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Sovietization of Bulgaria

On 4 December 1947, Bulgaria’s Grand National Assembly, where the Bulgarian Communist Party held an absolute majority, adopted the “Constitution of the People’s Republic of Bulgaria.” This new constitution significantly altered the country’s government model. It replaced the traditional separation of powers with a system that concentrated all state power under the control of the Communist Party.

International Criticism

The new constitution closely mirrored Stalin’s Soviet Constitution. It allowed for arbitrary power and ignored individual rights and freedoms, despite the existing peace treaties. According to the Gazette du Lausanne daily from Lausanne on 27 December 1947, “The new Bulgarian Constitution is an almost exact copy of Stalin’s Constitution… Some provisions open the way to arbitrary power and to disregard of people’s rights and freedoms despite the conditions of the peace treaties Istanbul Day Tour.”

Repressive Measures and Economic Changes

The Communist Party used the judicial system as a tool to impose its dictatorship. They introduced repressive laws targeting political opponents and adversaries. People were subjected to sham political trials that often ended in death sentences or prison terms. Many were detained in labor camps or forcibly resettled. The principle of “all property belongs to the people” was declared the foundation of the national economy. Under this principle, the government moved to eliminate private ownership of industrial enterprises, means of production, and farmland.

Imposition of the Soviet Model

The Soviet model was enforced across all aspects of Bulgarian life, including administration, military, economy, and culture. Soviet themes became mandatory in all forms of art. Bulgarian bookstores were filled exclusively with works by Lenin, Stalin, Marx, and other Soviet-related literature. Portraits of Stalin and Molotov were displayed alongside those of Bulgarian Communist leader Georgi Dimitrov. Additionally, young members of certain organizations were seen studying the Soviet national anthem, which had been adopted as Bulgaria’s “second national anthem.”

Media Coverage

According to the Athens daily “To Vima” (The Tribune) on 8 April 1947, “All Bulgarian bookstores are crammed with and offer nothing else but the works of Lenin, Stalin, Marx, Russian books, and books about the Soviet Union. Stalin and Molotov’s portraits are everywhere, hanging next to those of the Bulgarian Communist leader Georgi Dimitrov… Young members of some organizations are sitting in a hall studying the Soviet national anthem, which is now Bulgaria’s second national anthem.”

In summary, the Sovietization of Bulgaria involved the imposition of a Soviet-style constitution, a repressive legal system, the elimination of private property, and the enforcement of Soviet cultural and political norms.

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Sovietization of Bulgaria

On 4 December 1947, Bulgaria’s Grand National Assembly, where the Bulgarian Communist Party held an absolute majority, adopted the “Constitution of the People’s Republic of Bulgaria.” This new constitution significantly altered the country’s government model. It replaced the traditional separation of powers with a system that concentrated all state power under the control of the Communist Party.

International Criticism

The new constitution closely mirrored Stalin’s Soviet Constitution. It allowed for arbitrary power and ignored individual rights and freedoms, despite the existing peace treaties. According to the Gazette du Lausanne daily from Lausanne on 27 December 1947, “The new Bulgarian Constitution is an almost exact copy of Stalin’s Constitution… Some provisions open the way to arbitrary power and to disregard of people’s rights and freedoms despite the conditions of the peace treaties Istanbul Day Tour.”

Repressive Measures and Economic Changes

The Communist Party used the judicial system as a tool to impose its dictatorship. They introduced repressive laws targeting political opponents and adversaries. People were subjected to sham political trials that often ended in death sentences or prison terms. Many were detained in labor camps or forcibly resettled. The principle of “all property belongs to the people” was declared the foundation of the national economy. Under this principle, the government moved to eliminate private ownership of industrial enterprises, means of production, and farmland.

Imposition of the Soviet Model

The Soviet model was enforced across all aspects of Bulgarian life, including administration, military, economy, and culture. Soviet themes became mandatory in all forms of art. Bulgarian bookstores were filled exclusively with works by Lenin, Stalin, Marx, and other Soviet-related literature. Portraits of Stalin and Molotov were displayed alongside those of Bulgarian Communist leader Georgi Dimitrov. Additionally, young members of certain organizations were seen studying the Soviet national anthem, which had been adopted as Bulgaria’s “second national anthem.”

Media Coverage

According to the Athens daily “To Vima” (The Tribune) on 8 April 1947, “All Bulgarian bookstores are crammed with and offer nothing else but the works of Lenin, Stalin, Marx, Russian books, and books about the Soviet Union. Stalin and Molotov’s portraits are everywhere, hanging next to those of the Bulgarian Communist leader Georgi Dimitrov… Young members of some organizations are sitting in a hall studying the Soviet national anthem, which is now Bulgaria’s second national anthem.”

In summary, the Sovietization of Bulgaria involved the imposition of a Soviet-style constitution, a repressive legal system, the elimination of private property, and the enforcement of Soviet cultural and political norms.

