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HW5 Case Q2-3

Ethics Case- Security & Privacy: The Patriots ACT

  Q2 (33 pts.). Explain the case and discuss, one at a time, each question you devised about it, plus the 3 standard questions. Post this on your blog.

 Since the enactment of the Patriot Act millions of American citizens have been concerned of unjust phone tapping and unnecessary surveillance. Many believe that the Patriot Act gives the government uncheck power for discrimination against groups of people that are disenfranchised minorities including Muslim-Americans, Asian-Americans, African-Americans, immigrant communities, and re-entry people who have paid their depts. to society. While ignoring blatant domestic crimes conducted by white Americans (like the Brundy Brother of Oregon, and Proud Boys) and not classifying them as terrorist attacks but lesser crimes if any at all.  

 In 2004 the NYCLU and ACLU arguing the unconstitutionality of FBI National Security Letters (NSL) under the authority of the Patriot Act. The plaintiffs argued that Section 2709’s broad subpoena power violates the First, Fourth and Fifth Amendments by allowing the FBI to obtain private information without any form of judicial review (Q5). The NYCLU and ACLU also argued that section 2709’s non-disclosure gave the FBI unlimited suppression of the first amendment. On September 28th 2004, Judge Marrero of Southern District of New York ruled in favor of the plaintiff’s. The government appealed and during the time between trials Congress amended the Patriot Act to allow a private company who received a NSL right’s to consult with counsel (Q2). Because of this the ruling went in favor of the government. This Forced the ACLU to adjust their charges against the Patriot Act. This file and amend dance continued through two more cases with the U.S. Court of Appeals for the Second Circuit. Where the plaintiff finally loss the case for good in favor of national security.  

 Eventually the Patriot Act was replaced by the USA Freedom Act that place new rules on how the government could gather information, mostly limiting data mining to one person or record at a time instead of mass groups. (Q1&3) the USA Freedom Act would require the intelligence community to be more transparent about how much data it’s collecting, and allow private companies (Q6).

   Q3. (34 pts.) Write up your case on your blog. Neatness and format count. Use the following subheadings:

The facts of the case

The facts are that even though the many amendments have been put in place to narrow the scope of what is allowed under the now USA Freedom Act the federal government still has the right to surveil and seize sensitive information on persons under “reasonable suspicion”. However due to the questions and issues posed by Doe-v-Holder information can only be seize on an individual once suspected of terroristic activity.    

Analysis.

In the wake of 9/11 and increasing civil unrest I believe some form of privacy infringement still exist. However, some measure of liberties must be compromised for the greater good of the nation.  

My conclusions.

In the wake of 9/11 and increasing civil unrest I believe the federal government continues forms of privacy infringement even with the amendments. However, some measure of liberties must be compromised for the greater good of the nation. Unlike my previous opinion on the ethics against Washington Redskins branding; The unethical practices of acts against the first, fourth and fifth do serve a collective good at the expense of some individuals.    

Future environment

As we consumers continue to willingly relinquish our privacy in the name of ease and convenience through terms and conditions associated with on-line banking, social media sites, and forms of electronic payment the private companies subject to NSL request gain limited liability protection. As fear of war and foreign influence continues for spread through the messages of political leaders American become increasingly willing support acts to catch “terrorist” and “Russian and Chinese interference” we continue to relinquish our rights. As these trends continue it no longer becomes a matter of ethics but willing participation in demanding less civil rights.  

Future scenario

Future cases are bound to meet the same fate as Doe-v-Holder. Where outright wins by plaintiffs will not occurs but amendments and adjustments will continue to be added to create a more just Act is created. I believe less and less cases will be able to see a trial due to plaintiff’s clicking “I Accept” with out reading terms and conditions on their favorite apps and platforms.

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HW5 Case

Ethics Case- Security & Privacy: The Patriots ACT

  Q1 (33 pts.). As a “case” to discuss for this unit, use a law related to security, privacy, etc. Suggestions: HIPAA, FERPA, Computer Security Act, Sarbanes-Oxley, Gramm-Leach-Bliley, COPPA, Payment Card Industry Data Security Standard (PCI DSS), US Patriot Act, Section 508 of the Americans with Disabilities Act, or some other law. If you just type the name into a search engine you should be able to find plenty of information. This should include

a link or     other citation to the case you are using. If it is from personal     experience, point that out.

