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What Is Caustic Soda and Where Can You Get It?

Caustic soda is one of the common names for sodium hydroxide (NaOH), which is also known as lye. Its common name derives from its chemical identity as a sodium hydrate and because it is caustic or corrosive. In pure form, caustic soda is a waxy, white solid. It readily absorbs water and forms aqueous solutions. Commercially available caustic soda or sodium hydroxide is usually sodium hydroxide monohydrate, NaOH·H2O.

Key Takeaways: Caustic Soda

Caustic soda is one of the common names for sodium hydroxide (NaOH).

It is also known as lye, although lye may refer to either potassium hydroxide or sodium hydroxide.

Pure caustic soda is sold for making candles or soap.

Impure caustic soda is found in drain cleaner.

Because lye is used to make illegal drugs, it's harder to buy large quantities than in the past. However, small containers are available in stores and online.

Uses of Caustic Soda or Lye

Lye is used for soap making, candle making, homemade biodiesel, frosting glass, making several foods, and for chemistry experiments.

How to Get Caustic Soda or Lye

It's much harder to get hold of lye than it used to be in the past. The main source of caustic soda was Red Devil Lye, but that product is off the market now. Why is it hard to get lye? The reason is because it can be used to control pH during methamphetamine production. There are still a few ways to get the chemical. Make sure the product is 100% sodium hydroxide, lye, or caustic soda. This is especially important if you are making food, since an impure product may contain dangerous contaminants. Sources of lye include:

·Drain cleaner (check the label) - e.g., Roebic Crystal Drain Cleaner, sold at Lowes

·Sodium hydroxide from an online chemical supply store

·Soap-making store

·Candle-making store

·Biodiesel supply store

Be aware, when purchasing caustic soda or lye, you may need to sign a statement that you're not using it for illegal activities. Or, you may not need to sign anything, since a credit card pretty much provides all the details needed to find you if the authorities think you're a rising drug lord.

Helpful Tips

·Since it's relatively hard to get hold of this chemical, you may need to buy in bulk. You may be able to find other people that need the chemical to help split the cost. It's not an expensive item, but you probably don't need several pounds of it.

·Keep the container sealed and away from moisture. Caustic soda absorbs and reacts with water.

·Keep lye away from children and pets. Touching or ingesting it can cause a potentially severe chemical burn.

·Use gloves or utensils to handle caustic soda.

·Perform reactions involving this chemical in a well-ventilated room or outdoors. The reaction releases heat and noxious fumes.

Caustic Soda or Lye Substitutes

Depending on the purpose, you may be able to substitute a chemically similar strong base, potassium hydroxide (KOH). This is a chemical you can, if you are extremely dedicated, make yourself by soaking wood ashes in water. To do this, soak a large quantity of ashes in a small amount of water. Allow about a week for the water to extract the lye. Drain the liquid, which contains potassium hydroxide, filter it, and boil it to concentrate the alkali. Be careful and use gloves when handling the liquid. The project should only be performed outdoors or in a well-ventilated space.

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What Is Citric Acid, and Is It Bad for You?

Citric acid is found in citrus fruits, especially lemons and limes. It’s what gives them their tart, sour taste.

A manufactured form of citric acid is commonly used as an additive in food, cleaning agents, and nutritional supplements.

However, this manufactured form differs from what’s found naturally in citrus fruits.

For this reason, you may wonder whether it’s good or bad for you.

This article explains the differences between natural and manufactured citric acid, and explores its benefits, uses, and safety.

 What is citric acid?

Citric acid was first derived from lemon juice by a Swedish researcher in 1784 (1Trusted Source).

The odorless and colorless compound was produced from lemon juice until the early 1900s when researchers discovered that it could also be made from the black mold Aspergillus niger, which creates citric acid when it feeds on sugar (1Trusted Source, 2Trusted Source).

Because of its acidic, sour-tasting nature, citric acid is predominantly used as a flavoring and preserving agent, especially in soft drinks and candies.

It’s also used to stabilize or preserve medicines and as a disinfectant.

Natural food sources

Citrus fruits and their juices are the best natural sources of citric acid (3Trusted Source).

In fact, the word citric originates from the Latin word citrus (2Trusted Source).

Examples of citrus fruits include:

·lemons

·limes

·oranges

·grapefruits

·tangerines

·pomelos

Other fruits also contain citric acid but in lesser amounts. These include:

·pineapple

·strawberries

·raspberries

·cranberries

·cherries

·tomatoes

Beverages or food products that contain these fruits — such as ketchup in the case of tomatoes — also contain citric acid.

While not naturally occurring, citric acid is also a byproduct of cheese, wine, and sourdough bread production.

The citric acid listed in the ingredients of foods and supplements is manufactured — not what’s naturally found in citrus fruits (4Trusted Source).

This is because producing this additive from citrus fruits is too expensive, and the demand far exceeds the supply.

Health benefits and body uses

Citric acid has many impressive health benefits and functions.

Metabolizes energy

Citrate — a closely related molecule of citric acid — is the first molecule that forms during a process called the citric acid cycle.

Also known as the tricarboxylic acid (TCA) or Krebs cycle, these chemical reactions in your body help transform food into usable energy (11Trusted Source).

Humans and other organisms derive the majority of their energy from this cycle.

Enhances nutrient absorption

Supplemental minerals are available in a variety of forms.

But not all forms are created equal, as your body uses some more effectively.

Citric acid enhances the bioavailability of minerals, allowing your body to better absorb them (12, 13Trusted Source, 14Trusted Source).

For example, calcium citrate doesn’t require stomach acid for absorption. It also has fewer side effects — such as gas, bloating, or constipation — than another form called calcium carbonate (15Trusted Source, 16Trusted Source).

Thus, calcium citrate is a better option for people with less stomach acid, such as older adults.

Similarly, magnesium in the citrate form is absorbed more completely and more bioavailable than magnesium oxide and magnesium sulfate (17Trusted Source, 18Trusted Source, 19Trusted Source).

May protect against kidney stones

Citric acid — in the form of potassium citrate — prevents new kidney stone formation and breaks apart those already formed (20Trusted Source, 21Trusted Source, 22Trusted Source).

Kidney stones are solid masses made of crystals that typically originate in your kidneys.

Citric acid protects against kidney stones by making your urine less favorable for the formation of stones (23Trusted Source).

