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clintonswriting-blog · 8 years ago

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HISTORY OF AUSTRALIA

CELEBRITIES IN HOLLYWOOD FROM AUSTRALIA

I don’t know if you know but there are a lot of actor and actress are famous in Hollywood from Australia so now I am writing about these celebrities.

Hugh Jackman is an Australia actor and he has won international for his roles as Drover in the epic historical romantic drama Australia in 2008. The film is a character story, set between 1939 and 1942 against a dramatized backdrop of events across northern Australia at the time, such as the bombing of Darwin during World War II.

Nicole Kidman is an Australia actress, film producer and sometimes singer. She is the recept many awards, including three Golden Globe and an Academy. In 2010 she starred in the film adaptation, she received nominations for the different awards and she lent her voice to a promotional video.

Rebel Wilson is an Australian actress, writer, and producer. In 2008, she created the musical comedy series Bogan Pride, in 2009 Rebel won the Tropfest best actress for her role in the film Bargain.

Russel Crowe is an actor although a New Zealand citizen he has lived in Australia. In 2000 he role the Roman General in the epic film Gladiator which Russel won an Academy Awards for best actor and Crowe's work has earned him several accolades during his career.

"GAMES OF THE NEW MILLENNIUM"

In the year 2000, the Olympic Games had place in the city of Sydney, Australia. This place won from Beijing, Berlin, Istanbul and Manchester to be the host city of this event. Only two votes defined the city's choice, because Australia competed in all editions of the Olympics since 1896. So, the country of kangaroo had advantage of beauty the Sydney and hospitality the Australians to have a beautiful party.

The logo created by Michael Bryce to represent the event was a gymnast with her body represented by a boomerang, the sun being her head and the Opera House like a tape. Secondly, these Olympics presented three mascots: Olly, a kookaburra such as spirit of generosity; Syd, a platypus such as an environment; and Millie, an equidistant like technology.

The committee responsible for the Olympics had in its projects the concept of sustainable development, as the bay of Homebush, a polluted area, was recovered becoming a natural park, and the Olympic village had solar panels as an energy source.

This country told a little of its history at opening ceremony when a descendant of aboriginal Cathy Freeman held the Olympic torch, paying tribute to Aboriginal people who lived there before the arrival of English.

HISTORY OF AUSTRALIA FROM 2000 TO 2010

Everyone knows that Australia is a short history country and not any country surround by. Even though the history is not long, but there are plenty of events happened from 2000 to 2010. For example, the troops was deployed to the Gulf of a possible war in 2003. At the same time, there were more than five hundreds homes have been destroyed, the fires rage crossed New South Wales, Victoria and Tasmania. Another happening is about racial discrimination sparked by an Aboriginal teenager, was happened in February 2004. Moreover, Labor government abandons policy introduced in 1990s of holding all asylum seekers in detention centres until their cases are heard. Also, in 2005 July, Australia said it will deploy 150 special forces troops in Afghanistan to counter rebel attacks. The original contingent was withdrawn in 2002. In addition, more than 170 people were killed by bushfires in the South Eastern State of Victoria in 2009. Furthermore, Parliamentary elections fail to deliver a clear winner; Prime Minister Gillard clings to power after securing support of independents to form a minority government. There were the history events happening between 2000 and 2010 in Australia.

AUSTRALIA’S IDENTITY.

Australia is difficult to maintain country without immigration influx. White quality human resources suddenly left to the United States and Britain due to weak national identity. The influx of Asian immigrants in the center of the top -level human resources is essential because they lose. So I wanted to be a problem is national identity.

Australians are not even Europeans. Geographically Australia is located in Asia. Australian have a weak national identity. Australia chose they own way without any part of the place.

In 2000s, the problem of the identity is more seriously social issue of Australia. We called ‘’Brain Drain”. Roy association research institutes in Australia’s approximately 100million in the number of top – level human resources. Expert Lines said, ‘I’m about 5 percent of the population high-quality human resources unavailable world-class school and major reason they left Australia could weaken national identity, but the Fundamental reason is lack of industrial facilities.

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clintonswriting-blog · 8 years ago

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AUSTRALIA IN THE SEVENTIES

Social and culture

Multiculturalism and immigration

Since 1901 there was a law to not accept immigrants that don’t be white, but 1974 the policy was abrogated. After that change people from Asia and Middle East where accepted into Australia therefore the seventies were the multiculturalism era.

Australian adopted people from different culture and language in contrast to previous policy didn’t accept immigrants had another belief or language so they had to changed it.

