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Quotations and Literature Review

QUOTATIONS

A Mobile Phone Based Homecare Management System on the Cloud

“Due to the cost and complexity of equipment, in the past, telemedicine contacts were mostly used for consultations between special telemedicine centers in hospitals and clinics. More recently, however, providers have begun to experiment with telemedicine contacts between healthcare providers and patients at home to monitor conditions for chronic disease.”

This quotation states that researchers are beginning to create more systems that help healthcare in maintaining the well-being of patients. In the past, telemedicine seemed costly and complex, but due to many advancements, improvements were introduced, does pushing the agenda of creating a healthcare management system that uses modern technology as its environment.

An Intelligent Mobile Diabetes Management and Educational System for Saudi Arabia: System Architecture

“On completion of the long-term study, there will be a need to carry out a suitable testing module and questionnaire to study the SAED system’s usability in diabetic patients.”

After completing the study, there will be a need for a long-term test to know if the system does work according to plan. This quotation is important since it states that it is important that we do so.

A Low-power, Wireless, Wrist-worn Device for Long Time Heart Rate Monitoring and Fall Detection

“With the development of wireless technique and the demand for long-time vital sign monitoring, devices for real time, wireless heart rate monitoring systems are proposed”

This quotation is relevant to my study since it explains why I should be doing my study in the first place. It is why I make what I should be making.

Blood Pressure Beyond the Clinic: Rethinking a Health Metric for Everyone

“Reframing BP devices away from disease management toward well-being can help reduce the stigma and emotional anxiety associated with BP and stimulate greater adoption and use of these devices.”

The authors of this study tackled about how blood pressure monitoring outside the clinic can become more helpful that one's monitored inside clinical facilities. This is relevant for my study since I will propose a system that does the same, and knowing how important it is to consider one's environment in monitoring their vital statistics.

The Internet of Things for Health Care

“The Internet of Things has a variety of application domains, including health care. The IoT revolution is redesigning modern health care with promising technological, economic, and social prospects.”

This quote talks about how the Internet of Things can redesign current models of health care with more promise to economic and social aspects. This is relevant because the system I will propose uses aspects of IoT in its core.

Design of Remote Medical Monitoring System Based on ZigBee Technology

“Sensors to collect all kinds of human health parameters, the analog signal by pre circuit, micro controller with input in the form of a digital signal, through the wireless data transmission and computer universal serial bus interface into PC, sent by the Internet to the remote monitoring center, provide a variety of important physiological parameters for doctors and help their real-time monitoring remote user's physical health, and can in a timely manner to take corresponding measures”

Authors of this study lay out the general schematics of their systems, which for me is important since I can model my system with theirs, and incorporating ideas that can become helpful as I dig dip in my study.

Smart Real-Time Healthcare Monitoring and Tracking System using GSM/GPS Technologies

“Smart and Innovative solutions should be adopted to increase the responsive actions quality in both time and level. The merit of this project relies on two factors; first its multi-uses and services by making some modification on the software many diseases and illnesses like Alzheimer, mental and motion patients could be benefited from this system; secondly, wireless technologies cloud be used to avoid wired connections which somehow may limit the patient mobility.”

In the future, the concept of a Smart City will be the word of mouth among the demographic. In creating systems that merge modern technology and healthcare is a step forward towards achieving this future. In this quotation, the author talks about how we should adapt to changing times to provide better quality in the responsive actions that we partake.

Web Based Patient Health Monitoring System using Raspberry Pi

“This system is useful for monitoring the health status of elderly and ill patients who are not able to visit hospital daily and require assistance in critical conditions.”

This quotation is relevant to my study since it states the possible user of the proposed system, and who will benefit from the study.

An Interfacing Digital Blood Pressure Meter with Arduino-GSM Module for Real-time Monitoring

“With the reason of busyness, such check and consultation, however, are sometimes difficult to be done by the patient. The urgency of this research is the implementation of a system in health tele-monitoring for areas that are not reached by the internet service.”

This quotation is important since it serves as the reason to do the project. Without the need for tele-medicine, there would be no reason to study this particular subject in the first place. Especially since not everyone can afford the luxury of visiting hospitals, it is important to introduce a new method of monitoring their health.

Wireless Chest Wearable Vital Sign Monitoring Platform for Hypertension

“The object of research were to

1) Design a wireless wearable vital sign monitoring platform,

2) To look for noninvasive BP measurement method,

3) To investigate novel legitimate position for arterial stiffness measurement and

4) To a conduct clinical technical evaluation for prototype.”

This quotation is helpful and relevant since it's a model of how the author's system work, hence making it easier for me to pinpoint a specific step in their model and learn how they have created and. This is especially helpful if I wanted to re-create their system.

LITERATURE REVIEW

In modern medicine, the need to proactively monitor one’s vital statistics is a must, especially when the patient is out of the hospital’s range. These vital statistics include one’s pulse rate, blood pressure and body temperature. All three of these are important in monitoring a patient’s health. But when a patient is out of the hospital, the need to monitor their stats can be a burden, especially to those who can’t do it by themselves. A study by Kendall, et. al. (2015) stated that blood pressure documented in clinical environments are captured in irregular intervals. That is why there needs to be a constant update on the patient’s blood pressure, treating it as a value of continuously fluctuating measure. This also holds true for one’s pulse rate and body temperature.