Kidney stones are often treated with citric acid as potassium citrate. However, consuming foods high in this natural acid — like citrus fruits — can offer similar kidney-stone-preventing benefits (3Trusted Source, 24Trusted Source).

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The Nitric acid

Nitric acid (HNO3), also known as aqua fortis (Latin for "strong water") and spirit of niter, is a highly corrosive mineral acid.

The pure compound is colorless, but older samples tend to acquire a yellow cast due to decomposition into oxides of nitrogen and water. Most commercially available nitric acid has a concentration of 68% in water. When the solution contains more than 86% HNO3, it is referred to as fuming nitric acid. Depending on the amount of nitrogen dioxide present, fuming nitric acid is further characterized as red fuming nitric acid at concentrations above 86%, or white fuming nitric acid at concentrations above 95%.

Nitric acid is the primary reagent used for nitration – the addition of a nitro group, typically to an organic molecule. While some resulting nitro compounds are shock- and thermally-sensitive explosives, a few are stable enough to be used in munitions and demolition, while others are still more stable and used as pigments in inks and dyes. Nitric acid is also commonly used as a strong oxidizing agent.

Niche uses

Metal processing

Nitric acid can be used to convert metals to oxidized forms, such as converting copper metal to cupric nitrate. It can also be used in combination with hydrochloric acid as aqua regia to dissolve noble metals such as gold (as chloroauric acid). These salts can be used to purify gold and other metals beyond 99.9% purity by processes of recrystallization and selective precipitation. Its ability to dissolve certain metals selectively or be a solvent for many metal salts makes it useful in gold parting processes.

 Analytical reagent

In elemental analysis by ICP-MS, ICP-AES, GFAA, and Flame AA, dilute nitric acid (0.5–5.0%) is used as a matrix compound for determining metal traces insolutions. Ultrapure trace metal grade acid is required for such determination, because small amounts of metal ions could affect the result of the analysis.

 It is also typically used in the digestion process of turbid water samples, sludge samples, solid samples as well as other types of unique samples which require elemental analysis via ICP-MS, ICP-OES, ICP-AES, GFAA and flame atomic absorption spectroscopy. Typically these digestions use a 50% solution of the purchased HNO

3 mixed with Type 1 DI Water.

 In electrochemistry, nitric acid is used as a chemical doping agent for organic semiconductors, and in purification processes for raw carbon nanotubes.

 Woodworking

In a low concentration (approximately 10%), nitric acid is often used to artificially age pine and maple. The color produced is a grey-gold very much like very old wax- or oil-finished wood (wood finishing).

 Etchant and cleaning agent

The corrosive effects of nitric acid are exploited for some specialty applications, such as etching in printmaking, pickling stainless steel or cleaning silicon wafers in electronics.

 A solution of nitric acid, water and alcohol, Nital, is used for etching metals to reveal the microstructure. ISO 14104 is one of the standards detailing this well known procedure.

 Nitric acid is used either in combination with hydrochloric acid or alone to clean glass cover slips and glass slides for high-end microscopy applications.It is also used to clean glass before silvering when making silver mirrors.

Commercially available aqueous blends of 5–30% nitric acid and 15–40% phosphoric acid are commonly used for cleaning food and dairy equipment primarily to remove precipitated calcium and magnesium compounds (either deposited from the process stream or resulting from the use of hard water during production and cleaning). The phosphoric acid content helps to passivate ferrous alloys against corrosion by the dilute nitric acid.[citation needed]

Nitric acid can be used as a spot test for alkaloids like LSD, giving a variety of colours depending on the alkaloid.

Nuclear fuel reprocessing

Nitric acid plays a key role in PUREX and other nuclear fuel reprocessing methods, where it can dissolve many different actinides. The resulting nitrates are converted to various complexes that can be reacted and extracted selectively in order to separate the metals from each other.

Safety

Nitric acid is a corrosive acid and a powerful oxidizing agent. The major hazard posed by it is chemical burns, as it carries out acid hydrolysis with proteins (amide) and fats (ester), which consequently decomposes living tissue (e.g. skin and flesh). Concentrated nitric acid stains human skin yellow due to its reaction with the keratin. These yellow stains turn orange when neutralized. Systemic effects are unlikely, however, and the substance is not considered a carcinogen or mutagen.

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Potassium chloride

Potassium chloride (KCl, or potassium salt) is a metal halide salt composed of potassium and chlorine. It is odorless and has a white or colorless vitreous crystal appearance. The solid dissolves readily in water, and its solutions have a salt-like taste. Potassium chloride can be obtained from ancient dried lake deposits.[7] KCl is used as a fertilizer,[8] in medicine, in scientific applications, and in food processing, where it may be known as E number additive E508.

It occurs naturally as the mineral sylvite, and in combination with sodium chloride as sylvinite.[9]

Uses

Fertilizer

The majority of the potassium chloride produced is used for making fertilizer, called potash, since the growth of many plants is limited by potassium availability. Potassium chloride sold as fertilizer is known as muriate of potash (MOP). The vast majority of potash fertilizer worldwide is sold as MOP.

Potassium chloride, compacted, fertilizer grade.

Medical use

Main article: Potassium chloride (medical use)

Potassium is vital in the human body, and potassium chloride by mouth is the common means to treat low blood potassium, although it can also be given intravenously. It is on the World Health Organization's List of Essential Medicines.[10] Overdose causes hyperkalemia which can disrupt cell signaling to the extent that the heart will stop, reversibly in the case of some open heart surgeries.

Culinary use

It can be used as a salt substitute for food, but due to its weak, bitter, unsalty flavor, it is often mixed with ordinary table salt (sodium chloride) to improve the taste to form low sodium salt. The addition of 1 ppm of thaumatin considerably reduces this bitterness.[11] Complaints of bitterness or a chemical or metallic taste are also reported with potassium chloride used in food.

Industrial

As a chemical feedstock, it is used for the manufacture of potassium hydroxide and potassium metal. It is also used in medicine, lethal injections, scientific applications, food processing, soaps, and as a sodium-free substitute for table salt for people concerned about the health effects of sodium.

It is used as a supplement in animal feed to boost the potassium level in the feed. As an added benefit, it is known to increase milk production.[citation needed]

It is sometimes used in solution as a completion fluid in petroleum and natural gas operations, as well as being an alternative to sodium chloride in household water softener units.

Glass manufacturers use granular potash as a flux, lowering the temperature at which a mixture melts. Because potash imparts excellent clarity to glass, it is commonly used in eyeglasses, glassware, televisions, and computer monitors.

