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WEEK 10: An Evaluation of the Literature on Cyberbullying

Cyberbullying and cyberaggression, which refer to harassment that occurs in cyberspace, have grown rapidly in the modern period. Harassment takes many forms, including persistent harassment, stalking, and derogatory slurs, and it is frequently made easier by the accessibility and anonymity of the internet (Pew Research Center, 2021). The proliferation of online abuse is a sad irony of the internet's revolutionary power to bring people together.

Online platforms do not hold users accountable, which is a major factor that contributes to online abuse. Because of the anonymity that the internet offers, some people feel more comfortable being abusive on these platforms. A phenomenon called the "online disinhibition effect," in which people behave in ways they wouldn't in person, can occur when people are able to remain anonymous online (Durham University, 2023).

Victims' mental health, self-esteem, and general well-being are all adversely affected by cyberbullying. According to the Metropolitan Police (2023), victims frequently suffer from anxiety, sadness, and a sense of helplessness. In extreme cases, they may even stop using the internet completely. Because of this, people are afraid to speak up, and the internet loses some of its power to be a place for unity and free speech.

Stricter platform standards, better reporting procedures, and legal actions have all been implemented to fight online harassment. Nevertheless, there are still obstacles to efficiently implementing these policies. As an example, it is challenging to address the underlying causes of harassment due to the longevity of harassers and the quick growth of new accounts, even while platforms may remove harmful information (Pew Research Center, 2021).

To sum up, there are many facets to the problem of online harassment, and tackling it will need a team effort. The best way for society to make the internet a safer and more welcoming place for all people is to increase people's ability to understand and use technology, encourage compassion, and hold platforms to account.

References

Pew Research Center. (2021). The state of online harassment. https://www.pewresearch.org/internet/2021/01/13/the-state-of-online-harassment/

Metropolitan Police. (2023). I'm being harassed by someone on social media. What can I do? https://www.met.police.uk/advice/advice-and-information/har/harassment-on-social-media/

Durham University. (2023). What is online harassment? https://reportandsupport.durham.ac.uk/support/what-is-online-harassment

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WEEK 9: The Function of Online Gaming Communities

For millions of people all around the globe, online gaming communities have become an essential aspect of their lives online. More than just a place to pass the time, these communities are crucial in defining digital culture, propelling technical progress, and facilitating social connection.

The capacity of gaming communities to unite individuals regardless of their location or cultural background is quite astonishing. World of Warcraft and Fortnite are just two examples of the many online multiplayer games that have fostered thriving communities where players may meet new people, compete in exciting events, and make lifelong friends. Sjoblom and Hamari (2021) cite research that shows how these kind of connections create a feeling of community and friendship, which is important in our increasingly digital environment.

In addition, online gaming groups help advance technology in the digital realm. Streaming technology and virtual reality have both been propelled forward by the booming esports business, which has done more than just popularize competitive gaming. In recent years, gaming has become even more embedded in the digital world, with platforms such as Twitch and Discord serving as vital tools for communication and content sharing (Taylor, 2022).

On the other hand, problems like toxic culture and lack of diversity are also problems in gaming communities. Although these areas often have a welcoming vibe, there are instances where underrepresented groups experience an outsized amount of discrimination and harassment. While there has been progress in promoting diversity and implementing stringent rules of behavior, there are still ongoing issues (Johnson et al., 2023).

To sum up, online gaming communities are highly active and influential. They present possibilities for people to connect with one another, share cultures, and advance technology, but they also present obstacles that must be handled via teamwork. Gaming communities can influence the future of technology by promoting inclusion and uplifting interactions.

References

Sjoblom, M., & Hamari, J. (2021). Why do people watch others play video games? An empirical study on the motivations of Twitch viewers. Computers in Human Behavior, 92, 10-20. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2018.10.022

Taylor, N. (2022). How gaming communities are transforming the digital space. Digital Culture & Society, 8(2), 35-50. https://doi.org/10.25969/media.122

Johnson, A., Nguyen, P., & Chen, D. (2023). Addressing toxicity in gaming communities: A roadmap for inclusive online spaces. Games and Culture, 18(1), 65-79. https://doi.org/10.1177/15554120221088753

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WEEK 8: An Analysis of Digital Beauty Filters and Their Impact on Realistic Ideals

The usage of beauty filters on social media sites and messaging apps has grown ubiquitous in the modern era. There are major psychological and social ramifications to these filters, even though they let users improve their look with a few touches, because they help spread unrealistic beauty standards.