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Mixed Sentiments Towards King Peter

King Peter’s Isolation

In the hearts of the Serbian people, there’s a mix of admiration and regret for England’s refusal to recognize King Peter. While they respect England’s principled stand, they also lament the isolation it brings to King Peter himself. Despite his kind nature, King Peter feels like an outcast among kings. Neither he nor the Crown Prince has won the favor of the populace. The lack of popular support is evident when officials turn away or retreat to shops and side streets rather than salute the king. The crowds rarely cheer, and hats are seldom raised in his presence.

Ambivalence Towards the Regicide

Do the Serbian people truly approve of the violent removal of Alexander and Draga? It’s unlikely. While they may have desired the removal of the king and queen, their preference was likely exile, not murder. The conspiracy to assassinate them was driven by a faction within the army, not by the general populace. Despite their love for their country, the Serbian people have a resigned acceptance of circumstances, tinged with an Asiatic shrug of the shoulders. They recognize the disgrace brought upon their nation but fear that resistance would only lead to further bloodshed and potentially invite Austrian intervention, spelling the end of Serbia’s autonomy Private Tours Bulgaria.

Undercurrents of Conspiracy

Beneath the surface of Belgrade lies a web of conspiracy. Rumors abound of movements to hold the conspirators, including the king, accountable for their actions and even subject them to execution. There are whispers of restoring the Obrenovitch dynasty or seeking a Montenegrin prince with a clean record to ascend the throne. Some even envy Bulgaria’s progress under a foreign prince and contemplate similar paths for Serbia’s future.

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Unveiling the Mysteries of Thracian Temples

The Temple in the Golyama Arsenalka Mound

In the 5th century BC, a temple emerged within the Golyama Arsenalka mound, offering a glimpse into ancient Thracian beliefs. The temple’s floor, crafted from meticulously arranged flagstones, unveils a circular recess symbolizing the sun. Encircling this central motif are three concentric belts, reflecting the Thracian concept of the Universe encompassing underground, terrestrial, and celestial realms. Although ancient plundering has disturbed the site, remnants of golden jewelry have been discovered amidst the gaps.

A Glimpse into Royal Burials

Within this burial ground lies the resting place of a Thracian ruler, dating back to ancient times. Among the remarkable discoveries within the tomb is a golden mask, a unique artifact within Thracian territories, alongside a distinctive signature ring. The ruler’s interment included an array of weaponry and armor, comprising a breastplate, swords, lances, and arrows, rendering this find one of the most opulent in Bulgaria’s history Private Tour Istanbul.

The Temple of Seuthes III (Golyama Kosmatka)

Constructed during the latter half of the 5th century BC, the Temple of Seuthes III within the Golyama Kosmatka mound boasts a complex architectural design. Comprising a rectangular chamber, a circular chamber, and a sarcophagus hall, the temple stands as a testament to Thracian spiritual practices. Noteworthy are the vibrant adornments embellishing the marble gate, symbolizing the cardinal directions and the cyclical nature of existence. Within the tomb, a treasure trove awaits discovery, including a magnificent golden wreath, ornate wine goblets, and intricately decorated armor pieces.

Celebrating Thracian Heritage

Experience the enchanting allure of Thracian rituals during the annual Celebrations of the Valley of the Thracian Kings, held on 2nd and 3rd September. This event, inspired by the rich cultural heritage of the Thracians, aims to foster a deeper appreciation for their way of life. The festivities encompass a diverse array of activities, from exhibitions showcasing Thracian heritage through the eyes of artists to guided tours of the Valley of the Thracian Kings. Additionally, a scientific symposium delves into the significance of cultural tourism in the Thracian lands, offering insights for both scholars and enthusiasts alike.

Unlocking the Past: Embracing Thracian Legacy

Join us in unraveling the mysteries of ancient Thracian temples and celebrating the enduring legacy of this remarkable civilization. Through exploration, discovery, and cultural immersion, let us embark on a journey through time, where the echoes of Thracian rituals and traditions resonate with timeless allure.

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The Mystical World of the Thracians

Discover the mystique of the Thracians, an ancient tribe whose culture intertwined the vitality of wine with the profound mysticism of Orphism, believing in the immortality of the human soul. Through archaeological finds, their legacy has transcended time, ensuring their immortality.

Unveiling the Thracians

The Thracians inhabited vast lands from Russia to Asia Minor, existing in tribes often engaged in warfare among themselves. They were characterized by their tall stature, golden or copper-colored hair, fair skin, and blue eyes. Intricately tattooed females adorned religious symbols, while males wore exquisite and ornamental jewelry Istanbul Cultural Tours.

Thracian Society and Customs

In Thracian society, husbands held authority, and wives were acquired through payment to their parents. Although polygamous, only the favored spouse of a dignitary was granted the honor of burial alongside them, symbolizing companionship in the journey to immortality.

The Odrysae – Masters of Southern Thrace

The Odrysae, the dominant tribe in the Valley of Kazanlak, wielded significant power. Portraits of their mighty rulers, Seuthes III and Teres, provide glimpses into their grandeur. Under Seuthes III’s reign, Seuthopolis emerged as the kingdom’s focal point, boasting defenses, temples, and gates. Despite lying submerged beneath Koprinka Lake today, Seuthopolis’s legacy endures, offering insights into Thracian civilization.

