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Earth Science Literacy

Earth Science Literacy

The Big Ideas and Supporting Concepts of Earth Science

Each big idea is backed by supporting concepts comparable to those underlying the National Science Education Standards and the American Association for the Advancement of Science Benchmarks for Science Literacy

Big Idea 1. Earth scientists use repeatable observations and testable ideas to understand and explain our planet.

1.1 Earth scientists find solutions to society’s needs. Earth scientists work on challenging problems that face humanity on topics such as climate change and human impacts on Earth. Earth scientists successfully predict hazards to humans and locate and recover natural resources, making possible the flourishing of humans on Earth. 1.2 Earth scientists use a large variety of scientific principles to understand how our planet works. Earth scientists combine the study of Earth’s geology with aspects of biology, chemistry, physics, and mathematics in order to understand the complexities of the Earth system. 1.3 Earth science investigations take many different forms. Earth scientists do reproducible experiments and collect multiple lines of evidence. This evidence is taken from the field, analytical, theoretical, experimental, and modeling studies. 1.4 Earth scientists must use indirect methods to examine and understand the structure, composition, and dynamics of Earth’s interior. With the exception of wells and mine shafts drilled into the Earth, direct observations of Earth’s interior are not possible. Instead, Earth scientists observe the interior of the planet using seismic waves, gravity, magnetic fields, radar, sonar, and laboratory experiments on the behavior of materials at high pressures and temperatures. 1.5 Earth scientists use their understanding of the past to forecast Earth’s future. Earth science research tells us how Earth functioned in the past under conditions not seen today and how conditions are likely to change in the future. 1.6 Earth scientists construct models of Earth and its processes that best explain the available geological evidence. These scientific models, which can be conceptualized or analytical, undergo rigorous scrutiny and testing by collaborating and competing groups of scientists around the world. Earth science research documents are subjected to rigorous peer review before they are published in scientific journals. 1.7 Technological advances, breakthroughs in interpretation, and new observations continually refine our understanding of Earth. This Earth Science Literacy framework must be a living document that grows along with our changing ideas and concepts of Earth.

Big Idea 2. The earth is 4.6 billion years old.

2.1 Earth’s rocks and other materials provide a record of its history. Earth scientists use the structure, sequence, and properties of rocks, sediments, and fossils to reconstruct events in Earth’s history. The decay rates of radioactive elements are the primary means of obtaining numerical ages of rocks and organic remains. Understanding geologic processes active in the modern world are crucial to interpreting Earth’s past. 2.2 Our Solar System formed from a vast cloud of gas and dust 4.6 billion years ago. Some of this gas and dust were the remains of the supernova explosion of a previous star; our bodies are therefore made of “stardust.” This age of 4.6 billion years is well established from the decay rates of radioactive elements found in meteorites and rocks from the Moon. 2.3 Earth formed from the accumulation of dust and gas, and multiple collisions of smaller planetary bodies. Driven by gravity, Earth’s metallic core formed as iron sank to the center. Rock surrounding the core was mostly molten early in Earth’s history and slowly cooled to form the Earth’s mantle and crust. The atoms of different elements combined to make minerals, which combined to make rocks. The earth’s ocean and the atmosphere began to form more than 4 billion years ago from the rise of lighter materials out of the mantle. 2.4 Earth’s crust has two distinct types: continental and oceanic. Continental crust persists at Earth’s surface and can be billions of years old. Oceanic crust continuously forms and recycles back into the mantle; in the ocean, it is nowhere older than about 200 million years. 2.5 Studying other objects in the solar system helps us learn Earth’s history. Active geologic processes such as plate tectonics and erosion have destroyed or altered most of the Earth’s early rock records. Many aspects of Earth’s early history are revealed by objects in the solar system that have not changed as much as Earth has. 2.6 Life on Earth began more than 3.5 billion years ago. the fossils indicate that life began with single-celled organisms, which were the only life forms for billions of years. Humans (Homo sapiens) have existed for only a very small fraction (about 0.004%) of Earth’s history. 2.7 Over Earth’s vast history, both gradual and catastrophic processes have produced enormous changes. Super-continents formed and broke apart, the compositions of the atmosphere and ocean changed, sea level rose and fell, living species evolved and went extinct, ice sheets advanced and melted away, meteorites slammed into Earth, and the mountains formed and eroded away.