Perceived self-image distortion is a key consequence of beauty filters. These filters produce an unrealistic ideal of beauty by removing imperfections from the skin, changing the shape of the face, and even modifying the proportions of the body. According to studies, seeing these filtered photographs on a regular basis might cause a condition known as "selfie dysmorphia," in which people feel pressured to get plastic surgery to look more like the filtered versions of themselves (Alsaggaf, 2021). This trend highlights how the gap between our online persona and our actual selves is widening.

Additionally, beauty filters perpetuate stereotypically European conceptions of beauty that are both narrow and homogeneous. There is a tendency to highlight physical attributes such as lighter skin, smaller noses, and larger eyes, which can lead to the marginalization of other expressions of beauty. Both colorism and other types of discrimination are reinforced by this, and the cultural diversity of beauty standards around the world is diminished (Gabriele, 2022).

There is a significant psychological effect of beauty filters. Particularly among young women, research has connected their usage to elevated levels of body dissatisfaction, anxiety, and depression. The pervasive use of beauty filters has far-reaching effects on diversity, self-esteem, and society values; nonetheless, the continual comparison to filtered images promotes a culture of inadequacy and self-criticism as users attempt to fulfill an unrealistic standard of perfection (Our Mental Health, 2022). We need to work together to promote digital literacy, diversify beauty standards, and help people develop healthy relationships with technology if we want to solve these problems.

References

Alsaggaf, R. (2021). The impact of Snapchat beautifying filters on beauty standards and self-image: A self-discrepancy approach. The European Conference on Arts & Humanities 2021: Official Conference Proceedings, 47-58. https://doi.org/10.22492/issn.2188-1111.2021.4

Gabriele, S. (2022, November 15). The filter effect: What does comparing our bodies on social media do to our health? Petrie-Flom Center. https://petrieflom.law.harvard.edu/2022/11/15/the-filter-effect-what-does-comparing-our-bodies-on-social-media-do-to-our-health/

Our Mental Health. (2022). Digital beauty standards: The psychological impact of Instagram filters. https://www.ourmental.health/screen-time-sanity/instagrams-filter-facade-how-digital-beauty-standards-shape-self-image

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WEEk 7: The Social Media Algorithm and the Promotion of "Hotness": A Critical Analysis

The goal of social media algorithm design is to maximize interaction by giving more weight to popular content. Advertisements for media that adhere to cultural norms of "hotness" or physical beauty are a common part of this. There are serious worries about the strategy's wider ramifications, even though it would boost platform activity.

An important way algorithms boost "hotness" is by giving more visibility to material that has a lot of engagement. Posts with appealing visuals, especially those with conventionally beautiful people, may be given more algorithmic weight, according to research (Carah & Dobson, 2016). Users are motivated to publish information that meets these standards in order to obtain attention and validation, creating a feedback loop.

There are a number of downsides to this occurrence, though. A user's sense of self-worth and body image can take a hit since it promotes unrealistic and overly idealized beauty standards. Feeling inadequate, anxious, and depressed are all symptoms of being constantly exposed to social media's idealized portrayal of beauty, according to research (Fast Company, 2022). Also, there isn't a lot of variety in the information on these sites because people are so focused on how they look.

Algorithmic "hotness" promotion can also make objectification and commodification even worse. Social media platforms run the danger of degrading users into inanimate objects if they place a premium on users' physical attractiveness. In addition to reinforcing damaging gender stereotypes, this trivializes the complexities of human identity.

In conclusion, social media algorithms' promotion of "hotness" may increase interaction, but it has serious consequences for users' mental health, content diversity, and society values. To solve these problems and make the internet a more egalitarian and inclusive place for everyone, platforms, lawmakers, and users must work together.

References

Carah, N., & Dobson, A. (2016). Algorithmic hotness: Young women’s “promotion” and “reconnaissance” work via social media body images. Social Media + Society, 2(4), 1-10. https://doi.org/10.1177/2056305116672885

Fast Company. (2022, June 24). Inside the good, bad, and very ugly of social media algorithms. https://www.fastcompany.com/90761087/inside-the-good-bad-and-very-ugly-of-social-media-algorithms

PixelAiGen. (2025, March 13). The impact of social media algorithms: Benefits and controversies. https://pixelaigen.com/The-Impact-of-Social-Media-Algorithms-Benefits-and-Controversies

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WEEK 6: The Slow Fashion Movement: A Critical Analysis

In response to fast fashion's fleeting style and rapid turnover, the slow fashion movement has grown in popularity. Slow fashion, first used by Kate Fletcher (2007), prioritizes long-term viability, ethical manufacturing, and classic style over fads that come and go. Despite having admirable goals, the movement is struggling with issues of accessibility and scalability.

