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In contrast in 2013, governments and industries were the most preferred targets for cyber attackers with similar values (respectively 23% and 22%). Finance ranked at number three (7%), immediately ahead of News (6%) and Education (5%).

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The Advanced Research Projects Agency Network (ARPANET) is a predecessor to the modern Internet. It was conceptualized in the 1950s, when computer scientists needed something better than the then available but unreliable switching nodes and network links.

There were also only a limited number of large, powerful research computers, and researchers with access were separated geographically. The Advanced Research Projects Agency (ARPA) commissioned the development of an advanced and reliable way to connect these computers through a newly devised packet switching network, which was known as ARPANET.

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Current storage devices falls into 3 technology categories:

-magnetic/mechanical internal hard disk drives

-solid-state disks and flash drives

-optical storage media

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CPU (pronounced as separate letters) is the abbreviation for central processing unit. Sometimes referred to simply as the central processor, but more commonly called processor, the CPU is the brains of the computer where most calculations take place.

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RAM (pronounced ramm) is an acronym for random access memory, a type of computer memory that can be accessed randomly; that is, any byte of memory can be accessed without touching the preceding bytes. RAM is the most common type of memory found in computers and other devices, such as printers.

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Most of today's computers use the ASCII code (American Standard Code for Information Interchange).The ASCII code represents 26 uppercase and lowercase letters, many punctuation symbols and special characters used in the English language each represented by a BYTE.

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People with disabilities meet barriers of all types. However, technology is helping to lower many of these barriers. By using computing technology for tasks such as reading and writing documents, communicating with others, and searching for information on the Internet, students and employees with disabilities are capable of handling a wider range of activities independently. Still, people with disabilities face a variety of barriers to computer use.

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GEMINOID DK Mechanical TEST

Meeting of 3 Geminoids at ATR in March 2011. A landmark in a Android Science.

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There are five main categories of computers: 

supercomputers

mainframe computers

minicomputers

microcomputers

mobile computers

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The difference between binary and digital systems.

In almost every computer built since the 1950s, the binary system has replaced the decimal (which really only came about because it was handy to be able to count on your fingers) and advanced digital computer capabilities to an incredible degree.

Binary systems, however, simplify information processing. Because there must always be at least two symbols for a processing system to be able to distinguish significance or purpose, binary is the smallest numbering system that can be used.

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THE BABBAGE ENGINE

Charles Babbage (1791-1871), computer pioneer, designed two classes of engine, Difference Engines, and Analytical Engines. Difference engines are so called because of the mathematical principle on which they are based, namely, the method of finite differences. The beauty of the method is that it uses only arithmetical addition and removes the need for multiplication and division which are more difficult to implement mechanically. The Analytical Engine is much more than a calculator and marks the progression from the mechanized arithmetic of calculation to fully-fledged general-purpose computation. 

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THE ATANASOFF-BERRY COMPUTER (ABC)

Being completed by 1942, the Atanasoff-Berry Computer (ABC) was the first electronic computer. It was designed and built by John Vincent Atanasoff and his assistant, Clifford E. Berry. At the time, Atanasoff was teaching Physics, and Berry was a graduate student in Electrical Engineering. They worked on the computer from 1939 until 1942 when it was abandoned due to WWII. Although it still needed some work, it was completely functional.

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A LAN (local area network) is a group of computers and network devices connected together, usually within the same building.

A MAN (metropolitan area network) is a larger network that usually spans several buildings in the same city or town. 

A WAN (wide area network), in comparison to a MAN, is not restricted to a geographical location, although it might be confined within the bounds of a state or country.

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There are many types of educational software. Among them are:

- Word Processing Software: Flexible Tool.

Word processors provide numerous features making entering, editing and formatting written documents quick and precise.

Top 3 Word Processing Softwares: Microsoft Word, Lotus Word Pro and Corel WordPerfect

- Web applications

Web applications provide a collection of graphic illustrations including clip art drawings, diagrams and photos. One can also select items or portions of documents which can be removed from one item to another. From handwriting recognition to spelling checker and task panes, templates  as well as Wizards for specific tasks and voice recognition, web based applications provide everything needed to make creating documents an easy process.

- Web-based applications

Web based applications may even outperform traditional application software as time goes by. Privacy and security of personal data stored at the ASP is a concern. So is the rapid rate at which the Web changes. But an advantage is that users no longer need to upgrade software on hard disks with the availability of newer versions.

- Database: Relational Data

Database is a collection of relational data, which is an electronic equivalent  of a filing cabinet. A DBMS or database management system is a program for setting up or structuring database. Databases are used in offices, educational settings and organizations of different types. 3 of the most widely used DBMS designed for microcomputers include Corel Paradox, Microsoft Access and Lotus Approach. 

- Integrated Packages: All in One Program

An integrated package provides the functionality of a word processor, database manager, spreadsheet and much more. The drawback is that capabilities of each function are not as extensive as individual programs. 

- Business Matters: Productivity Suite

Productivity or business suites contain professional grade app programs such as spreadsheet, DBMS, word processors and more. Best known productivity suites are Lotus Smart Suite and Corel WordPerfect Office Suite.

- Built for Home: Personal Suite

Personal or home suites contain personal software applications, programs intended for domestic or personal use. Some of the best known home suites include Microsoft Works Suite.

- Specialized Suites: Specific Apps

These suites focus on specific applications including graphic suites,financial planning suites and much more.

- Utility Suite: Making Computing Easier

This suites are designed to make computing safer. It includes the Norton Antivirus System and Norton Internet Security Suite.

- Multimedia Software: One of a Kind

Multimedia software allow users to create images, audios and videos. Examples of these include Media Player.

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This videos outlines why it is important to study computer science in our era. 

1. The digital age needs computer scientists. Like it or not you're living in it – this is the Digital Age.

2. Computer science students have excellent graduate prospects

3. Computer scientists earn big bucks

According to www.prospects.ac.uk, systems developers in senior management roles earn between £45,000 and £70,000 a year.

4. Computer scientists are needed in every type of industry

5. Internationally Diverse Cohort

Computer science departments at typically benefit from having one of the more culturally diverse cohorts at their respective unis. 

6. Year abroad opportunities

Computers have gone global, and it would be silly for Computer Science education providers to not reflect this fact. Check the opportunities for overseas study on the courses that interest you. 

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First generation computers used vacuum tubes as the basic components for memory  and circuitry processing. The tubes generated a lot of heat and needed to be replaced often, which is why these computers were only afforded by large organizations.