Doe-V-Holder Patriot ACT Case

Congress.gov Patriot ACT

Patriot ACT Laymen’s Terms  

USA Freedom Act-v-US Patriot Act

 A list of 8 or more important facts about the case, in your own words. You can refer to these as reminders when you tell your group members about the case.

1.     Doe-v-Holder is a lawsuit filed In 2004 by the NYCLU and ACLU arguing the unconstitutionality of FBI National Security Letters (NSL) under the authority of the Patriot Act.

 2.     The Patriot Act is the Uniting and Strengthening America by Providing Appropriate Tools Required to Intercept and Obstruct Terrorism.

 3.     The Patriot Act was out into effect after the terroristic attack on the World Trade Center on September 11, 2001 by President George W. Bush.

 4.     The Patriot Act Legalized the use of undisclosed surveillance, tapping and collection of private information of suspected terrorist.

 5.     This act also broadens the list of acts that can be considered “terroristic acts” while also increasing the penalty for those acts.

 6.     The Patriot Act permitted the FBI to send national security letters (NSLs) to banks, libraries, telephone and Internet companies, and businesses requesting customers’ private information whenever the FBI certifies that those records are relevant to an authorized national security investigation.

 7.     National Security Letters are to be seen as a unique form of subpoena under section 2709 of the Patriots Act.

 8.     NSL can demand that sensitive and private information be handed over to the FBI without disclosure or consent of the individual under investigation.

 9.     The plaintiffs argued that Section 2709’s broad subpoena power violates the First (freedom of speech), Fourth (against unreasonable search and seizure) and Fifth Amendments (right to a trial and due process) by allowing the FBI to obtain private information without any form of judicial review.

  A list of questions (4 or more) you could ask your group members in order to get an interesting and enlightening discussion going (for in-class students), or that you could consider yourself or ask someone else about (for online students); see the “Questions to ask during discussion” tab on the course web page for some suggestions in developing your discussion questions.

What should count as”     reasonable suspicion” of a terrorist act before national security letters     request must be honored by private companies?

Do NSLs unfairly compromise the     financial security and trust between private businesses and their customer     base if the companies are barred from disclosing the request to their     customer?

At what point should the     liberty of the individual be compromised to protect the safety of the     nation?

Is it possible for the Patriots     Act be applied only to individuals under “reasonable suspicion” of terrorism     without surveilling people without suspicion?

Should the FBI be allowed to     search and surveil telephone, e-mail, and financial records without a     court order.

Should the FBI be allowed to expanded     access of local law enforcement agencies to business records, including     financial records?

A 5th discussion question about how computer security relates to or could relate to the case. The computer security question could be about hacking, viruses or worms, theft of information, piracy, abuse of privileges, destruction of assets, information privacy, disruption of operations, unauthorized access, corporate abuse of information or computing, government abuse of information, physical harm, or any other issue in the general area of computer security.

Computer Security Related Question:

·         With the increasing reliance on electronic banking, does the use of national security letters make the FBI or engaged local law enforcement equally liable for hacking breaches that may render an suspect venerable to significant financial lost or theft. Can the suspect sue the FBI or is the liability only placed with the company force to comply?  

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HW Case 1-3

Workplace Ethics- Conflict of Interest

 This case involves an organizations procurement process and a potential conflict of interest between the project chief of party and a potential vendor selected to provide a product or service.

 Question 1

Eight Important Facts to Know:

1.      The Organization requires a signed Code of Conduct agreement to avoid conflict of interest and nepotism upon hire.

2.      The Organization has a procurement division whose duties involve purchasing products and services, reviewing best practices, ensure conflicts of interest are avoided, and documenting selection processes.

3.      The Organization has an initiative to work with more minority and/or women-owned small businesses. The preferred vendor is a minority women-owned business.

4.      The Chief of Party is acquainted with the preferred vendor, but they are not associating or friends.

5.       The preferred vendor meets the qualifications for the solicitation and has bid on the subcontract.

6.      The preferred vendor has the most experience among the vendors who responded to the solicitation.

7.      Multiple personnel rank and vote on each vendor.

8.      The preferred vendor has the highest collective score among the vendors who responded.

9.      The preferred vendor has done good work with The Organization before and has a positive track record of producing good work.  

  Five Questions to Ask About the Case:

1.      Is the preferred vendor a direct relative of the Chief of Party making them benefit directly from the selection of the preferred vendor?

2.      Does the Chief of Party stand to gain monetary or through favors of a monetary value from the section of the preferred vendor?