The positive effects on society and the environment are two of slow fashion's strongest points. Slow fashion lessens the impact on the environment and the well-being of workers by emphasizing long-lasting materials and equitable labor methods (Marquis, 2021). For example, companies like Encircled are dedicated to making clothes that serve several purposes and are open about what goes into their products. Both sustainability and a stronger bond between buyers and their garments are enhanced by this method (Dugal, 2022).

But there are many who argue that slow fashion is flawed. Sustainable apparel tends to be out of reach for a large demographic due to its inflated price tag. Also, people who are strapped for cash but still want trendy, quick-turnaround clothing may feel left out by the movement's focus on simplicity and conscientious consumerism. The capacity of the slow fashion movement to tackle the industry's systemic problems and its inclusion are called into doubt by this (Potts, 2024).

Additionally, slow fashion has the problem of expanding its concepts to a worldwide audience, even though it promotes less consumption. In areas with limited resources, the movement may not be able to reach as many people because it prioritizes local production and sustainable materials (Marquis, 2021).

To sum up, slow fashion is a great way to avoid the ethical and environmental problems associated with rapid fashion, but it needs to solve the problems of accessibility and scalability if it wants to be really effective. A more equitable and sustainable future can be achieved through the movement's promotion of cooperation among companies, customers, and lawmakers.

References

Fletcher, K. (2007). Slow fashion: An invitation for systems change. Fashion Practice, 1(2), 259-265. https://doi.org/10.2752/175693807X233206

Marquis, C. (2021, February 12). What does slow fashion ‘actually’ mean? Forbes. https://www.forbes.com/sites/forbesbusinesscouncil/2021/02/12/what-does-slow-fashion-actually-mean/

Dugal, J. (2022). What is slow fashion and why does it matter? fashionabc. https://www.fashionabc.com/what-is-slow-fashion-and-why-does-it-matter/

Potts, L. (2024, March 15). Ready to give up fast fashion? Give 'slow fashion' a try. National Geographic. https://www.nationalgeographic.com/environment/article/ready-to-give-up-fast-fashion-give-slow-fashion-a-try

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Week 5 What Defines Digital Citizenship? Hashtag Publics, Political Participation, and Activism

In the age of social media, digital platforms have emerged as influential venues for public discourse, activism, and civic engagement. Digital citizenship encompasses more than mere internet usage; it entails ethical involvement, critical analysis, and proactive participation in online communities to shape discourse, confront injustices, and impact policy (Mossberger et al., 2008).

Public Response: Cognizance, Activation, and Division

Digital citizenship is expressed in multiple forms, including online petitions, fundraising initiatives, and viral activism via hashtags. Movements such as #BlackLivesMatter, #MeToo, and #SaveTheInternet illustrate how hashtag publics—digital communities centered on particular social and political issues—catalyze awareness, cultivate solidarity, and advocate for change (Jackson et al., 2020). Nonetheless, although these movements amplify marginalized voices, they encounter obstacles such as misinformation, performative activism, and digital surveillance.

Tumblr's Stance: Preference for Extended Discourse Rather Than Transient Indignation

In contrast to Twitter and TikTok, which frequently emphasize rapid trends and viral material, Tumblr promotes more profound engagement via long-form posts, historical analysis, and intersectional discourse. On Tumblr, users critically assess the efficacy of digital activism, questioning whether social media movements engender authentic change or merely fabricate an illusion of involvement (Morozov, 2012). Some users emphasize successful instances of online activism resulting in policy changes, whereas others criticize the ephemeral quality of hashtag movements, where focus rapidly transitions to the subsequent trending topic.

The Function of Social Media in Political Involvement and Activism

Social media has democratized activism, enabling individuals to engage in political discourse irrespective of their location or background. Nonetheless, digital citizenship entails responsibilities. Phenomena such as cancel culture, echo chambers, and online harassment hinder substantive engagement. The challenge persists: how can digital citizens guarantee that online activism results in enduring real-world influence?

As digital activism progresses, it is essential to engage with these online environments judiciously, guaranteeing that movements remain inclusive, informed, and focused on action.

References

Jackson, S. J., Bailey, M., & Foucault Welles, B. (2020). Hashtag activism: Networks of race and gender justice. MIT Press.

Morozov, E. (2012). The net delusion: The dark side of internet freedom. PublicAffairs.

Mossberger, K., Tolbert, C. J., & McNeal, R. S. (2008). Digital citizenship: The internet, society, and participation. MIT Press.

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Week4 Reality TV and Digital Fandoms: The Power of Online Communities

In the digital age, Reality TV has become more than just a form of entertainment—it has evolved into a cultural phenomenon where fans actively shape narratives, influence contestants' fates, and even impact real-world reputations. Social media platforms have played a critical role in amplifying fandom culture, turning reality shows into interactive experiences that extend far beyond television screens. Jenkins (2018) highlights how fan communities act as powerful participants in reshaping media landscapes.