KCl is useful as a beta radiation source for calibration of radiation monitoring equipment, because natural potassium contains 0.0118% of the isotope 40K. One kilogram of KCl yields 16350 becquerels of radiation, consisting of 89.28% beta and 10.72% gamma, with 1.46083 MeV. In order to use off-the-shelf materials, it needs to be crystallized sequentially, using controlled temperature, in order to extract KCl, which is the subject of ongoing research.[citation needed] It also emits a relatively low level of 511 keV gamma rays from positron annihilation, which can be used to calibrate medical scanners.[citation needed]

Potassium chloride is used in some de-icing products designed to be safer for pets and plants, though these are inferior in melting quality to calcium chloride [lowest usable temperature 12 °F (−11 °C) v. −25 °F (−32 °C)]. It is also used in various brands of bottled water.[citation needed]

Potassium chloride was once used as a fire extinguishing agent, and in portable and wheeled fire extinguishers. Known as Super-K dry chemical, it was more effective than sodium bicarbonate-based dry chemicals and was compatible with protein foam. This agent fell out of favor with the introduction of potassium bicarbonate (Purple-K) dry chemical in the late 1960s, which was much less corrosive, as well as more effective. It is rated for B and C fires.[citation needed]

Along with sodium chloride and lithium chloride, potassium chloride is used as a flux for the gas welding of aluminium.

Potassium chloride is also an optical crystal with a wide transmission range from 210 nm to 20 µm. While cheap, KCl crystals are hygroscopic. This limits its application to protected environments or short-term uses such as prototyping. Exposed to free air, KCl optics will "rot". Whereas KCl components were formerly used for infrared optics, it has been entirely replaced by much tougher crystals such as zinc selenide.[citation needed]

Potassium chloride is used as a scotophor with designation P10 in dark-trace CRTs, e.g. in the Skiatron.

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Speciality chemical companies

The speciality chemical market is complex and each specialty chemicals business segment comprises many sub-segments, each with individualized product, market and competitive profiles. This has given rise to a wide range of business needs and opportunities, consequently there are a large number of speciality chemical companies around the world. Many of these companies are SME's with their own niche products and sometimes technology focus. The common stock of over 400 speciality chemical companies from around the world are identified by Bloomberg the providers of global business and financial information. There are many more privately owned speciality chemical companies that are not quoted on the global stock markets.

The 10 largest European speciality chemical companies are BASF, AkzoNobel, Clariant, Evonik, Cognis, Kemira, Lanxess, Rhodia, Wacker and Croda. By definition, speciality chemicals are produced in relatively small quantities but they represent 28 per cent of EU chemical sales.

The 10 largest USA Speciality Chemical Companies are The Lubrizol Corporation, Huntsman, Ashland, Chemtura, Rockwood, Albemarle, Cabot, W. R. Grace, Ferro Corporation, and Cytec Industries.

The emergence of India as a manufacturer and supplier of speciality chemicals has had a major impact on the Global speciality chemical industry. In India the many speciality chemical companies are members of national organisations such as the Indian Chemical Council (ICC) and the Indian Speciality Chemical Manufacturers' Association (ISCMA). The wide capability of these companies extends into all sectors and sub-sectors of the speciality chemical market.

The United Kingdom has 1300 speciality chemical companies and which have an annual turnover of £11.2 billion.The products of these UK companies are sold globally and contribute significantly to the UKs export trade. With over £30 billion of exports the chemical industry is the last remaining net-exporting manufacturing industry in the UK and Speciality Chemicals make up a significant proportion of this. The products include dyestuffs, paints, explosives, adhesives, flavors and fragrances, photographic chemicals, unrecorded media and various industrial specialities. As Speciality Chemical manufacturers, unlike commodity chemical manufacturers, are less dependent on large scale infrastructure, therefore Speciality Chemical companies can be found in almost all regions of the UK. Some 80% of the United Kingdom Chemical industry is based in the north of the country and consequently there are concentrations of Speciality Chemical companies in Yorkshire, and in the membership of the Northeast of England Process Industry Cluster (NEPIC).

The global speciality chemical market

In 2011 the Global Specialty Chemicals market had total revenues of $767.5 billion and it is reported that it had a compound annual growth rate (CAGR) of 2.7% between 2007 and 2011. The market is further projected to reach $980 billion by the end of 2016. These speciality products are marketed as pesticides, speciality polymers, electronic chemicals, surfactants, construction chemicals, Industrial Cleaners, flavors and fragrances, speciality coatings, printing inks, water-soluble polymers, food additives, paper chemicals, oil field chemicals, plastic adhesives, adhesives and sealants, cosmetic chemicals, water management chemicals, catalysts, textile chemicals.

The world's top five specialty chemicals segments in 2012 were specialty polymers, industrial and institutional (I&I) cleaners, construction chemicals, electronic chemicals, and flavors and fragrances. These segments had a market share of about 36% The ten largest segments accounted for 62% of total annual specialty chemicals sales.

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Alkylamines Market Forecast

According to MRFR analysis, the Alkylamines Market is expected to reach around 7 billion in 2028

Alkylamines are a versatile family of chemical synthesis compounds. Alkylamines are ammonia derivative compounds with one or more hydrogen atoms replaced by alkyl groups. Amines are classified according to the number of carbon atoms bonded directly to the nitrogen atom. A primary  amine has one alkyl (or aryl) group on the nitrogen atom, a secondary amine has two, and a tertiary  amine has three. The alkyl groups are referred to as substituents, while the NH4+ ion is the parent species. The common names for simple aliphatic amines consist of an alphabetic list of alkyl groups attached to the nitrogen atom, followed by the suffix -amine.

Alkylamines are being increasingly used in various applications, including solvents, insecticides, feed additives, rubber processing chemicals, and water treatment chemicals, which arepropelling the market forward. The market is expanding due to the increasing usage of alkylamines in manufacturing awide range of solvents. Furthermore, the rising use of C1-C6 alkylamines as pesticides in the agrochemical sector is propelling the market growth. Growing usage of solvents in the manufacturing of spandex, polyurethane elastomers, and polyimide films, on the other hand, are contributing to market expansion.

