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Sir: Make a video tutorial , blog, reflection of your reports, summary of every lesson.....

Me: (and I was like) ",)

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yeahh

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...must read....

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..tech... Tock.. Tech... Tock..

As you can see, the technology brings collaboration and discovery in teaching-learning process. It provides the knowledge and development that the learner must acquire. It can motivate and arouse the interest of the students.

I am Romalyn Petilla, a college student taking up Bachelor of Secondary Education. Accordingly to my subject matter ,Educational technology is part of my course content. It is challenging at my part because Im thinking of using a computer where Im not good at it. But as we go along with different topics however it made clear to me that technology is not just hands on discovery. It is also learning both theoretic and ethical .

When I was in first year college, I am not inclined to use computer because back then I was out of school youth. I worked for more than 6 years and my knowledge about technology is not divergent.

It is my second year in college, with which I am confident to use computer, manipulate some of application and browse using the internet. Not at all but it is not like yesterday,right?

There are some issues that I encounter, first and foremost the access of internet, and as my part lack of gadgets. Luckily there are places like computer shop that i can rent. Tech.. Tock.. Tech.. Tock.. -just like the rapid chage of technology where the community applied the sudden trend of gadgets. As what i inferred based on Alvin Toffler's book " Future shock"

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.. i do and i understand 

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EDUCATIONAL METHODS: Adaptive Learning, Blended Learning, Collaborative Learning and Differentiated Instruction Learning

This reflection is intended to have prior knowledge in teaching-learning process regarding the strong foundation of theories and principle. It exposes the different types of educational methods that exist in the teacher’s classroom and school. It describes the roles of teacher as curricularist, student as center of teaching-learning process and ICT Information and Communication Technology as equipment and tools in teaching and learning process as a media and methodology.

 As we go along with our topic, Educational methods are a part of Philosophical Foundations of curriculum. It answers the questions like: What are schools for? What subjects are important? How should students learn? What Methods should be used? What outcomes should be achieved? Why?  - regarding to the question “What methods should be used?” it characterized as – it makes use of principles; it utilizes the principle of “learning by doing”; it provides for individual differences; it stimulates thinking and reasoning; and it provides for growth and development.  (Bilbao Purita, Dayagbil Filomena and Corpuz Brenda (2014) Curriculum Development , Lominar Publishing Inc. Quezon City.

 The Educational Methods refers to the teacher’s systematic procedure of getting the lesson across the child. There are some essential educational terms that somehow applied as teaching-learning styles but we don’t know the terms that had been implement in a school setting or discussions. John Dewey influenced in one way of “learning by doing”.

                  The role of technology in the curriculum springs from the very vision of the e- Philippine (e stands for electronic) Thus is stated :

“ an electronically enabled society where all citizens live in an environment that provides quality education, efficient government services, greater resources of livelihood and ultimately a better way of life through enhanced access to appropriate technologies”. (International workshop on emerging technologies, Thailand, December 14-16, 2005)

These points to the need for an e-curriculum, or a curriculum which delivers learning consonant with the Information Technology and Communications Technology (ICT) revolution. This framework presupposes that curriculum delivery adopts ICT as important tool in education while users implement teaching-learning strategies that conform to the digital environment.

Adaptive learning, Blended learning, Collaborative Learning and Differentiated Instruction Learning are classified ass (1) discussion procedures and (2) improved instructional practices ,because the modern progressive schools make used of it.

      ADAPTIVE LEARNING

Adaptive Learning is a teaching method that uses computers and technology to facilitate comprehension and retention based on the unique needs of the learner; a systems endeavor to transform the learner from passive receptor of information to collaborator in the educational process. (Wikipedia)

Adaptive Learning systems have traditionally been divided into separate components or ‘models’. While different model groups have been presented, most systems include some or all of the following models: (1) EXPERT MODEL the model with the information which is to be taught; (2) STUDENT MODEL the model which tracks and learns about the student; (3) INSTRUCTIONAL ENVIRONMENT the user interface for interacting with the system;(4) INSTRUCTIONAL MODEL the model that actually conveys the information: (a) UNDERSTANDING DESIGN - What we teach ,Quality curriculum ,Authentic transfer of knowledge, Avoid text book coverage and activity oriented teacher, Regular reviews of curriculum and assessment, Provides  opportunities for students to explore ,interpret etc., Working smarter with technology and (b) DIFFERENTIATED INSTRUCTION - Mastery and understanding comes through meaningful interactions and ideas, Quality instruction that meets the needs of individual learners, Struggling learners get focused. Advanced learners get challenge, Where/how we teach, Provide the results to make the adjustments; DI guides educators in thinking, Use evidence of variance to provide opportunities, sharing understanding through collaboration.