For these reasons, a web-based health monitoring system is designed to enable the doctor to view the patient’s statistics in real-time using internet-aided devices such as tablets, smartphones, and computers. The system will monitor the patient’s vital statistics and it the doctor can monitor it remotely. When a certain threshold of the patient’s statistics is surpassed, the doctor is notified with the use of Short Messaging Services (SMS) so that they can take further action. Such a system can possibly help patients reduce their bills by being admitted to the hospital.

An Automated Vital Sign Monitoring System for Congestive Heart Failure Patients

Chen, et al (2010) described Congestive heart failure (CHF) as a cardiovascular disorder that affects approximately 4.6 million Americans and is a leading cause of death in the United States. It is a condition in which heart function is inadequate to supply oxygenated blood to the patient. CHF has become an important public health problem but Chen, et al stated that, “mechanisms to monitor patients’ health status and behaviors are limited by constraints imposed by the patient’s geography, infirmity, or resources.” That is why they have developed a remote monitoring system so that it has a more dynamic connection between “healthcare providers and patients.” They also said that it improves health promotion and patient care through monitoring of health data. The system also communicates health reminders, and has a built-in mechanism for patient feedback.

The system they managed to develop is called the Weight and Activity Blood Pressure Monitoring System (WANDA). The WANDA system is built on a three-tier architecture consisting of sensors, a web server, and back-end database tiers. The small study has enabled patients to reduce or maintain the number of readings which are out of the acceptable range. At the end of their study, the results show that the WANDA study is effective for patients with CHF.

Creating a system that has a three-tier architecture can help in the proper communication of patients and health experts.

A Mobile Phone Based Homecare Management System on the Cloud

Wei-Tse Tang, et al (2010) are researchers based in Taiwan. Their study combined Hospital Information System (HIS) and the basis of mobile communication, establishing a telemedicine home care management system for sustainable health monitoring through the transmission of Multimedia Messaging Service (MMS) and Short Messaging Service (SMS). In the past, telemedicine were used in specialized telemedicine centers, due to its cost and complexity. However, due to many advancements in technology “...providers have begun to experiment with telemedicine contacts between healthcare providers and patients at home to monitor conditions for chronic disease.”

The system works by sending real-time physiological responses to telemedicine homecare information management system through GSM 900/1800 2G mobile phone in Taiwan. The participants of the study and their records of blood pressure were connected to the hospitals’ HIS. With this, the physicians may link to the system through the health record page in HIS for patients’ physiological responses and records. If there are any abnormal data, physicians and medical staff can inform and arrange patients back to the clinic for further treatment or observation.

Using this kind of system would reduce the high cost of healthcare, and will serve the as the first line of defense in the medical service system.

A Low-power, Wireless, Wrist-worn Device for Long Time Heart Rate Monitoring and Fall Detection

According to the study by Zhou, et al (2014) the need to monitor the heart rate, especially in the elderly, is an important factor to consider since it plays a significant role in the healthcare industry. Monitoring elderly people's heart rate gives a clearer picture of their overall health and physicians can provide necessary medical service in time. The researchers have developed a wrist-worn device to answer the need for real-time vital sign monitoring. The authors described it as "a miniature wrist-worn watch like device which can be easily worn without disturbing one’s daily life or job." (Zhou, et al, 2014)

The system they have designed to detect and measure the electric signal of one's pulse, then amplified with high impedance and filtered using fourth-order band-pass filter before being sent to the microcontroller. After this, the microcontroller adjusts in signal in amplitude, then converting it from analog to digital. The microcontroller is also responsible for the heart rate detection algorithm and detecting the fall by utilizing the 3-axes accelerometer. This data is then sent to a personal computer for proper analyzation.

The proposed device is compared to the POLAR RS100 to see if its effectiveness is much better. After testing a total of nine subjects, statistics show that the standard deviation of the proposed device are 60.83 and 9.705 while the standard deviation are 60.83 and 9.317. The authors of the study then concluded that the proposed device has better effectiveness than the existing device.

Blood Pressure Beyond the Clinic: Rethinking a Health Metric for Everyone

A study by Kendall, et al (2015) stated that monitoring blood pressure, among other vital signs, is important as it is widely used as an indicator for assessing cardiovascular health. According to Cheng, et al (2005), one in five hypertensive patients do not know that they have the chronic disease, and that the public awareness of BP is poor. The researchers said that for a health indicator like blood pressure, there needs to be a continuous advancement in the tools that people use in monitoring their BP. Kendall, et al (2015) said that "continuous BP monitors suggest a future in which cardiovascular metrics are captured as easily as the activity data dominating the current wearable technology market."

As a valuable metric for health, the researchers did tests to prove their theory. In their tests, they asked participants to monitor their blood pressure at home with the use of a mobile app to help them keep track. The researchers identified that this method of tracking one's blood pressure can be analyzed in such a way that physicians consider their daily activities as a factor. Kendall, et al suggests that future designs should be considerate of the contexts when they deal with health maintenance so that it reduces the stigma and emotional anxiety further linked with BP monitoring.

The Internet of Things for Healthcare

In the near future, the world will see new advancements in technology that is integrated with various aspects of everyday life. Such a future will be aided by the Internet of Things, and no doubt that healthcare is part of this innovation. According to Pattichis, et al (2002), “wireless network will be an important bridge between healthcare providers and consumers of medical care.” Aspects like security and privacy, which is a major concern among users, are also being considered in the development of Smart Cities.

