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UNIT 9

TECH SAVVY

well informed about or proficient in the use of modern technology, especially computers. 

TECH PROBLEMS Vs. SOLUTIONS

Blue Screen of Death (BSoD)

Many people think of blue as a calming color; however, when it comes up on your computer screen with a bunch of white text, it probably has the opposite effect. The blue screen of death (BSoD or STOP Error) may appear to be one of the scariest computer problems you'll come across. However, all your computer may need is for you to reboot it. This STOP error appears on your screen for a variety of reasons: failing hardware, damaged software, corrupt DLL files, problems with drivers and more. The remedy for a blue screen of death depends on the original problem. The screen provides you with codes that can help you identify and fix your computer problems.

Missing DLL File

Dynamic-Link Library (DLL) files house information for your operating system on how to perform certain functions. Occasionally, your computer loses DLL files or something damages them. When your PC can't read the particular DLL file, it doesn't know how to respond in certain situations. You may have a missing or corrupt DLL file if you receive an error message every time you perform a certain function, such as saving. If your computer problems are stemming from missing and damaged DLL files, you can restore them by downloading them back onto your PC.

Applications That Won't Install

If you're having trouble with an application not installing, it may be because your computer doesn't have enough hard drive space. If this is the case, you need to free up some space. This is one of the computer problems that's, well, least problematic. You can free up some hard drive space by getting rid of files and folders you don't need. These may be temporary files, duplicate files or data for software you've uninstalled.

Applications Run Slowly

There are several reasons software might be running at turtle speed. You may have computer problems that involve your operating system or an application, your operating system might be missing updates or your computer doesn't have enough hard drive space. If you don't have enough hard drive space, you can scan, clean and optimize your hard drive.

Abnormal Applications Behavior

Computer problems that involve applications acting strangely oftentimes leave you wondering what has happened. Your application has been working just fine, but now, seemingly without reason, it is doing something strange.

https://safeandsavvy.f-secure.com/

http://brainfall.com/quizzes/how-tech-savvy-are-you/#S1j7xuvWX

SCAM

an illegal plan for making money, especially one that involves trickingpeople.

HACKER Vs. CRACKER

A hacker is someone who discovers the weaknesses of a computer or a computer network, although the term can also apply to someone with advanced knowledge of computers and computer networks. Hackers can be motivated for a multitude of reasons, including Profit, protest or challenge The subculture that has developed around hackers often refers to the underground culture of computers, but is now an open community. Although there are other uses of the word "hacker" that are not related to computer security, they are rarely used in the general context.

The term cracker (literally translated as breaker, from English to crack, meaning break or break) is used to refer to people who break or violate a security system.Crackers can be motivated for a multitude of reasons, including purposes of profit, protest, or the challenge. Mostly, it is understood that crackers are engaged in the unauthorized edition of proprietary software. However, it should be understood that while binary executables are one of the main objectives of these people, a web application or any other computer system represent other types of attacks that can be considered cracking acts in the same way. The term "white hat" in Internet slang refers to an ethical computer hacker, or a computer security expert, who specializes in penetration testing and in other testing methodologies to ensure the security of an organization's information systems. Ethical hacking is a term meant to imply a broader category than just penetration testing. Contrasted with black hat, a malicious hacker, the name comes from Western films, where heroic and antagonistic cowboys might traditionally wear a white and a black hat respectively.[

Computer security software or cybersecurity software is any computer program designed to enhance information security.

The defense of computers against intrusion and unauthorized use of resources is called computer security. Similarly, the defense of computer networks is called network security.

Information security

Related security categories

Internet security

Cyberwarfare

Computer security

Mobile security

Network security

Threats

Computer crime

Vulnerability

Eavesdropping

Malware

Spyware

Ransomware

Trojans

Viruses

Worms

Rootkits

Bootkits

Keyloggers

Screen scrapers

Exploits

Backdoors

Logic bombs

Payloads

Denial of service

Defenses

Computer access control

Application security

Authentication

Authorization

Data-centric security

Encryption

Firewall

Intrusion detection system

Mobile secure gateway

Runtime application self-protection (RASP)

Antivirus software

Secure coding

Security by design

Secure operating systems

Multi-factor authentication

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UNIT 7

Relationship

Love is one of the most profound emotions known to human beings. There are many kinds of love, but most people seek its expression in a romantic relationship with a compatible partner. For some, romantic relationships are the most meaningful element of life, providing a source of deep fulfillment. The ability to have a healthy, loving relationship is not innate. A great deal of evidence suggests that the ability to form a stable relationship begins in infancy, in a child's earliest experiences with a caregiver who reliably meets the infant's needs for food, care, protection, stimulation, and social contact. Those relationships are not destiny, but they appear to establish patterns of relating to others. Failed relationships happen for many reasons, and the failure of a relationship is often a source of great psychological anguish. Most of us have to work consciously to master the skills necessary to make them flourish.

Part C of unit 7 

I have a friend who speaks three languages: Spanish, Portuguese, and English.  She’s probably my one friend that’s really smart.My neighbor is someone I try to avoid because she's always gossiping about other neighbors. She’s just someone who likes to know everyone’s business.I like stores that have a lot of sales so you can always find something you can afford. I’m not someone who likes to spend a lot of time shopping.I take a class that meets every Friday morning. It’s one class that I really look forward to.I don't like the food that they serve in the college cafeteria because it's often too salty. They really need someone who can make healthier food.I know someone who's published a novel on the Internet and become very successful. It’s something that I always think I should try and do! 

Dating 

Dating is a stage of romantic relationships in humans whereby two people meet socially with the aim of each assessing the other's suitability as a prospective partner in an intimate relationship or marriage. But not everybody take the marriage like something that they want to do or maybe they can not take it. 

There exist a lot of ¨dating¨meanings and for the computers and the tech can be: 

Video dating systems of the 1980s and 1990s especially, where customers gave a performance on (typically VHS) video, which was viewable by other customers, usually in private, in the same facility. Some services would record and play back videos for men and women on alternate days to minimize the chance that customers would meet each other on the street.

Phone dating systems of about the same vintage, where customers call a common voice mail or phone-chat server at a common local phone number, and are connected with other (reputed) singles, and typically charged by the minute as if it were a long-distance call (often a very expensive one). A key problem of such systems was that they were hard to differentiate from a phone porn service or "phone sex" where female operators are paid to arouse male customers and have no intention of 

ever dating them.

Online dating systems use websites or mobile phone apps to connect possible romantic or sexual partners. One gay man found dating online difficult, and found there is an element of deception on dating website profiles just like everywhere else.

QUESTIONS

1. Who do you get along well with? Why?

With my friends, family and my boyfriend 

2. Do you like to go away for summer vacation?

Yes, id like to go and do some stuff that makes me feel happy and relax.

3. Where do you and your friends like to hang out?

We like to visit a lot of places and we like to take long trips to another country in vacations.

4. Do you always write back immediately when someone sends you an email?

No, im very busy at my career, so i can not do that.

5. Are there any classes you would like to sign up for?

No, i really dont like to sing up for any class.

6. Do you think you'll ever move far away from home?

Yes, I like to go to another country to do my magister and a lot of things so i need to move away from my home. 

SHE IS A LIT OF BIT ODD?

ODD:  different from what is usual or expected; strange.

What's something you're bad at? What's something you're good at?

I guess I'm kind of bad at playing tennis. I'm really great at playing chess, though.What's your worst quality? What's your best quality?

I'm probably a little disorganized. I'm always on time, though.What's difficult about learning English? What do you like about learning English?

I guess l think that learning English grammar is difficult in a way. I really love reading in English, though.What annoying habit does your friend have? 

What's nice about your friend?

My friend is always sort of complaining about things. Nothing ever seems right for her. She's very generous, though.What's your least favorite kind of music? What's your favorite kind?Maybe country is my least favorite kind of music. I prefer rock, really. I like folk music, though. I love folk music, though. 

NEW FRIENDS Vs. OLD FRIENDS

It feels good to have friends whom you know will always have your back. 

I found this quote as of below and found it very relatable.Make new friends but keep the old. One is silver and the other gold.Here's the thing.

I have heard of a lot of stories whereby people ignore their old friends because they had new friends. Is it right to ignore your old friend for a new friend? 

Grammar

write sentences with subject and object relative clauses?

use phrasal verbs like grow up, get along, and break up?

Vocabulary

use at least 12 phrasal verbs?

Conversation strategies

use at least 6 expressions to soften comments?

give a contrasting idea using though?

Writing

use both, both of us, and neither of us?

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UNIT 8

WHAT IF? 

PRIORITIES IN LIFE

HEALTH 

FAMILY

CAREER

RELATIONSHIPS

WEALTH

LOOKING GOOD

BUT MOST IMPORTANT TO BE HAPPY, THAT ´S THE CLUE

DO YOU WISH UR LIFE WERE DIFFERENT?

In my personal opinion I  made so many repeated mistakes throughout my life that one would question whether or not I have the ability to learn at all. Like almost everyone else on the planet, I would love to erase not only events in my life but character flaws that have led to bad choices. However, I would not be who I am today without those events so here I am. These weaknesses have made me understand that I cannot trust myself. I am inherently capable of choosing only sin.

