cardiothoracics-blog

[cardiothoracics-blog]

Now Is The Time For You To Know The Truth About Eye Clinic In Lusaka

The eye, like other areas of the body, is susceptible to infections and illnesses. These infections can be dangerous, and they should be treated with caution and brought to the attention of a competent therapist. Many eye disorders have no early symptoms, and sometimes even no discomfort because few people notice any changes in their vision until the disease has progressed to its terminal stage. As a result, having frequent eye exams is the greatest safeguard. Lusaka best eye clinic (ophthalmology in lusaka) with a huge, welcoming professional team that serves people with vision problems.

Auxiliary structures for the eyes:

· The sphere of influence

· The lids of the eyes

· The conjunctiva is the lining of the eyelids.

· The fibrous layer is the top layer of the skin.

· The muscles that support the lids

The sphere of influence:

The eye is protected from mechanical injury by being encased in an orbit, which is made up of pieces of numerous skull bones that create a four-sided pyramid with the apex pointing back into the head. Thus, the orbit floor is comprised of maxillary, zygomatic, and palatine portions, while the roof consists of the front bone's orbital plate and behind that of the sphenoid's lower wing. The optical foramen is on the side of the apex at the nasal side of the optic nerve that reverts into the brain. The huge ophthalmic arthritis is a larger hole, through which huge vena and nerves travel. The orbital fission is the nasal side of the apex. The fluid collection in orbital fatty tissues is causing the protrusion of the eyeballs in exophthalmic goiter proptosis.

The lids of the eyes:

The cornea, the front surface of the eyeball, must remain moist at all times. This is performed through the eyelids, which regularly swim over the surface during awake hours and cover their eye and prevent evaporation by the secretions of the scrub appliances and other drums. The declines also function in the operation of the blink reflex to prevent damage from foreign bodies. The cloth is fabric folds that cover the orbit front and leave an almond-shaped opening when the eye is open. The almond's points are known as canthi; the inner canthus is closest to the nose, and the outer canthus is further away. The lid may be divided into four layers:

(1) The skin, which contains glands that open onto the lid margin's surface, and the eyelashes;

(2) A muscular layer containing the orbicularis oculi muscle, which closes the eyelids;

(3) A fibrous layer that gives the lid its mechanical stability, with the tarsal plates as its main components, which border directly on the palpebral aperture, the opening between the lids; and

(4) A part of the conjunctiva in the innermost layer of the lid. The conjunctiva is a mucous membrane that connects the eyeball to the orbit and lids while also allowing the eyeball to rotate freely within the orbit.

The conjunctiva is the lining of the eyelids:

The conjunctiva lines the lids and then bends back over the eyeball's surface, forming an outer covering for the anterior part of the eyeball and ending at the cornea, the transparent section of the eye. The palpebral component of the conjunctiva lines the lids, while the bulbar conjunctiva covers the white of the eyeball. Two slack, superfluous regions between the bulbar and palpebral conjunctiva form recesses that protrude back toward the equator of the globe. The upper and lower fornices, also known as conjunctival sacs, are recesses in the conjunctiva that allow for lid and eyeball movement due to the looseness of the conjunctiva at these places.

The fibrous layer is the top layer of the skin:

The strong, relatively inflexible tarsal plates, which border directly on the palpebral aperture, and the much thinner palpebral fascia, or sheet of connective tissue, make up the fibrous layer that gives the lid its mechanical stability, the two combined are known as the septum orbitale. This septum covers the whole entrance of the orbit when the lids are closed. The medial and lateral palpebral ligaments, which are linked to the orbit and the septum orbitale, keep the lids in place against the globe. The medial ligament is significantly more powerful.

The muscles that support the lids:

The orbicularis oculi muscle, a single oval sheet of muscle stretching from the regions of the forehead and face and enclosing the orbit into the lids, is used to close the lids. It is separated into orbital and palpebral sections, with the palpebral segment, located within the lid, being the one that induces lid closing. The palpebral part extends across the lids from the medial palpebral ligament and an adjacent orbital bone in a sequence of half-ellipses that merge outside the lateral canthus to form the lateral palpebral raphe. Horner's muscle and the muscle of Riolan are two more components of the orbicularis that work closely with the lacrimal apparatus to aid in tear drainage. Riolan muscle, which lies close to the lid margins, helps to retain the lids in close apposition. The orbital section of the orbicularis is not generally concerned with blinking, which can be done fully by the palpebral component of the orbicularis; nevertheless, it is concerned with tightly closing the eyes. The skin of the forehead, temple, and face is then dragged toward the orbit's medial (nose) side, and the orbital portion's radiating furrows eventually lead to the so-called crow's feet of elderly people. The two components can be activated individually; for example, the orbital portion can contract, causing brow furrowing and reducing the quantity of light entering from above, while the palpebral component stays relaxed and allowing the eyes to stay open.

