Living Tribute to Persian Weaving

Tucked inside the historic Malek Afzali House in Ardakan, the Ardakan Carpet Museum is a vibrant celebration of Iran’s rich textile heritage. This beautifully restored merchant’s residence from the late Qajar and early Pahlavi era now serves as a cultural sanctuary for the art of carpet weaving.

Inside, visitors can explore two main sections:

The educational wing, where traditional weaving techniques are demonstrated—from setting up the loom to dyeing yarns with natural pigments.

The exhibition hall, showcasing exquisite handwoven carpets crafted by the skilled women and men of Ardakan, each piece telling a story through intricate patterns and colors.

The museum also features historical tools, rare textiles, and even Zilu mats dating back to 837 AH. The building itself is a masterpiece, with mudbrick walls, wooden doors, a central courtyard with a turquoise pool, and architectural elements like windcatchers, seasonal rooms, and a subterranean payab connected to an ancient qanat.

Whether you're a fan of Persian art or simply curious about desert architecture, this museum offers a deeply immersive experience.

📍 Address & Access

Location: No. 77, Amjad Alley, Ayatollah Khamenei Boulevard, Charchab District, Ardakan, Yazd Province, Iran

How to get there:

🚌 By bus: Get off at Taleghani Square and walk a few minutes to Amjad Alley.

🚕 By taxi: Ask for Malek Afzali House or Carpet Museum near Charchab.

🚗 By car: Use navigation apps and search for “Ardakan Carpet Museum” or “Malek Afzali House” for precise directions.

If you enjoyed this post, make sure to follow our channel for more fascinating content and cultural insights. Don't forget to subscribe and support our YouTube channel at: culturei6b. 🎥✨

[est8r]

homes

A home is more than just a physical structure; it embodies a sense of belonging, comfort, and security. Throughout history, people have sought shelter not only to protect themselves from the elements but also to create spaces where memories are made, families are nurtured, and lives are shaped. The evolution of homes mirrors the development of society, with changes in architecture, technology, and lifestyle continually influencing how and where people live.

In ancient times, homes were basic, functional spaces often built from materials readily available in the local environment. Mud, wood, and stone provided the primary resources for shelter. As societies advanced, homes evolved into more complex and durable structures, reflecting the culture, climate, and resources of each region. In ancient Egypt, for instance, mudbrick houses lined the streets, while in medieval Europe, timber-framed cottages were common. Across different continents, homes took on diverse forms, from the yurts of Central Asia to the adobe dwellings of the American Southwest.

Today, homes serve a multitude of purposes beyond providing shelter. They represent personal identity and social status and are often seen as investments for future financial stability. Modern homes range from minimalist apartments in bustling cities to expansive country estates. Architectural styles vary widely, from sleek, contemporary designs with open floor plans to traditional homes that embrace classic craftsmanship and timeless aesthetics. Innovations in building materials, energy efficiency, and smart technology have further transformed what people expect from their living spaces.

One major factor shaping homes in the modern era is urbanization. As more people flock to cities in search of better economic opportunities, the demand for housing in urban areas has skyrocketed. This has led to the development of high-rise condominiums, co-living spaces, and innovative micro-apartments that make efficient use of limited space. While some lament the loss of large, open properties, others appreciate the convenience and vibrancy of city living. These trends also highlight the importance of thoughtful urban planning and sustainable development to accommodate growing populations without sacrificing quality of life.

In contrast, rural and suburban areas continue to appeal to those who value space, tranquility, and a closer connection to nature. These homes often feature larger plots of land, gardens, and access to outdoor activities, making them ideal for families, retirees, and remote workers. The recent rise of remote work has further fueled interest in living outside of major metropolitan centers, as more people realize they can maintain their careers without the necessity of a long daily commute.

The design and functionality of homes have also been influenced by societal changes, such as the increasing diversity of family structures. No longer defined solely by the traditional nuclear family, homes today are designed to accommodate a variety of living arrangements, including multigenerational households, single-parent families, and shared living spaces among friends or co-workers. Flexibility is key, with many homes featuring adaptable spaces that can serve multiple purposes, from home offices and gyms to guest rooms and creative studios.

Environmental awareness has also become a driving force in the housing market. Many homeowners and builders are prioritizing sustainability, seeking to reduce the ecological footprint of homes through the use of eco-friendly materials, solar panels, rainwater harvesting systems, and energy-efficient appliances. Green building certifications and eco-conscious community developments are gaining popularity, reflecting a broader commitment to protecting the planet for future generations.

Another significant trend impacting the housing market is the integration of smart technology. Smart homes offer a range of connected features designed to enhance convenience, security, and energy management. From voice-controlled lighting and thermostats to advanced security systems and automated appliances, technology is reshaping the way people interact with their living spaces. These innovations not only improve quality of life but can also increase the value of properties on the market.

The emotional aspect of owning a home cannot be overstated. For many, purchasing a home represents a major life milestone and a tangible symbol of achievement. Homeownership fosters a sense of pride, stability, and investment in the surrounding community. However, it's important to recognize that the path to homeownership can be challenging, particularly in markets where affordability is a major concern. Rising property prices, limited inventory, and economic uncertainty can make it difficult for first-time buyers to enter the market, prompting a need for creative solutions and supportive policies.

In conclusion, homes have always been an integral part of human life, evolving alongside our societies, technologies, and values. Whether nestled in the heart of a city, stretched across a countryside, or perched along a picturesque coast, each home tells a unique story about the people who inhabit it. As our needs and aspirations continue to change, so too will the concept of home, ensuring that it remains a central and cherished element of our lives for generations to come.