QUESTIONS

I wish I had more free time during the week. If I had more free time during the week, I’d exercise more.I wish I were stronger. If I were stronger, I’d be better at sports.I wish I could fly a plane. If I could fly a plane, I’d travel all over the world.I wish I weren’t so busy. If I weren’t so busy, I’d have more time to hang out with my friends.I wish my parents weren’t so far away. If my parents weren’t so far away, I could see them more often.I wish my friend were taking the same class. If she were taking the same class, she could help me with some of the assignments we get.I wish I had the day off tomorrow. If I had the day off tomorrow, I would go to the beach and go surfing.I wish I didn’t have to take a test tomorrow. If I didn’t have to take a test tomorrow, I’d go to the movies tonight.I wish I lived in Paris. If I lived in Paris, my French would be so much better than it is now.

Life’s little dilemmas

·         The (changing) reasons for existence Who are we? Where do we come from? Where are we going? Not a single universal response, despite the efforts of the great religions to get us out of the quagmire.

·         The (individual) ethic of good living Not everyone has to follow the same direction, or throughout their lives, because the best choice will depend on the vital stage in which we find ourselves. Life is a continuous learning, experiences shape us and the people we surround ourselves with the most. The good art of living will depend on all these factors coexisting in harmony with our individual ethics.

·         Who I am?

·         Inner knowledge is one of the few universal formulas that help us achieve well-being “by being oneself”.

·         What should I do The will can be fragile and sometimes insufficient to be oneself and control our own destiny. The environment conditions us, so trying to transform or try to live without betraying us marks the path of well-being, as well as resisting the temptations and siren songs that go against our personal ethics. This is freedom, another of the few universal principles that characterize happiness…. but life abuses me

·         If I were you

·         If I were you, holding the world right in my hands. The first thing I’d do, is thank the stars for all that I am If I were you 

·         IF YOU WERE MILLIONAIRE

·         If I were a millionaire, I’d probably feel a little guilty. For example, I’d feel guilty that I was so lucky when so many students I know are struggling to pay for school. I’d probably offer to pay back some of my friends’ student loans or something like that. Then I’d definitely help other people who need help before I bought a big house or a lot of expensive clothes. I probably wouldn’t need to buy those things anyway. I know some people work hard for them, but I wouldn’t want to leave my neighborhood or change my personal style. Finally I’d probably invest some of my money for a rainy day and use the rest to support a good cause.

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01/18/2018

Food transmission diseases (ETA)

Each year, some 48 million people in the United States get sick from consuming contaminated food. Common causes include bacteria and viruses. Less often, the cause can be a parasite or a harmful chemical, such as a large number of pesticides. The symptoms of foodborne illness depend on the cause. They can be mild or severe. 

They usually include:

Stomach ache Abdominal cramps Nausea and vomiting Diarrhea Fever Dehydration Most foodborne diseases are acute. This means that they happen suddenly and last a short time. Several steps are required to bring the food from the farm or fishery to your table. Pollution can occur during any of these steps. For example, it can happen to: Raw meat while killing the animal Fruits and vegetables as they grow or are processed Refrigerated food when left in a loading dock when it's hot But it can also happen in the kitchen, if you leave the food at room temperature for more than two hours. Handling food with care can prevent these diseases. Most people with foodborne illness improve on their own. It is important to replace lost fluids and electrolytes to prevent dehydration. If your healthcare provider can diagnose the specific cause, medications like antibiotics can treat it. For a more serious illness, you may need treatment in a hospital. Inadequate control of food temperatures is the most common factor contributing to epidemics of food-borne diseases. Bacteria that cause disease grow particularly well in high protein foods such as meat, poultry, seafood, eggs, dairy products, cooked vegetables such as cooked beans and cereal grains, such as rice. These foods are known as "potentially dangerous foods" because of their high potential for rapid bacterial growth. Dangerous area of ​​temperatures The space between the temperatures of 41 ° F and 140 ° F is where the bacteria grow as well as possible in potentially hazardous foods. The goal of temperature controls is to keep food completely out of this "dangerous zone" or to pass food through this "dangerous zone" as quickly as possible. Temperature control By using temperature controls, the potentials for the harmful growth of bacteria in food are minimized. Controls are used when the food is delivered to the establishment, it is in the cold holding, during the thawing, in the hot holding, and during the cooling and reheating process.

Potentially hazardous foods include: Raw animal food treated or processed by means of a heat source. Some examples are eggs, milk, meat, and poultry. Foods of plants or bushes that are treated or processed by means of a heat source. Some examples are cooked rice, cooked potatoes, and cooked noodles or noodles. Raw or unprocessed seed sprouts Cut melons, including watermelons, cantaloupe, and sweet melons. Mixtures of garlic and oil.

Clostridium perfringens. Bacillus cereus. Staphylococcus aereus. The foods susceptible to contain this bacterium are products made with pastry creams, dairy products, foods rich in proteins ... Listeria Monocitogenes. Present especially in pre-cooked and refrigerated foods, preserved, smoked ... Escherichia coli. It can be found in raw or undercooked meats, contaminated water ... What can we do to ensure the safety of food Most of these bacteria can be eliminated from the food we eat following simple rules that, although they may seem basic, sometimes escape us and cause us to consume food in poor condition. These are the four recommendations that we must take into account according to WHO and other organizations such as the Spanish Society of Infectious Diseases or Clinical Microbiology.

- Keep clean. Begin by washing hands with soap and water whenever we go to cook, especially after going to the bathroom, and make sure to properly clean surfaces, tables, knives and other utensils before starting to cook and every time we have used them. Do not prepare food if you have vomiting or diarrhea. - Separate raw and cooked foods. Keep separate foods of animal origin (meats, fish, seafood, ...) from raw consumption (vegetables, fruits ...) since you buy them, in their conservation at home and during their preparation. For this, it uses different utensils to handle raw foods. Further: In the refrigerator, store raw red meat, poultry and fish under cooked or ready-to-eat foods to avoid cross-contamination. Store food in containers with lids to avoid contact between raw and cooked. Wash dishes that have been in contact with raw foods and use a clean dish for cooked foods. - Cook completely. Thoroughly wash fruits and vegetables and cook food well before eating, especially red meat, poultry, eggs and fish. Heat destroys most of the infectious agents present in food. It has been shown in studies that cooking food until it reaches a temperature of 70 ° C can help ensure its safety for consumption. To check it you can use a thermometer. - Pay close attention to how to preserve food and respect the expiration dates. It is very important the adequate conservation of food, especially those that require refrigeration; keep in mind that microorganisms multiply faster if the food is at room temperature. So: Do not leave foods cooked at room temperature for more than 2 hours. Refrigerate cooked and perishable foods as soon as possible (preferably below 5 ° C). Keep food very hot (above 60 ° C) before serving. Do not store food for a long time, even in the refrigerator. Do not thaw food at room temperature.

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08/08/2017

1) What is the cooking department based on to make a childrens`s menú?

ANSWER: The kitchen department bases the menu according to the needs that each child has, since some of them need special nutrition because they do not consume certain foods because of their condition or because they are allergic or do not tolerate some food.

 2)        Who is.planning the student menú?

ANSWER:  The menu of the students is planned by the chef who is in the school besides that they follow all the rules that come of Madrid. The chef is in charge of planning the menu every month so that the food is varied and the students get the best nutrition obtained from food

 3)        Children can choose to eat or forced to eat?

ANSWER: Younger children are given a three course meal supervised by their teachers and their classroom assistants. Older children use a self-service system that offers them more choice. Menus are carefully designed to provide children with a nutritious, healthy, balanced diet.

 4. ¿There are some children with strict diet?

ANSWER:  If there are many children with strict diets as

•          Veganism

•          Food allergies

•          For cultural, social and family reasons

These children have a different menu, to know which are the children with different restrictions are placed on a table so that the teacher and those who attend the kitchen know that some child has some restrictions.

    5. ¿What policies exist whith handling food?

ANSWER: Policies in terms of food:

•          Maintain a food preservation of no more than 3 days in the freezer

•          The MINSA inspects once a year, although it can keep recurring visits on campus without meeting the year.

•          There is a company that helps to inspect the place

•          The time to coordinate cooking and cooking is from 7:00 a.m.

 6. ¿Who are the food providers?

ANSWER: The food providers are:

•          Suppliers of birds: melo

•          Meats: Fresh Box

•          Cans and containers: Tagaropulos and Freegocero

•          Cleaning and materials of equipment and hygiene: Metalquimica.

 7) Is there physical activities inside the school?

ANSWER: Yes. They have a program to keep kids healthy.

 8) Extracurricular activities bases on the kitchen?

ANSWER: Yes. They include summer course programs where they teach children how to cook, math, history, etc.

 9) What are the kitchen hours?

ANSWER: They start cooking from 7 in the morning until about 4 in the afternoon.

 10) what are the lunch Times of the students?