In a paper written by Srinivasan, et al (2016), they described that data, whenever passed between machines and crosses machines boundaries, could give privacy and security issues, because machines can provide access to people without the regards for privacy. The solution to this is to store collected data where the concern for privacy is a priority. Designing privacy conscious architecture which can address the user's concern in data privacy.

Moreover, in a paper by Islam, et al (2015), they suggested to adapt or develop security measures to further secure data from the patients. They stated that, “security services are designed using dynamic algorithms, and there is strong collaboration between these services to defend against present, possible, and unseen attacks.”

Smart Real-Time Healthcare Monitoring and Tracking System using GSM/GPS Technologies

Aziz, et al (2016) have designed a smart system architecture for smart healthcare that uses GSM and GPS technologies. Their aim was to provide an effective application for real-time monitoring and tracking of patients. The researchers stated that, “...the system will track, trace, monitor patients and facilitate taking care of their health; so efficient medical services could be provided at appropriate time.”

This task is done using specific sensors that captures and compares data with a configurable threshold set by doctors via a microcontroller. So that in case there is an emergency, the doctors can then respond immediately, as they are notified using SMS with the exact details of the patient’s current state via the GSM module. The researchers stated that, “...the system will be able to bridge the gap between patients - in dramatic health change occasions- and health entities who response and take actions in real time fashion.” They have concluded that the system is helpful to patients who cannot go to the hospital on a daily basis or require assistance in critical conditions.

An Interfacing Digital Blood Pressure Meter with Arduino-GSM Module for Real-time Monitoring

According to Hadiyoso, et al (2017), heart diseases such as hypertension is one of the main causes of death worldwide, but not many are aware of the importance of cardiac health. For patients diagnosed with hypertension who has to regularly check their blood pressure, consultation with medical experts are crucial. But due to certain factors such as time conflicts, checking and consulting with doctors cannot be done. That is why they have designed a system that sends the patient’s blood pressure value so that the doctor can monitor remotely. The patients can conduct the blood pressure checking by themselves and the device sends the value blood pressure via SMS so that they can consult with medical experts anytime and anywhere. They stated that, “Tele-monitoring application to resolve the issue.”

They developed a blood pressure measurement system based on the E-Health module, integrated with the Arduino to read the measurement data and then sends it via short message service using the SIM 900 module. This type of system can help outpatients in particular in keeping up-to-date with their doctors, lessening the visits to hospitals. The need to innovate and create more systems like this is becoming more evident as time goes by.

Diabetes Management and Educational System for Saudi Arabia

Researchers from Saudi Arabia designed a monitoring system for diabetes patients which can track their lifestyle and vital signs. According to Alotaibi (2014), diabetes is one of the major chronic diseases with approximately 366 million individuals diagnosed in 2011. Risks of one’s poor choices and lifestyle and the lack of health awareness are one of the many causes of diabetes in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia. But on the other hand, Saudi Arabia had the largest number of Smartphone users in the world in 2012. With the fast-paced technological development, Smartphone has made it possible to create platforms for monitoring and managing diabetes patients. Istepanian, et al (2006) described this as “…the exploitation of the mobile telecommunication and multimedia technologies and their integration into new mobile healthcare delivery systems.”

The system works by enabling the physician to remotely overview the diabetic patient’s present condition. Wherein data from the devices needed such as blood glucose and blood pressure device are transferred to the cloud server via 3G or LTE Network. The researchers stated that, “the diabetic patient is provided with a friendly web interface that includes a data management environment that offers a personal medical profile and a record of glucose and blood pressure levels in the form of tables and charts.” On the other hand, these transferred data are presented to the physician concerned and it “...includes a friendly web interface and mobile application. These two present a diabetes data management system that allows the specialist diabetic nurse to communicate with and monitor the diabetic patient remotely.”

As stated, this type of system can be help diabetic patients who are out of the hospital but still has the need to be monitored constantly. The researchers concluded that system is “...presented to achieve intensive monitoring of daily blood glucose levels, optimized treatment and a normal lifestyle for diabetic patients in Saudi Arabia without restrictions on daily life.” Thus, the use of modern technology in the monitoring of patients can be achieved through the right equipment and methodologies used.

REFERENCES

1. Suh, M., Evangelista, L. S., & Chen, C. (2010, November 11). An Automated Vital Sign Monitoring System for Congestive Heart Failure Patients. Retrieved January 19, 2018, from https://dl.acm.org/citation.cfm?id=1883010

Description: This paper talks about a monitoring system designed by the authors that is meant to check the well-being and health of patients with Congestive Heart Failure, all with the use of technology.

2. Tang, W., Hu, C., & Hsu, C. (2010). A Mobile Phone Based Homecare Management System on the Cloud. Retrieved January 19, 2018, from http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/document/5639917/

Description: This study talks about designing a homecare health management system via the Cloud technology.

3. Alotaibi, Istepanian, Sungoor, & Philip. (2014). An Intelligent Mobile Diabetes Management and Educational System for Saudi Arabia: System Architecture. Retrieved January 19, 2018, from http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/document/6864296/

Description: This paper talks about developing a diabetes management and monitoring system guided by technology for diabetic patients of the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia.