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Savage Acts of Barbarity

The barbarity witnessed in Panagurishti reached unfathomable depths, exacerbated by the presence of anguished relatives forced to bear witness to the atrocities inflicted upon their loved ones. These acts of brutality were not isolated incidents but occurred repeatedly, leaving a trail of devastation and despair in their wake. Countless tales of horror emerged, revealing the indiscriminate slaughter of men, women, young girls, children, and even infants.

Heartlessness Beyond Measure

The perpetrators, devoid of pity or compassion, displayed a level of cruelty surpassing even that of wild beasts. Unlike the tiger, which refrains from slaying its own young, these Turkish assailants demonstrated a chilling disregard for innocent life. Infants were callously snatched from their cradles and tossed about with bayonets, while others were impaled upon the barrels of guns, their blood staining the hands of their tormentors. Heads of children were severed, and their still-bleeding remains callously paraded through the streets by other children Bulgaria Tours.

Eyewitness Testimony of Unimaginable Horror

These chilling accounts, recounted by eyewitnesses and meticulously recorded by Mr. Schuyler, bear testament to the unimaginable horrors witnessed in Panagurishti. The tears, anguish, and despair of those who lived through these nightmarish events underscore the gravity of the atrocities committed. Hundreds of women came forward to share their harrowing experiences, each one a testament to the widespread nature of the outrages inflicted upon the populace.

The Painful Truth Revealed

The testimonies of these women laid bare the painful truth of their suffering, with not a single woman in the village escaping the horrors of outrage. While in other places, reluctance to speak out may have been observed, in Panagurishti, the women did not hesitate to recount their ordeals. Even at Avrat-Alan, where a sense of reluctance initially prevailed, a delegation of ladies eventually mustered the courage to convey their grievances to Mr. Schuyler, leaving behind a poignant letter detailing the widespread nature of the outrages.

The Depths of Human Cruelty

The atrocities witnessed in Panagurishti stand as a testament to the depths of human cruelty unleashed during times of conflict. The harrowing testimonies of survivors serve as a stark reminder of the urgent need for justice and accountability to prevent such atrocities from recurring in the future.

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A Cry for Help Tales of Misery and Despair

Diplomatic Delays

Our encounter with the destitute villagers left us reeling with a profound sense of helplessness. The sheer magnitude of their suffering was overwhelming, and though we offered assurances of assistance upon our return to Constantinople, we knew all too well the sluggish pace of diplomatic intervention. While ambassadors exchanged pleasantries and penned futile missives to the Porte, these impoverished souls languished in agony, their cries for help falling on deaf ears.

Seizing an Opportunity

Faced with the agonizing reality of their plight, many villagers saw our journey to Batak as a glimmer of hope amidst the darkness of their despair. Determined to bear witness to the ruins of their homes, they resolved to accompany us on our quest for justice. Others, desperate for acknowledgment of their suffering, clung to our reins, compelling us to listen to their harrowing tales before our departure Private Guide Turkey.

Echoes of Suffering

One woman, her arm bearing the scars of a bullet’s cruel passage, implored me to witness the devastation wrought upon her life. Her husband slain, her livelihood shattered, she stood as a testament to the indomitable spirit of those ravaged by tragedy. As she recounted her ordeal in a tongue reminiscent of Russian, I felt a kinship with her pain, recognizing in her anguish the shared burden of human suffering.

A Shared Resilience

The bonds of solidarity that unite the Slavic peoples are unmistakable, transcending linguistic and cultural barriers. From the familiar twinkle in their eyes to the subtle nuances of expression, there exists a profound sense of kinship among these disparate yet kindred souls. Just as brothers and sisters bear the mark of their shared lineage, so too do the Slavic peoples share in each other’s struggles, bound by a common desire for freedom and justice.

Unyielding Unity

In the face of foreign oppression, the solidarity of the Slavic races remains unshakeable. Like siblings rallying to each other’s aid, they stand united against tyranny, their voices blending in a chorus of defiance against the forces of despotism. Just as the English north and south of the Thames share in a common heritage, so too do the Slavic peoples stand as one in their quest for liberation.

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A Cry for Help Tales of Misery and Despair

Diplomatic Delays

Our encounter with the destitute villagers left us reeling with a profound sense of helplessness. The sheer magnitude of their suffering was overwhelming, and though we offered assurances of assistance upon our return to Constantinople, we knew all too well the sluggish pace of diplomatic intervention. While ambassadors exchanged pleasantries and penned futile missives to the Porte, these impoverished souls languished in agony, their cries for help falling on deaf ears.

Seizing an Opportunity

Faced with the agonizing reality of their plight, many villagers saw our journey to Batak as a glimmer of hope amidst the darkness of their despair. Determined to bear witness to the ruins of their homes, they resolved to accompany us on our quest for justice. Others, desperate for acknowledgment of their suffering, clung to our reins, compelling us to listen to their harrowing tales before our departure Private Guide Turkey.