ANSWER: Maternal and kindergarden begin to eat lunch from 11:15 to 1:30. The rest of the students have lunch from 1:30 a.m to 2:00 pm.

 11) Do you have working group with any nutritionist?

ANSWER: No, there isn’t a nutritionist. Isn’t necessary, cause the parents gave a instructions about their diet´s sons, as some children have a different diets or any allergies. So, the chef take care of that.  

12) What about The leftover food and how much time conserve the leftover food?

ANSWER: According to the chef, there´re not have leftover food,because the menu is supplied for pre school childrens, for primary and high school, also supplied for the personal and workers. But when there have leftover food, the chef saves it in the refrigerator maximum for three days.

13) What is the school`s budget for completing the student menu?

ANSWER: Yes, there´s a budget of 5 dollars for student.

14) What are the tips that are given to students about good nutrition?

ANSWER: The professor tell us, that they have taught to the students about a good alimentation and another tips for good nutrition and a good life, like: Work out, Maintaining a balance between diet and exercise and rest sound asleep.

English week

In the week of English you could see that there was no previous preparation so it was all messed up.

But above all you can see that in the end the talk could be understood and shared with all the cooperative in the room.

The balloons were a disaster because I did not know why they had them.It was a zoo.

The countries that were exposed and that brought their culture to Panama were

Italy

Australia

Japan

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08/08/2017

[call-me-alex-maybe]

07/11/2017

School meals are important as they account for about one-third of a child’s daily nutritional intake. A hot, nutritious meal at lunchtime improves children’s behaviour and concentration in the classroom in the afternoon. At King’s College lunch is served to all pupils every day. Younger children are given a three course meal supervised by their teachers and their classroom assistants. Older children use a self-service system that offers them more choice. Menus are carefully designed to provide children with a nutritious, healthy, balanced diet. Every month these menus are published on the school website so that parents can plan what the family eat in the evening.

Hazard analysis and critical control points or HACCP  is a systematic preventive approach to food safety from biological, chemical, and physical hazards in production processes that can cause the finished product to be unsafe, and designs measurements to reduce these risks to a safe level. In this manner, HACCP attempts to avoid hazards rather than attempting to inspect finished products for the effects of those hazards. The HACCP system can be used at all stages of a food chain, from food production and preparation processes including packaging, distribution, etc. 

Questions for school

What happens when you discover a child who is selling junk food at school?

What happens if a child is smart to food? Do you have a special menu for them?

Who is planning the student menu?

Do you have a working group with any nutritionist?

Is there disease control?

What policies exist when handling food?

How many people work in the kitchen?

Do you have snacks during school hours?

Is there physical activity inside the school?

Extracurricular activities based on the kitchen?

What kind of policies do you have for people from other countries and other regions?

Where is food imported or exported?

Who are the food providers?

Are there cases of food poisoning and what are the measures for this?

What are the hygiene measures in the cafeteria, both personal and installation?

Children can choose to eat or are forced to eat?

Is a census taken to see weight, age, and height of students?

Can children have access to a meal other than school meals?

Is there a nap for the younger children?

How does MINSA check the food?

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=rk5UhY4G5Gg

Anorexia 

Anorexia consists of a disorder of eating behavior that involves a loss of weight caused by the patient himself and leads to a state of starvation. Anorexia is characterized by the fear of gaining weight, and by a distorted and delirious perception of the body itself that makes the patient look fat even when his weight is below recommended. Therefore, it initiates a progressive reduction of the weight by means of fasts and the reduction of the food intake.

Symptoms of anorexia

This pathology is characterized by a significant loss of weight caused by the patient and by an erroneous perception of the body itself. Consequently, endocrine problems become apparent in a relatively short space of time. The main symptoms that determine the onset of the disease are:

Refusal to maintain body weight above the minimum appropriate for the patient's age and size. Fear of weight gain or obesity even when the weight is below the recommended level. Distorted perception of body weight and proportions. Absence of three consecutive menstrual cycles in women (amenorrhea). Anorexics may experience a variety of symptoms: constipation, amenorrhea, abdominal pain, vomiting, and so on.

But it is the family that detects the symptoms that give the alarm:

Excessive concern about the caloric composition of food and the preparation of food. Constant sensation of cold. Progressive reduction of food. Obsession with the image, the scale, the studies and the sport. Use of traps to avoid food. Hyperactivity. These symptoms are compounded by other typical traits such as irritability, depression and emotional or personality disorders. Likewise, there is an alteration in the sensation of satiety and fullness before meals, nausea, swelling, or even absence of sensations. In this pathology there are also numerous cognitive disorders that focus on food, body weight and physical appearance:

Selective abstractions. selective use of information. Generalizations. Superstitions. It magnifies the negative side of any situation. Dichotomous thinking. Self-referential ideas. Arbitrary Inference. As for the clinical consequences, the symptoms are as follows:

Cardiac pulsations are reduced. Arrhythmias occur which can lead to cardiac arrest. Low blood pressure. Menstruation disappears in women (amenorrhea). It decreases bone mass and, in very early cases, slows growth rate. Decreased intestinal motility. Anemia. It appears a fine and long hair, called wooly, in the back, the forearms, the thighs, the neck and the cheeks. Chronic constipation. The decrease in energy expenditure produces a constant sensation of cold. The skin is dehydrated, dried and cracked. Yellowing of the palms of the hands and soles of the feet by the accumulation of carotenes in the sebaceous glands. The nails are broken. Hair loss. Problems with teeth and peripheral edema. Bloating and abdominal pain.

Treatment

The biggest challenge in treating anorexia nervosa is to help the person recognize that they have an illness. Most people who suffer from this type of anorexia deny having an eating disorder and often seek treatment only when their condition is severe.

The goals of treatment are to first restore normal body weight and eating habits. A weight gain of 1 to 3 pounds (lb) or .5 to 1.5 kg (kg) per week is considered a safe goal.

Different programs have been designed to treat anorexia. These may include any of the following measures:

Increased social activity.

Decreased amount of physical activity.

Use of eating times.

To begin with, a short hospital stay may be recommended. This is followed by a daily treatment program.

Longer hospitalization may be required if:

The person has lost a lot of weight (being below 70% of their ideal body weight for their age and height). For severe and life-threatening malnutrition, the person may require intravenous feeding or a feeding tube. Weight loss continues even with treatment. There are health complications, such as heart problems, confusion, or low levels of potassium. The person has a severe depression or intends to commit suicide. Health professionals who generally participate in these programs include:

Professional nurses

Physiotherapists

Professional Medical Assistants

Nutritionists or Dietitians

Mental health professionals

Treatment is often very arduous. The people affected and their families need to work hard. Many therapies can be treated until the disorder is under control.

People with anorexia may be marginalized from programs if they have unrealistic expectations of being "cured" with therapy alone.

Different types of psychotherapy are used to treat people with anorexia:

Individual cognitive behavioral therapy (a type of psychotherapy), group therapy and family therapy have all been effective.

The goal of therapy is to change the thoughts or behaviors of a person in order to stimulate him to eat in a healthier way. This type of therapy is most useful for treating younger people who have not had anorexia for a long time.

If the person is young, the therapy can include the whole family. The family is seen as part of the solution, rather than being the cause of the eating disorder.

Support groups can also be a part of the treatment. In these groups, patients and families get together and share what has happened to them.

Medications, such as antidepressants, antipsychotics, and mood stabilizers, can help some people when given as part of a complete treatment program. These medicines can help treat depression or anxiety. Although these drugs may help, some medication has not been shown to decrease the desire to lose weight.

Body image is how you see yourself when you look in the mirror or when you picture yourself in your mind.

 It encompasses:

What you believe about your own appearance (including your memories, assumptions, and generalizations). How you feel about your body, including your height, shape, and weight. How you sense and control your body as you move.  How you feel in your body, not just about your body.

People with negative body image have a greater likelihood of developing an eating disorder and are more likely to suffer from feelings of depression, isolation, low self-esteem, and obsessions with weight loss.

We all may have our days when we feel awkward or uncomfortable in our bodies, but the key to developing positive body image is to recognize and respect our natural shape and learn to overpower those negative thoughts and feelings with positive, affirming, and accepting ones.

The four aspects of body image

How you see your body is your perceptual body image. This is not always a correct representation of how you actually look. For example, a person may perceive themselves as overweight when they are actually underweight.

The way you feel about your body is your affective body image. This relates to the amount of satisfaction or dissatisfaction you feel about your shape, weight and individual body parts.

The way you think about your body is your cognitive body image. This can lead to preoccupation with body shape and weight. For example, some people believe they will feel better about themselves if they are thinner or more muscular.

Behaviours in which you engage as a result of your body image encompass your behavioural body image. When a person is dissatisfied with the way they look, they may isolate themselves because they feel bad about their appearance or employ destructive behaviours (e.g. excessive exercising, disordered eating) as a means to change appearance.

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=IxnseyZ7v6s

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06/27/2017

Suet

Suet is the raw, hard fat of beef or mutton found around the loins and kidneys. 