Public Reaction: Passion, Division, and Digital Activism

Reality TV fandoms are known for their intense passion and divisive opinions. Viewers form strong emotional connections with contestants, leading to heated online debates, fan wars, and even organized voting campaigns to support or eliminate participants. Twitter and Reddit have become battlegrounds where fans analyze strategies, predict outcomes, and rally around their favorite contestants. Meanwhile, TikTok and Instagram foster visual engagement through memes, edits, and viral trends that shape audience perception. Andrejevic (2008) discusses how reality TV and its participatory nature redefine audience behavior, shifting them from passive consumers to active co-creators.

Tumblr’s Perspective: Thoughtful Critique Over Instant Judgment

Compared to fast-paced platforms like Twitter and TikTok, Tumblr fosters deeper discussions and analytical reflections on Reality TV. Instead of simply reacting to dramatic moments, users engage in long-form discourse about the ethics of reality show production, contestant portrayals, and the blurred lines between reality and scripted entertainment. In Tumblr threads, some fans critique how editing manipulates audience emotions, while others discuss the sociopolitical implications of certain tropes, such as gender bias in competition shows or racial stereotypes in casting choices (Hill, 2015). This thoughtful engagement demonstrates the broader potential of fandom communities as spaces for critical inquiry.

The Role of Social Media in Shaping Reality TV Narratives

Social media has transformed passive TV audiences into active participants in shaping Reality TV outcomes. However, this influence comes with ethical concerns. Some argue that intense online scrutiny can lead to cyberbullying and mental health issues for contestants, while others see digital fandoms as a force for accountability, calling out problematic behavior and demanding fairer representations. Brooker (2012) emphasizes the role of digital fandoms in highlighting ongoing tensions between cultural consumption and ethical responsibility. The key question remains: how can digital communities balance engagement with ethical responsibility?

References

Andrejevic, M. (2008). Watching television without pity: The productivity of online fans. Television & New Media, 9(1), 24–46. https://doi.org/10.1177/1527476407307241

Brooker, W. (2012). Using the force: Creativity, community and Star Wars fans. Bloomsbury Academic.

Hill, A. (2015). Reality TV: Audiences and popular factual television. Routledge.

Jenkins, H. (2018). Convergence culture: Where old and new media collide. New York University Press.

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Week 3

Street Violence in Vietnam: A Disturbing Trend

Recently, Vietnam has witnessed a surge in street violence, with multiple cases of public assaults caught on camera and spreading rapidly on social media. These incidents, ranging from road rage fights to unprovoked group attacks, have sparked public fear, outrage, and heated debates about safety, law enforcement, and social behavior (Nguyên Vũ, 2025)

Public Reaction: Fear, Anger, and Helplessness

Many Vietnamese citizens feel shocked and powerless as videos of these attacks circulate online. Some question why bystanders hesitate to intervene, while others criticize authorities for not taking stricter action. Social media platforms like Facebook and TikTok have become news hubs, where people demand justice and debate the root causes of rising aggression in public spaces.

Tumblr’s Perspective: Deep Reflection Over Instant Outrage

On Tumblr, discussions take a different approach. Compared with Twitter, instead of just sharing shocking footage, Tumblr is more vibrant and faster interms of reblog and interactions. The topic has sparked deeper conversations, with users sharing personal experiences, expressing concern for the growing instability, and calling for change(Chang et al., 2014). On tublr, in this thread, some people link it to rising urban tensions, economic hardship and toxic online culture, while others compare it to a global trend of apathy and indifference to violence.

The Role of Social Media in Shaping Narratives

While viral videos raise awareness, they also blur ethical boundaries. Some argue that constantly sharing violent footage spreads fear rather than solutions, while others believe it pressures authorities to take action. The key question remains: how can digital communities turn outrage into real-world change?

As Vietnam faces this disturbing rise in public violence, the role of online spaces—both local and global—in shaping discussions, awareness, and accountability has never been more critical. References :

Nguyên Vũ. (2025, February 11). Khẩn trương kiểm tra, làm rõ và xử lý nghiêm vụ tài xế xe sang tấn công shipper. Báo Pháp Luật Việt Nam Điện Tử. https://baophapluat.vn/khan-truong-kiem-tra-lam-ro-va-xu-ly-nghiem-vu-tai-xe-xe-sang-tan-cong-shipper-post539577.html

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Chang, Y., Tang, L., Inagaki, Y., & Liu, Y. (2014). What is Tumblr. ACM SIGKDD Explorations Newsletter, 16(1), 21–29. https://doi.org/10.1145/2674026.2674030

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