3.      Is there another applicant that can produce a similar quality of work without the illusion of a conflict of effort?

4.      Do any other vendors meet the initiative for minority or women-owned small businesses?

5.      Should the vendor be excluded due to familiarity with the Chief of Party?

6.      Should the Chief of Party be recused from voting on the vendor?

  Question 2

  Types of Ethics

The preferred vendor is not a primary or secondary family member of the chief of party. There is not clear “kickback” or apparent monetary or “favor” gain for the Chief of Party. There is another vendor with the same score as the preferred vendor, but they are not a minority or women-owned small business. This factor pushed the vendor to a preferred status. However, the other vendor with the same score does not come with a perceived conflict of interest. The preferred vendor could be excluded from the vendor pool and the work could be done with the same quality. The Chief of Party could remove themselves from the decision-making process.

According to deontological ethics the Chief of Party and the preferred vendor knowing each other does create an illusion of a conflict of interest; which is prohibited by The Organization.

This case is difficult to apply to a utilitarian ethical approach without knowledge of what takes precedent at The Organization the Code of Conduct or the initiative to work with disenfranchised small business owners. Therefore, it’s hard to choose what serves the greatest good for the purpose of The Organization.

The appearance of “non-fairness” could rule out the preferred vendor if we are solely judging by virtue ethics. Whether or not the preferred vendor has a leg up in being selected the appearance of such could always be a factor that taints the virtue of The Organization.  

 Question 3

Analysis

The preferred vendor is not a primary or secondary family member of the chief of party. There is not clear “kickback” or apparent monetary or “favor” gain for the Chief of Party. There is another vendor with the same score as the preferred vendor, but they are not a minority or women-owned small business. This factor pushed the vendor to a preferred status. However, the other vendor with the same score does not come with a perceived conflict of interest. The preferred vendor could be excluded from the vendor pool and the work could be done with the same quality. The Chief of Party could remove themselves from the decision-making process.

Conclusions.

I believe that the preferred vendor and the Chief of Party do not have a close enough relation to pose an actual conflict of interest. However, the perception is still present. The appropriate course of action is for the Chief of Party to recuse themselves from voting process and not participate in this selection process to procurement. This allows the preferred vendor to still stay in the running and for The Organization to maintain their initiative to support minority/women-owned businesses.  

Future environment.

Technology can play very little role in this process Conflicts of Interest will always be a concern as long as people and their biases are allowed to participate. Electronic application process still allows for biases because flawed humans design the questionnaire that the algorithms select candidates from.    

Future scenario.

The smaller the community the more unrealistic it is to expect people to not have some degree of separation from others in positions of power. I believe the future scenario is to have full transparency during the selection process of vendors with procurement and maintain recusing practices. I believe the following should happen in a similar scenario occurs:

1.      Known vendor applies to solicitation.

2.      Chief of Party accepts the application and informs the remained of the committee that they are acquainted with the vendor.

3.      Recuse themselves and find a replacement committee member to not skew the scoring.

4.      If the preferred vendor wins the solicitation, inform the procurement division so that it is on file that no conflict took place in case a applicate that did not win the job complains to The Organization.    

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HW1Case Q3

Q3 (34 pts.). Write up your case on your blog with the following subheadings:

 “The facts of the case.” Here is where you describe the case in your own words.

“Analysis.” Examine the case in terms of the questions and/or discussion. In-class students: also reflect on the challenges and possible solutions involved in leading a discussion in a classroom or workplace setting.

“My conclusions.” Your conclusions and opinions about the case. Be sure to explain and justify what you write. 3 sentences of average length or more.

“Future environment.” Describe your vision of a future in which technology is more advanced than today, or society has changed in some significant way, such that the ethical issues of the case would be even more important than they are in today’s world. 3 sentences of average length or more.

“Future scenario.” Describe how this ethical case (or an analogous one) would or should play out in the environment of the future and give your opinions about it. 3 sentences of average length or more.

Professional neatness and clarity of format counts! Make a blog post that looks like this example.