The retina is the part of the eye that sees:

The retina takes light and transforms it into chemical energy. The chemical energy activates nerves that carry messages from the eye to the brain's higher areas. The retina is a complicated neurological system that develops from the forebrain. The retina has ten layers of cells that may be viewed under a microscope. There are four primary layers in general, The pigment epithelium, which has already been highlighted, is located next to the choroid. The layer of rods and cones, or light-sensitive cells, sits above the epithelium. Light causes modifications in the rods and cones, which are communicated to the bipolar cells, a layer of neurons (nerve cells). The conveyed messages are carried out of the eye together with their projections, or axons, which make up the optic nerve fibers, by these bipolar cells connecting with the innermost layer of neurons, the ganglion cells.

[cardiothoracics-blog]

cardiothoracic

Can you know what is HEART?

The heart is an organ that circulates blood by acting as a pump. It can be a simple tube, like in spiders and annelid worms, or a more complex structure, like in mollusks, with one or more receiving chambers (atria) and the main pumping chamber (ventricle). The heart of a fish is a folded tube with three or four swollen areas that correspond to mammalian chambers. The heart of animals with lungs, such as amphibians, reptiles, birds, and mammals, has evolved from a single pump to a double pump that circulates blood to the lungs and the whole body. The heart is a four-chambered double pump at the middle of the circulatory system in humans, other mammals, and birds. It lies on the diaphragm, the muscular partition between the chest and the abdominal cavity, in humans. It is located between the two lungs and slightly to the left of the heart, behind the breastbone.

Blood vessel:

A blood vessel is a blood vessel in the human or animal body that circulates blood. Arteries are the blood vessels that carry blood away from the heart, and arterioles are the small branches that branch out from them. Venules are very small branches that gather blood from different organs and sections and join to form veins, which return the blood to the heart. Capillaries are tiny thin-walled vessels that bind the arterioles and venules; nutrients and wastes are shared between the blood and body tissues through the capillaries. The endothelium is a thin layer of cells that lines the inner surface of every blood vessel. The endothelium is separated from the vessel's tough exterior layers by the basal lamina, an extracellular matrix produced by surrounding epithelial cells.The endothelium is responsible for regulating the flow of substances into and out of the bloodstream, including nutrients and waste products. Angiogenesis is a mechanism in which tissues develop new blood vessels in response to certain conditions. Angiogenesis is necessary for the replacement of damaged tissue, but it also happens in abnormal circumstances, such as tumor growth and progression.

What is cardiology, exactly?

The term cardiology comes from the Greek terms "cardia," which means "heart," and "logy," which means "study of." Cardiology is a field of medicine that deals with heart problems and disorders, which may range from congenital abnormalities to acquired conditions like coronary artery disease and congestive heart failure. Cardiologists are physicians who specialize in cardiology and are responsible for the medical treatment of multiple heart diseases. Cardiac surgeons are doctors who specialize in treating heart problems by surgery.

Heart failure:

Because of the effectiveness of thrombolysis and primary angioplasty, the survival rate for myocardial infarction (MI) has improved dramatically in recent years. However, the resulting heart disease epidemic has become a significant public health problem. According to data from the United Kingdom, heart disease affects around 2% of the population. Furthermore, since chronic heart failure (CHF) has a worse prognosis, a patient admitted to the hospital with pulmonary edema has a worse prognosis than a patient with carcinoma in any organ other than the lung.

Congenital heart disease in adults:

Congenital heart and cardiovascular system defects affect about 1% of live births, with around half of these children requiring medical or surgical intervention during their childhood. A further 25% of people would need surgery in the first decade to sustain or boost their quality of life. Just ten percent of adolescents survive puberty without surgery; however, many of these ten percent lead normal lives for years before their abnormality is discovered.