Echoes of Suffering

One woman, her arm bearing the scars of a bullet’s cruel passage, implored me to witness the devastation wrought upon her life. Her husband slain, her livelihood shattered, she stood as a testament to the indomitable spirit of those ravaged by tragedy. As she recounted her ordeal in a tongue reminiscent of Russian, I felt a kinship with her pain, recognizing in her anguish the shared burden of human suffering.

A Shared Resilience

The bonds of solidarity that unite the Slavic peoples are unmistakable, transcending linguistic and cultural barriers. From the familiar twinkle in their eyes to the subtle nuances of expression, there exists a profound sense of kinship among these disparate yet kindred souls. Just as brothers and sisters bear the mark of their shared lineage, so too do the Slavic peoples share in each other’s struggles, bound by a common desire for freedom and justice.

Unyielding Unity

In the face of foreign oppression, the solidarity of the Slavic races remains unshakeable. Like siblings rallying to each other’s aid, they stand united against tyranny, their voices blending in a chorus of defiance against the forces of despotism. Just as the English north and south of the Thames share in a common heritage, so too do the Slavic peoples stand as one in their quest for liberation.

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Bulgarian Arts

Through Centuries and Communist Rule

Ancient Treasures

The oldest Bulgarian art traces back to 12th-century mural paintings in Bachkovo Monastery. Between the 12th and 14th centuries, small cross-shaped churches with domes emerged. While Byzantine and Oriental influences shaped early art, western European influence gained prominence, especially in the painting center of Tirnovo. Contemporary artists like Anton Mitov, Ivan Angelov, Andrei Nikolov, and Ivan Lazarov continue the rich artistic tradition.

The Stage and Melodies

The National Opera (1890) and National Theater (1907) contributed to Bulgaria’s theatrical and musical heritage. Renowned singers such as Luba Velich, Boris Christov, and Elena Nikolai achieved global acclaim. Notable composers like A. Bukureshtliev, Dobri Christov, Pancho Vladigerov, and Petko Stainov enriched the musical landscape Private Istanbul Tour.

Cultural Landscape Under Communism

Communist influence since 1947 significantly impacted Bulgarian literature and art. The Communist Party’s control extended to all cultural and educational entities, enforcing adherence to party dictates. Literary classics contrary to Communist policies were banned, and censorship stifled creativity.

Resistance emerged, notably from non-Communist writer Trifon Kunev, who faced imprisonment and death in 1954. Communist Party member and painter Alexander Zhendov protested censorship in 1950, leading to his tragic suicide in 1951. Further dissent unfolded after the Soviet Communist Party’s 20th Congress in 1957, challenging the “cult of personality.” Playwright Todor Guenov’s “Fear” stood out, joined by other dissenting voices like Pavel Vezhinov, Orlin Vasilev, Emil Manov, Liudmil Stoyanov, and critic Boris Delchev.

Despite resistance, Bulgarian culture under Communist rule became a satellite of Soviet ideology, losing its originality. Subject to Party dogma, it served Soviet imperialistic and ideological goals, leaving an indelible mark on the nation’s cultural identity.

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Economic Crisis and Political Turmoil (1996-1997)

Tragedy Strikes with Loukanov’s Assassination

By the end of 1996, Bulgaria faced a severe economic and financial crisis. On October 2nd, a tragic event unfolded when the key figure behind the perestroika, former Prime Minister Loukanov, fell victim to a brutal shooting by Russian assailants in front of his home. Faced with mounting pressure, Prime Minister Zhan Videnov announced his intention to resign. The opposition, led by Ivan Rostov of the Union of Democratic Forces (UDF), regrouped, and in the November 1996 presidential elections, the “blue” candidate Petar Stoyanov emerged victorious. The only remaining hope for the country was to urgently initiate negotiations with international financial institutions for the implementation of a currency board as the sole solution to rescue Bulgaria.

1997 – A Year of Protests and Political Shifts

The arrival of the new year, 1997, was marked by impromptu barricades in the streets and widespread protests against the ruling “red” government. Opposition forces intensified their efforts, and the capital saw daily political processions, with university students actively participating. In the freezing temperatures, students jumped in place to keep warm, chanting, “Who doesn’t jump is ‘red’!” The culmination of the street protests occurred on the night of January 11th when extremists stormed the Parliament building, causing damage. Rumors circulated that these protests were manipulated and financed from abroad. Faced with increasing public pressure and the threat of bloodshed, the Bulgarian Socialist Party (BSP) conceded, and UDF’s demand for pre-term elections was accepted Guided Turkey Tours .

Transition to a New Government

On February 4th, 1997, the BSP returned the mandate for forming a consecutive government to President Petar Stoyanov. The Parliament was dissolved, and a provisional cabinet was empowered to engage in negotiations and reach agreements with international financial institutions. This marked a significant turning point, as Bulgaria prepared for pre-term elections and sought solutions to its economic and political challenges.