   The Washington Redskins Trademark Dispute

  The Facts of the Case

After a name and location change for the Boston Braves to the Washington Redskins from 1933-1937. The Redskins received a formal trademark from the U.S. Patent and Trademark in 1967. After ignoring some negative PR from various media spokespeople and reporters; one of which was Paul Kaplan who stated “Some think of the symbols as monuments to their strength and manhood. Others disagree, bitterly denouncing the derogation of their heritage, an ignorance of their culture and an unabashed commercialism in the sense that Indian names and heroes are exploited with no recompense whatsoever for our native Americans.” In 1972 Redskins officials went on to introduce a graphically designed logo featuring the profile of John "Two Guns" Whitecalf, a Blackfeet Chief whose likeness also appeared on the Buffalo nickel, minted from 1913-38. Cementing their name and imagery to a cultural group of people.  

In 1992 during Super Bowl XXVI a group of roughly 3,000 protesters lined up outside the stadium against the name. That same year American Indians circulated a petition for the name to be changed.

In 1999 the first lawsuit was filed at the Trademark Trial and Appeal Board (TTAB) of the United States Patent and Trademark Office (USPTO). The case referenced the Lanham Act which prohibited the registration of any mark that "may disparage persons, institutions, beliefs, or national symbols, or bring them into contempt, or disrepute." The TTAB ruled in favor of the plaintiffs lead by Suzan Shown Harjo a Cheyenne Tribe member. However, in 2005 the United States District Court for the District of Columbia reversed the TTAB's decision ruling in favor of the Redskins were they won the appeal under the basis of Lashes a term that refers to a “lack of diligence and activity in making a legal claim” according to law.jrank.org. This, in short, means that the plaintiff waited too long to file a complaint from the registered mark date.  

In 2014 a second legal case was filed with younger members of Native American tribes not subject to Lases ruling of the 2005 appeal. This case filed the term “Redskins” was as derogatory as “The N Word”. Plaintiffs used exhibits of historical negative depictions of Native American and references to the color of the skin as negative features, along with current reference to newscasters using terms like “scalping” the other team. Again, the TTAB again voted to cancel the trademarks in a two to one decision that held that the term "redskins" is disparaging to a "substantial composite of Native Americans." However, barely in December 2015, the Federal Circuit Court of Appeals struck down the disparagement prohibition in the trademark law  stating that dissolving the trademark based on how a person (s) feels violate the First Amendment which forbids government regulators to deny registration because they find speech likely to offend others." On June 19, 2017, the First Amendment's Free Speech Clause passed in favor of the Washington Redskins.

Analysis

So, who has the best legal standing the American Indian People or the Washington Redskins officials? A couple of things should be considered; Is it disparaging or derogatory to use people as mascots? What makes other team that bare the likeness of groups of people not subject to the same legal fillings. Does the claim of disparaging violate freedom of speech? Should those two legal claims be allowed to cancel each other out, ensuring that the group with the most money and power win consistently? Finally, can an image be considered racist or racially charged if the creator of the image is a member of that same group. Which is allegedly the case with the Redskins logo. This argument is closely related to music made by African Americans using the N-word.  

My Conclusion

My conclusion is that the Washington Redskins have registered a trademark that is indeed disparaging, and derogatory to a large enough sample size of the American Indian Population to merit dissolving the intellectual property. Owning the likeness of a group of people is a violation of virtue ethics. Other teams with “people-oriented” mascots may need to make name and logo adjustments. There can be an argument made that the changing of the name is an infringement of First Amendments rights. My counter argument would be that a for-profit organization has a harder claim to first amendment infringement than organized individuals. Simple an organization does not have thoughts and feelings to stifle, people do. Finally, it makes no difference whether the creator of artwork belongs to a group of people that an artwork is derogatory against.    

Future Environment

I believe America is very slowly turning into the proud melting pot it claims to be. The current social climate will no longer tolerate blatant racism at the hand of large organization. Although people harbor their own terrible thoughts and beliefs many are less bold to take a risk as it relates to their bottom dollar. Much like the Washington Redskins it was not legal action, protestors, or public opinion that lead them to announce their plans to revamp their logo and name nearly 30 years after negative reactions were expressed. It was, however, the potential loss of 6.2 billion worth of sponsors including PepsiCo, Bank of America, Nike and FedEx and ESPN refusal to air the imagery that force the change.  