Big Idea 3. Earth is a complex system of interacting rock, water, air, and life.

3.1 The four major systems of Earth are the geosphere, hydrosphere, atmosphere, and biosphere. The geosphere includes a metallic core, solid and molten rock, soil, and sediments. The atmosphere is the envelope of gas surrounding Earth. The hydrosphere includes the ice, water vapor, and liquid water in the atmosphere, the ocean, lakes, streams, soils, and groundwater. The biosphere includes Earth’s life, which can be found in many parts of the geosphere, hydrosphere, and atmosphere. Humans are part of the biosphere, and human activities have important impacts on all four spheres. 3.2 All Earth processes are the result of energy flowing and mass cycling within and between Earth’s systems. This energy is derived from the sun and the Earth’s interior. The flowing energy and cycling matter cause chemical and physical changes in Earth’s materials and living organisms. For example, large amounts of carbon continually cycle among systems of rock, water, air, organisms, and fossil fuels such as coal and oil. 3.3 Earth exchanges mass and energy to the rest of the Solar System. Earth gains and loses energy through incoming solar radiation, heat loss to space, and gravitational forces of the sun, moon, and planets. Earth gains mass from the impacts of meteoroids and comets and loses mass by the escape of gases into space. 3.4 Earth’s systems interact over a wide range of temporal and spatial scales. These scales range from microscopic to global in size and operate over fractions of a second to billions of years. These interactions among Earth’s systems have shaped Earth’s history and will determine the Earth’s future. 3.5 Regions where organisms actively interact with each other and their environment is called ecosystems. Ecosystems provide the goods (food, fuel, oxygen, and nutrients) and services (climate regulation, water cycling and purification, and soil development and maintenance) necessary to sustain the biosphere. Ecosystems are considered the planet’s essential life-support units. 3.6 Earth’s systems are dynamic; they continually react to changing influences. Components of Earth’s systems may appear stable, change slowly over long periods of time, or change abruptly with significant consequences for living organisms. 3.7 Changes in part of one system can cause new changes to that system or to other systems, often in surprising and complex ways. These new changes may take the form of “feedbacks” that can increase or decrease the original changes and can be unpredictable and/or irreversible. Deep knowledge of how most feedbacks work within and between Earth’s systems is still lacking. 3.8 Earth’s climate is an example of how complex interactions among systems can result in relatively sudden and significant changes. The geologic record shows that the interactions between tectonic events, solar inputs, planetary orbits, ocean circulation, volcanic activity, glaciers, vegetation, and human activities can cause appreciable, and in some cases rapid, changes in global and regional patterns of temperature and precipitation.

Big Idea 4. Earth is continuously changing.

4.1 Earth’s geosphere changes through geological, hydrological, physical, chemical, and biological processes that are explained by universal laws. These changes can be small or large, continuous or sporadic, and gradual or catastrophic. 4.2 Earth, like other planets, are still cooling, though radioactive decay continuously generates internal heat. This heat flows through and out of Earth’s interior largely through convection, but also through conduction and radiation. The flow of Earth’s heat is like its lifeblood, driving its internal motions. 4.3 Earth’s interior is in constant motion through the process of convection, with important consequences for the surface. Convection in the iron-rich liquid outer core, along with Earth’s rotation around its axis, generates Earth’s magnetic field. By deflecting solar wind around the planet, the magnetic field prevents the solar wind from stripping away Earth’s atmosphere. Convection in the solid mantle drives the many processes of plate tectonics, including the formation and movements of the continents and oceanic crust. 4.4 Earth’s tectonic plates consist of the rocky crust and uppermost mantle and move slowly with respect to one another. New oceanic plate continuously forms at mid-ocean ridges and other spreading centers, sinking back into the mantle at ocean trenches. Tectonic plates move steadily at rates of up to 10 centimeters per year. 4.5 Many active geologic processes occur at plate boundaries. Plate interactions change the shapes, sizes, and positions of continents and ocean basins, the locations of mountain ranges and basins, the patterns of ocean circulation and climate, the locations of earthquakes and volcanoes, and the distribution of resources and living organisms. 4.6 Earth materials take many different forms as they cycle through the geosphere. Rocks form from the cooling of magma, the accumulation and consolidation of sediments, and the alteration of older rocks by heat, pressure, and fluids. These three processes form igneous, sedimentary, and metamorphic rocks. 4.7 Landscapes result from the dynamic interplay between processes that form and uplift new crusts and processes that destroy and depress the crust. This interplay is affected by gravity, density differences, plate tectonics, climate, water, the actions of living organisms, and the resistance of Earth materials to weathering and erosion. 4.8 Weathered and unstable rock materials erode from some parts of Earth’s surface and are deposited in others. Under the influence of gravity, rocks fall downhill. Water, ice, and the air carry eroded sediments to lower elevations, and ultimately to the ocean. 4.9 Shorelines move back and forth across continents, depositing sediments that become the surface rocks of the land. Through dynamic processes of plate tectonics and glaciation, Earth’s sea level rises and falls by up to hundreds of meters. This fluctuation causes shorelines to advance and recede by hundreds of kilometers. The upper rock layers of most continents formed when rising sea levels repeatedly flooded the interiors of continents.