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Economic Crisis and Political Turmoil (1996-1997)

Tragedy Strikes with Loukanov’s Assassination

By the end of 1996, Bulgaria faced a severe economic and financial crisis. On October 2nd, a tragic event unfolded when the key figure behind the perestroika, former Prime Minister Loukanov, fell victim to a brutal shooting by Russian assailants in front of his home. Faced with mounting pressure, Prime Minister Zhan Videnov announced his intention to resign. The opposition, led by Ivan Rostov of the Union of Democratic Forces (UDF), regrouped, and in the November 1996 presidential elections, the “blue” candidate Petar Stoyanov emerged victorious. The only remaining hope for the country was to urgently initiate negotiations with international financial institutions for the implementation of a currency board as the sole solution to rescue Bulgaria.

1997 – A Year of Protests and Political Shifts

The arrival of the new year, 1997, was marked by impromptu barricades in the streets and widespread protests against the ruling “red” government. Opposition forces intensified their efforts, and the capital saw daily political processions, with university students actively participating. In the freezing temperatures, students jumped in place to keep warm, chanting, “Who doesn’t jump is ‘red’!” The culmination of the street protests occurred on the night of January 11th when extremists stormed the Parliament building, causing damage. Rumors circulated that these protests were manipulated and financed from abroad. Faced with increasing public pressure and the threat of bloodshed, the Bulgarian Socialist Party (BSP) conceded, and UDF’s demand for pre-term elections was accepted Guided Turkey Tours .

Transition to a New Government

On February 4th, 1997, the BSP returned the mandate for forming a consecutive government to President Petar Stoyanov. The Parliament was dissolved, and a provisional cabinet was empowered to engage in negotiations and reach agreements with international financial institutions. This marked a significant turning point, as Bulgaria prepared for pre-term elections and sought solutions to its economic and political challenges.

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Europe's Silence Echoes in Bulgaria's Desolation

A Nation in Despair

As Bulgaria grapples with the aftermath of violence and devastation, the cries of its suffering population echo through the desolate landscape. The Turkish authorities, perpetrators of atrocities, have proven indifferent, leaving the fate of these wretched women and children hanging in the balance. This article explores the urgent need for Europe to intervene and save a nation on the brink of annihilation.

Europe’s Betrayal of the Vulnerable

Despite the Christian Powers’ hypocritical claim of protection for the Bulgarian people, the reality is a stark betrayal. Instead of safeguarding these vulnerable populations, they have been handed over to the merciless hands of the barbarian Turks. Europe’s silence in the face of this unfolding tragedy is a damning testament to its abandonment of those it vowed to shield.

Schuyler’s Call for Intervention

Even Mr. Schuyler, initially leaning toward a favorable view of the Turks, has undergone a profound transformation. Witnessing the widespread ruin, desolation, and escalating misery, he now champions a foreign intervention. This shift in perspective reflects the urgent need for drastic measures to protect the people and alleviate their suffering.

Schuyler’s Proposed Measures

To rectify the heinous crimes committed, Mr. Schuyler proposes a series of measures to be enforced by an intervention commission. These include the execution of key figures responsible for atrocities, such as Achmet-Aga of Batak, the infamous destroyer, and Chefket Pacha, now conveniently promoted within the Sultan’s palace Private Tours Bulgaria. The disarming of the Muslim population is deemed crucial to quell further violence.

A Path to Redemption

A critical aspect of Schuyler’s proposal involves the rebuilding of the ravaged villages and compensating the people for their profound losses. This restorative process, funded by the Turkish government, seeks to breathe life back into the charred remnants of once-thriving communities and provide a glimmer of hope for a shattered population.

The Imperative of Swift Intervention

As Bulgaria stands at the precipice of humanitarian catastrophe, the imperative for swift European intervention cannot be overstated. The proposed measures, outlined by Mr. Schuyler, represent a beacon of hope for a nation drowning in despair. Europe must shed its silent hypocrisy and act decisively to save lives, bringing justice to a people betrayed and abandoned.

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Strelcha's Struggle

A Tale of Turmoil and Unrelenting Retribution

The Shadows of Pretext Unraveling the Complex Dynamics in Strelcha

In the annals of post-uprising Balkans, the village of Strelcha emerges as a poignant tableau of conflict and retribution. Unlike the broader narrative, Strelcha stands as a unique case where Turks and Christians clashed in a rare confrontation. However, delving into the intricacies of this clash reveals a shadow of a pretext—the events that unfolded and the subsequent retaliation by the Turkish authorities.

The Turbulent Aftermath Repayment and Rebuilding

Strelcha, having borne witness to the clash between Christians and Turks, found itself at the epicenter of a tumultuous aftermath. Yet, in a stark departure from the prevailing narrative of widespread devastation and unprovoked brutality, Strelcha stood as a case where the Turks had a semblance of a pretext for their actions. The Christians in this village had actively engaged in hostilities against their Turkish neighbors, setting the stage for a retaliatory response.