4. Zhou, C., Tu, C., & Gao, Y. (2014). A Low-power, Wireless, Wrist-worn Device for Long Time Heart Rate Monitoring and Fall Detection. Retrieved February 2, 2018, from http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/document/6954670/

Description: The authors of the study proposed a device that can detect a person’s heart rate using their wrists. This device can also detect if the person has fallen or not.

5. Kendall, L., Morris, D., & Tan, D. (2015, April 18). Blood Pressure Beyond the Clinic: Rethinking a Health Metric for Everyone. Retrieved January 19, 2018, from https://dl.acm.org/citation.cfm?id=2702276

Description: This paper talks about how blood pressure outside the clinical setting should be properly discussed since studies have proven that home-based monitoring can be more effective.

6. Kwak K., & Islam, S. (2015). The Internet of Things for Health Care: A Comprehensive Survey. Retrieved February 2, 2018, from http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/document/7113786/

Description: This study is a survey about a how the Internet of Things is integrated with healthcare and all its benefits and disadvantages.

7. Xu, D., Feng, P., & Ren, S. (2015). Design of Remote Medical Monitoring System Based on ZigBee Technology. Retrieved February 2, 2018, from http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/document/7310740/

Description: A paper that talks about using the ZigBee technology in creating a medical monitoring system for its users.

8. Aziz, K., Tarapiah, S., Ismail, S. H., & Atalla, S. (2016). Smart Real-Time Healthcare Monitoring and Tracking System using GSM/GPS Technologies. Retrieved January 19, 2018, from http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/document/7460394/

Description: This paper talks about designing a system that monitors a patient’s health remotely and tracking them using the GPS technology.

9. Sunehra, D., & Ramakrishna, P. (2016). Web Based Patient Health Monitoring System using Raspberry Pi. Retrieved February 2, 2018, from http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/document/7918028/

Description: This paper talks about creating a system that uses the Raspberry Pi technology in creating a monitoring system

10. Fajar, Z., Hadiyoso, S., & Rizal, A. (2017). An Interfacing Digital Blood Pressure Meter with Arduino-GSM Module for Real-time Monitoring. Retrieved January 19, 2018, from http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/document/8226669/

Description: This paper studies about developing a blood pressure monitor aided by Arduino so that it can check the patient’s health in real-time without the need of going to hospitals

11. J., & G. (2017). Wireless Chest Wearable Vital Sign Monitoring Platform for Hypertension. Retrieved February 02, 2018, from http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/document/8036950/

Description: A study that talks about a proposed device used in the chest for real-time vital sign monitoring. This is especially useful for patients with hypertension.

Additional References:

1. R. Istepanian, et al., M-health: emerging mobile health systems. Berlin: Springer, 2006

2. C. S. Pattichis, E. Kyriacou, S. Voskarides, M. S. Pattichis, R. Istepanian and C. N. Schizas, “Wireless telemedicine systems: an overview,” Antennas and Propagation Magazine (IEEE), Vol. 44., Issue 2., 143-153, Apr 2002

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berwynd-blog · 7 years ago

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Structure, Concepts, and Claims

Web Based Vital Statistics Monitoring System

STRUCTURE

There is a common structure between the studies that I have read. They are all structured like how a standard research would look like, starting with the Abstract, down to the Conclusion part of the study. I observed that they all follow a certain structure of introducing the study, then examining the components used in the study, then proceed to explaining how to use the components mentioned. Then the researchers conduct experiments to test their claims, then proceed to talk about it in the Results and Discussion part.

Surprisingly, a small number of studies were lacking reviews of related literature. Some studies have one, but they were very brief and was integrated within the introduction. But overall, there seems to be a pattern that they are using and it’s easy to say that this structure is the standard.

CONCEPTS

1. Internet of Things (IoT) – According to Morgan (2017), Internet of Things “is the concept of connecting any device with an on and off switch to the Internet.” Meola (2016) further added that it is “a network of internet-connected objects able to collect and exchange data using embedded sensors.” Devices like cellphones, washing machines, refrigerator, and coffee maker can be part of the IoT.

2. Smart City – According to Musa (2016), Smart City is defined as “a city that engages its citizens and connects its infrastructure electronically. A smart city has the ability to integrate multiple technological solutions, in a secure fashion, to manage the city’s assets–the city’s assets include, but not limited to, local departments’ information systems, schools, libraries, transportation systems, hospitals, power plants, law enforcement, and other community services.”

3. Microcontroller – According to Future Electronics, a microcontroller is “a self-contained system with peripherals, memory and a processor that can be used as an embedded system. Most programmable microcontrollers that are used today are embedded in other consumer products or machinery including phones, peripherals, automobiles and household appliances for computer systems.”

4. GSM/GPRS Module – According to Agnihotri (2017) a GSM/GPRS Module is used to establish communication between a computer and a GSM-GPRS system. “Global System for Mobile communication (GSM) is an architecture used for mobile communication in most of the countries. Global Packet Radio Service (GPRS) is an extension of GSM that enables higher data transmission rate.”

5. Fall Detection System – According to Igual, et al (2013) a Fall Detection System is an assistive device whose main objective is “to alert when a fall event has occurred. In a real-life scenario, they have the potential to mitigate some of the adverse consequences of a fall.”