Big Idea 5. Earth is the water planet.

5.1 Water is found everywhere on Earth, from the heights of the atmosphere to the depths of the mantle. Early in Earth’s history, surface water accumulated through both outgoing from its interior and the capture of some extraterrestrial ice. Water vapor in the atmosphere condensed and rained out as the planet cooled. 5.2 Water is essential for life on Earth. Earth is unique in our Solar System in that water has coexisted at the Earth’s surface in three phases (solid, liquid, and gas) for billions of years, allowing the development and continuous evolution of life. 5.3 Water’s unique combination of physical and chemical properties are essential to the dynamics of all of Earth’s systems. These properties include the manner in which water absorbs and releases heat, reflects sunlight, expands upon freezing, and dissolves other materials. 5.4 Water plays an important role in many of the Earth’s deep internal processes. Water allows the rock to melt more easily, generating much of the magma that erupts as lava at volcanoes. Water facilitates the metamorphic alteration of rock and is integral to plate tectonic processes. 5.5 Earth’s water cycles among the reservoirs of the atmosphere, streams, lakes, ocean, glaciers, groundwater, and deep interior of the planet. The total amount of water on the Earth’s surface has remained fairly constant over geologic time, although its distribution among reservoirs has varied. 5.6 Water shapes landscapes. Flowing water in streams strongly shapes the land surface through weathering, erosion, transport, and deposition. Water participates in both the dissolution and formation of Earth’s materials. 5.7 Ice is an especially powerful agent of weathering and erosion. Water expands as it freezes, widening cracks and breaking apart rocks. Movement of massive glaciers can scour away land surfaces. The flowing ice of glaciers covers and alters vast areas of continents during Ice Ages. 5.8 Freshwater is less than 3% of the water of the Earth’s surface. Most of this fresh water is stored as glaciers in Antarctica and Greenland. Less than 1% of Earth’s near-surface water is drinkable liquid freshwater, and about 99% of this water is in the form of groundwater in the pores and fractures within the soil, sediment, and rock.

Big Idea 6. Life evolves on a dynamic Earth and continuously modifies Earth.

6.1 Fossils are the preserved evidence of ancient life. Fossils document the presence of life early in Earth’s history and the subsequent evolution of life over billions of years. 6.2 Evolution, including the origination and extinction of species, is a natural and ongoing process. Changes to Earth and its ecosystems determine which individuals, populations, and species survive. As an outcome of dynamic Earth processes, life has adapted through evolution to new, diverse, and ever-changing niches. 6.3 Biological diversity, both past, and present is vast and largely undiscovered. A new species of living and fossil organisms are continually finding and identified. All of this diversity is interrelated through evolution. 6.4 More complex life forms and ecosystems have arisen over the course of Earth’s history. This complexity has emerged in association with adaptations to new and constantly changing habitats. But not all evolution causes greater complexity; organisms adapting to changing local environments may also become simpler. 6.5 Microorganisms dominated Earth’s early biosphere and continue today to be the most widespread, abundant, and a diverse group of organisms on the planet. Microbes change the chemistry of Earth’s surface and play a critical role in nutrient cycling within most ecosystems. 6.6 Mass extinctions occur when global conditions change faster than species in large numbers can adapt. Mass extinctions are often followed by the origination of many new species over millions of years as surviving species evolve and fill vacated niches. 6.7 The particular life forms that exist today, including humans, are a unique result of the history of Earth’s systems. Had this history been even slightly different, modern life forms might be entirely different and humans might never have evolved. 6.8 Life changes the physical and chemical properties of Earth’s geosphere, hydrosphere, and atmosphere. Living organisms produced most of the oxygen in the atmosphere through photosynthesis and provided the substance of fossil fuels and many sedimentary rocks. The fossil record provides a means for understanding the history of these changes. 6.9 Life occupies a wide range of Earth’s environments, including extreme environments. Some microbes live in rocks kilometers beneath the surface, within glacial ice, and at seafloor vents where hot fluids escape from the oceanic crust. Some of these environments may be similar to the conditions under which life originated, and to environments that exist on other planets and moons.