Suet pudding

 A suet pudding is a boiled, steamed or microwaved pudding made with suet (beef or mutton fat), flour, bread crumbs, raisins, and spices.Many variations are strongly associated with British cuisine. Recipes vary greatly and can be desserts or savoury courses. They are typically boiled or steamed, though some baked variations and recipes adapted for microwave ovens exist.Examples include Spotted dick, Christmas pudding, Treacle pudding, Clootie, Jam Roly-Poly and many other flavour variations. Savoury versions include rabbit, chicken, game and Steak and kidney pudding.

Mincemeat is a mixture of chopped dried fruit, distilled spirits and spices, and sometimes beef suet, beef, or venison. Originally, mincemeat always contained meat.

5 Negative Health Risks of Drinking Too Much Wine

 Sleep Deficiency

Many people feel a bit drowsy when consuming wine. This happens because alcohol is not digested but moves directly through the stomach lining and wall of the small intestine into the bloodstream. Once alcohol gets into the bloodstream, it goes into every cell of the body, depressing cellular activity.

2. Obesity

For some people, one glass of wine can turn into a whole bottle. One 5 ounce glass of dry wine has on average about 100 calories.

3. Heart Disease

Moderation is important. Up to one drink a day for women and two drinks a day for men may provide the associated health benefits, like lowering risk for heart disease. But when drinking habits become higher, you can put yourself at risk of heart disease.

4. Fertility

Although the potential harmful effects of alcohol during pregnancy, such as birth defects or low birth weights, are well known, less well-known are the effects on males. For men, excessive alcohol intake can result in lowered testosterone levels, slowed motility of the sperm and erectile dysfunction.

5. Pancreatitis

Excessive alcohol intake, including wine, can lead to acute pancreatitis. If you already have chronic pancreatitis, it can worsen the symptoms.

5 Health Benefits of Wine

The Benefit: Lowers Risk of Heart Disease

The Evidence: Red-wine tannins contain procyanidins, which protect against heart disease. Wines from Sardinia and southwest France have more procyanidins than other wines. Source: a study at Queen Mary University in London, published in Nature, 2006.

The Benefit: Reduces Risk of Type 2 Diabetes

The Evidence: Moderate drinkers have 30 percent less risk than nondrinkers of developing type 2 diabetes. Source: research on 369,862 individuals studied over an average of 12 years each, at Amsterdam's VU University Medical Center, published in Diabetes Care, 2005.

The Benefit: Lowers Risk of Stroke

The Evidence: The possibility of suffering a blood clot–related stroke drops by about 50 percent in people who consume moderate amounts of alcohol. Source: a Columbia University study of 3,176 individuals over an eight-year period, published in Stroke, 2006.

The Benefit: Cuts Risk of Cataracts

The Evidence: Moderate drinkers are 32 percent less likely to get cataracts than nondrinkers; those who consume wine are 43 percent less likely to develop cataracts than those drinking mainly beer. Source: a study of 1,379 individuals in Iceland, published in Nature, 2003.

Histamine is an organic nitrogenous compound involved in local immune responses as well as regulating physiological function in the gut and acting as a neurotransmitter for the uterus. Histamine is involved in the inflammatory response and has a central role as a mediator of pruritus.

Key Learning Point

I learned about the suet which is an england dessert that is eaten to keep the cold.

I learned about there is a foot with minced meat inside and this is called mincemeat pie.

I also learned that you should drink wine but not in excess.

[call-me-alex-maybe]

06/13/2017

Powerpoint presentation

Afropanamenians 

[call-me-alex-maybe]

06/20/2017

Obesity

Obesity is a medical condition in which excess body fat has accumulated to the extent that it may have a negative effect on health.

Qatar named as the fattest nation on earth where HALF of all adults are obese

Qatar, the richest nation on earth, is also the fattest with half of all adults obese and 17 per cent of the population suffering from diabetes. By comparison America, which is often assumed to be the fattest, looks positively slim with a third of adults obese and eight per cent diabetic.  Out of a population of 1.7million, just 250,000 are native Qataris, who, in the space of just two generations have switched from a tribal existence to living in air conditioned villas being waited on by armies of servants.

https://youtu.be/B0tEei5yOFA

Gout

Gout is a kind of arthritis. It can cause an attack of sudden burning pain, stiffness, and swelling in a joint, usually a big toe.

The body mass index (BMI) or Quetelet index is a value derived from the mass (weight) and height of an individual. The BMI is defined as the body mass divided by the square of the body height, and is universally expressed in units of kg/m2, resulting from mass in kilograms and height in metres.

Obesity in the Pacific

Obesity in the Pacific is a growing health concern with health officials stating that it is one of the leading causes of preventable deaths in the Pacific Rim. According to Forbes, Pacific island nations and associated states make up the top seven on a 2007 list of heaviest countries, and eight of the top ten. In all these cases, more than 70% of citizens age 15 and over are obese.

The diseases associated with obesity have especially affected the inhabitants of the Pacific Islands, with some of the highest levels of obesity in the world found in the region. For example, the rates of overweight and obese persons have been reported to be as high as 75% in the populations of Nauru, Samoa, American Samoa, the Cook Islands, Tonga, and French Polynesia (Hughes, 2003).

Drug trafficking 

Is a global illicit trade involving the cultivation, manufacture, distribution and sale of substances which are subject to drug prohibition laws. UNODC is continuously monitoring and researching global illicit drug markets in order to gain a more comprehensive understanding of their dynamics. Drug trafficking is a key part of this research. Further information can be found in the yearly World Drug Report.

Treatment for bulimia involves psychological counseling and sometimes medicines such as antidepressants. Treatment does not usually require staying in the hospital, although this is sometimes needed. Both professional counseling and antidepressant medicine can help reduce episodes of binging and purging and help you recover from bulimia.

https://youtu.be/QqNI9aRUb3k

Phrases of Lady Di

"The first time I tried on my wedding dress, I was 29 inches around my waist, the day I got married, I was 23 and a half inches in. I became almost nothing (physically) from February to July."

"My husband put his hand on my waist and said, 'Oh, a little weight gain here, right?' And that shot something in me. I was desperate, desperate. "

Bulimic people can:

Fear of weight gain

Feeling dissatisfied with size, shape and body weight

Make up excuses to go to the bathroom immediately after having eaten

Eating only dietary or low-fat foods (except binge eating)

Acquire laxatives, diuretics or enemas regularly

Spend most of the time exercising or trying to burn calories

Social isolation, especially to avoid food or festivities where food is served

Psychotherapy

Psychotherapy, also known as talk therapy or psychological counseling, involves discussing your bulimia and related issues with a mental health provider. Evidence indicates that these types of psychotherapy help improve symptoms of bulimia:

Cognitive behavioral therapy to help you identify unhealthy, negative beliefs and behaviors and replace them with healthy, positive ones

Family-based therapy to help parents intervene to stop their teenager's unhealthy eating behaviors, then to help the teen regain control over his or her own eating, and lastly to help the family deal with problems that bulimia can have on the teen's development and the family

Interpersonal psychotherapy, which addresses difficulties in your close relationships, helping to improve your communication and problem-solving skills

Medications

Antidepressants may help reduce the symptoms of bulimia when used along with psychotherapy. The only antidepressant specifically approved by the Food and Drug Administration to treat bulimia is fluoxetine (Prozac), a type of selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor (SSRI), which may help even if you're not depressed.

Nutrition education and healthy weight

Dietitians and other health care providers can design an eating plan to help you achieve a healthy weight, normal eating habits and good nutrition. If you have bulimia, you may benefit from a medically supervised weight-loss program.

Hospitalization

Bulimia can usually be treated outside of the hospital. But if you have a severe form and serious health complications, you may need treatment in a hospital. Some eating disorder programs may offer day treatment rather than inpatient hospitalization.

Diana, Princess of Wales , was the first wife of Charles, Prince of Wales, who is the eldest child and heir apparent of Queen Elizabeth II. Diana was born into a family of British nobility with royal ancestry and was the fourth child and third daughter of John Spencer, Viscount Althorp, and the Honourable Frances Roche. She grew up in Park House, situated on the Sandringham estate, and was educated in England and Switzerland. In 1975, after her father inherited the title of Earl Spencer, she became known as Lady Diana Spencer. She came to prominence in February 1981 when her engagement to Prince Charles was announced.

People with bulimia rarely have to go to the hospital, unless they:

Have anorexia

Have major depression

Need medicines to help them stop purging

Most often, a stepped approach is used to treat bulimia. Treatment depends on how severe the bulimia is, and the person's response to treatments:

Support groups may be helpful for mild bulimia without other health problems.

Counseling, such as talk therapy and nutritional therapy are the first treatments for bulimia that does not respond to support groups.

Medicines that also treat depression, known as selective serotonin-reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs) are often used for bulimia. Combining talk therapy with SSRIs may help, if talk therapy alone does not work.

People may drop out of programs if they have unrealistic hopes of being "cured" by therapy alone. Before a program begins, people should know that:

Different therapies will likely be needed to manage this disorder.

It is common for bulimia to return (relapse), and this is no cause for despair.