CLAIMS AND EVIDENCES

A Mobile Phone Based Homecare Management System on the Cloud

1. The researchers of this study claim that there needs to be a system for the elderly to easily monitor their health. They stated that by the year 2020, Taiwan's elderly population will reach 14%. The fast-paced aging speed of the country further pushes the agenda of new medical care technique that can manage chronic and long-term diseases. According to them, the demand for healthcare management in Taiwan increases as the elderly's population increases. They quoted that the "The Flagship Program of Scientific and Technological Services” lead by the Department of Industrial Technology in Taiwan urges for healthcare institutions to develop integrated healthcare systems to enhance the senior care service quality, efficiency and effectiveness.

2. The researchers stated that wireless networks could be an important bridge between users and providers of medical care. As such, their system takes advantage of this, and was proven to be true later in their study. When they tested their system, they have concluded that what they claim is true. Their system can provide telemedicine homecare management through the use of wireless network. Transmitting physiological signal data is easier with the help of this. The researchers also stated that such a structure could be reusable for future works.

3. The researchers stated in their research that their system could, for the long-term, detect abnormal signs that can lead to the deterioration of our health. This claim is backed-up by the fact that abnormal signs of the body are easily detected by the sending, then the will send an SMS to patients’ or their families’ mobile phones o that they or their families could know their physiological conditions immediately. When the physiological signal of a patient is out of normal range, the system would also text a message to them or their families to inform their abnormal physiological measurement value, and give out revisit suggestions or contact with their physicians. The researchers concluded that their system could help in the long-term with regards to patient monitoring.

An Intelligent Mobile Diabetes Management and Educational System for Saudi Arabia: System Architecture

1. The researchers claimed that through the use of mobile phones, people with diabetes can use this to their advantage in taking care of their health. They have proposed a system that lets a diabetic patient be monitored remotely, thus making it easy for both the patient and doctor to reach out. In a meta-analysis study quoted by the researchers, data from an electronic database were used to analyze the success rate of mobile technology in enhancing a patient’s health. They observed the patient’s level of glycosylated hemoglobin [HbA1c] that used mobile phones in controlling the level of level of glycosylated hemoglobin. A meta-analysis of the pooled results was conducted afterwards. The study revealed that 1,675 participants of the experiment showed reduced levels of glycosylated hemoglobin because of the use of mobile phones. The statistics shows that the success rate has a mean of ‘…0.5% (6 mmol ⁄mol; 95% confidence interval, 0.3–0.7% (4–8 mmol ⁄mol))’ over a median of 6 months’. With this, the researchers were able to prove that mobile phone intervention in managing chronic diseases such as diabetes were needed.

2. The researchers laid out the features that the system can do, and claimed that their state-of-the-art innovation is something that can ultimately help their patients. In their implementation of the said system, they were able to confirm that their system was working and can function accordingly. Their prototype of the SAED system was able to carry out the functional requirements that they laid out in the system’s requirement of the paper. Their prototype was able to demonstrate that data from a remote patient can be transmitted and this data can be dynamically changed. According to the figures that they have attached, a logbook of individual blood glucose count can be seen. This proves that their system can work in a real-life scenario.

3. The researchers said in their paper that there is a need for further studies regarding this matter, eventually collaborating with hospitals to test if the SAED system is helpful towards the citizens of Saudi Arabia. To complete this, there needs to be a questionnaire to further prove the SAED’s function ability towards its users. They have also said to take readings of the patient’s level of glycosylated hemoglobin before and after the tests, and have the data analyzed by a statistical software such as SPSS.

A Low-power, Wireless, Wrist-worn Device for Long Time Heart Rate Monitoring and Fall Detection

1. The proposed device has better consistency than POLAR RS100, a heart rate monitor watch. The researchers tested six subjects with both the proposed device and the POLAR RS100 at the same time. They gathered forty-five data in total since they observed the subjects for nine days. Utilizing the PASW Statistics 18 (SPSS Statistics), the researchers analyzed the data observed and found out that the average and standard deviation of the proposed device are 60.83 and 9.705, compared to the average and standard deviation of POLAR RS100 which were 61.96 and 9.317, with a Pearson correlation coefficient of 0.975(p < 0.01). The researchers concluded that the proposed device has a better consistency than the POLAR RS100 with regards to the measurement of heart rates.

2. A fast-responding Automatic Gain Control (AGC) is integrated in the proposed device with the purpose to detect the pulse signal in the condition where the input signal is weak or strong according to the motion artifacts. The AGC automatically adjusts the maximum value of the input signal using an algorithm. The threshold is defined as 1/8 of the ADC reference voltage which corresponds as the lowest input value and 5/8 of the ADC reference voltage as the highest input value. According to the researchers, this makes it so that the input signal from the user has a certain dynamic range. If the detected maximum value is bigger than the highest possible input value by 1.25 seconds, the gain of the AGC is reduced by two grades. However, if the maximum value is smaller than the lowest possible input value, the gain is increased to the most reasonable value, calculated through the rate of the detected to 1/2 of the ADC reference voltage.