Big Idea 7. Humans depend on Earth for resources.

7.1 Earth is our home; its resources mold civilizations, drive human exploration and inspire human endeavors that include art, literature, and science. We depend upon Earth for sustenance, comfort, places to live and play, and spiritual inspiration. 7.2 Geology affects the distribution and development of human populations. Human populations have historically concentrated at sites that are geologically advantageous to commerce, food production, and other aspects of civilization. 7.3 Natural resources are limited. The earth’s natural resources provide the foundation for all of human society’s physical needs. Most are nonrenewable on human time scales, and many will run critically low in the near future. 7.4 Resources are distributed unevenly around the planet. Resource distribution is a result of how and where geologic processes have occurred in the past and have extremely important social, economic, and political implications. 7.5 Water resources are essential for agriculture, manufacturing, energy production, and life. Earth scientists and engineers find and manage our freshwater resources, which are limited in supply. In many places, humans withdraw both surface water and groundwater faster than they are replenished. Once fresh water is contaminated, its quality is difficult to restore. 7.6 Soil, rocks, and minerals provide essential metals and other materials for agriculture, manufacturing, and building. Soil develops slowly from weathered rock, and the erosion of soil threatens agriculture. Minerals and metals are often concentrated in very specific ore deposits. Locating and mining these ore deposits provide the raw materials for much of our industry. Many electronic and mechanical devices have specific requirements for particular rare metals and minerals that are in short supply. 7.7 Earth scientists and engineers develop new technologies to extract resources while reducing pollution, waste, and ecosystem degradation caused by extraction. For example, land reclamation can partially restore surface environments following surface mining. 7.8 Oil and natural gas are unique resources that are central to modern life in many different ways. They are the precursors to chemicals used to make numerous products, such as plastics, textiles, medications, and fertilizers. Petroleum sources are needed to manufacture most industrial products. 7.9 Fossil fuels and uranium currently provide most of our energy resources. Fossil fuels, such as coal, oil, and natural gas, take tens to hundreds of millions of years to form. Their abundance will make them the dominant source of energy in the near future. New sources, such as methane hydrates, are being explored. 7.10 Earth scientists help society move toward greater sustainability. Renewable energy sources, such as solar, wind, hydroelectric, and geothermal, are being developed. They will replace fossil fuels as those become scarcer, more expensive to retrieve from Earth, and undesirable due to environmental damage. Earth scientists foster global cooperation and science-informed stewardship that can help to ensure the availability of resources for future generations.

Big Idea 8. Natural hazards pose risks to humans.

8.1 Natural hazards result from natural Earth processes. These hazards include earthquakes, tsunamis, hurricanes, floods, droughts, landslides, volcanic eruptions, extreme weather, lightning-induced fires, sinkholes, coastal erosion, and comet and asteroid impacts. 8.2 Natural hazards shape the history of human societies. Hazardous events can significantly alter the size of human populations and drive human migrations. Risks from the natural hazards increase as populations expand into vulnerable areas or concentrate on already-inhabited areas. 8.3 Human activities can contribute to the frequency and intensity of some natural hazards. These hazards include floods, landslides, droughts, forest fires, and erosion. 8.4 Hazardous events can be sudden or gradual. They range from sudden events such as earthquakes and explosive volcanic eruptions to more gradual phenomena such as droughts, which may last decades or longer. Changes caused by continual processes such as erosion and land subsidence can also result in risks to human populations, as with the increased risk of flooding in New Orleans. 8.5 Natural hazards can be local or global in origin. Local events can have distant impacts because of the interconnectedness of both human societies and Earth’s systems. For example, a volcanic eruption in the Pacific Ocean can impact the climate around the globe. 8.6 Earth scientists are continually improving estimates of when and where natural hazards occur. This analysis is done through continuous monitoring Earth, increasing our understanding of the physical processes that underlie its changes, and developing scientific models that can explain hazard-related scientific observations. 8.7 Humans cannot eliminate natural hazards but can engage in activities that reduce their impacts. Loss of life, property damage, and economic costs can be reduced by identifying high-risk locations and minimizing human habitation and societal activities in them, improving construction methods, developing warning systems, and recognizing how human behavior influences preparedness and response. 8.8 An Earth-science-literate public is essential for reducing risks from natural hazards. This literacy leads to the promotion of community awareness about natural hazards and to the development of scientifically informed policies that reduce risk.