   EXAMPLE /SCENARIO:

Minji is a 6th-grade students and attends an English academy in Seoul  ,South Korea. She recently had to write an essay about her favorite vocation in her composition class. Minji can submit her essay assignments through an online education program. This program checks her essay for errors and provide supplementary lesson when necessary. (In her current essay she had several subject /verb agreement mistakes. The program not only recognized her mistakes, but gives her more information on the topic. It then asked her to find her errors within the current essay. The program Minji uses not only finds her mistakes ,but offers her extra material to help her understand where she went wrong. Then, to help her with remembering this information in the future, finding her own mistakes.)

ADVANTAGES OF ADAPTIVE LEARNING

Ability for more interactive learning systems, allows users to not have to repeat command, scans given areas creating a topographical map as opposed to solely using GPS, fun computer/video games, less work done by individuals as this technology “learns”.

DISADVANTAGES OF ADAPTIVE LEARNING

Makes things very easy for individuals who could cut out work people, based on a database so will take longer to develop, learns based on the user, limited information for analysis, maintaining database.

      BLENDED LEARNING

Blended Learning is an educational program (formal or informal) that combines online digital media with traditional classroom methods. (Wikipedia)

The definition of Blended Learning is a formal education program in which a student learns: At least in part through online learning with some element of student control over time, place, path, and / or pace; at least in part in a supervised brick-and-mortar location away from home; And the modalities along each student’s learning path within a course or subject are connected to provide an integrated learning experience. There are many components that can comprise a blended learning model, including: “instructor-delivered content,  e-learning,  webinars, conference calls, live or online sessions with instructors, and other media and events , for example, Facebook, e-mail, chat rooms, blogs, podcasting, Twitter, YouTube , Skype and web boards.

The Majority of blended-learning programs resemble one, four models: Rotation, Flex, A La Carte and Enriched virtual.

 Rotation Model a course of subject in which a student rotate on fixed schedule or at the teacher’s discretion between learning modalities, at least one of which is online. Other modalities might include activities such as small-groups of full-class instruction, group projects, individual tutoring and pencil-and-paper assignments. (a) Station rotation – a course of subject in which students experience the rotation model within a contained classroom or group of classrooms. The Station rotation differs from individual rotation model because students rotate through all of the station, not only those on their custom schedule. (b) Lab Rotation - a course or subject in which the students rotate to a computer Lab for online-learning station. (c) Flipped Classroom - a course of subject in which students participate in online learning off-site in place of traditional homework and then attend in brick-and-mortar school for face-to-face ,teacher guided practice or project. The primary delivery of content and instruction in online which is differentiates a Flipped Classroom from students who merely doing homework practice online at night. (d) Individual Rotation – a course or subject in which each student has an individualized playlist and does not necessarily rotate to each available station or modality. An algorithm or teacher(s) sets individual schedules.

Flex Model a course or subject in which online learning is the backbone of students learning, even if it directs students to offline activities at times. Students move on an individually customized, fluid schedule among learning modalities. The teacher of record or other adults provide face-to-face support on a flexible and adaptive as-needed basis through activities such as small-group instruction, group projects, and individual tutoring. Some implementations have substantial face-to-face support.

A La Carte model a course tat a student takes entirely online to accompany other experiences that the student is having at a brick-and-mortar school or learning center. The teacher of record for the A La Carte course is the online teacher. Students may take the A La Carte course either on the brick-and-mortar campus or off-site. This differs from full-time online learning because it is not a whole-school experience. Students take some courses A La Carte and others face-to-face at brick-and-mortar campus.

Enriched Classroom a course or subject in which students have required face-to-face learning sessions with their teacher of record and then are free to complete their remaining coursework remote from the face-to-face teacher.  