  Future Scenario

There are close to 2,000 teams that hold names and logos of some form of “cultural groups”. Many have generic names like “Braves, Raiders, Patriots that do not point to a specific cultural group of people. One team that may be forced to change could be the Minnesota Vikings. However, I would argue that “Vikings” are a not a currently living cultural group to be offended by the name. Many organizations may have to pivot their likeness or edit content. Such changes have already occurred with many teams Like the Cleveland Browns and Disney who have already made adjustment to Dumbo, Peter Pan, and Aladdin to avoid negative PR (a company known to have pro-white leanings). I look forward to the new American that will come out of the over correction of wrongs gone unchecked since American inception. I agree with the leaders of the protest the Washington Redskins people are “Not Your Mascot”  

  Sources and Citations

The Washington Post 2017 Article    

CNBC Article 2020    

Legal terminology https://law.jrank.org/pages/8043/Laches.html    

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HW1Case Q2

Q2.  Explain the case and discuss, one at a time, each question you devised about it, plus the 3 standard questions. 

How can you apply deontological ethics (rule-based) to this case?

This theory would force me to side with the Native American Community. The “Not Your Mascot” Movement has spent decades declaring the objectification of Native Americans has lead to a direct increase in Native American youth depression, low-self esteem and that the term “redskin” is as derogatory as the ”N-word” and as such has been scrubbed for most civilized text.

How can you apply utilitarian ethics (similar to consequentialist ethics) to this case?

Utilitarian Ethics could be the one case that the Washington Redskins could apply in their favor. While many Native American tribes have joined the fight against the “Redskins” name some members of the Blackeet tribe have a declared the logo a point of pride. The image depicted on the Redskins helmet is of John "Two Guns" Whitecalf, a Blackfeet Chief whose likeness also appeared on the Buffalo nickel, minted from 1913-38. The current graphic used was also created by a Native American (which I feel is irrelevant)

However, an argument could be made that the majority of people including some Native Americans do not find the logo offensive and that a logo change will force millions of fans to be forced to buy new merchandise (including sister teams in primary schools and little league). Therefore, a greater number of people will benefit by not changing the name and likeness of the team.  

How can you apply virtue ethics (character-based) to this case?

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HW1Case Q1

Q1. Prepare case notes on an ethics case related to intellectual property. Online students will post their notes to their blog. Your notes should include the following.

 The Washington Redskins trademark dispute has been an ongoing battle over the ethics of using the likeness of culture of a group of people to represent a “mascot” as the intellectual property of an organization since the 1970s. The name has been registered trademark since the 1932.

A link or other citation to the     case you are using; if it is from personal experience, point that out.

The Washington Post 2017 Article

CNBC Article 2020

 Five important facts are:

1.     Two case have been brought before the Trademark Trial and Appeal Board (TTAB) of the United States Patent and Trademark Office (USPTO). Both cases were won by the Native American tribes and later overturned by the Supreme Court and Washington Court.

2.     Sportscasters and reporters regularly refer to Washington wins as “scalping” the opponents.  

3.     There are roughly 2,000 teams that have a version of Native American culture as a mascot including the Kansas City Chiefs, Atlanta, Braves Cleveland Indians (later changed to Browns),

4.     In 2020 6.2 billion worth of sponsors including PepsiCo, Bank of America, Nike and FedEx threaten to pull their sponsorship of the Washington team if the name and logo isn’t changed in light of the George Floyd and American social justice crisis.

5.     Plaintiffs have claimed the term "redskin" to be an offensive and disparaging racial slur to prevent the owners of the Washington Redskins football team from being able to maintain federal trademark.

6.     ESPN has chosen to no longer show the “redskins logo while airing game in the 2020 season. Instead the refer to the team as simply Washington or the “Washington Team” while displaying a “W” encased in a box.

Three questions to ask about the case are:

1.     Is it an ethical conflict or derogatory to use as cultural group as your mascot?

2.     Is it an unconstitutional infringement of Freedom of Speech to stifle the Washington NFL organization’s right to choose a “fictional” character?  

3.     Is it racially discriminatory to create an image of a cultural group if you belong to that cultural group?

4.     What makes the Minnesota Vikings not derogatory?

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HW0

Are you in the “hybrid” (9H1) section     or the asynchronous online (999) section?

The asynchronous online (999) section.

2.      How do you get to the syllabus?

 Access UALR blackboard

Select Ethics in the Professions

Select syllabus option

Select the hyperlink

Select the syllabus tab for the class for Syllabus (999) section - “asynchronous”)

How do you get to the general course     information page?

Access UALR blackboard

Select on the courses Ethics in the Professions

Select  on the hyperlink https://ifsc2200ethics.wordpress.com/

Select Course Information Tab

How do you check your scores on     assignments and so on?