Big Idea 9. Humans significantly alter the Earth.

9.1 Human activities significantly change the rates of many of the Earth’s surface processes. Humankind has become a geological agent that must be taken into account equally by natural processes in any attempt to understand the workings of Earth’s systems. As human populations and per capita consumption of natural resources increase, so do our impacts on the Earth’s systems. 9.2 Earth scientists use the geologic record to distinguish between natural and human influences on the Earth’s systems. Evidence of natural and human influences on Earth processes is found in ice cores and soils, and in the lake, estuary, and ocean sediments. 9.3 Humans cause global climate change through fossil fuel combustion, land-use changes, agricultural practices, and industrial processes. The consequences of global climate change include melting glaciers and permafrost, rising sea levels, shifting precipitation patterns, increased forest fires, more extreme weather, and the disruption of global ecosystems. 9.4 Humans affect the quality, availability, and distribution of Earth’s water through the modification of streams, lakes, and groundwater. Engineered structures such as canals, dams, and levees significantly alter water and sediment distribution. Pollution from sewage runoff, agricultural practices, and industrial processes reduce water quality. Overuse of water for electric power generation and agriculture reduces water availability for drinking. 9.5 Human activities alter the natural land surface. Humans use more than one-third of the land’s surface not covered with ice to raise or grow their food. Large areas of land, including delicate ecosystems such as wetlands, are transformed by human land development. These land surface changes impact many Earth processes such as groundwater replenishment and weather patterns. 9.6 Human activities accelerate land erosion. At present, the rate of global land erosion caused by human activities exceeds all-natural processes by a factor of ten. These activities include urban paving, removal of vegetation, surface mining, stream diversions, and increased rain acidity. 9.7 Human activities significantly alter the biosphere. Earth is experiencing a worldwide decline in biodiversity—a modern mass extinction—due to loss of habitat area and high rates of environmental change caused by human activities. The rates of extinctions are now comparable to the rates of mass extinctions in the geologic past. 9.8 Earth scientists document and seek to understand the impacts of humans on global change over short and long time spans. Many of these human impacts on Earth’s systems are not reversible over human lifetimes, but through human cooperation, their impacts on future generations can be lessened and even reversed. 9.9 An Earth-science-literate public, informed by current and accurate scientific understanding of Earth, is critical to the promotion of good stewardship, sound policy, and international cooperation. Earth science education is important for individuals of all ages, backgrounds, and nationalities.

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History of BMW

History of BMW

Bayerische Motoren Werke AG usually called BMW or BMW AG is the German car, bike, and Motor manufacturing corporation established in 1916. It also owns and develops Mini automobile, and is the parent company of Rolls-Royce Motorcars. BMW creates bikes under BMW Motorrad. BMW has been the success in numerous sports titles. BMW targets clients from the rich class cultural groups as they are the people for whom BMW can be cheap & furthermore they can consider this achievement. The world frontrunner, BMW has positioned itself as a symbol of quality, technologically innovative, superior performance & only car brand. Constant operation improvement & technical progress in its R& D are the essence of the competitive advantage of BMW. It is recognized for its quality, dependability&excellent customer service help. BMW has adopted a term of customer service=growth driver as the underlying law to develop its industry.