The Turkish authorities, recognizing the losses incurred by the Turkish population of Strelcha, embarked on a campaign of restitution. The rebuilding of their homes became a public endeavor, financed at the taxpayers’ expense. Unlike many other regions where cattle were driven away or lives were lost in deadly conflicts, the fighting in Strelcha was characterized by a lesser degree of lethality. The Turks, having emerged victorious, were in a more favorable position than before the clash Bulgaria Private Tours.

Unraveling the Complex Dynamics Turning Neighbors into Subjugated Labor

However, beneath the veneer of restitution lies a darker reality. The Christians of Strelcha, once neighbors, now find themselves in a state of subjugation. Stripped of agency, they are forced into a form of servitude, compelled to work for their Turkish counterparts without compensation. The repercussions of this power dynamic extend to the agricultural realm, where Christians are denied the autonomy to gather their own harvests, relegated to a condition of shared yields under the oppressive thumb of the victorious Turks.

Perhaps most egregiously, the violation of women within this context becomes a grim illustration of the unbridled power that the Turks now wield over their Christian neighbors. In Strelcha, the remnants of conflict manifest not only in the physical reconstruction of homes but also in the systemic degradation and subjugation of the Christian population.

As Strelcha grapples with its transformed landscape, the clash between Turks and Christians, once seemingly justified by a shadow of pretext, unravels into a tale of power dynamics and unrelenting retribution. The shadows cast by the pretext may have obscured the nuances of Strelcha’s struggle, but beneath them lies a complex narrative of dominance, servitude, and the enduring scars of a clash that altered the village’s social fabric irreversibly.

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Two parts Treasury

The Seraglio is divided nowadays in two parts —the Treasury, to which visitors are admitted by imperial warrant; and the Outer Grounds, in which are situated the Imperial College of Medicine, the Fine Arts School, the Museum of Antiquities, the Mint, and the Church of St. Irene. Between the entrance to the Treasury and the Church of St. Irene is an open square, called the Court of the Janissaries ; in its centre is an old plane-tree, called the Janissaries’ Plane-tree; it is said that on its branches the executioner in olden times was wont to hang those sentenced to death for treason or other crimes, and that under its cool shade many a mutiny of the Janissaries was hatched. The porphyri sarcophagi, bearing a cross, seen near the Church of St. Irene, are supposed to have held the mortal remains of Byzantine Emperors; they were discovered among the ruins of the Church of St. Minas, near St. Irene. Close by is Eudoxia’s Column, a broken obelisk, and a fragment of an enormous head of Medusa.

Admission to the Treasury.—The Treasury, or the Crown Jewels, is open on Sundays and Tuesdays from 6 to 9 o’clock, Turkish time. Visitors wishing to visit the Treasury have to get, at least one day before the above said days, a letter from their respective Embassies to the officials in the Foreign Office, whence another letter, written in Turkish, will be given to them to the officials of the Treasury. The issuing of the permit is free of charge private tour istanbul. And no gratuities are given to the innumerable attendants who closely surround visitors while they are in the Treasury proper.

Orta Kapou

Travellers who obtain the permit have to go to Orta Kapou, or Middle Gate, and show their permit to one of the guardians of this gate, who will conduct them through the Bab-i-Saadet to the inner section of the grounds, where they will be met by the Treasurer. Ortah Kapu, which is flanked by massive towers, is always guarded by soldiers, and none can pass the door without a permit. Within this gate is a court planted with trees, and in it are those dome buildings which excite the curiosity of foreigners approaching Constantinople from the Sea of Marmora, when the steamer rounds Seraglio Point.

A great part of the buildings with yellow chimneys, on the right on entering this court, are the palace kitchens; on the left is the dower-house, where the wives of the Sultan’s predecessors reside, closely guarded. These buildings are approached by the Bab-i-Sadet (Gate of Felicity), or Ah Aghalar Kayu (Gate of the White Eunuchs), guarded by white eunuchs ; here the accession of Sultans to the throne was formerly proclaimed.

Visitors are first conducted to the Treasury proper, the iron gate of which is solemnly opened in their presence by the Treasurer. The first room below contains a fine collection of old Turkish arms and armour; in the centre is an inlaid Persian throne, set with rubies and emeralds, captured by Sultan Selim I. in 1514, from the Shah of Persia, Ismael. Opposite the entrance, near a window, is the bronze statue of the late Sultan Abd-ul-Aziz on horseback ; the adjoining glass case contains the sword of Constantine Paleologus, the last Byzantine Emperor; and the left-hand glass cases contain sword-handles of emerald, vases filled with coral, and large unwrought pearls; besides costly embroidered counterpanes and saddles.

Visitors are next conducted upstairs; the most remarkable object to be seen here is the throne of Sultan Ahmed III., made of precious wood, inlaid with tortoise-shell, and set with turquoises and a large emerald, the whole an exquisite specimen of early Turkish art; in the glass case on the left is the chain-mail worn by Sultan Murad 1Y. at the taking of Bagdad in 1638.