Hypertension

Since most patients are asymptomatic and care is preventative rather than palliative, hypertension is a difficult condition to handle. One of the problems facing clinicians working to reduce cardiovascular morbidity and mortality caused by high blood pressure is persuading patients of the need for poorly tolerated medication in the face of good health (BP). Renal disorder, myocardial infarction (MI), and cerebrovascular accident are all severe consequences of untreated hypertension. However, many patients do not receive aggressive enough care.

What exactly does cardiology entail?

A cardiologist will conduct a physical examination and review the patient's medical history. They can perform tests to check the person's weight, pulse, lungs, blood pressure, and blood vessels.

Tests:

They can also perform or order the following tests,

· ECG or EKG

· Ambulatory ECG

· An exercise test or stress test

· Echocardiogram

· Echocardiography

· Cardiac Catheterization

· Nuclear cardiology

ECG or EKG:

ECG or EKG monitors the heart's electrical activity.

Ambulatory ECG:

Ambulatory ECG is a form of ECG that tracks heart rhythms when a person is exercising or going about their daily activities. Small metal electrodes are adhered to the chest and wired to a Holter monitor, which monitors the heart rhythms.

An exercise test or stress test:

An exercise test, also known as a stress test, depicts the changes in heart rhythm that occur during rest and exercise. It assesses the heart's capabilities and weaknesses.

Echocardiogram:

An echocardiogram is a form of ultrasound that shows the anatomy of the heart chambers and surrounding areas, as well as how well the heart is functioning.

Echocardiography:

The cardiac output of the heart, as measured by echocardiography, is a measure of how efficiently the heart pumps blood. It can detect pericarditis or inflammation around the heart. It can also detect systemic heart valve defects or infections.

Cardiac Catheterization:

A short tube in or near the heart collects data and can help alleviate a blockage during cardiac catheterization. It will take pictures and test the heart's and electrical system's functionality. Congenital cardiac, valvular, and coronary artery conditions can all be treated with catheter-based procedures and fluoroscopy.

Nuclear cardiology:

In nuclear cardiology, radioactive materials are used to research cardiovascular conditions and diseases in a non-invasive manner. Infarction imaging, single-photon-emission computed tomography, planar imaging, and myocardial perfusion imaging are all examples of this form of imaging.

What types of diagnostic tests should be carried out?

The physical examination does not reveal any new findings that support the atrial tachycardia diagnosis. The discovery of tachycardia (heart rate >100 beats per minute) with no reasonable physiologic explanation raises concern. Valsalva maneuvers, carotid sinus massage, and cold drinks, among others, may stop a tachycardia and indicate a diagnosis of supraventricular tachycardia, but they have no bearing on the precise diagnosis of atrial tachycardia. With gradual deceleration/acceleration of the heart rate, sinus tachycardia slows with vagal maneuvers. Hypotension, hypoxia, symptoms of inflammation/infection, pallor, abdominal distention, or tenderness, among other physical exam findings, may explain physiologic sinus tachycardia.

[cardiothoracics-blog]

cardiothoracic

Can you know what is HEART?

The heart is an organ that circulates blood by acting as a pump. It can be a simple tube, like in spiders and annelid worms, or a more complex structure, like in mollusks, with one or more receiving chambers (atria) and the main pumping chamber (ventricle). The heart of a fish is a folded tube with three or four swollen areas that correspond to mammalian chambers. The heart of animals with lungs, such as amphibians, reptiles, birds, and mammals, has evolved from a single pump to a double pump that circulates blood to the lungs and the whole body. The heart is a four-chambered double pump at the middle of the circulatory system in humans, other mammals, and birds. It lies on the diaphragm, the muscular partition between the chest and the abdominal cavity, in humans. It is located between the two lungs and slightly to the left of the heart, behind the breastbone.

Blood vessel:

A blood vessel is a blood vessel in the human or animal body that circulates blood. Arteries are the blood vessels that carry blood away from the heart, and arterioles are the small branches that branch out from them. Venules are very small branches that gather blood from different organs and sections and join to form veins, which return the blood to the heart. Capillaries are tiny thin-walled vessels that bind the arterioles and venules; nutrients and wastes are shared between the blood and body tissues through the capillaries. The endothelium is a thin layer of cells that lines the inner surface of every blood vessel. The endothelium is separated from the vessel's tough exterior layers by the basal lamina, an extracellular matrix produced by surrounding epithelial cells.The endothelium is responsible for regulating the flow of substances into and out of the bloodstream, including nutrients and waste products. Angiogenesis is a mechanism in which tissues develop new blood vessels in response to certain conditions. Angiogenesis is necessary for the replacement of damaged tissue, but it also happens in abnormal circumstances, such as tumor growth and progression.