This corporation was established in 1916 and owns its headquarters in Munich, Bavaria. BMW develops machine vehicles in Germany, Brazil, Taiwan, India, South Africa, the UK, and the United States. In 2015, BMW was the world's 12th largest manufacturer of machine vehicles, with 2,279,503 vehicles created. The Quandt house is long-term shareholders of this corporation, with the remaining contributions owned by the common float. BMW’s origins will remain described back to three distinct Germanic corporations: Rapp Motorenwerke, Bayerische Flugzeugwerke, and Automobilwerk Eisenach. The history of the name itself starts with Rapp Motorenwerke, the aircraft motor maker. In Apr 1917, following the exit of this father, Karl Friedrich Rapp, this corporation was renamed Bayerische Motoren Werke (BMW). BMW’s initial result was the BMW IIIa craft motor. The IIIa motor was known for its better fuel efficiency and high-altitude process. BMW, Full form Bavaria Motor Works, in English and Bayerische Motoren Werke in German. Many of you might know about this company. It manufactures the world’s most powerful stock cars. In the Early 1916 BMW factory was founded, in the City of Munich, Germany. Previously it was known as Bayerische Flugzeugwerke AG. A year later the company adopted the name “BMW” and introduced a logo featuring a stylized propeller in blue and white segments. It is said that the Logo of BMW represents What Pilots see in flight when they look through their propellers.

The first motorcar of the company was one of the versions of Austin Seven.

Rolls Royce, Husqvarna (a prominent producer of chainsaws and motorcycle parts), Rover (Range and Land) and Mini are also owned by the BMW.

The Headquarters of the BMW is in Germany, but Only Place where all BMW brands are made which are: BMW, MINI, Rover and Rolls Royce is UK [United Kingdom].

You might get amazed to know that most of the police vehicles in the United States (US) are BMWs.

The total number of vehicles produced worldwide by BMW every year is 1.3 million.

Approximately there are 110,00 people work in BWM factories around the globe.

In terms of cost-effectiveness, in 2009 (before the economic crisis), the company made 4.250.000.000 dollars in profit. That’s approx 3.500.000.000 Euros.

BMW is the only current motorcycle manufacturer to reject the use of telescopic forks on its motorbikes.

The kids and fathers know: Once a BMW, always a BMW. Be Sociable, Share!

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Amazing Facts of Our Brain

Brain

Before you create the memorable move, you want to see the oldest and lowest portion of the mind: The limbic cortex, or what some masters tell this `` lizard brain, '' `` crocodile brain `` or `` dinosaur brain. '' It's this portion of the mind that helps us define now whether something is harmful or related, and how we should respond to something new. It's our initial line of defense and ensures our fight-or-flight reaction. When pitching, the Airbnb team directly addressed some of these fears that the investor might take with their business model.

This second move explains why someone could book with Airbnb and not their biggest rival (the hotel industry) and reveals this opening in the industry. This 3rd move communicates how behind their goods and in simple words highlights the benefits for both parties involved in the transaction. When the mind hears music, it uses a bunch of other elements to affect things like the meter, the pitch, the beat, and even the lyrics. These are also those regions of the mind that deal with feelings and emotions. See, the mind has a bunch of other centers, but none of them have only one particular task. The mind couldn't have enough space for this. So instead of having large heads, we have minds of unimaginable quality and structure. This provides for that overlap. The hippocampus is in charge of steering, for spatial consciousness, and for making and consolidating original memories. It’s somewhat significant. It’s also what makes keyed up for feeling reactions. It’s not difficult, here, to find where the music gets in. Remember the emotional moment --the party, when the close friend went, when you graduated from college, the time your father died -- chances are, emotions blossomed, and chances are there’s a song you associate with it. These emotions are drawn up with memories as the hippocampus works this music, makes memories, and blends them together. You’ll conjure up those similar emotions when you see this music. Interestingly, because of this spatial consciousness, you might be able to recall information you would’ ’it differently about time and area.

Brain Features

Your brain weighs about 1.5 kilograms.

Your skin weighs twice as much as your brain.

Your brain is 75% water.

Your brain consists of 100 billion neurons.

There are 100 to 10,000 synapses for each neuron.

There are no pain receptors in your brain, so your brain cannot feel pain.

There are about 150,000 kilometers of blood vessels in your brain.

Your brain is the fattiest organ in your body and contains at least 60% fat.

Your brain is 2% of your body weight, but uses 25% of the energy!

Brain Development

Early in pregnancy are being created about 250,000 neurons per minute.

Your brain at birth was about as big as an adult brain and contained nearly all brain cells in your whole life.

The brain of a newborn grows about three times its size in the first year.

Read and talk a lot to a young child promotes brain development.

People keep new create new neurons throughout life in response to mental activity.

The first sense that develops in the womb is the feeling of touch. The lips and cheeks can from about the eighth

Week of contact experienced and the rest of the body around 12 weeks.