There are some given models of Blended Learning programs that composed of those four major models: FACE-TO-FACE DRIVER online learning is decided on a case-by-case basis by the instructor as a supplement to the curriculum. Ideal for intervention and Enrichment, allows students to learn subjects at their own pace. ONLINE LAB courses are taught entirely online, but in a brick-and mortar location and supervised by an adult. Ideal for the Budget Conscious, allows district to offer subjects for which they have no trained teacher. Effective use if time, space and resources – (25 students can independently learn 25 different subjects in the online lab.)

   SELF-BLEND Students have the option to take online courses to their traditional classroom learning.  Ideal for motivated self-directed student. Online courses offer a greater range of specific subjects that may interest otherwise unchallenged students. ONLINE DRIVER the entire courses are delivered through an online platform, with possible teacher check-ins. Ideal for the Independent student requiring Flexibility. Allows students who need independence and flexibility –including those who are not able to attend a physical school – to get the education they deserve.

It is important to note that even blended learning models can be blended together and many implementations use some, many, or even all of these as dimensions of larger blended learning strategy. These models, for the most part are not mutually exclusive.

PROS AND CONS OF BLENDED LEARNING

PRO for flexibility, accessibility, best of both worlds, can save time, self-reliant learning; and CON that can lead to a lack of face-to-face communication, the clicking monkey, design choices more difficult, self-reliant learning much needed.

      COLLABORATIVE LEARNING

Collaborative Learning is learning by small groups of students who work together in a common learning task. It is often also called group learning but to be cooperative learning. (Educational Technology2 ,.p.710)

 SCENARIO/EXAMPLE:

Ms. Tyler is writing her lesson plans for the week. She knows how important social interaction is for children and understands that they can often teach each other and explain things in way she can’t. She often use collaborative learning to encourage her students to interact and rely on each other as resources. Here’s how it looks in the classroom.

ONE-ON-ONE

Ms. Tyler makes sure there are plenty of chances for her students to relate to each other. She sets up peer learning   or times when one student works with another student. These opportunities can be a tutoring session, peer instruction, or a time when both students contribute equally.

 One-on-one

Example:

In math, Ms. Tyler is pairing up George, a student she knows struggles with fractions, with Martin, a stronger student. These two will work together ; Martin will tutor and help George when he falters. She also puts Katherine together with Ana; Katherine has missed several days, and Anna is capable of catching her up with the class. Finally, she plans on Molly and Mike teaming up for the week to focus on a project. Both students bring strengths to the table and will learn from each other as they work.

SMALL GROUP

Ms. Tyler often group work in her classroom. She sometimes has students get together for a simple, quick learning activity, such as playing a game or creating a chart. She also organizes larger units can take a few weeks or more. In addition to projects, Ms.Tyler groups her students in reading or math based on their abilities or on the skill she’s teaching. Working with smaller groups allows her to zoom in her instruction, and learn from each other more easily in this smaller format.

ADVANTAGES OF COLLABORATIVE LEARNING

Develops level thinking skills, Build self-esteem in students, Enhance students satisfaction with the learning experience, Develops oral communication skills, Encourage diversity understanding, Creates an environment of active, involved, and exploratory learning., Creates a stronger social support system, Addresses learning style differences among the students and Builds more positive heterogeneous relationship.

CHALLENGES IN COLLABORATIVE LEARNING

Certain individuals do not feel comfortable participating in a group setting, even at a distance, Burden in making the students responsible for each other’s learning apart from themselves, Some members may contribute while others do not, Lower ability students may feel perpetual in need of help rather than experiencing the role of leader or expert relative to the others in their group, Higher ability students may not experience the stimulation or challenge that they would with other higher ability students, Sometimes, in group of mixed ability, low-achieving students become passive and do not focus on the task.

         DIFFERENTIATED INSTRUCTION

Differentiated Instruction is a philosophy that enables teacher to plan strategically in order to reach the needs of the diverse learners in classrooms today. Differentiation is not just a set of instructional tools but a philosophy that a teacher and a professional learning community embrace to reach the unique needs of every learner.   (Gregory.2003 p.27 Differentiated Instruction Strategy in Practice)

Differentiation means tailoring to meet individual needs. Whether teachers differentiate content, process, products, or the learning environment, the use of ongoing assessment and flexible grouping makes this a successful approach to instruction. (Carol Ann Tomlinson)

Instead of using a one-size-fits-all approach, a teacher uses a variety of methods to teach. This can include teaching students in small groups or in one-on-one sessions. Carol Ann Tomlinson, an educator who has done some of the most innovative work in this area, says there are four areas where teachers can differentiate instruction: Content, Process, Product, and Learning Environment.