3. The status of a user, whether they're walking or in a stationary condition, could be detected. This is according to the calculated standard deviation difference of the adjacent peak-to-peak amplitude (PPA) and the adjacent peak-to-peak spacing. If the PPA and PPS are both smaller than the given value set, the user's status could be identified as in a stationary situation. The PPS used in the data buffer is selected using clustering. If the PPA and PPS are both bigger than the given value set, with an AGC gain smaller than 255, the status could be identified as walking. If the PPS is bigger than the given value set with an AGC gain of 255, the status of the user could be identified as non-working.

Blood Pressure Beyond the Clinic: Rethinking a Health Metric for Everyone

1. According to the researches, health indicators such as blood pressure should be taken within the context of daily activities. Continued advancement of tools such as wrist worn, cuff less, continuous BP monitors suggest a future in which cardiovascular metrics are captured as easily as the activity data dominating the current wearable technology market. This is due to the fact that a clinical setting may not be the best option to check for BP since it has limitations in its capacity to accurately measure BP in certain contexts. Studies quoted by the researchers have shown that 15% of adults do not visit their providers annually, but instead patients monitor their BP at home as it is better at predicting cardiovascular risk than measurements in the clinic. The researchers then concluded that BP devices have become a preferred alternative for BP assessment, thus creating a need for a system that does so.

2. The researchers stated that for their study, they required participant’s specific requirements such as actively people who are taking BP medication or had been diagnosed with hypertension or other cardiovascular diseases. They also required them with a smartphone or tablet for the web-based application tool for daily monitoring of their BP. Using purposeful sampling based on age and gender to ensure representation from an adult population, they recruited participants from a database. Thirty-four persons, 17 females and 17 male, participated in the study. All participants had some college level education, with 27 holding a college degree or higher. Participants indicated a high level of physical activity, with79% reporting exercising outside of work on a daily basis. The researchers also stated that 68% of participants said that they had previously measured their BP outside of a clinic, such as at a pharmacy kiosk or at home with a personal BP device.

3. Throughout the study, the researchers stated that their idea was to ease the patients with BP monitoring, stating that at-home monitoring is better than clinical ones. They concluded that BP is a valuable metric to incorporate as part of personal informatics systems for health. Self-tracking needs including responding to BP variability through repeated or continuous measures and supporting personal discovery of BP fluctuations linked to everyday living. Through their surveys and tests with the participants, they were able to say that reframing BP devices away from disease management toward well-being can help reduce the stigma and emotional anxiety associated with BP and stimulate greater adoption and use of these devices. Future designs should consider more casual use contexts in addition to health maintenance.

The Internet of Things for Health Care

1. The researchers of this study aimed to ask the question on why the Internet of Things important to healthcare. In hindsight, benefits of IoT typically include the advanced connectivity of devices, systems, and services that goes beyond machine to-machine (M2M) scenarios. Therefore, introducing automation is conceivable in nearly every field. The IoT provides appropriate solutions for a wide range of applications such as smart cities, structural health, security, emergency services, logistics, and health care. As such, research trends in IoT-based health care include network architectures and platforms, new services and applications, interoperability, and security, among others. They have conducted a survey to test this claim.

2. According to the researchers, IoT-based healthcare services are expected to reduce costs, increase the quality of life, and enrich the user’s experience. Because, from the perspective of healthcare providers, the IoT has the potential to reduce device downtime through remote provision. The IoT is anticipated to enable a variety of healthcare services in which each service provides a set of healthcare solutions. The researchers concluded that IoT frameworks may require slight modifications for their proper functioning in healthcare scenarios. These include notification services, resource sharing services, internet services, cross connectivity protocols for heterogeneous devices, and link protocols for major connectivity. The easy, fast, secure, and low-power discovery of devices and services can be added to this list.

3. Furthermore, the researchers expounded on how the IoT is helping patients with smartphones to reach healthcare within their hands. Diagnostic apps are used to access diagnostic and treatment information. Drug reference apps typically provide names of drugs, their indications, dosages, costs, and identifying features. Medical education apps typically deal with tutorials, training, various surgical demonstrations, color illustrations of different images, and medical books. Clinical communication apps such as these can simplify the communication between clinicians within a hospital. Therefore, enabling a much more convenient environment for patient monitoring.

Design of Remote Medical Monitoring System Based on ZigBee Technology

1. The researchers stated that their system enables them to remotely monitor a patient's well-being through the technology that they have incorporated in their study like ZigBee wireless network and Ethernet, which is the core of the home wireless network, is the core part of the home wireless network. According to them the pulse physiological data is transmitted to the remote monitoring server through the home gateway. The remote monitoring server is responsible for the collection, display and preservation of the pulse physiological data. Other monitoring information such as body temperature, blood pressure, blood oxygen, etc. can also be transmitted to the server. This support the fact that the system can monitor the patient.

2. According to the researchers of this paper, their design and implementation system is based on the idea of modular design. The system includes data acquisition module, wireless transceiver module and the universal serial bus interface transmission module. In their system, a wireless sensor node is put in place. The main functions of the wireless sensor network node is to collect physiological data, and to dynamically monitor a condition using medical equipment. A hardware design of the wireless network was also implemented. This includes the processor module hardware system which contains the processor module, A/D conversion module, serial port, memory module. These are all necessary for the functionality of the system. All of this will be a part of a system that the researchers have designed.