The process is painful, and the person and their family will need to work hard.

Key learning Point 

I learned that in the Pacific there is a very high obesity rate

I learned that in qatar women tend to have more obesity than men and with this diabetes 2

I learned that people with bulimia can stay normal but their body is just as destroyed as someone with anorexia.

[call-me-alex-maybe]

06/06/2017

Nutrients

 Are the substances in food that our bodies process to enable it to function. Your nutrient requirements are influenced by factors including your age, growth stage and activity. Nutrients are so small that they can’t be seen by the naked eye.

Vitamins and Minerals

Are You Getting What You Need?

Vitamins and minerals are essential nutrients because they perform hundreds of roles in the body. There is a fine line between getting enough of these nutrients (which is healthy) and getting too much (which can end up harming you). Eating a healthy diet remains the best way to get sufficient amounts of the vitamins and minerals you need.

Photosynthesis

Photosynthesis is a process used by plants and other organisms to convert light energy into chemical energy that can later be released to fuel the organisms' activities (energy transformation). 

Trace elements

Chromium

 cobalt

 copper

 iron

 manganese

 magnesium

 molybdenum

 selenium

 zinc 

 other elements that occur in very small amounts (usually less than 1 to 10 parts per million) as constituents of living organisms, and are necessary for their growth, development, and health. 

Components of the gatorade

Treated water

Saccharose

Glucose

Citric acid

Sodium chloride

Sodium citrate

Monopotasic phosphate

Gum arabica

Natural strawberry flavor

Kiwi

Glycerol Ester

Caramel color

Does not contain fruit juice

Glossary

Gum arabic

Gum arabic, also known as acacia gum, is a natural gum consisting of the hardened sap of various species of the acacia tree. Originally, gum arabic was collected from Acacia nilotica which was called the "gum arabic tree"; in the present day, gum arabic is predominantly collected from two related species, namely Acacia senegal  and Vachellia (Acacia) seyal. Producers harvest the gum commercially from wild trees, mostly in Sudan (80%) and throughout the Sahel, from Senegal to Somalia—though it is historically cultivated in Arabia and West Asia. 

1. Promotes good digestion 2. Alleviate constipation 3. Strengthen Immune system 4. Control blood sugar 5. Lowering cholesterol lever 6. Get rid of sore throat 7. Keep healthy teeth 8. Help in weight loss 9. Fight oxidative stress 10. Improve kidney function 11. Protect liver 12. Cure diarrhea

E number

E numbers are codes for substances that are permitted to be used as

food additives

for use within the European Union  and Switzerland.  The "E" stands for "Europe". Commonly found on food labels, their safety assessment and approval are the responsibility of the European Food Safety Authority. 

100–199 Colours100–109 Yellows110–119oranges120–129reds130–139blues & violets140–149greens150–159browns & blacks160–199gold and others 200–299  Preservatives 300–399  Antioxidants & acidity regulators 400–499  Thickeners, stabilisers & emulsifiers 

MACRONUTRIENTS

Carbohydrates

Carbohydrates are the main energy source for the body and are made up of chains of small units of sugar that the digestive system can break down relatively easily, and ultimately enter the body as glucose. Glucose is essential for the body, being the preferred and quickest source of energy for the body’s cells, as well as the brain. For this reason, the diet ideally needs to contain 45-65% carbohydrates.

The skinny on fats

Fat is a wonderful part of the diet, as aside from the expected “essential” roles and functions it plays in brain development and function, cellular production, cell regeneration and overall cell functioning.

Another major function of fat in the body is protection, and insulation. Fat helps keep us warm in the winter, and maintain a comfortable body temperature. It is also vital for cushioning and to protect the body’s organs. Lastly, fat plays a vital role in the absorption of certain fat-soluble vitamins (i.e. vitamins A, D, E, and K) as well as carotenoids found in colourful plant-based foods such as kale, avocado, carrots, watercress and bell peppers.

Protein

Protein can make up anywhere from 15-30% of a healthy plant-based diet. Proteins and protein-based foods contain amino acids that are the building blocks of protein, as well as protein structures in the body – e.g. cells and tissue structures, hormones and enzymes. Amino acids are linked together in differing levels of complexity, and formation.

All in all there are 20 different amino acids, 9 of which are considered essential, meaning the body can’t manufacture these naturally. They therefore have to be included and consumed in the diet. Proteins that contain all 20 amino acids are often called complete proteins, and on a plant-based diet, we need to look to foods such as quinoa, avocado, chia seeds, and hemp seeds for complete protein nourishment.

What Micronutrients are and Their Role in Your Health

Micronutrients are what are commonly referred to as "vitamins and minerals." Micronutrients include such minerals as flouride, selenium, sodium, iodine, copper and zinc. They also include vitamins such as vitamin C, A, D, E and K, as well as the B-complex vitamins.

As mentioned, micronutrients are different from the macronutrients protein, carbohydrate and fat, and micronutrients are called "micro"-nutrients because your body needs only very small quantities of them for survival. However, if your body doesn't get the small quantities of micronutrients that it needs, serious health problems can result.

Micronutrients are vital to the proper functioning of all of your body's systems. Sodium, for instance, is responsible for maintaining the proper fluid balance in your body; it helps fluids pass through cell walls and helps regulate appropriate pH levels in your blood. Here are some of the ways that other micronutrients help maintain your body's systems:

Manganese promotes bone formation and energy production, and helps your body metabolize the macronutrients, protein, carbohydrate and fat.

Magnesium helps your heart maintain its normal rhythm. It helps your body convert glucose (blood sugar) into energy, and it is necessary for the metabolization of the micronutrients calcium and vitamin C.

Iron helps your body produce red blood cells and lymphocytes.

Iodine helps your thyroid gland develop and function. It helps your body to metabolize fats, and promotes energy production and growth.

Chloride helps regulate water and electrolytes within your cells, as well as helping to maintain appropriate cellular pH.

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=kwqExObifXM

Vitamins

Are substances that the body needs to grow and develop normally. Your body needs 13 vitamins. They are vitamins A, C, D, E, K and B vitamins (thiamine, riboflavin, niacin, pantothenic acid, biotin, vitamin B-6, vitamin B-12 and folate or folic acid). Usually, vitamins come from the food you eat. The body can also produce vitamins D and K. People on a vegetarian diet may need a vitamin B12 supplement.

Why vitamin C is so important and something that does not produce the body?

Vitamin C is a water-soluble vitamin. It is necessary for normal growth and development. The water-soluble vitamins dissolve in water. Leftover amounts of the vitamin leave the body through the urine. That means that the person needs a constant supply of such vitamins in the diet.

Niacin, also known as nicotinic acid, is an organic compound with the formula C6H5NO2 and, depending on the definition used, one of the 20 to 80 essential human nutrients. Together with nicotinamide it makes up the group known as vitamin B3 complex.

Riboflavin (Vitamin B2) works with other B-complex vitamins. It is important for the growth of the body and the production of red blood cells. It also helps in the energy release of proteins.

Thiamine, also known as thiamin or vitamin B1, is a vitamin found in food and used as a dietary supplement. As a supplement it is used to treat and prevent thiamine deficiency and disorders that result from it, including beriberi, Korsakoff's syndrome, and Korsakoff's psychosis. Other uses include maple syrup urine disease and Leigh's disease. It is taken by mouth or by injection.

Minerals 

Are inorganic substances distributed widely by nature and also present in food. They are essential components for the human being, since we are not able to synthesize them in our organism from other compounds and we must take them from the outside through the feeding, in order that our organism works correctly. They are found in our body forming part of various structures such as teeth, bones, blood.

Fluorine

Fluorine is a chemical element with symbol F and atomic number 9. It is the lightest halogen and exists as a highly toxic pale yellow diatomic gas at standard conditions. As the most electronegative element, it is extremely reactive: almost all other elements, including some noble gases, form compounds with fluorine.   

Selenium

Top 5 Foods High in Selenium

1) Brazil nuts 1 oz (6-8 nuts): 544 mcg (over 100% DV)

2) Yellowfin tuna 3 oz: 92 mcg (over 100% DV)

3) Halibut, cooked 3 oz: 47mcg (67% DV)

4) Sardines, canned 3 oz: 45mcg (64% DV)

5) Grass-fed beef 3 oz: 33 mcg (47% DV)

Sodium Sodium is a chemical element with symbol Na (from Latin natrium) and atomic number 11. It is a soft, silvery-white, highly reactive metal. 

Copper

Copper is found in a large amount of regular dietary foods such as oysters, seafood, legumes, viscera and nuts among others, in addition to drinking water and therefore it is very rare for a copper deficiency to occur in the body. Copper imbalance causes liver disease known as Wilson's disease. Zinc Zinc is a chemical element with the symbol Zn and atomic number 30. It is the first element in group 12 of the periodic table. In some respects zinc is chemically similar to magnesium: both elements exhibit only one normal oxidation state (+2), and the Zn2+and Mg2+ ions are of similar size. Zinc is the 24th most abundant element in Earth's crust and has five stable isotopes.    Iodine Iodine is a chemical element with symbol I and atomic number 53. The heaviest of the stable halogens, it exists as a lustrous, purple-black metallic solid at standard conditions that sublimes readily to form a violet gas. The elemental form was discovered by the French chemist Bernard Courtois in 1811. It was named two years later by Joseph-Louis Gay-Lussac from this property.