Teachers can differentiate at least four classroom elements based on students readiness, interest, or learning profile:

CONTENT – what the student needs to learn or how the student will get access to the information; PROCESS – activities in which the student engages in order to make sense of or master the content; PRODUCTS- culminating projects that ask the student to rehearse, apply, and extend what he or she has learned in a unit; and LEARNING ENVIRONMENT – the way the classroom works and feels.

Differentiated instruction can play out differently from one classroom to the next- and from one school to the next. However, the features of this approach are:

SMALL WORK GROUPS the students in each group rotate in and out.  This gives them a chance to participate in many different groups. A group can include a pair of students or a larger group. But in all cases, it’s an opportunity for students to learn from each other.

RECIPROCAL LEARNING sometimes the students becomes a teacher, sharing what he’s learned and asking questions of his peers.

CONTINUAL ASSESSMENT teachers regularly monitor students’ strengths and weaknesses ( in both formal and informal ways) to make sure they’re progressing well in their knowledge and mastery of schoolwork.

Benefits and challenges of Differentiating Instruction in 21st century classrooms:

BENEFITS it meets the needs of diverse learners (Hence it has a student-centered approach). It accommodates the students with learning disabilities. It stimulates creativity by helping learners to understand the ideas rather than rote memorization. It can raise the bar for all learners. It can motivate the unmotivated learners.

CHALLENGES Effective differentiation is complex to use and thus difficult to promote in schools. Many teachers hesitate to differentiate their instruction because they think they lack time, administrative support and professional development resources.

CONCLUSION

There are no perfect methods for the teaching-learning process. First and foremost, we have to consider the center of the teaching-learning process – learner. And the development of the learners will depend on how the teacher implements his topic in a certain subject. The implementer must consider the three domains in his assessment task. Teachers have to take consideration that the different strategies should match with the learning styles of the students. Yes, indeed those educational methods will help the students to gain mastery of lessons and courses as well as the teacher to effectively inculcate learning and increased their capability. However, the scarcity in e-learning is not just an issue but realms of facing the 21st century demand. A brick-and-mortar classroom will remains if there is lack of computer and internet and it will be the problem in implementing the online learning. As conducive environment for e-learning must have all the instructional materials as it needed. We perceived major obstacle to ICT use to implement those methods such as: lack of computer, lack of technical support, lack of training opportunities for teachers, lack of standards and guidelines for its integration and lack of funds for operations and maintenance.

But we have to focus on the soft side of it, as the “hard” side. Learn to learn from each other start building a “community of practice”. Break the endless cycle of pilots and start thinking about how we can go to scale. As Chandra Mishra said “the life of a river vested in its flow; the death of a pond inherit in its stillness”.

Learning continuously is a sign of progression and living with a goal for future.

 Group 9

Petilla, Romalyn R.

Tierra, kate Winslet

Valladolid, Mark Joseph

Zara, Sarah

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Understanding Hypermedia

The presentation of information-learning activities in hypermedia is said to be sequenced in a non-linear manner, meaning that the learner may follow his path of activities thus providing an environment of learner autonomy and thinking skills. Most educational IT applications are hypermedia and these include: 1.) tutorial software, 2.) knowledge webpages, 3.) simulation instructional games; and 4.) learning project management and others. There are two important feature that are outstanding – among other feature that characterized the hypermedia software: 1.) Learner control this means the learner makes his own decisions on the path , flow or events of instruction; 2.) Learner wide range of navigation routes it working out on concepts with prior learning or prior knowledge and 3.) Variety of media this means that it has more than one media (text, graphics, audio, animation and video clip)

In the use of hypermedia the following instructional events will prove useful to the teacher: Get the learners’ attention, Recall prior learning, Information learners of lesson objectives, Introduce the software and its distinctive feature, Guide learning, eliciting performance, Provide learning feedback, Assess performance and Enhance retention and learning transfer.

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The Software as Educational Resources

“The Box” which contains the electronic parts and circuits. The computer machine or hardware is naturally an attention-getter two kinds of software:  1).System Software- this is the operating system that is found and bundled inside all computer machines; 2). Application Software- contains the system that commands the particular task or solves a particular problem. Software designed for Microsoft Windows is in itself a self-contained operating system with provides: User convenience-just click a file name to retrieve data or click from program to program as easy as changing channels in your TV screen, a new look-fancy borders, smooth and streamlined text fonts, information center-windows puts all communications activities; and plug and play-configures the computer with added components, such as for sound and video.