 Moreover, the growing demand for alkylamines in wastewater treatment is boosting the alkylamines market. Alkylamine is an effective surfactant that can act as a biocide due to itsability to kill microorganisms. When used in water, alkylaminesimprove the biocidal activity of chlorinated phenolic. Alkylamines improve water quality while also acting as corrosion inhibitors due to theiroxygen scavenging property. The rising amount of wastewater discharged into rivers, which poses health, environmental, and climate-related risks,aredriving up demand for water treatment plants. The development of wastewater treatment plants in both developed and developing regions, on the other side, encourages market growth.For instance, in 2019, the South African Government has released a grant of USD 24 million to construct multiple wastewater treatment plants in the province of Mpumalanga.Thus, development in wastewater treatment activities across the globe promotes market growth.

 However, the detrimental effects of alkylamine and high maintenance costs will likelyhinder the global Alkylamines market. Nevertheless, factors such as government investments and advancement in manufacturing technologiesarelikely to create lucrative opportunities for market growth in the forecast period. Surging innovation in the pharmaceutical industry is projected to open up new growth potential for leading market players.

Covid Impact Analysis

 The outbreak of COVID-19 has had a negative impact on alkylamines production due to the disruption in the supply chain across the globe. This is because of the restrictions on travel and face-to-face meetings coupled with lockdown and curfews to limit the spread of the coronavirus. The pandemic affects operations of different industries, including agriculture, oil and gas, construction, packaging, and others. Because Alkylamines are widely employed in various industries, the decline in their operations directly impacts market growth.

 Producers are planning to increase alkylamine prices for end-users to sustain themselves in the market. The majority of raw materials suppliers in this market had to shut down their operating facilities due to the outbreak of COVID-19. The shutdown of various raw material producers and alkylamines manufacturers havereporteda decline in global consumption. Considering the situation, many companies have halted their production facilities across the globe. Some other companies, which are still working, are operating at only 40-60% efficiency. However, these companies have begun operations again.

 Manufacturers in this market have decreased their production capacities owing to the decline in demand from the end-use industries, reduced prices, and disruptions in the supply of raw materials. Key players in the market have witnessed a decline in revenue in the fiscal year 2020 compared to 2019. The manufacturers are taking a toll due to reduced demand for products and have announced reduced capital for their prospects. In addition to this, the imposition of various fiscal and monetary policies across the globe to limit the damage caused by COVID -19 by the governments and managements is expected to result in certain relief.

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What Is Caustic Soda and Where Can You Get It?

Caustic soda is one of the common names for sodium hydroxide (NaOH), which is also known as lye. Its common name derives from its chemical identity as a sodium hydrate and because it is caustic or corrosive. In pure form, caustic soda is a waxy, white solid. It readily absorbs water and forms aqueous solutions. Commercially available caustic soda or sodium hydroxide is usually sodium hydroxide monohydrate, NaOH·H2O.

Key Takeaways: Caustic Soda

Caustic soda is one of the common names for sodium hydroxide (NaOH).

It is also known as lye, although lye may refer to either potassium hydroxide or sodium hydroxide.

Pure caustic soda is sold for making candles or soap.

Impure caustic soda is found in drain cleaner.

Because lye is used to make illegal drugs, it's harder to buy large quantities than in the past. However, small containers are available in stores and online.

Uses of Caustic Soda or Lye

Lye is used for soap making, candle making, homemade biodiesel, frosting glass, making several foods, and for chemistry experiments.

How to Get Caustic Soda or Lye

It's much harder to get hold of lye than it used to be in the past. The main source of caustic soda was Red Devil Lye, but that product is off the market now. Why is it hard to get lye? The reason is because it can be used to control pH during methamphetamine production. There are still a few ways to get the chemical. Make sure the product is 100% sodium hydroxide, lye, or caustic soda. This is especially important if you are making food, since an impure product may contain dangerous contaminants. Sources of lye include:

·Drain cleaner (check the label) - e.g., Roebic Crystal Drain Cleaner, sold at Lowes

·Sodium hydroxide from an online chemical supply store

·Soap-making store

·Candle-making store

·Biodiesel supply store

Be aware, when purchasing caustic soda or lye, you may need to sign a statement that you're not using it for illegal activities. Or, you may not need to sign anything, since a credit card pretty much provides all the details needed to find you if the authorities think you're a rising drug lord.

Helpful Tips

·Since it's relatively hard to get hold of this chemical, you may need to buy in bulk. You may be able to find other people that need the chemical to help split the cost. It's not an expensive item, but you probably don't need several pounds of it.

·Keep the container sealed and away from moisture. Caustic soda absorbs and reacts with water.

·Keep lye away from children and pets. Touching or ingesting it can cause a potentially severe chemical burn.

·Use gloves or utensils to handle caustic soda.

·Perform reactions involving this chemical in a well-ventilated room or outdoors. The reaction releases heat and noxious fumes.

Caustic Soda or Lye Substitutes

Depending on the purpose, you may be able to substitute a chemically similar strong base, potassium hydroxide (KOH). This is a chemical you can, if you are extremely dedicated, make yourself by soaking wood ashes in water. To do this, soak a large quantity of ashes in a small amount of water. Allow about a week for the water to extract the lye. Drain the liquid, which contains potassium hydroxide, filter it, and boil it to concentrate the alkali. Be careful and use gloves when handling the liquid. The project should only be performed outdoors or in a well-ventilated space.

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Can you use a fly fishing reel for most types of rod fishing?

Fly fishing is “regular fishing���, it’s just one of the many types of fishing techniques used.

That being said, the question appears to be whether or not a fly rod (there are many different fly rods, BTW) can be used with a spinning or casting reel. the answer is yes for the spinning reel and no for the casting reel. (The latter can be used, but it is very awkward.)

This is an ignorant question (Ignorant means lack of knowledge, it is not a pejorative) indicating that the person asking it is not a serious fisherman. That’s OK, most people are not that aware of the various styles of fishing.

For the most part, fishing rods are specialized. While different styles of fishing can be used in the same context, most serious anglers use the system that is most efficient for their needs. As a result, the rods for these systems are made differently from one another. If you are a casual angler and want to use the simplest system (other than a pole, which is the simplest but not a rod), then most people use spinning equipment. The reason this works out for beginners/casual anglers is that it has the flattest learning curve for casting. Most people never go beyond a float with a worm cast out hoping a fish is near by.