Key learning point

In the class I learned about what is the strong chicha

I learned about having to see the label of all the products that are consumed since as the gatorade has so many bad things it is important to know that it is carried to the mouth

I learned that it is gum arabic and what it can do in the body, besides I learned about the number E

[call-me-alex-maybe]

05/30/ 2017  Informative talk about tobacco

Smoking is a practice in which a substance is burned and the resulting smoke breathed in to be tasted and absorbed into the bloodstream. Most commonly the substance is the dried leaves of the tobacco plant which have been rolled into a small square of rice paper to create a small, round cylinder called a "cigarette".

Tobacco was applied a law in Panama in 1987 in which the sale is not recorded to minors, is not registered with advertising and smoking is not allowed in closed places, with people, among others. You should put the corresponding posters that say NO SMOKING anywhere near schools, libraries, public and private sites, universities, among others. The sale of electronic cigarettes and narghile are not allowed.

Glossary

Hookah

Is a single- or multi-stemmed instrument for vaporizing and smoking flavored tobacco, or sometimes cannabis, whose vapor or smoke is passed through a water basin—often glass-based—before inhalation.

Neuropsychology

Neuropsychology studies the structure and function of the brain as they relate to specific psychological processes and behaviours. It is an experimental field of psychology that aims to understand how behavior and cognition are influenced by brain functioning and is concerned with the diagnosis and treatment of behavioral and cognitive effects of neurological disorders.

Neuropsychology in the smoker

There are several conditions and factors that may have an impact on brain functioning due to physiological changes in brain structures. In clinical practice, respiratory disease, including smoking and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) are not always approached from a neuropsychological angle. With other comorbidities and at different levels, smoking and COPD foster a series of physiological and neuropsychological changes that have an impact on quality of life and functioning of patients. This review summarizes critical aspects of cognitive functioning and respiratory diseases. 

Smoking in nutrition

Relationship between nutrition and smoking

Effects between nutrition and tobacco

 Increases blood cholesterol levels by 0.33 mg / dl for each cigarette smoked.

 Increases energy expenditure at rest.

 Decreases vitamin C concentrations due to the body's demand to neutralize the free radicals that emanate from cigarette smoke.

 It changes the sense of taste and reduces the perception of the taste of food.

 Reduces blood levels of vitamin B1, vitamin B2 and vitamin B5.

 Generates deficiency of folic acid that is expressed in a lower concentration of red blood cells.

 Decreases vitamin B12 reserves.

 Increases calcium excretion.

 Reduces the concentration of selenium with antioxidant function in the body.

A recent study carried out by Berkeley professors shows that smoking influences nutrition so nutrient absorption is lower.

 The more a person smokes, vitamin C loses more of the tissues and blood. So, smoking a single cigarette removes the body 25mg of vitamin C (the amount of vitamin C in an orange). But the body needs more vitamin C to counteract the damage that smoking causes to the cells. To compensate for this disturbance, a smoker needs to increase their intake of vitamin C to about 2000 mg per day, consuming more vitamin C rich foods like oranges and taking vitamin C supplements.

 Cigarette smoking has a significant effect on vitamin D metabolism. Smokers have an incidence greater than 50% of vitamin D deficiency compared to nonsmokers.

 Cigarette smoking has a significant effect on calcium metabolism. Poor calcium absorption, of course, can lead to osteoporosis or thinning of the bones.

 Vitamin E is believed to inhibit fatty deposits in the inner walls of arteries. Smoking causes hardening of the arteries. Therefore, smokers can reduce their risk of developing heart disease by taking vitamin E supplements. • Blood circulation: Studies have shown that smoking impairs blood circulation and blood flow from the heart (21% lower In smokers than in non-smokers).

Complications:

Diabetes: Smoking among people with diabetes is strongly associated with a greater increased risk of developing cardiovascular complications.

 Research reports a negative effect of tobacco on the metabolism of glucose and lipids, which leads to deterioration of metabolic control in diabetes.

Blood Vessels: The effects on the body's blood vessels, inflammation and other possible factors could also contribute to the very serious and negative consequences of smoking tobacco in people with diabetes.

Microvascular Complications: Among the microvascular complications of diabetes are kidney disease (nephropathy), ocular lesions (retinopathy), and nerve damage (neuropathy). These are closely linked to metabolic control.

Renal disease:

 Several studies, especially in people with type 1 diabetes, have clearly demonstrated the negative effects of tobacco smoking on renal function.

 It has been shown, for example, that the rate of excretion of albumin is higher (which causes microalbuminuria and an increased risk of cardiovascular disease)

Effects of tobacco on body weight

 Nicotine produces an increase in energy expenditure at rest of up to 10%, which means that if you stop smoking will have a lower energy expenditure, so it will be necessary to balance it by increasing physical activity or reducing caloric intake.

 Cigarette smoke causes alterations in smell and taste, so smokers do not feel the food so attractive, these feelings are recovered by quitting smoking which explains the greater tendency to eat food.

 The cigarette is a powerful anti-depressant and anxiolytic. In some cases, people, when quitting smoking can get to fight anxiety with food. Changing the habit of lighting a cigarette by opening the refrigerator.

Curious facts

The fiber is not digested very fast by the stomach which allows a better absorption of nutrients.

Cold water helps the metabolism so it is recommended to drink 8 glasses a day and take a liter before each meal as this helps to lower a pound in a week.

A lot of aerobic and moderate exercise increases years of life

Running increases 3 years of life

Every minute of sitting is 22 minutes less in the life

Watching TV for more than 6 hours reduces 5 years of life

Constant movement reduces mortality

Vaccines increase life for up to 30 years

Folic acid above 10% reduces mortality

Married people are healthier and tend to be more obese, being happily married reduces up to 15% mortality and gives 12 years more life.

Stress removes 10 years of life

The resistance brings 17.5 years of life

Rotating shifts in hospitals and health centers tend to promote cancer 

Stay up late  implies

To be more clumsy

Be obese because appetite at night increases

To be forgetfulIt reduces learning

Can atrophy brain tissue which induces to be more prone to Alzheimer's

You have more emotional sensitivity

Be more prone to cold

Sleeping with the light on increases aging Meditation promotes life Smoking decreases 15 years of life - 40 packets per year: cancer - 20 packets per year: affected kidneys -10 packets per year: hypertension You should take 1-20 grams of alcoholic beverages per day (red wine) Tea helps reduce lipids The faithful tend to have more IQ The sun promotes aging Fear reduces between 12-18 years Affectivity promotes defenses Friendships reduce obesity Animals increase health Optimism between 7-8 years of life Just to know the purpose that you have in life are 14 more years Happiness promises 10 more years of life and has as meaning the service to others Religiosity decreases stress and increases 14 years of life

“When you are true to yourself in what you do, fascinating things happen”-anonymous

[call-me-alex-maybe]

05/23/2017

The Six Food Groups

Grains

                                The most important grains

Rice 

Wheat 

Oat

Commeal

Barley

The different grains can be cooked and eaten whole, ground into flour to make a variety of cereal foods like bread, pasta and noodles, or made into ready-to-eat breakfast cereals.

Ancient grains

Sorghum 

Teff

Millet

Quinoa

Buckwheat

Chia 

Ancient grains are often marketed as being healthier than modern grains, though their health benefits have been disputed by some nutritionists.

Teff 

Also known as Williams' lovegrass or annual bunch grass, is an annual grass, a species of lovegrass native to Eritrea and Ethiopia.

Vegetables

Legumes 

Legumes are plants that bear their fruit in pods, which are casings with two halves, or hinges. Legumes are a very healthy food because it is low in fat and high in protein.  Legumes are also very high in fiber and other nutrients. 

List of the most important legumes

Beans 

Lentils 

Peas

Peanuts

Rhizome

Is a modified subterranean stem of a plant that is usually found underground, often sending out roots and shoots from its nodes. 

Plant stem

A stem is one of two main structural axes of a vascular plant, the other being the root. The stem is normally divided into nodes and internodes: The nodes hold one or more leaves, as well as buds which can grow into branches (with leaves, conifer cones, or inflorescences (flowers)). Adventitious roots may also be produced from the nodes. The internodes distance one node from another.

Important Rhizome 

Bamboo 

Ginger

hops

 asparagus 

 ginger 

 irises

 Lily of the Valley 

List of Root Vegetables 

Carrots

Parship

Turnip

Rutabaga

Herb

Radish

Celery

Root vegetables are plant roots eaten as vegetables.

Tuber 

Yuca 

Potatoe

Sweet Potatoe

Yam

Fruits

The 6 Favorite Fruits around the world

Strawberries 

Mango 

Bananas 

Pineapples 

Oranges 

Cherries 

Vines Fruits 

Tomato 

Dragon fruit 

Grape

Watermelon

Berryfruits

Kiwi 

Pitaya

Milk

Lactose 

Lactose is the sugar that’s in milk.