Instructional software can be visited on the Internet or can be bought from software shops or dealers. The teacher through his school should decide on the best computer-based instructional (CBI) materials for the school resource collection.

To communicate program it is better that the language is suitable.

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Information Technology in Supporting of Student-Centered Learning

Student is the center of the teaching-learning process where the pedagogical methods have different outcomes with different educational educators. In traditional classroom the usual arrangement where seat columns and rows of students chairs, while the teacher stands in front of the classrooms or sits behind his/her desk. It is a process in which the teacher pours information to students learners, according to John Dewey. It is generally known as “direct instruction”, changing the society is one of the problem in this teaching approach. In contrast, in individualized societies we find knowledge based economies in which workers depend information that can be accessed through information and communication technologies (ICIs). The new school environment is characterized by student individually or in groups: performing computer word processing for text graphs presentation, preparing power point presentation, searching for information on the internet and brain storming in  ideas, problems and project plans as needed, the teaching facilitating instruction, also gives individualized instruction to serve individual needs.

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The Computer as the Teacher’s tool

Another perspective the computer as the teachers’ handy tool. When it comes to learning it can support the constructiveness and social constructivist paradigms. It was introduced by Jean Piaget and Jerome Bruner, giving emphasis to knowledge discovery of new meaning/concepts/principles in the learning process. In constructivism knowledge is constructed by the individual learner and construction of knowledge is governed by Social, Historical, and Cultural Contexts it is called Social Constructivism. Lev Vygotsky stressed that learning is affected by social influences, he suggested the interactive process in learning. Dewey sees language as a medium for social coordination and adoption. There are two learning perspective according to the five learning framework: Assumption, Definition of Learning, Learning Strategies, General Orientation and example. The computer can provide access to information, faster creative social knowledge- building, and enhance the communication of the achieved project package. The two (2) learning theories , the can employ the computer as a /an : Information tool, Communication tool, constructive tool, Co-constructive tool and situating tool these are connected to six digital fluency such as : information fluency, solution fluency, and collaborative fluency.  

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Computer as a tutor

The teacher shall be the one who play the role of information deliverer and barrying the environment controller and the use of computer in education is a tutor. The teacher educators saw its potential for individualization in learning. 

Computer-assisted instruction (CAI) is effective on relieving the teacher of many activities but computer cannot replace the major role of the teacher. Even with the availability of comoutet and CAI software the teacher must: insure that students have the needed knowledge and skills for much computer activity, decide the appropriate learning abjectives,  plan the sequential and instructed activities to achieve objectives, and evaluate the students’ achievement by ways of tests the specific expected outcomes. As learners,  students have their own roles is CAI : receive information, understand instruction from the computer activity, retain/keep in mind the information and rules for the computer activity, and apply the knowledge and rules during tje process of computer learning.  In computer activity,  CAI has it roles such as: acts as avsort of tutor,  provides learning activities, delivers learning instruction, reinforces learning through drill-and-practice and provides feedback. 

Computer is not a separate subject; it is being integrated to other subject/ discipline for teaching-learning process. CAI integrated with lessons it will work best in reinforcing learning through repetitive exercises, with this the students will br able to master the knowledge in various subject. 

In integrating computer programs in instruction, the teacher is able to use tutorial software associated with cognitive learning it is also called Blended Learning. Simulation programs are constructivist in nature. This software teaches strategies and rules applied in real life problems/ situations,  as students to make decision on model or scenarios,  and allows students to manipulate elements of a model and get the experience of the effects of their decisions.  In relating a low-level learning objectives instructional games provide the elements of competition and challenge. Through simple memorization on information, key boarding skills, cooperation and social interaction the learning outcomes can be totally achieved. There are some of software where the thinking skills of the learners will enhance, such as logic,  recognition, reflection, and strategy-making. Multimedia Encyclopedia and electronic books are being portable to the needs of the students when it comes to references and resource of knowledge. 

Computer is a big part of teaching-learning process, teacher will be the one who guides the student to use and give information aligned to the objectives of the certain subject. It is part of the general development of learner’s cognitive, psychomotor and affective domains. 

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..must watch.. =)