Brain Function

Your brain uses about 20% of the total amount of oxygen in your body.

Your brain also uses 20% of the total number of blood circulating in your body.

If your brain bleeds 8 to 10 seconds, you lose consciousness.

If you are awake, your brain generates 10 to 23 watts of energy – that’s enough energy to get into a lamp.

Of yawning is thought to be used to send more oxygen into your brains and if so to help cool off and awaken.

The adage that humans only use 10% of their brains is not true. Every part of the brain has a known function.

The brain can be 4 to 6 minutes without sour stuff and then begins to die. 5 to 10 minutes without oxygen has permanent brain damage.

A study of one million students in New York showed that students who ate lunches without artificial sweeteners, preservatives, and dyes it did 14% better on IQ tests than students who ate lunches with these additives

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The Rising Destruction Of Our Natural Living

Acid Rain The Rising Destruction Of Our Natural Living - Causes, Effects, Solutions To Prevent Acid Rain

Acid Rain

Acid rain, one of the most important environmental problems of all, and the fact which cannot be seen naked. The invisible gases that cause acid rain usually come from automobiles or coal-burning power plants (all is in our hands).

Causes of Acid Rain:

The primary causes of acid rain are sulfur dioxide (so2) and nitrogen oxides (No). These chemicals are released by certain industrial processes, and as a result, the more industrialized nations of Europe, as well as the US, suffer severely from acid rains.

Most sulfur dioxide comes from power plants that use coal as their primary fuel to operate. These plants emit more than 100 million tons of sulfur dioxide, which is about 70% of the total caused around the world.

It’s only the Automobiles which produce about half of the world's nitrogen oxide. As the number of automobiles in use increases rapidly, so does the amount of acid rain too increases enormously. Power plants that burn fossil fuels also contribute significantly to nitrogen oxide emission. (We can't stop production of that)

Natural causes also exist in adding these gases to the atmosphere. Fires, volcanic eruptions, bacterial decomposition, and lightening also greatly increase the amount of nitrogen oxide on the planet. But you know, even a gigantic explosion made by a volcano is only equal to what one coal power plant produces per year..!!! Think how much we the human took part in this competition..?

Acid rain comes down to the earth in the form of rain, snow, hail, fog, frost, or dew. Once it reaches the ground, the acidity in the substance can harm and even destroy both natural ecosystems and man-made products. Such as Cars finishes, etc...

Effects of Acid Rain:

Because it is mainly caused by industrial processes, automobiles, and power plants, those countries that are developed have the most severe acid rain problems. However, as the undeveloped nations begin to industrialize to reach their goal of developing nations (isn't it..?), acid rain will increase greatly.

Many ecosystems are affected by acid rain. Bodies of water, such as lakes and rivers, see many of their inhabitants die off due to rising acidity levels. Acidic water also ruins some of the plant nutrients, hurting the plants' ability to survive and to give life to another -made products are also experiencing degradation from acid rain. Cars can lose their finishes, and outdoor statues are beginning to rust.

A Solution to Reduce Acid Rain:

It is because humans, so only Human can implement methods to reduce the acid rain. Businesses such as power companies and carmakers oppose controlling acid rain because they fear the effects on their profits.

They can use coal with low sulfur content, they can remove the sulfur from smoke them plants release, and they can limit processes known to generate high levels of acid rain. Environmentalists advocate the installation of sulfur cleaning scrubbers in factories, washing sulfur out of coal, and finding new methods of burning coal.

Power plant operators are looking for less expensive solutions to the problem. Individuals can help by conserving energy or driving their cars less. Governments can pass laws restricting pollution levels. It has to be strictly reduced so the future can live..!

If you like it, just share it... Help to Reach Everyone & Make Awareness.

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Is Immortal Animal On Earth Really Exist?

TARDIGRADES

Tardigrades commonly named as water bears are semi-aquatic, microscopic animals typically about 0.5 mm in length.

They are microscopic creatures usually found on Earth.

They have eight legs, and hands with four to eight claws on each which can survive virtually anything like an active lava field or even the cold, dark vacuum of space.

It can survive up to extreme hot or cold temperatures up to -272° C to 150°C.

It is also nearly impossible to kill him.

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What Would Happen If We Drink Too Much Water ?

Too much of anything isn't sensible. However, the question is, What would happen if we drink an excessive amount of water?