Our bodies use an enzyme called lactase to break down that sugar so we can absorb it into our bodies. But people with lactose intolerance don’t have enough lactase. It’s produced in the small intestine.

Even with low levels of lactase, some people can digest milk products just fine. For people who are lactose intolerant, their low lactase levels gives them symptoms after they eat dairy.

Types of milks

Cow

Camels

Sheep

Goat

Meats

According to the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations, pork is the most consumed in the world (36%), followed by poultry meat (33%), beef (24% ) And goat / sheep meat (5%).

Lean meats

Poultry: chiken, hen, turkey, cornish

Beef

Pork: canadian bacon 

Oil

Oils considered good for the body

Sunflower oil.

Peanut oil.

Oil of canola or rapeseed.

Sesame oil.

Coconut oil.

Grape seed oil.

Linseed oil.

Rapeseed oil.

Oils that should be avoided

Palm oil.

Soybean oil.

Margarines.

Corn oil.

Lard.

Glossary

Rapeseed

Is a bright yellow flowering member of the Brassicacea family (mustard or cabbage family). It is a mustard crop grown primarily for its seed which yields about forty percent oil and a high-protein animal feed.

What's the Difference Between Canola and Rapeseed Oils?

In the 1970s canola was created through traditional plant cross-breeding by removing two things found in the rapeseed plant: glucosinolates and erucic acid. Erucic acid was removed because it was believed to be inedible or toxic in high doses. The newly developed plant was renamed "canola" – a combination of "Canadian" and "Oil" (or ola) to make this difference apparent.

By definition, if a seed is labeled "canola" it has to have less than 30 micromoles of glucosinolates and less than 2% of erucic acid.

Cheese Fruit - Noni Fruit 

Is a tree or shrub of the rubiaceae family; Originating in Southeast Asia, has been introduced to India, Polynesia and Panama.

5 Amazing Health Benefits of Noni

Analgesic 

Immune system booster 

Antidepressant/sedative 

Skincare/hair 

Anti-tumor/anti-cancer 

Pitaya

These fruits are commonly known in English as "dragon fruit", reflecting its vernacular Asian names. The names pitahaya and pitaya derives from Mexico, and pitaya roja in Central America and northern South America, possibly relating to pitahaya for names of tall cacti species with flowering fruit .

3 Food Pyramids From Around The World

China's Food Pagoda

There’s a very big difference in the Chinese diet between meat and vegetable protein sources. They’ve also skipped the “servings” in favor of showing how much to eat from each group. There’s also more sweet potato, soybean, and lentils which is more culturally specific to the Chinese diet than more general food pyramids.

Spinning Top — Japan

Japan decided to have a little fun with its nutritional guidelines: they’ve flipped the food pyramid upside down and spun it around, giving new meaning to playing with your food! From bottom to the top, in super small amounts, are fruits and dairy products, fish and meat dishes, vegetable dishes, then the top (the bulk of your diet) should be grains and breads. And the spinning part? Well, there’s a little guy standing on the top Well, there’s a little guy standing on the top running around to keep it spinning, emphasizing the role of exercise in any healthy diet.

Sweden food pyramid

Sweden uses a simple and clear graph with three key messages in a traffic light colours. Green: eat more vegetables, fruit, berries, fish, shellfish, nuts, seeds, exercise. Amber: switch to whole grains, healthy fats and low-fat dairy products. Red: eat less red and processed meat, salt, sugar and alcohol.

Netherlands food pyramid

The circle is divided into four food groups and one beverage group. Fruits and vegetables and breads, cereals and potatoes cover more than half of the circle. Animal source foods, spreads and cooking fats comprise a much smaller part. Water and other beverages such as tea, and coffee complete the circle.

Key learning point 

In class on Tuesday I learned what the word teff means.

I was surprised to learn that netherland eats more grains and vegetables than meats and dairy.

I learned what the word pitaya means

[call-me-alex-maybe]

05/16/2017

20 external parts of the body 

head 

nose 

ears 

mouth 

eyes 

chin

arm 

chest

leg 

foot

fingers

tooth

nails

eyesbrown 

forehead

ankle

elbow

face

neck 

hands

20 Internal Body Parts 

brain 

heart

stomach 

bones 

lungs 

liver

kidneys

spinnal curve

pancreas 

anus 

colon 

intestines

diaphragm

rib cage

skull

spleen

larynx

arteries

veins 

urinary blander

                                                    Brain

Location:

The human brain is the central organ of the human nervous system. The human brain, with the spinal cord, makes up the central nervous system.

Function:

The brain is the organ that controls most of the activities of the body. The brain processes, integrates, and coordinates all of the information it receives from the sense organs.  

                                                  Heart   

Location:

The heart is a muscular organ about the size of a fist, located just behind and slightly left of the breastbone.

Function:

The heart pumps blood through the network of arteries and veins called the cardiovascular system.

                                                     Bones

Location: 

Bone tissue (osseous tissue) differs greatly from other tissues in the body. There are 206 bones in the human body.

Function:

Bone is hard and many of its functions depend on that characteristic hardness. Later discussions in this chapter will show that bone is also dynamic in that its shape adjusts to accommodate stresses. This section will examine the gross anatomy of bone first and then move on to its histology.

                                                      Lungs

Location:

The lungs are a pair of spongy, air-filled organs located on either side of the chest (thorax). The trachea (windpipe) conducts inhaled air into the lungs through its tubular branches, called bronchi. The bronchi then divide into smaller and smaller branches (bronchioles).

Function:

In the alveoli, oxygen from the air is absorbed into the blood. Carbon dioxide, a waste product of metabolism, travels from the blood to the alveoli, where it can be exhaled. Between the alveoli is a thin layer of cells called the interstitium, which contains blood vessels and cells that help support the alveoli. 

                                           The kidneys

Location:

The kidneys are a pair of organs located in the back of the abdomen. Each kidney is about 4 or 5 inches long -- about the size of a fist. 

Function:

The kidneys' function are to filter the blood. All the blood in our bodies passes through the kidneys several times a day. The kidneys remove wastes, control the body's fluid balance, and regulate the balance of electrolytes. 

                                                  The Colon

Location:

The colon is also called the large intestine. The ileum (last part of the small intestine) connects to the cecum (first part of the colon) in the lower right abdomen. 

Function:

The colon removes water, salt, and some nutrients forming stool. Muscles line the colon's walls, squeezing its contents along. Billions of bacteria coat the colon and its contents, living in a healthy balance with the body. 

                                                        Veins

Veins are blood vessels that carry blood toward the heart. Most veins carry deoxygenated blood from the tissues back to the heart; exceptions are the pulmonary and umbilical veins, both of which carry oxygenated blood to the heart. In contrast to veins, arteries carry blood away from the heart. 

                           Order of the Digestive System

Mouth

In human anatomy, the mouth is the first portion of the alimentary canal that receives food and produces saliva. The oral mucosa is the mucous membrane epithelium lining the inside of the mouth. 

Diseases:

Leukoplakia: generally refers to a firmly attached white patch on a mucous membrane which is associated with an increased risk of cancer. 

Oral mucocele:  is a clinical term that refers to two related phenomena:Mucus extravasation phenomenon Mucus retention cyst.

Bad breath: is medically called halitosis, can result from poor dental health habits and may be a sign of other health problems. Bad breath can also be made worse by the types of foods you eat and other unhealthy lifestyle habits.

Esophagus

The esophagus is a muscular tube connecting the throat (pharynx) with the stomach. The esophagus is about 8 inches long, and is lined by moist pink tissue called mucosa. The esophagus runs behind the windpipe (trachea) and heart, and in front of the spine. Just before entering the stomach, the esophagus passes through the diaphragm.

Diseases:

Heartburn: An incompletely closed LES allows acidic stomach contents to back up (reflux) into the esophagus. Reflux can cause heartburn, cough or hoarseness, or no symptoms at all.

Gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD): When reflux occurs frequently or is bothersome, it's called gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD).

Esophagitis: Inflammation of the esophagus. Esophagitis can be due to irritation (as from reflux or radiation treatment) or infection.

Barrett's esophagus: Regular reflux of stomach acid irritates the esophagus, which may cause the lower part to change its structure. Very infrequently, Barrett's esophagus progresses to esophageal cancer.

Esophageal ulcer: An erosion in an area of the lining of the esophagus. This is often caused by chronic reflux.

Stomach 

The stomach is a muscular organ located on the left side of the upper abdomen. The stomach receives food from the esophagus. As food reaches the end of the esophagus, it enters the stomach through a muscular valve called the lower esophageal sphincter.

Stomach Conditions

Gastroesophageal reflux: Stomach contents, including acid, can travel backward up the esophagus. There may be no symptoms, or reflux may cause heartburn or coughing.

Gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD): When symptoms of reflux become bothersome or occur frequently, they’re called GERD. Infrequently, GERD can cause serious problems of the esophagus.