Some objectors believed that if they embrace people with other culture it would create division, however the majority of people believed that it would had a positive effect to Australian culture as a result they would became in a multicultural country.

Withdrawal from Vietnam

In 1965 Australia troops had been sent to Vietnam war to support in order to avoid to spread of communism. The military service had conscripted most of the soldiers sent to Vietnam War. In seventies many Australians begun to doubt that the war could be won, they had a strong position against war in Vietnam and the compulsory military service. On 8 may of 1970 over 200000 people meet to demonstrate the opposition with involve in Vietnam War. Finally in 1972 soldiers were withdrawn from Vietnam. Almost 500 were killed from 50000 sent.

Women's rights and working conditions

The public agenda gave a prominent place to Women's rights and wages in the seventies.

Low-status positions and gender roles like housewives and child care were confronted by woman , but in the first semester of 1970, one-third of the workforce were composed by woman that have already a different role. However, women were under paid. In 1972, the Whitlam government ruled that the wave should be the same for woman who did the same work as man.

Two years later, the right to paid maternity leave was ruled, although the percent of women in high position was very down.

Economy and manufacturing in the seventies

In the seventies Australia lived a difficult issue like recession, war, civil rights and feminism, all this thing had changed the conditions such cultural, economic and social in Australia. It’s important to highlight that and the manufacturing industry was forced to abandon the ‘she’ll be right, mate’ attitude used in the last decades. referring to an indulgence to accept a low-quality or improvised situation rather than searched a better solution.

In addition, the Manufacturing sector had to compete with some different countries with more technologies and development process, and the could offered the same products with lowest price, that means the people prefer to bought the with cheap imports than the national products. Also in that time began an environmentalist movement against the dirty habits of the manufacturing, the 1970s indicated the beginning of environmental consciousness in manufacturers. For that reason, the Australian government had to established new policies and taxes in order to reduce the impact made by this industry in the environment.

In Australia, the manufacturing sector experienced a huge deterioration in employment levels between 1973 and 1980, down by 80,000. Manufacturing’s share of employment fell from 25% in 1970 to 18% in 1985; this reduction had a direct impact in the total GDP for that reason this fell from a high of 29% in 1960 to 18% in 1985.

The previous graphic show how was the employment of the most important industries in Australia during the last 100 years, we could had noticed in the seventies most of the industries presented a significant decrease in the number of employees, it’s important to highlight the manufacturing sector present the highest unemployment rate. In contrast the service industry presented an increment in the percentage of employees in the las 40 years.

The decisions to change the Australia economic by the government in the latest decades have settled down an improvement in the economy and in the structure. This changes has helped to restructuration and deregulation of a range of service industries and the reduction in the level of trade protection provided to goods-producing industries

Australia TV

Colour TV was introduced in 1975, seven to ten householder by this year owned one of this, this made mora dynamic and joyfully TV programs, music videos and sports.

In the middle of the seventies Australia set more taxes for foreign programs to protect the lo9cal productions. Local documental and miniseries were broadcasted on the small screen. Kingswood country and the Norman Guston show helped to define and distinguish the characteristic Australian humour.

Australia Music

In the early seventies the market was saturated with foreign music, most of them coming from America. The ABCD set down a code of practice to make sure that 10% of the music broadcasted would been Australian, in the next year it would increase to 20%

Bands on seventies tougher style influence by hard rock bands from USA. Perhaps the most known band from this decade is ACDC, a hard rock, blues bands coming from Sidney.

The brothers Malcom and Angus Young formed it in 1973. The band suffer several changes in it’s musicians through the years. Its lead singer died in 1980 because of an alcohol overdose, the band consider to split up but with the consent of Bon Scott’s family they remained on the music scenery and found his current voice the famous Brian Johnson.

The idea for the band’s name surged due to Malcolm and Angus sister once saw the initial ACDC on a sewing machine. The members of the group felt that this name was a good representation of what they wanted to transmit, a raw energy and power on the stage.

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clintonswriting-blog · 8 years ago

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Australian History in ‘90s

British culture was found in Australia in 1788 and it had obviously existed until World War II. There were several major effects from the war; besides, American culture became more influential than British. By the 1990s, Australia was affected by the economic and social revolution since 1970 and the kind of their nation was asked by people who lived in this decade. Moreover, it was found that there were 25% of Australians who were born in other countries and there were a lot of cultures such as European, Asian, Indigenous, American and British in Australia society.