On the other hand, tournament anglers and serious species fishermen use the most efficient equipment they can get and that usually involves finding a system that works best for them. For example, fly fishing, which has the most difficult learning curve, is especially good for streams because it presents the lure/bait in the most natural and efficient manner. While other systems can be used there successfully, they are not as attuned to the circumstances . On the other hand, casting lures is more efficient in the context of a bass tournament (with some special exceptions) while walleye tourneys may use spinning equipment.

Serious carp anglers will use spinning rods that are in the 12 to 13 foot range. The list goes on.

Now to get into the weeds. You can use fly rod blanks for a variety of other types of rods, especially if you have to make your own rods to fit a specific style. In the US you can’t buy a quiver tip rod at Walmart, for example, or some of the other very specialized rods seen in Europe. (You can buy them at specialty stores online in the US or from Europe.). I chose to make my own from fly rod blanks. I was able to design travel rods from 4 piece blanks of the right sort.

I grew up in an angling family and one of my first rods was a short fly rod with a spinning reel. It was expedient but I moved on fairly quickly after it was clear that I would continue the family tradition. (Then they taught me to cast a fly rod after I mastered the casting reel.)

In the end, I learned to use the right tool for the job.

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Commercial classification of chemicals

Following the commercial classification of chemicals, chemicals produced by chemical industry can be divided essentially into three broad categories:

commodity chemicals: are chemicals produced in large quantities[1] and in general their applications can be traced back to their chemical structure;[1] for this reason, two commodities produced by two different suppliers but with the same chemical structure and purity are almost identical and they can be easily interchanged;[1] they are produced by continuous plant and in general their cost is relatively low; examples of chemical commodities are ammonia and ethylene oxide;

speciality chemicals (or specialty chemicals): are constituted by a mixture of different chemical substances, that is designed and produced in order to be applied to a specific application;the formulation of specialities is the result of scientific researches carried out by the producer company, so each formulation and associated properties are unique and for this reason in the majority of the cases it is not possible to easily interchange two different specialities produced by two different suppliers; examples of applications of speciality chemicals are pharmaceuticals industry and agriculture; they are produced by batch plant and in general their cost is higher if compared with commodity chemicals;

Fine chemicals: as the commodity chemicals, they are chemical substances characterized by their chemical structure, but, on the contrary of commodity chemicals, they are produced in a small quantity; fine chemicals can be used as components in the formulation of speciality chemicals;for example active ingredients of pharmaceutical drugs are fine chemicals, but the pharmaceutical drug is a speciality chemical; examples of applications of fine chemicals are: pharmaceuticals industry, agriculture, photography chemicals and electronic chemicals;they are produced by batch plant and in general their cost is relatively high.

Kline matrix

Kline matrix was presented for the first time in 1970 by Charles Howard Kline.[5] It is a more detailed classification of the previous one, that distinguished chemical commodities into two subclasses, called respectively "true commodities" and "pseudocommodities". In general the classification of chemical industry products by the Kline matrix is related to the chemicals' worldwide production (measured for example in tons/year) and to their value added.[6]

Following this classification, the chemical industry products are divided into four categories:

Basic chemicals

The concept of basic chemicals is very close to chemical commodities. In fact basic chemicals are chemical substances used as a starting material for the production of a wide variety of other chemicals; for this reason they are in general commodities, because they are highly demanded. Some examples of basic chemicals are: ethylene, benzene, chlorine and sulfuric acid.

High production volume chemical

High Production Volume (HPV) Chemicals is another commercial classification of chemical substances very close to chemical commodities. This categories is used in US and includes all the chemicals produced or imported by US in an amount higher than 1 million pounds.

It is supposed that the number of commercialized chemical products is around 70,000 and around 5% of them are High production volume chemicals.

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How to get start fly fishing in 10 simple steps

Before you get started fly fishing, you will need to purchase a fishing license in the state where you plan to fish. You can even purchase your fishing license online and go fishing that same day.

Learning how to identify the species you catch is a requirement. When you know how to properly identify the fish you catch, you will be able to accurately refer to any size limits, bag limits, or other fishing regulations pertaining to a particular species.

Use the places to boat and fish map or top family spots list to select your location. If the location is near you, and you have time stop by the spot in advance of your actual fishing trip to confirm access points, areas of potential structure, or fish activity, it can be helpful.

Keep in mind that you don't need a lot of tackle or gear to get started fly fishing. Use this basic list of fishing essentials for beginners:

Rod and reel combo

Small tackle box with divided trays

Spool of monofilament fishing line (6- or 8-pound test for freshwater fishing)

Round plastic bobbers

Split shot weights

Assortment of hooks in various sizes (size 2 for small bait to size 3/0 for bigger bait)

Pliers (to remove hooks)

Measuring tape

Scissors (to cut line or leader)

Learn one line joining knot and one lure or rig knot. Two good knots to start with are the double-uni knot (line joining knot) and the improved clinch knot (for tying your leader to your fishing hook).

You will need to know what the fishing laws or regulations are for the species you catch. Fishing regulations are put into place in order to protect our fish populations and waterways for future generations to enjoy.

You can either purchase live bait from a bait or tackle shop or get your own live bait. Live worms, crickets or minnows are good baits to use for freshwater fishing.

Since you have already researched good fishing spots in the area, you know exactly where you want to go to have your first fishing experience. Once you arrive, unload your gear and bait your hook with the live bait that you brought along. Don't forget to use the appropriate sized hook for the type of bait you are using.

If you are using a plastic bobber, you may need to adjust the placement of your bobber on your fishing line depending on the depth of the water in order to get your bait at the appropriate position in the water column.

If you are fishing with circle hooks, remember that you don't need to jerk your rod upwards to set the hook, all you have to do it reel. If you are using standard hooks, then you will need to set the hook by raising your fishing rod into the air quickly. You have your first fish on the line now, how exciting!

Now that you know how to get started fishing, be sure to learn how to release the fish you catch. You won't want to keep all of the fish you catch, so knowing how to release your fish so that it has the best chance for survival is very important. 

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Chloroform Price Trend and Forecast

Market Overview

For the Quarter Ending June 2021

North America

During the second quarter of 2021, the regional Chloroform supply remained tight due to extreme feedstock Chlorine shortage reported by the key regional producers. Downstream industries recovered over Q1 due to the restoration of the industrial infrastructure in the US Gulf coast after remaining largely disrupted due to winter storm in Q1. The resumption of several producing units meant better availability of upstream Methanol. Offtakes from the downstream industries surged amidst the peak demand season from the building and construction sector during the second quarter. FOB Texas Chloroform prices in June were assessed around USD 700 per tonne. 