Dyspepsia: Another name for stomach upset or indigestion. Dyspepsia may be caused by almost any benign or serious condition that affects the stomach.

Gastric ulcer (stomach ulcer): An erosion in the lining of the stomach, often causing pain and/or bleeding. 

Peptic ulcer disease: Doctors consider ulcers in either the stomach or the duodenum (the first part of the small intestine) peptic ulcer disease.

Gastritis: Inflammation of the stomach, often causing nausea and/or pain. Gastritis can be caused by alcohol.

Stomach cancer: Gastric cancer is an uncommon form of cancer in the U.S. Adenocarcinoma and lymphoma make up most of the cases of stomach cancer.

Zollinger-Ellison syndrome (ZES): One or more tumors that secrete hormones that lead to increased acid production. 

Gall bladder 

The gallbladder is a small pouch that sits just under the liver. The gallbladder stores bile produced by the liver. After meals, the gallbladder is empty and flat, like a deflated balloon. Before a meal, the gallbladder may be full of bile and about the size of a small pear.

Gallbladder Conditions

Gallstones (cholelithiasis): For unclear reasons, substances in bile can crystallize in the gallbladder, forming gallstones. Common and usually harmless, gallstones can sometimes cause pain, nausea, or inflammation.

Cholecystitis: Infection of the gallbladder, often due to a gallstone in the gallbladder. Cholecystitis causes severe pain and fever, and can require surgery when infectiom continues or recurs.

Gallbladder cancer: Although rare, cancer can affect the gallbladder. It is difficult to diagnose and usually found at late stages when symptoms appear. Symptoms may resemble those of gallstones.

Small intestine

  Food comes into the small intestine from the stomach. It starts out as semi-solid sludge, but bile from the liver an, enzymes from the pancreas, as well as water and mucous mix with the sludge in a process called peristalsis. The mixture is quite watery by the time it gets to the large intestine.

Diseases

Some disorders of the small intestine are bleeding, celiac disease, Crohn's disease, infections, intestinal cancer, intestinal obstruction and blockage, irritable bowel syndrome, ulcers, pain and bacterial overgrowth.

Pancreas 

The pancreas is about 6 inches long and sits across the back of the abdomen, behind the stomach. The head of the pancreas is on the right side of the abdomen and is connected to the duodenum (the first section of the small intestine) through a small tube called the pancreatic duct. The narrow end of the pancreas, called the tail, extends to the left side of the body.

Pancreas Conditions

Diabetes, type 1: The body’s immune system attacks and destroys the pancreas’ insulin-producing cells. Lifelong insulin injections are required to control blood sugar.

Diabetes, type 2: The pancreas loses the ability to appropriately produce and release insulin. The body also becomes resistant to insulin, and blood sugar rises.

Cystic fibrosis: A genetic disorder that affects multiple body systems, usually including the lungs and the pancreas. Digestive problems and diabetes often result.

Pancreatic cancer: The pancreas has many different types of cells, each of which can give rise to a different type of tumor. The most common type arises from the cells that line the pancreatic duct. Because there are usually few or no early symptoms, pancreatic cancer is often advanced by the time it’s discovered.

Pancreatitis: The pancreas becomes inflamed and damaged by its own digestive chemicals. Swelling and death of tissue of the pancreas can result. Although alcohol or gallstones can contribute, sometimes a cause for pancreatitis is never found.

Liver 

The liver is a large, meaty organ that sits on the right side of the belly. Weighing about 3 pounds, the liver is reddish-brown in color and feels rubbery to the touch. Normally you can't feel the liver, because it's protected by the rib cage.

Liver Conditions

Hepatitis: Inflammation of the liver, usually caused by viruses like hepatitis A, B, and C. Hepatitis can have non-infectious causes too, including heavy drinking, drugs, allergic reactions, or obesity.

Cirrhosis: Long-term damage to the liver from any cause can lead to permanent scarring, called cirrhosis. The liver then becomes unable to function well.

Liver cancer: The most common type of liver cancer, hepatocellular carcinoma, almost always occurs after cirrhosis is present.

Liver failure: Liver failure has many causes including infection, genetic diseases, and excessive alcohol.

Ascites: As cirrhosis results, the liver leaks fluid (ascites) into the belly, which becomes distended and heavy.

Large intestine

The large intestine is the final section of the gastrointestinal tract that performs the vital task of absorbing water and vitamins while converting digested food into feces. Although shorter than the small intestine in length, the large intestine is considerably thicker in diameter, thus giving it its name. The large intestine is about 5 feet (1.5 m) in length and 2.5 inches (6-7 cm) in diameter in the living body, but becomes much larger postmortem as the smooth muscle tissue of the intestinal wall relaxes.

Disease

Being constipated means your bowel movements are tough or happen less often than normal. Almost everyone goes through it sooner or later. 

Intestinal bleeding

Diarrhea

Rectum

The rectum is the final segment of the large intestine that connects the colon to the anus. It stores fecal matter produced in the colon until the body is ready to eliminate the waste through the process of defecation.

Diseases

Proctitis is an inflammation of the anus and the lining of the rectum, affecting only the last 6 inches of the rectum. 

Colorectal cancer (CRC), also known as bowel cancer and colon cancer, is the development of cancer from the colon or rectum (parts of the large intestine).

Prolapse literally means "to fall out of place", prolapse is a condition where organs, such as the uterus, fall down or slip out of place. It is used for organs protruding through the vagina or the rectum or for the misalignment of the valves of the heart. A spinal disc herniation is also sometimes called "disc prolapse". 

Differences between the stomach of a human and the stomach cow

Cows have four compartments where they keep food and humans only have one.

Humans digestive system is longer than cows

Humans digestive system has enzymes to digest proteins but not cows

Human oral cavity has strong and sharp canines but cows have blunt canines

Humans have four canines but cows have two

Cows have a complex Rumen but humans have a simple stomach

Cows can ruminant during the digestion but  humans not

Glossary

Ruminant

Ruminants are mammals that are able to acquire nutrients from plant-based food by fermenting it in a specialized stomach prior to digestion, principally through microbial actions. The process typically requires the fermented ingesta (known as cud) to be regurgitated and chewed again. The process of rechewing the cud to further break down plant matter and stimulate digestion is called rumination.

Differences between the stomach of a camel and the stomach of a cow

The camel's digestive system consists of three chambers inside its stomach that allow it to digest several times the food, absorbing to the maximum the humidity of the plants that it consumes to obtain the water necessary for its metabolism. And the cow has four chambers inside his stomach.

20 bones 

- Sternum

- Ribs

-Sacred

- Coccix

- Frontal

- Occipital

- Temporary

- Parietales

- Sphenoids

- Etmoids

- Hyoideo

- Clavicles

- Shoulder blades

- Humerus

- Radio

- Cúbito

- Femur

- Tibia

- Peroné

-Vommer

Chunchuria

The chunchurria is the small intestine of the res and contrary to what can think many people who do not live here in Colombia, the chunchurria does not wash inside, that is to say it keeps all the liquids that have the res in its interior (remember Which is the small intestine), because it is these juices that give the characteristic flavor and rich the chunchurria.

                                               Healthy class

+Music +Projects +Research +Keep the spark

Key Learning Point 

 In class I learned to differentiate between the stomach of a cow and the stomach of a camel

 I learned that humans can also be ruminants when they think and babble.

 I also learned that in Colombia you eat something called chunchurria

[call-me-alex-maybe]

05/9/2017

Course content

©   Unit 1: knowing the parts of the body ©      terms related to the body ©  Unit 2: food guides from different countries ©      2.1 food from different groups ©      2.2 pyramids from different countries ©  Unit 3: nutrients ©      3.1 macronutrients ©      3.2 micronutrients ©  Unit 4: food-related diseases ©      4.1 anorexia ©      4.2 bulimia ©      4.3 overweight and obesity ©   Unit 5: healthy lifestyles ©      physical activity ©      1.2 balanced diet

                                          Healthy Classroom

©      Feng Shui                                                 ©      Pay attention                                             ©      Proper posture                                         ©      Discussion of important issue             ©      Respect ©      Positive actitude ©      Support each other ©      Classroom never in lines ©      Social media therapy   ©      Nutritional Breaks ©      correct social interaction ©      No bad  words

Glossary

                                              Fat shaming

  The action or practice of humiliating someone judged to be fat or overweight by making mocking or critical comments about their size.

 Some believe that making overweight people feel ashamed of their weight or eating habits actually helps motivate them to lose weight.

                                               Curious Fact

Fat shaming involves criticizing and harassing overweight people about their weight or eating, in order to make them feel ashamed of themselves. Apparently, some people believe that making overweight people feel ashamed of themselves will motivate them to change their behavior so they start eating less, exercising more and finally start to lose weight. 

key learning point

The three things I learned from the class

 In the class I learned about the passions that all my classmates have and how they see themselves in the future as nutritionists.

In the class I learned a new word that helps me to expand my vocabulary so that I can use it at any time.

 And the last thing I learned in class was be able to differentiate between an offensive word as fat and a better word as overweight.