3. According to the researchers, connecting the proposed system to an Internet network can form a larger community of medical care network, including the hospital network, the whole city and the national medical monitoring network. They concluded that wireless telemedicine, when further developed into more mature medical care, can replace traditional medical pattern. A new medical monitoring system based on the Internet will form, serving the hospital as the core. It will be community, family and individual oriented to ensure that the people both in hospital and out hospital can get timely, effective, professional medical diagnosis and treatment.

Smart Real-Time Healthcare Monitoring and Tracking System using GSM/GPS Technologies

1. According to the researchers, the need to create a system like the one they have presented has increased over the years. Blood pressure disease has been present for centuries due to many factors, including poor eating habits. They stated that this kind of condition are rampant in many countries, and not only is there a need to intervene in the medical aspect, but there also has to be a development in the creation of smart and innovative solutions. These solutions include smart tracking to increase the responsive actions quality in both level and time. The researchers concluded that the system they have designed and experimented guarantees that there will be improvement in the quality of health services, further reducing the total costs in healthcare, avoiding unneeded hospital visits, and ensuring that the patients can get the urgent care that they need sooner.

2. In their experiments with the system that they have designed, one feature is to pinpoint the exact location of the patient through the GPS module. In their tests, the researchers have demonstrated that the system can automatically execute this feature, making it easier for the patient’s caretaker to locate the patient. Using Google Maps, they determined the patient’s location and appeared in the SMS that the system has provided.

3. One feature laid out by the researchers in the system’s ability to read and transmit data from the sensors to the monitor. In their test runs, they have concluded that this feature is functional, since the monitor was able to display the temperature of the patient in Celsius and Fahrenheit, their heart rate, and their location. This was all sent in SMS form as well.

Web Based Patient Health Monitoring System using Raspberry Pi

1. According to the researchers, the proposed system can save the patient from future health problems by using the device. Such a claim was not documented in real-life situations, but the researchers conducted a test to see if the system does work. During their experiments and tests using the device, the results showed that the device was working due to the fact that the patient’s health status was reflected in the web system, including their general information and their current status. These values were updated every 60 seconds. The researchers were able to conclude that they have created a system that works.

2. The researchers claimed that the device can detect when a person has fallen. While the system can actively monitor the vital signs, another threshold for the system to detect if whether the patient is okay or not is through the patient’s physical condition. Because of this, the researchers have integrated an accelerometer to detect whether or not the user has fallen. To do this, the program checks the accelerometer output and follows the statement ‘If (acc_x >= 410 or acc_x <= -410 or acc_y >= 410 or acc_y <= -410)’, then the microcontroller sends a signal to the ZigBee transmitter with the message “Person has fallen.” In the same manner, if the program detects that ‘If If (acc_x < 410 or acc_x > -410 ot acc_y < 410 or acc_y > -410)’, then the microcontrollers sends a signal to the transmitter along with the message “Person has not fallen.”

3. The proposed device was said to contact the patient’s assigned doctor in case there was an emergency. According to the researcher’s experiments, they were able to do so. In their research, they attached a figure that contains information about the patient in their current situation. An SMS alert to the patient’s caretaker will enable them to provide fast actions to safeguard the patient. This proves that the system can indeed contact the caretaker in time, so that the patient can get the urgent care that they need sooner.

An Interfacing Digital Blood Pressure Meter with Arduino-GSM Module for Real-time Monitoring

1. Researchers claimed that with the use of this technology, patients can easily conduct blood pressure checks by themselves and have this data accessible to medical experts anytime and anywhere. They said that it takes Tele-monitoring to solve the issue of communication, by utilizing SMS services via the GSM network. The researchers then tested this claim and was able to conclude that after 24 times of testing, the data resulted from the measurement were sent and received successfully with a valid value.

2. Researchers designed the system in a way that the Arduino microcontroller can detect the data presented by the BP monitor. In their tests, the goal was to simulate this situation, as they claim that it can work. The Arduino shall receive the data from the BP monitor before forwarding the data to the GSM modem for the transmission in SMS form. The measurement data was sent by the Arduino to the PC for data validation. The researchers were able to conclude that the proposed system works because each time the Arduino receives the data from the BP monitor, it contained the value of the systole, diastole, and pulse rate values, indicating that the system was indeed working.

3. The researchers claimed that with the use of the Arduino with GSM Modem, the device can easily transmit the data from the sensors to a mobile network in a form of SMS text. In their tests, the aim was to determine the successful delivery of a short message while also finding out and observing the length of the waiting time delivery, or the text's delay. They tested a total of 20 samples, sent over the GSM modem by the Arduino microcontroller and calculated the delay. They found out that the average delay of the short message was 16.75 seconds, with a standard deviation of 1,251. They were able to conclude that the value of the standard deviation was relatively low, which meant that the difference of the delay value was very little.

Wireless Chest Wearable Vital Sign Monitoring Platform for Hypertension

1. The researchers stated in their study that they placed their sensor in the chest area since the chest position is most stable and right signal acquisition position for signal stability and legitimacy. Signals measured at the chest are less prone to artifact and PTT from carotid arteries provides the aortic stiffness which is a true indicator for hypertension. Aortic stiffness is a legitimate indicator for hypertension and showed highest CV mortality when compared to other arterial stiffness. Hence they measure the ECG signals within the chest area, placed in an equal distance at right and left common carotid arteries for PPG and BCG sensors from the heart.