Access to UALR blackboard

Select the courses Ethics in the Professions

Select My Grades

Select All to view Graded assignments, Upcoming assignments, Submitted assignment

What kind of information is provided     by the instructor on the blackboard page for the course, after you Select the     “START HERE” link”?

Schedule , Contact Information, Syllabus

In the syllabus, some bits of text     are bolded while others are not. What does it mean if a     very short, or medium, or long piece of text is bolded? (Hint:     the answer is given on the syllabus page.)

Bolded material is for Fall 2020

What does it mean if a piece of text     in the syllabus is not bolded?

Un-bolded material is supplemental, to be updated, etc.

99% of the course is on the Web. What     is the web site URL?

ifsc2200ethics.wordpress.com/

What is the minimum score on an     assignment? (Hint: see the course information page.)

50% (F)

How many points is the 5-minute     presentation worth? (Asynchronous online students won’t have to actually     present, just hand in the slides for it.)

100 points

How many points is the final project     worth?

200 points

Why are parts of the final project     assigned as regular homework’s throughout the semester?

the final project will be created in guided steps assigned as HWs, to create it happens in a helpful step-by-step way rather than being an enormous thrust at the conclusion of the semester

T or F, is the 5-minute presentation     the same as the final project? (It seems some people have been confused     about this in the past, not sure why.)

F

T or F, could a final project be a     paper, a short story,  45 minutes’ worth of presentation slides (that     are not presented since there isn’t time in the semester for it), a skit,     a web site, software with an ethics aspect to it, a painting with an     ethics-related idea behind it, etc.?

T

T or F, if the project format you     decide on is 45 minutes’ worth of presentation slides, do you still have     to do a 5-minute presentation near the end of the semester like everyone     else? (Hint: you can use some slides for both purposes. Online students do     not need to actually present their 5-minute presentation.)

T

On the course website, what is the     center column of the “home” tab for?

The center column of the home tab is for a welcome to the course introduction, appear how to get to record lectures in Writing board, and a couple of blogs.

What is one web site that explains how     to lead a small group discussion (there are thousands of them, so it is     not hard to find one)? Asynchronous online section students only: Given     that you don’t have to lead small group discussions, is that a plus or a     minus to being in an online section?

https://exceptionalleaderslab.com/lead-group-discussions/

Many assignments are associated with     ethics cases. Based on the course information page and links therein, what     is a “case”?

  a. A court case

  b. A crime case

  c. A legal or law enforcement       investigation

  d. An ethics example situation found       on a web site intended for students taking ethics courses.

  e. A news event, event in your or       someone else’s life, problem, policy, situation, court case, crime,       legal or law enforcement investigation, ethics example situation found       on a web site, etc., for which there are ethical questions that you can       ask about it.

 Based on the course data page there is 13 ethic case think about references

Do you have any questions about the     course? If so, what?

No

20.  Check the web for some information. In your own words, what is ethics?

Morals is standards of the polices of somebody behavior.

 21.  Why is ethics important (or not important)?

Morals is critical since it serves as a direct to everything in common such as life, work, school, etc.

 22.  Several years ago, a student in this course chose the following URL for his blog: wimpyethics.blogspot.com*. He titled his blog “Ethics is for the Weak.” He then proceeded to hand in no assignments and flunked the course. But leaving that aside, is ethics for the weak, or not? Why?

 Morals is not for the powerless, morals are for the regular capacities of society. Without morals it conceivable would not be life at all since there would since there would not be any ethics.

 23. Pick option A or B:

A) What makes something good?

B) Does God say something is good because it is good, or is it good because God says it is good?

 ·         Something that produces palatable or productive.

 24. Kant proposed the following “categorical imperative” (meaning, “It is categorically the case that it is imperative that you must do this”). He said that people should respect the human needs and desires of other people, as opposed to using them only as tools. Was he right?

·         Yes

25. This course is required by some majors. Leaving that aside, which of the following is the best other reason to take this course, in your opinion?

a. Learn about another dimension of     the computing field.

b. Ethics is an interesting topic of     its own that applies in many, many aspects of life.

c. The value to one’s future     professional and career development of developing abilities in group     discussion leadership and participation, since groups and meetings are so     important in the workplace and elsewhere.

d. Ethical issues related to computer     and data security, privacy, social media, surveillance, intellectual     property, and so on are increasingly relevant to modern life. Computing     professionals need to be prepared.

e. Other (what?).

D

26. Which of the preceding choices is the least compelling reason to take this course, in your opinion?

A.