  What is cardiology, exactly?

The term cardiology comes from the Greek terms "cardia," which means "heart," and "logy," which means "study of." Cardiology is a field of medicine that deals with heart problems and disorders, which may range from congenital abnormalities to acquired conditions like coronary artery disease and congestive heart failure. Cardiologists are physicians who specialize in cardiology and are responsible for the medical treatment of multiple heart diseases. Cardiac surgeons are doctors who specialize in treating heart problems by surgery.

 Heart failure:

Because of the effectiveness of thrombolysis and primary angioplasty, the survival rate for myocardial infarction (MI) has improved dramatically in recent years. However, the resulting heart disease epidemic has become a significant public health problem. According to data from the United Kingdom, heart disease affects around 2% of the population. Furthermore, since chronic heart failure (CHF) has a worse prognosis, a patient admitted to the hospital with pulmonary edema has a worse prognosis than a patient with carcinoma in any organ other than the lung.

 Congenital heart disease in adults:

Congenital heart and cardiovascular system defects affect about 1% of live births, with around half of these children requiring medical or surgical intervention during their childhood. A further 25% of people would need surgery in the first decade to sustain or boost their quality of life. Just ten percent of adolescents survive puberty without surgery; however, many of these ten percent lead normal lives for years before their abnormality is discovered.

  Hypertension

Since most patients are asymptomatic and care is preventative rather than palliative, hypertension is a difficult condition to handle. One of the problems facing clinicians working to reduce cardiovascular morbidity and mortality caused by high blood pressure is persuading patients of the need for poorly tolerated medication in the face of good health (BP). Renal disorder, myocardial infarction (MI), and cerebrovascular accident are all severe consequences of untreated hypertension. However, many patients do not receive aggressive enough care.

What exactly does cardiology entail?

A cardiologist will conduct a physical examination and review the patient's medical history. They can perform tests to check the person's weight, pulse, lungs, blood pressure, and blood vessels.

Tests:

They can also perform or order the following tests,

·       ECG or EKG

·       Ambulatory ECG

·       An exercise test or stress test

·       Echocardiogram

·       Echocardiography

·       Cardiac Catheterization

·       Nuclear cardiology

ECG or EKG:

ECG or EKG monitors the heart's electrical activity.

Ambulatory ECG:

Ambulatory ECG is a form of ECG that tracks heart rhythms when a person is exercising or going about their daily activities. Small metal electrodes are adhered to the chest and wired to a Holter monitor, which monitors the heart rhythms.

An exercise test or stress test:

An exercise test, also known as a stress test, depicts the changes in heart rhythm that occur during rest and exercise. It assesses the heart's capabilities and weaknesses.

Echocardiogram:

An echocardiogram is a form of ultrasound that shows the anatomy of the heart chambers and surrounding areas, as well as how well the heart is functioning.

Echocardiography:

The cardiac output of the heart, as measured by echocardiography, is a measure of how efficiently the heart pumps blood. It can detect pericarditis or inflammation around the heart. It can also detect systemic heart valve defects or infections.

Cardiac Catheterization:

A short tube in or near the heart collects data and can help alleviate a blockage during cardiac catheterization. It will take pictures and test the heart's and electrical system's functionality. Congenital cardiac, valvular, and coronary artery conditions can all be treated with catheter-based procedures and fluoroscopy.

Nuclear cardiology:

In nuclear cardiology, radioactive materials are used to research cardiovascular conditions and diseases in a non-invasive manner. Infarction imaging, single-photon-emission computed tomography, planar imaging, and myocardial perfusion imaging are all examples of this form of imaging.

  What types of diagnostic tests should be carried out?

The physical examination does not reveal any new findings that support the atrial tachycardia diagnosis. The discovery of tachycardia (heart rate >100 beats per minute) with no reasonable physiologic explanation raises concern. Valsalva maneuvers, carotid sinus massage, and cold drinks, among others, may stop a tachycardia and indicate a diagnosis of supraventricular tachycardia, but they have no bearing on the precise diagnosis of atrial tachycardia. With gradual deceleration/acceleration of the heart rate, sinus tachycardia slows with vagal maneuvers. Hypotension, hypoxia, symptoms of inflammation/infection, pallor, abdominal distention, or tenderness, among other physical exam findings, may explain physiologic sinus tachycardia.