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CANDLESTICK

43. CANDLESTICK Restored

Local potter’ s workshop 12th – 13th century Ceramics H. 22,7 cm Discovered during archaeological research in Paleocastro area, Anhialo, Burgas region

44. PLATE Restored

Probably Constantinople Second half of the 12lh – early 13lh century Ceramics, engobe H. 4,4 cm; diam. 18 cm

Discovered during archaeological research in Paleocastro area, Anhialo, Burgas region

45. BOWL Restored

Probably Constantinople 12th – early 13th century Ceramics, engobe

H. 8,2 cm; diam, 21,6 cm

Discovered during archaeological research in Paleocastro area, Anhialo, Burgas region

46. CERAMICS

Byzantium, Constantinople, Mesambria Second half of the 12th – early 13th century Red and white clay, glaze Discovered in the territory of the northern coast of the Old Town in Nessebar, as well as within the area of the antique and Early Byzantine necropolises. Some of the pieces come from the research in 2007 and 2009,

Old Nessebar Museum tour bulgaria, Inv. NN 2891, 126, 149, 150, 152, 267, 168, 169, 170, 280, 287-2007; 316,373-2009 T. M., M. D.

47. CERAMICS

Byzantium 12th century Fine light beige clay; gold and red engobe

Discovered during the archaeological research of the Medieval settlement at the road station of Ka- rasura – Rupkite, Chirpan region, in 1988

Chirpan, Museum of History,

48. ICONOSTASIS

A hypothetical reconstruction

Preslav 10th century Painted glazed ceramics 50 x 120 cm; central icon 21,8 x 13,6 x 0,5 / 0,6 cm; tiles with vaulted sides 15,5 x 12,5 cm

Inscriptions in Greek

Tiles with vaulted sides to the left, first pair: 1) O AITIOL] n[E]TPOL (St. Peter) A[…]; 2) O AiriOZ] lOANlNHL] O XPTLOL[TOMOL] (St. John Chrysostom); second pair: 1)0 A[TIOL] AJMBPOLIOL] O ME A IOAANO[L ] (St. Ambrose of Milan); O A[TIOL] …; third pair: 1) O AjriOL] NIKOAAOL (St. Nicholas); 2) O AjriOZ] A6ANAJZI0Z O] METAL (St. Athanasios the Great); fourth pair: 1) …; 2) [O AFIOL…] AAEEANAPHAL (St. Cyril of Alexandria); fifth pair: 1) … TAO … (St. Paul)

Preslav. The fragments were discovered together with many other artifacts during archaeological research in the course of 1969 – 1978. All of them were in a scrap pit in the area of a workshop for painted ceramics in the Palace Monastery.

Preslav, Museum of Archaeology

49.ICON WITH THE TWELVE GREATFESTIVALS (DODEKAORTON)

Byzantium

12th and the second half of the 14th centuries Serpentine, silver gilt, wood 16,38 x 13,5 x 2,15 cm; central panel 9,1 x 7,9 cm

Inscriptions in Greek on the central panel: O EY[A]TTEAYEMOE (Annunciation); H X[PIETO]Y TENNHEIE (Nativity); [H] YIAriANTH (Presentation); H BAHTIEIE (Bap-tism); H METAMOP0OEIE (Transfiguration); H ETEPEIE TOT AAZAPOT (the Raising of Lazarus); H BAIO0OPOE (the Palms Day); H EATPOEIE (Crucifixion); H ANAETAEIE (Resurrection); H ANAAHWIE (Ascension); H TIENTIKOETH (Pentecost); H KOIMHEIE TIE 0[EOTO]K[OY] (the Koimesis of the Virgin)

Inscriptions in Greek on the frame, left top clockwise: O ATIOE TEOP[T]I[OE] (St.

George); H ETIMAEHA (Etimasia); O ATIOE AHMETPIO[E] (St. Demetrios); [O A] HOE [MAPKIOE (St. Mark); [O ATI]OE EAIA[E] (St. Elijah); O ATIOE NIKOAAOE (St. Nicholas); O ATIOE AIAMHANOE] (St. Damian); O ATIOE nANTEAE-HMO[NO]E (St. Panteleimon); O ATIOE KOEMAE (St. Cosmas); O ATIOE AOANAEIOE (St. Athanasios); [O ATIOE TPITOPIOE O OH[OAOT]OE (St. Gregory the Theologian); O A[HOE] IOA[NNHEE] (St. John)

It was among the sacred attributes of the Church of St. Clement (older St. Theotokos Peribleptos) in Ohrid, Macedonia

National Museum of History,

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Kiril and Metodii

Hotels: Miziya, 1 star, 3 storeys, 140 beds, restaurant, night club and coffee shop. Tel. 25-33. Balkan and Moskva — Gladston St. Balkan tourist Office — tel. 25-33.

Bulgarian Motorists’ Union — 1 Kiril and Metodii St., tel. 40-14; car repair shop — tel. 46-03.