Asia Pacific

Chloroform pricing trend in the Southeast Asian region showcased mixed results despite sufficient inventories of upstream Methanol and Chlorine. In India, the market was weighed under slow offtakes due to reduced industrial consumption amidst the partial lockdown to contain the spread of second COVID wave in India. Furthermore, weaker Chlorine eased Chloroform prices in the domestic market. Ex-works prices in South India were assessed at USD 500 per tonne in June. While in China, supplies were curtailed as Jinmao Chemicals went for a turnaround in May end, whereas Dongyue Chemicals operated at 60% efficiency and Luxi chemicals operated at 90% efficiency in the same period. Pricing trend of Chloroform in the Chinese domestic market remained firm amidst peak refrigerant demand season.    

Europe

The supplies of Chloroform in the European region improved as production rates of feedstock chemicals were ramped up. Furthermore, the import market outlook was supported with the better volume offtakes from the downstream refrigerant chemical industries. The overall price trend remained strong due to bolstered demand and strong international pricing. Offtakes from the UK construction sector were strong than anticipated. Due to better demand and stronger margins, price of Chloroform remained firm for a larger part of Q2 in Europe.

How we can help

ChemAnalyst addresses the key problematic areas and risks associated with chemical and petrochemical business globally and enables the decision-maker to make smart choices. It identifies and analyses factors such as geopolitical risks, environmental risks, raw material availability, supply chain functionality, disruption in technology and so on. It targets market volatility and ensures clients navigate through challenges and pitfalls in an efficient and agile manner. Timeliness and accuracy of data has been the core competency of ChemAnalyst, benefitting domestic as well as global industry in tuning in to the real-time data points to execute multi-billion-dollar projects globally.

Company-wise installed capacity, production volume and plant operating efficiency is captured directly from manufacturers. Import and Export volume is captured from government sources and demand for Chloroform is calculated considering the production, import, export and inventory-levels on the country and regional level markets.

For the Quarter Ending March 2021

 North America

 The North American regional market was severely impacted during the first quarter of 2021, as the limited availability of the key feedstocks resulted in reduced production of Chloroform across the region. The industrial infrastructure in Texas and nearby Gulf region collapsed as it cannot sustain such low temperature amidst the region hit by the sub-zero temperature due to polar winter storm. Skyrocketing Methanol and Liquid Chlorine prices proportionally impacted the prices of Chloroform. Demand from the downstream refrigerant and pharmaceutical sector surged.

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What is Fly Fishing

Fly fishing is an amazing sport that you will love once you get into it. Apart from the fish you are after, this sport exposes you to the serenity and peace of nature. It also challenges your brain to outsmart the fish.

Fly fishing is an angling method whereby anglers catch fish using an artificial fly. The fly is cast using a fly rod, reel, and specialized weighted lines.  The fly should resemble the natural vertebrates, fish, or crustaceans as close as possible in size, form, and movement to effectively lure the fish to bite the fly.

The whole idea of fly fishing may seem overwhelming for a beginner as it is a bit different from conventional fishing. Most beginners are familiar with casting a heavier lure with the fishing rod followed by the line. But fly fishing is different.

You will first cast the heavier line, then the fly comes after it. Read on to understand more of this.

Let me explain three different variations of fly fishing.

Dry Fly Fishing

The first is dry fly fishing. The angler casts a buoyant fly that resembles aquatic insects. The dry fly is made to naturally float with the current. The striking fish will easily be noticed because of the visibility of the floating fly.

Wet Fly Fishing

The second variation is wet fly fishing. This method involves the use of a fly that sinks. You may also add a little weight to the fly to cause it to sink. The fly is then made to drift at a pace equal to that of the subsurface currents.

Streamer Fly Fishing

For streamer fly fishing, the fly used resembles a bait fish. The angler swings the fly across the currents as he waits for the target fish to strike. The retrieval pace should be rapid to evoke the predatory instincts of the target fish.

Without a second thought, the fish strikes the bait and it’s on! Streamers are used to imitate juvenile game fish and minnows. Big fish really love streamer patterns.

Fly Fishing Streamer

A Streamer Fly. Image Courtesy: Mike ClineShane Budd [Public domain], from Wikimedia Commons

Conclusion

Giving yourself enough time to fly fish will also do you good. Don’t try and rush into catching fish. This may ruin the whole sport and you will end up frustrated instead of deriving pleasure from it.

 Some beginners tend to go for the cheapest fly fishing equipment on the market because of budget constraints. I am certainly not for this. I urge you to get quality equipment that will serve you for a long time. Breaking your fly rod on the very first day of fishing will disappoint you, to the extent you may feel like quitting. Therefore, invest in quality equipment and accessories.

It is my hope you enjoyed reading this Fly Fishing Tips & Techniques guide for beginners. You can use most of these fly fishing tips & tricks to get started with fly fishing.

Here is a quick recap:

Fly fishing is a bit different than other conventional fishing methods like surf fishing.

The fly fishing techniques take some time to become an expert in

You must learn the feeding habits of the target fish, so you fish the best spots where they are likely to be found.

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Organic chemistry

Organic chemistry is a branch of chemistry that studies the structure, properties and reactions of organic compounds, which contain carbon in covalent bonding. Study of structure determines their structural formula. Study of properties includes physical and chemical properties, and evaluation of chemical reactivity to understand their behavior. The study of organic reactions includes the chemical synthesis of natural products, drugs, and polymers, and study of individual organic molecules in the laboratory and via theoretical (in silico) study.

The range of chemicals studied in organic chemistry includes hydrocarbons (compounds containing only carbon and hydrogen) as well as compounds based on carbon, but also containing other elements,especially oxygen, nitrogen, sulfur, phosphorus (included in many biochemicals) and the halogens. Organometallic chemistry is the study of compounds containing carbon–metal bonds.

In addition, contemporary research focuses on organic chemistry involving other organometallics including the lanthanides, but especially the transition metals zinc, copper, palladium, nickel, cobalt, titanium and chromium.

Three representations of an organic compound, 5α-Dihydroprogesterone (5α-DHP), a steroid hormone. For molecules showing color, the carbon atoms are in black, hydrogens in gray, and oxygens in red. In the line angle representation, carbon atoms are implied at every terminus of a line and vertex of multiple lines, and hydrogen atoms are implied to fill the remaining needed valences (up to 4).