The doctor urged us to drink a minimum of seven-eight glasses of water to take care of preventing and eliminate any skin infection.

But the question is, What would happen if we have a tendency to drink an excessive amount of water?

Drinking an excessive amount of water will be harmful to us. However, it should lead to death additionally.

All the cells in our body would like water to operate well properly. However, excess consumption of water diodes to water intoxication.

It is also known as water poisoning.

Drinking a ton of water leads to a rise in water within the bloodstream, which ends with an exceedingly decrease in atomic number 11 levels within the blood. Whenever atomic number 11 level falls in bloodstream fluids shift from the surface to the within of cells, inflicting them to swell.

When this happens to brain cells, it will turn out dangerous and probably deadly effects.

Dangers of drinking an excessive amount of water

Symptoms:

Headache

Nausea

Vomiting

Severe cases will turn out a lot of serious symptoms, such as:

Increased pressure level.

Confusion.

Double vision.

Drowsiness.

Difficult respiration.

Muscle weakness and cramping.

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Amazing Facts about Planet Earth

Something Amazing about Our Earth

We live on planet Earth, and we should have basic knowledge about it. Here is the collection of 10 Amazing Facts of Earth. You will totally get amazed after reading these facts on earth.

Amazing Fact

So Keep Reading:

The name of planet Earth originated from the word ‘Erda’ which means ground or soil.

Earth is also called “Blue Planet” – When astronauts go to space and look back on earth from the space, due to oceans and atmosphere of Earth the earth looks blue from outer space and that’s why it is called “Blue Planet”.

Tides are caused by the gravitational pull between Moon and Earth.

Around seventy percent of the Earth’s freshwater is the glacial ice.

Earth is the only planet that has conditions in which life can sustain.

The amazing thing about gravity is that Gravity prevents things fall from Earth one earth completes its rotation.

Experts claim that around 1,000 tons of space debris enters the Earths’ atmosphere each year.

Our Earth is more than 4.6 billion years old, according to research done by scientists.

Because of gravitational effects, if the crescent moon is directly overhead, an individual weighs slightly less.

If you still think that Earth is completely round then you are wrong, Earth is a sphere in shape. This is simply because the rotation of the earth causes the equator to slightly bulge out.

So after reading all the above facts now, you might be totally amazed, isn’t it?

You Just got to Know about 10 Top and Most Amazing Fact of Earth.

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Benefits of eating green fruits and vegetables Many of us don’t like any Green Fruit or Vegetable. We don’t like Green Fruits and Vegetables just because they don’t taste good, really? Is the taste of food is what we should bother about? Continue reading and after reading this we are quite sure that you will eat Green Fruits and Vegetables from now. Calcium  Many of us are not aware of the fact that dark green vegetables like kale, broccoli, and spinach are full of calcium. Calcium is a very important nutrient and is required for the development and maintenance of our bones, teeth and few other parts of our body. Dark and green vegetables are a good source of calcium. Dietary Fiber Fiber is important for maintaining and keeping our digestive system healthy. No doubt that fruits and vegetables are a good source of dietary fibers, but typically dark green fruits and vegetables are the best source of dietary fibers. Broccoli, spinach, cucumber, kiwi, and pears are good sources of dietary fibers. Therefore, eating green fruits and vegetables is beneficial for our body and it ensures that our digestive system is in good condition. Antioxidants  In our body, the chemical processes which occur can result in free oxygen particles become loose and float through our bloodstream. If this happens then it might be possible that our cells might get damaged while the oxygen particles interact with them. Repeated damage over many years can lead to progressive diseases like cancer. Antioxidants are natural chemicals that neutralize those oxygen particles before they cause damage. They have been linked to lowered incidences of cancer. Green fruits and Vegetables provide enough amount of Antioxidants in our body, thus protecting us from cancer. Vitamins  While every green fruit and vegetable contains a rather different mixture of vitamins, it’s doubtless that anyone that you simply opt for can has an honest supply of a minimum of one necessary nutrient of this sort. In fact, most are wonderful suppliers of many different types of vitamins. Vitamin A and vitamin C are 2 of the foremost commonly occurring vitamins in these kinds of vegetables and fruits. Vitamin A helps your body to method a variety of various nutrients, like calcium and potassium, whereas vitamin C is crucial for the increase of your immune system and to forestall you from obtaining sick. So Don’t you think Eating Green Fruits and Vegetables have lots and lots of benefits?

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