In the point of food and shopping which was affected by American and British cultures, there were more and more new fast food stores spread throughout Australia and a drive-through service became a convenient new feature as well. McDonald’s, KFC and Burger King, which were all American famous fast food stores, still grew up by the 1990s.

In addition to supermarket, it was under the influence of American trends; for instance, their opening hours were extended and their ranges of products were expanded. Supermarkets were changed to be a various range of grocery items under one roof that was called as one-stop shops. International food sections were offered by some supermarkets so that consumers could purchase foods from other countries comfortably.

There were many obviously social and economic repercussions that had been affected by the influence of American cultures. It meant that consumers could buy and save their money in one supermarket because supermarkets offered them the convenience and low prices. In contrast, small vendors including butchers, bakers and greengrocers were forced to close because of the proliferation of supermarkets.

It wasn’t only changing food services but also eating habits; that is to say, their habits were changed from British roots to American ways. Even though they consumed more often lunches, snacks and drinks than not, many Australian families remained a general dinner in British style like meat and vegetables. Despite American and British styles, European and Asian food became also strong.

It’s obviously seen that Australian spent their time on preparing food less than in the past. They took time for purchasing and preparing food around six hours per day during the 1940s and two hours per day by the 1970s respectively. By the end of the 1990s, it was found that Australian spent just 30 minutes per day on food preparation.

The next effects which were changed by American and British cultures were entertainment. By 1990s, the internet was introduced to Australia and it led to change the face of entertainment. Regarding music, it was downloaded and rewritten easily from anywhere in the world. It’s considered that both American and British cultures had several effects on different ways including music styles. American was the most popular music videos which were played on Australian music programs and radio stations. In the first year of the decade, the song Smell Like Teen Spirit was released by American grunge band called Nivana. It was hit by people around the world and also became an important Australian music background.

Besides, other kinds of music like American hip-hop and R&B, which were sung by popular American acts such as Mariah Carey, girl group TLC and Snoop Doggy, were popular in Australia throughout the decade since 1980s. In spite of American popularity, Australian hip-hop style was rapped in their own accent rather than American.

It is shown that most American music affected to Australian scene as the result of mixed both their styles. For example, a lot of Australian musical acts created their own music by developing some basics of American genres into the new style.

Furthermore, alternative rock music, which were produced by British bands like the Verve, Oasis and Blur, succeeded in Australia over 10 years and the Chemical Brothers, the Prodigy and Fatboy Slim, which were a British electronic acts, were embraced by Australian in the late 1990s.

Another kind of entertainment is television programs. The style of Australian comedy, drama and lifestyle programs were heavily affected by American and British cultures during the 1990s. For example, Hey Dad and Acropolis Now, which were both popular Australian comedies, were combined by Australian themes and American sitcom format. The Simpsons, ER, Home Improvement, Seinfeld and Friends, which were animated series, medical drama and comedies respectively, were all produced in America and got the highest-rating programs screening on Australian television. These effects led to creating Australian programs with international appeal; in other words, popular television conventions were remade by cooperating local and global elements.

One of the most famous actor in Australia is Heath Ledger, he was born in Perth in 1979 and he died in 2008 from an accidental intoxication from prescription drugs. He won a posthumous Oscar for his performance as Joker in the movie The Dark Knight.

In the 90s, Ledger took some small holes in Australian television series such as Home and Away and Sweat until 1997 that he was in the cast in “Home and Away” one of Australia’s most successful television shows.

Nicole Kidman is probably the most famous actress from Australia, actually she was born in Hawaii but her parents are Australians. She has been married to the Australian singer Keith Urban since 2006. In 1989, she met Tom Cruise and one year later they married, a few years later they adopted a daughter and a son. They got divorced in 2001. Her career begins in 80’s but her first Golden Globe Award nomination for her performance in the film Billy Bathgate for Best Supporting Actress. In 1995 she appeared in the superhero film Batman Forever with Val Kilmer, in 1997 she worked with George Clooney in the film The Peacemaker, this film grossed $110,000,000 worldwide.

Another interesting thing about Australia is tourism. The Great Barrier Reef is the largest coral reef in the world with 2.900 individual reefs and 900 islands with over 2.300 kilometres, it located in the coast of Queensland and you can see from outer space. It has a large part of the reef is protected by the Great Barrier Reef Marine Park, which helps to limit the impacto f human, such as tourism and fishing. It has 1.500 species of fish and 4.000 varieties of mollusks, began to deteriorate in the 1990s by the double impact of seawater heating and the increase in acidity from the increased presence of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere.