Organic compounds form the basis of all earthly life and constitute the majority of known chemicals. The bonding patterns of carbon, with its valence of four—formal single, double, and triple bonds, plus structures with delocalized electrons—make the array of organic compounds structurally diverse, and their range of applications enormous. They form the basis of, or are constituents of, many commercial products including pharmaceuticals; petrochemicals and agrichemicals, and products made from them including lubricants, solvents; plastics; fuels and explosives. The study of organic chemistry overlaps organometallic chemistry and biochemistry, but also with medicinal chemistry, polymer chemistry, and materials science.

The concept of functional groups is central in organic chemistry, both as a means to classify structures and for predicting properties. A functional group is a molecular module, and the reactivity of that functional group is assumed, within limits, to be the same in a variety of molecules. Functional groups can have a decisive influence on the chemical and physical properties of organic compounds. Molecules are classified based on their functional groups. Alcohols, for example, all have the subunit C-O-H. All alcohols tend to be somewhat hydrophilic, usually form esters, and usually can be converted to the corresponding halides. Most functional groups feature heteroatoms (atoms other than C and H). Organic compounds are classified according to functional groups, alcohols, carboxylic acids, amines, etc.[19] Functional groups make the molecule more acidic or basic due to their electronegative influence on surrounding parts of the molecule.

As the pka (aka basicity) of the molecular addition/functional group increases, there is a corresponding dipole, when measured, increases in strength. A dipole directed towards the functional group (higher pka therefore basic nature of group) points towards it and decreases in strength with increasing distance. Dipole distance (measured in Angstroms) and steric hindrance towards the functional group have an intermolecular and intramolecular effect on the surrounding environment and pH level.

Different functional groups have different pka values and bond strengths (single, double, triple) leading to increased electrophilicity with lower pka and increased nucleophile strength with higher pka. More basic/nucleophilic functional groups desire to attack an electrophilic functional group with a lower pka on another molecule (intermolecular) or within the same molecule (intramolecular). Any group with a net acidic pka that gets within range, such as an acyl or carbonyl group is fair game.

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Fly fishing tips

Fly fishing is a real art, which is part of what makes it so much fun.

Fly Rod and Reel

Let’s take a look at fly fishing set-up first. Also very different from traditional fishing poles is the fly rod and reel. Fly Rods are very flexible and often made of graphite.  They are also typically much longer than normal fishing poles.  An average fly rod is about 9 foot in length.  They are designed to bend when casting for extra distance and optimal fly presentation.

The Fly Reel is also very different.  Traditional fishing poles often have a closed reel.  Fly fishing reels are open.  The main hand position on the rod is front of the reel.  This is in contrast to traditional fishing poles where the main handhold is behind the reel.

Fly Reel

Casting

Casting technique is a another huge difference between traditional fishing and fly fishing.  In traditional fishing you basically push a button throw the rod back and then out.  Fly fishing is a bit more complicated, and much more of an art and skill.

There are many different casting strategies, but all of them involve letting out about a rod to a rod and half’s amount of fly line, then whipping the fly road back behind you, and then back out.  The manner in which you do this determines the cast type, and there are many different variations and techniques.   This video does a great job at showing what various fly fishing casts look like:

The bottom line on casting, the core of fly fishing, is that you are trying to place the fly on the top of the water so that the fish thinks the fly is a real bug landing on the water.   If done correctly, the fish will not notice the fly line, leader or tippet, only the fly itself.

The Fly

Dry FlyIn fly fishing, the fly is the bait.  There are thousands of different fly designs, but they are generally broken out into three different types: Dry flies, Nymphs, and Streamers.

 Dry flies are the most common, and are designed to to present on top the water and mimic a fly or bug landing on the surface of the water.

Nymphs are intended to float just below the waters surface and mimic a water invertebrate.

Streamers are intended to mimic small fish or aquatic life, like leeches.

The type of “fly” to use is based on the water conditions, location and type of fish you are trying to catch.  Your local fishing store is generally the best place to get information on optimal flies to use.

The Experience

Finally, fly fishing is also about the experience.  With traditional fishing, you often sit on a bank or in a boat, and wait for the fish to bite.

Fly Fishing Experience

Fly fishing in the Yellowstone River

With fly fishing, you’re often standing in the middle of a rushing creek or stream, casting over and over trying to find where the fish are hiding.  Trying hard to cast that optimal case that places the fly in the exact right stop, in the exact right way so the fish come up and take it.

Fly fishing is a more active style of fishing, that often involves some of the most beautiful scenic locations on Earth.  Fly fishing puts you right in the middle of it all, and challenges you against the fish.

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WHEN IS FLY FISHING SEASON?

Dedicated fly fisherman have a knack for finding suitable places to cast a fly rod no matter the time of year. But if you are new to the sport, it’s natural to wonder, when is fly fishing season?

Fly fishing season peaks between the months of April and October. Though, for fly fishermen willing to brave the cold weather, it is technically a year-round sport. Additionally, with an abundance of warm weather destinations, fly fishing can be enjoyed all year long.

To be honest, fly fishing season really just depends on the species of fish you are trying to catch, and your willingness to get out on the water.

Spring Fly Fishing

Ah, Spring. The cold winter chill is starting to transform into a warm spring breeze, the flowers are blooming, and fish are hungry. So rig-up your fly rod, because you might just run into some of the best fishing of the year. You just need to know what to look for.

Tips For The Spring Fly Fishing Season

I’ll be honest, my least favorite part about spring fly fishing is the unpredictable weather. One moment, you’re fly fishing in the middle of a calm, 60-degree day, and the next, a freezing cold wind picks-up and blows in a surprise snow storm. But, if you come prepared with everything from a rain jacket to a winter coat, Spring can be a great time to hit the water. In fact, here are a few spring fly fishing tips.

1. Get Deep

If you want to catch a lot of fish in the Spring, you should rig-up your rod for nymphing. Since the water hasn’t had sufficient time to warm up after Winter, there will be fewer bugs hatching in the water. That means, the fish will be hanging out in the depths. So, use a long leader, throw on some bead heads, add a bunch of weight, and get those flies deep.

 2. Look For Afternoon Hatches

I know I just said that there will be fewer hatches in spring-time, but that doesn’t mean you shouldn’t keep an eye out for them. If you happen to find yourself fishing on a warm spring day, be on the lookout for bugs coming off the water in the afternoon. The warm weather might raise the water temperature just enough to trigger a dry fly feeding frenzy. So, if you start to see fish sipping the surface, trade those nymphs for dry flies.