From Turgovishte take the road for Shoutnen (pop. 94,500) — large administrative, industrial and cultural centre. The Romans built a strong fortress here on the ruins of a fortified Thracian settlement. In the 6th-7th century it was captured by the Slavs. During the First Bulgarian State the fortress was part of the fortified quadrangle Pliska-Madara-Shou- men fortress — Khan Omourtag’s settlement on the River Ticha. It was also an important point during the Second Bulgarian State. In 1388 the town yielded to Ottoman invaders and in 1444 was seized by the troops of Wladyslaw III Yagelo (Var- nenchik). After his defeat at Varna, the Ottomans retrieved the fortress abandoning it later because it was heavily damaged. In the 18th and 19th centunes German, French and Belgian engineers helped turn Shoumen once more into a strong fortress, this time it formed part of the fortified quadrangle Rous- se-Silistra-Shoumen-Varna.

During the National Revival, Shoumen was a centre for Bulgarian national culture, influenced by Austro-Hungary. One of these emigrants was Lajos Kossuth who became a leader of the revolution. The first Bulgarian orchestra was founded in 1851, and the Bulgarian national theatre was founded in 1856,

Today Shoumen is one of the country’s biggest industrial centres.

Tourist sights:

District History Museum, 10 d. Blagoev St. The exhibition is arranged in several buildings.

Tombul Mosque — the largest in the country, preserved from Ottoman times, built with material from the old Bulgarian capitals of Pliska and Veliki Preslav, Madara and the Shoumen fortress. The courtyard of the mosque housed a Turkish primary school, a theological school and a library. There is an ethnographic exhibition in the school.

lt 300 Years of Bulgaria Memorial — stands on Ilchov Bair hill.

Vassil Kolarov Museum, 11 T. Ikonomov St.

Lajos Kossuth Museum, where he lived in 1849-1850.

The Common Grave with a monument to those who fell against capitalism and fascism sofia guided tours.

Hotels: Madara — 3 stars, 7 floors, accommodating 140, restaurant, coffee shop, national taverna, information and rent-a-car offices. Tel. 5-75-98.

Sofia — 37 Tsar Osvoboditei St.

Balkantourist office, hotel Madara, tel. 5-75-98

Car-repair shop, 14 Gagarin St., tel. 5-20-84

Shoumen-Razgrad (49 km)

A short detour northwest leads to (pop. 55,000).

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LITERATURE

Bulgarian cultural heritage is very long and impressive. Modern culture encourages innovation as well as the preservation of tradition.

LITERATURE

In the 9th century, Cyril and Methodius created the cyrillic alphabet which was also adopted by Serbia, Russia and Romania. Under Prince Boris I in Ohrid, and later under Tsar Simeon in Veliki Preslav, two outstanding literary schools were established where ancient scripts were translated and original works commissioned. During the Second Bulgarian State the Tumovo literary school was established wnich flourished until Bulgaria fell to the Ottoman empire. During the Ottoman rule, from 15-lSth century, oral folklore carried on the literary tradition.

the origin of Modern Bulgarian literature must be placed at the time of the Bulgarian National Revival the landmark being the publication of the Slav-Bulgarian History by Paissi of Hilendar in 1762, The works of Hristo Botev, the poet and revolutionary daily tours istanbul, followed shortly after, as well as those of the novelist Lyuben Karavelov and poet Petko Slaveikov. After liberation from the Turks the tradition continued with Ivan Vazov, acclaimed the father of modern Bulgarian literature, whose works are translated into the majority of European languages.

1923-44 saw the appearance of socialist realism in Bulgarian literature with Hristo Smymenski, Nikola Vaptsarov and many others. Modem writers include Georgi Karaslavov, Lyudmil Stoyanov, Dimiter Talev, etc.

FINE ARTS

Artistic traditions of various civilizations were apparent on the territory of present day Bulgaria. The oldest gold treasure in the world was discovered in the Chalcolithic necropolis near Varna (3,200-3000 B.C.)., The Thracians left magnificent frescoes in the Kazanluk tomb (3rd century BC) and more gold treasures were discovered near the village of Vulchi Trun, Pa- nagyurishte etc. The remains of palaces have survived in the old capitals of Pliska, Veliki Preslav and Veliko Tumovo. The village of Madara near Shoumen, boasts of a remarkable bas-relief, cut out of the rocks. It features a horseman piercing a lion with his spear (8th century). The frescoes in the Boyana Church (1259) and Zemen Monastery (mid-14th century’) are

A view to the National Assembly and ski Memorial Cathedral. In the forefront – the Monument of exceptional artistic excellence. The Man asses5 Chronicle (14th century), is kept at the Vatican museum; Tzar Ivan Alexander’s Tetraevangelia (14th century) is in Moscow. During the Bulgarian National Revival, schools of woodcarving were established at Samokov, Bansko, Debur and Tryavna. Among the best woodcarvings are those of the Rila Monastery, church of the Virgin Mary in Pazardjik, St. Marina in Plovdiv and the Rozhen Monastery near Melnik.