2. According to the researchers, the system can automatically detect the changes in the blood pressure of a patient. In their detailed explanation of the system's software, they were able to track changes in blood pressure by driving the relationship between correcting factor and a log of pulse transit time. Transformations use numerical range estimation specific to individual subject’s blood variation. With this, the system can easily analyze changes in the patient's blood pressure, detecting if there are any abnormalities so further action can be taken.

3. In their paper, the researchers explained that their monitoring system uses the idea of the Internet of Things (IoT) architecture. They have developed a belt which takes the vital signs and transmits over BLE. The device gets paired with the subject’s personal mobiles on custom BLE profile, NIBP. The custom android application takes data from belt and relays to server and serves the purpose for user interaction. Data communication to/from a mobile device is on secure connection with thingspeak server. The server runs the data offline analysis in MATLAB environment and estimated the blood pressure which is reacted to twitter for subject’s physician and friend list. This makes it easier for the system to communicate through wireless networks, and can easily transmit any information.

REFERENCES

1. Igual, R., Medrano, C., & Plaza, I. (2013). Challenges, issues and trends in fall detection systems. Retrieved February 05, 2018, from https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3711927/

2. Musa, D. S. (2016, January). Smart City Roadmap. Retrieved February 03, 2018, from https://www.academia.edu/21181336/Smart_City_Roadmap

3. Meola, A. (2016, December 19). What is the Internet of Things (IoT)? Retrieved February 03, 2018, from http://www.businessinsider.com/what-is-the-internet-of-things-definition-2016-8

4. Agnihotri, N. (2017, March 21). GSM/GPRS Module. Retrieved February 05, 2018, from https://www.engineersgarage.com/articles/gsm-gprs-modules

5. Morgan, J. (2017, April 20). A Simple Explanation Of 'The Internet Of Things'. Retrieved February 03, 2018, from https://www.forbes.com/sites/jacobmorgan/2014/05/13/simple-explanation-internet-things-that-anyone-can-understand/#6dfc5e2f1d09

6. What is a Microcontroller? [Web log post]. (n.d.). Retrieved February 03, 2018, from http://www.futureelectronics.com/en/Microcontrollers/microcontrollers.aspx

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berwynd-blog · 7 years ago

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Web Based Vital Statistics Monitoring System

In modern medicine, the need to proactively monitor one’s vital statistics is a must, especially when the patient is out of the hospital’s range. These vital statistics include one’s pulse rate, blood pressure and body temperature. All three of these are important in monitoring a patient’s health. But when a patient is out of the hospital, the need to monitor their stats can be a burden, especially to those who can’t do it by themselves. A study by Kendall, et al (2015) stated that blood pressure documented in clinical environments are captured in irregular intervals. That is why there needs to be a constant update on the patient’s blood pressure, treating it as a value of continuously fluctuating measure. This also holds true for one’s pulse rate and body temperature.

Diabetes Management and Educational System for Saudi Arabia

Smart Real-Time Healthcare Monitoring and Tracking System using GSM/GPS Technologies

An Interfacing Digital Blood Pressure Meter with Arduino-GSM Module for Real-time Monitoring

A Mobile Phone Based Homecare Management System on the Cloud

Using this kind of system would reduce the high cost of healthcare, and will serve the as the first line of defense in the medical service system.

An Automated Vital Sign Monitoring System for Congestive Heart Failure Patients

Creating a system that has a three-tier architecture can help in the proper communication of patients and health experts.

CONCLUSION

The interest that I have in healthcare is fueled by personal reasons and I will be using the knowledge that I can gather in creating a system that can help a lot of people.

REFERENCES

Kendall, L., Morris, D., & Tan, D. (2015, April 18). Blood Pressure Beyond the Clinic: Rethinking a Health Metric for Everyone. Retrieved January 19, 2018, from https://dl.acm.org/citation.cfm?id=2702276

Alotaibi, Istepanian, Sungoor, & Philip. (2014). An Intelligent Mobile Diabetes Management and Educational System for Saudi Arabia: System Architecture. Retrieved January 19, 2018, from http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/document/6864296/

Aziz, K., Tarapiah, S., Ismail, S. H., & Atalla, S. (2016). Smart Real-Time Healthcare Monitoring and Tracking System using GSM/GPS Technologies. Retrieved January 19, 2018, from http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/document/7460394/

Fajar, Z., Hadiyoso, S., & Rizal, A. (2017). An Interfacing Digital Blood Pressure Meter with Arduino-GSM Module for Real-time Monitoring. Retrieved January 19, 2018, from http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/document/8226669/

Tang, W., Hu, C., & Hsu, C. (2010). A Mobile Phone Based Homecare Management System on the Cloud. Retrieved January 19, 2018, from http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/document/5639917/

Suh, M., Evangelista, L. S., & Chen, C. (2010, November 11). An Automated Vital Sign Monitoring System for Congestive Heart Failure Patients. Retrieved January 19, 2018, from https://dl.acm.org/citation.cfm?id=1883010

R. Istepanian, et al., M-health: emerging mobile health systems. Berlin: Springer, 2006

C. S. Pattichis, E. Kyriacou, S. Voskarides, M. S. Pattichis, R. Istepanian and C. N. Schizas, “Wireless telemedicine systems: an overview,” Antennas and Propagation Magazine (IEEE), Vol. 44., Issue 2., 143-153, Apr 2002

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