3. Fish Tailwaters And Lakes

As spring begins to take hold, and rid us of the cold winter weather, snow-capped mountains turn into roaring rivers. In other words, with spring, comes run-off. So, if you are itching to whip out your fly rod, you are going to need to focus on lakes, and tailwaters (i.e. rivers that flow out of a dam).

Run-off is hard to fish, and in many cases, just plain stupid. Plus, Spring is one of the best times to fish lakes and tailwaters, so there’s really no reason to fish those raging rivers.

4- Be Flexible

As I mentioned before, the hardest part of fly fishing in spring is the unpredictable weather.

For that reason, I don’t recommend planning a spring fly fishing trip — to a specific destination — more than a few days in advance. Instead, plan a fly fishing trip, but be flexible on the location. That way, if a spring snow storm decides to rear its head, you can just adjust your trip to a less snowy locale.

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Beginner Equipment List Required to Start Fly Fishing

Flies

One of the most important things you need to bring with you while fly fishing is the fly! Flies come in all different shapes, sizes, and materials. Some people even like to make their own flies. If you are just starting out in fly fishing though, you might not know how to tie your own flies. But that’s okay!

Start off with some simple store bought flies and as you progress work your way up to tying your own.

The best tip for finding the perfect fly is to learn about the usual diet and eating habits of local fish. If your artificial lure looks similar to the plant and bug life most common to the area, it will be more successful than other lures.

Leader and Tippet

Leaders and tippets are essential equipment for beginner fly fishers.

The leader is attached to the end of the fly line and will help you see the difference in your fly and line.

The best suggestion for buying your first leader is to look for anything made of tapered monofilament nylon. These are designed to help the leader travel through the air and come to a rest efficiently.

Next start looking for a tippet. The appearance of your tippet should not matter since the fish usually won’t see it.

A tippet attaches to the end of a leader, then allows you to attach a fly to your line.

The point of a tippet is to allow the fly to swim naturally through the water, which will attract more fish.

To ensure you are getting the correct leader and tippet for the fly you are using, there are charts and guides to help you. Most store-bought flies have a chart on the inside of the box to help you make the right combination. Before you buy your flies, look at the chart to ensure it fits with your leader and tippet.

Fly Floatant and Line Dressing

The final items on your beginner packing list are fly floatant and line dressing. These items can also turn out to be the cheapest on your list as well.

The fly floatant and line dressing’s purpose is simply to ensure that the fly and line run smoothly and- you guessed it- increase their floatation.

There are several different kinds of fly floatant and line dressing that you can purchase. For example, there is brush on, paste, spray on, powder shakes, dip and dunk styles, and gel floatants.

The most popular type is the gel floatant, simply because you can apply the gel floatant prior to heading out on the water.

Bonus Items to Bring

Besides bringing just the basics, there are also a couple of other items you can bring to enhance your fly fishing trip.

Waders

If you are only planning on fly fishing from the shore, you may not need to purchase any waders. However, many have claimed that the best fly fishing happens when you’re out in the water.

Like the other pieces of equipment you purchased before, there are multiple styles of waders you can buy. The style you purchase simply depends on the environment in which you will be fishing.

The two general styles of waders are chest waders and waist-high waders. Like their names suggest, chest waders come up to your chest while waist-high waders other only come up to your waist.

To decide the height you need for your waders, simply observe the waters where you will be fishing. Waist high waders are for shallower waters; meanwhile, chest high waders are meant for deeper waters. If you are in a colder environment with slightly shallower waters, chest waders may provide more protection and warmth to you while fishing.

When you are buying your waders, check to see if they are meant to be worn with boots or if they have their own built in pair of boots.

Another tip is to make sure you take good care of your waders to help them last longer. Coat your waders with some water repellent and store them correctly. Waders should last you a long time if you give them the proper care.

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Chemical Pesticides

Pesticides are substances or mixtures of substances that are mainly used in agriculture or in public health protection programs in order to protect plants from pests, weeds or diseases, and humans from vector-borne diseases, such as malaria, dengue fever, and schistosomiasis. Insecticides, fungicides, herbicides, rodenticides, and plant growth regulators are typical examples  These products are also used for other purposes, such as the improvement and maintenance of non-agricultural areas like public urban green areas and sport fields  Furthermore, there are other less known applications of these chemical substances, such as in pet shampoos building materials, and boat bottoms in order to eliminate or prevent the presence of unwanted species

Many of the pesticides have been associated with health and environmental issues , and the agricultural use of certain pesticides has been abandoned.. Exposure to pesticides can be through contact with the skin, ingestion, or inhalation. The type of pesticide, the duration and route of exposure, and the individual health status (e.g., nutritional deficiencies and healthy/damaged skin) are determining factors in the possible health outcome. Within a human or animal body, pesticides may be metabolized, excreted, stored, or bioaccumulated in body fat. The numerous negative health effects that have been associated with chemical pesticides include, among other effects, dermatological, gastrointestinal, neurological, carcinogenic, respiratory, reproductive, and endocrine effects. Furthermore, high occupational, accidental, or intentional exposure to pesticides can result in hospitalization and death .

Residues of pesticides can be found in a great variety of everyday foods and beverages, including for instance cooked meals, water, wine, fruit juices, refreshments, and animal feeds. Furthermore, it should be noted that washing and peeling cannot completely remove the residues. In the majority of cases, the concentrations do not exceed the legislatively determined safe levels . However, these “safe limits” may underestimate the real health risk as in the case of simultaneous exposure to two or more chemical substances, which occurs in real-life conditions and may have synergistic effects. Pesticides residues have also been detected in human breast milk samples, and there are concerns about prenatal exposure and health effects in children.

This current review aims at highlighting the urgent need for a new concept in agriculture involving a drastic reduction in the use of chemical pesticides. Given the fact that the health effects have been extensively discussed in the current literature, this paper focuses on the major chronic health effects and recent findings regarding health effects that have been associated with exposure to common classes of chemical pesticides, i.e., organochlorines, organophosphates, carbamates, pyrethroids, triazines, and neonicotinoids. More emphasis is given to the widely used herbicide “glyphosate,” which is an organophosphate pesticide very closely related to current agriculture. The important health effects, as discussed below, reveal the urgent need for implementing alternative solutions.