The Great Barrier Reef has a clear water and very popular destination for scuba divers especially, more tha one million people visit each year in practice of diving, Although most of these visits are managed by the Great Barrier Reef Marine Park as well.

Tia-Clair Toomey was born in Australia (22 Jully 1993) have 24 years old and she is CrossFit Athlete. She was the winner of the CrossFit Games in 2017 and became according to the CrossFit Games the Fittest Woman on Earth.

She qualified for the Olympics after 18 months for serious weightlifting training after learning by participate in CrossFit. She is also an established CrossFit Games competitor represented Australia, but she finished the competition in second, both the 2015 and 2016.

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clintonswriting-blog · 8 years ago

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Aboriginal people in 60s

Aboriginal – 60s

We researched the history and policy of Aboriginal people in 60’s because was a important year for their fight for their rights. At this decade they had their kids took away from their families, the famous ‘’sixties scoop’’. We decided to make a time-line starting in the 1960 until 1969.

Firstly, The Western Australian Department of Native Affairs took Aboriginal children from their parents and they send Aboriginal children to missions. The reason was that non-Aboriginal family raised Aboriginal children. At the time, some Aboriginal people qualified for social service benefits. However, there are still discrimination about Aboriginal people in 1960.

In 1961, “Native support conference” ministers agreed plans, which ware about combination of Aboriginal people to society. These strategies are about to remove discrimination of Aboriginals law and combine Aboriginal people in to economy. For instance, they can educate non-Aboriginal people about Aboriginal culture and history and so on. However, they changed the legislation so that Aboriginal were impossible to combine to non-Aboriginal society at the time.

Next, “The commonwealth Electoral Act” denied giving franchise to most Aboriginal people except in Western Australia, Queensland, and Northern Region. Only those people had a right to vote in federal in 1962. In addition, these areas of Aboriginal people permitted to drink alcohol.

Finally, Aboriginal people from Yirrkala sent a “bark demand” to commonwealth parliament in 1963. The reason is that government removed their land more than 300 square kilometres and this movement started without Aboriginal people’s agreement about their land. Thus, Aboriginal people send a petition of disagreement, but this demand ware not permitted in 1963.

In 1964 aboriginal rights apparently began to be equated with those of other Australians from Northern Territory Social Welfare Ordinance, replacing the Welfare Ordinance, but in practice it did not quite happen. But about two-thirds of Aborigines in the Northern Territory continue to expose social inequalities.

In that same year, there was the first publication of a book in verse by an Aborigine (Kath Walker), which made the author one of the best known and most respected authors in Australia and abroad. As the first Aboriginal children's book published in Australia, “The Legends of Moonie Jarl” was republished more than 50 years later, in 2015. It was only in 1965 that integration policy was introduced, supposedly to give Aboriginal peoples more control over their lives and society. Only the people of Pintubi continued to live independently in the desert, being transferred to Papunya and Yuendumu, about 300 km northwest of Alice Springs.

The first part talks about the assisted Aborigines, when he could be detained for up to one year for behaving in an "offensive, threatening, insolent, insulting, disorderly, obscene, or indecent" manner or "leaving, escaping or attempting to leave or escape the reservation”. At about 220 km east of Darwin, three children who were treated at a mission were disabled to return from the “Leprosarium” by the Northern Territory’s Supreme Court. In February of this year, a march against Aboriginal discrimination took place in cities of the country where they were suffering from the denial of jobs and opportunities.

This year, the University of Sydney formed Charles Perkins as the first Aboriginal Australian Bachelor of Arts.

In 1966, there was a new march in protest of intolerable working conditions and inadequate wages. They demand the return of some of their traditional lands, initiating a seven-year struggle by the Gurindji people to obtain the title of their lands.

The first acts to break the discrimination in Australia implies the ban of all types of race and colour discrimination in employment, accommodation, legal contracts and public facilities, and prohibiting discrimination on grounds of race, colour or country of origin. The Conciliation and Arbitration Commission finds in favour of an application from the North Australian Workers’ Union for “award wages for Aboriginal pastoral workers”. The prohibition of discrimination on grounds of race, colour or country of origin was act by South Australia.

In this year Margaret Valadian was became the first postgraduate Aboriginal student at Queensland University.

In 1967 happened The Commonwealth referendum, it was the election by Australian people who more than 90% percent voted to empower the aboriginals, and make them to be counted on the census also to give the Commonweal government the responsibility to make the laws for aboriginal people, and maybe try to give them more opportunities. After this referendum, all the states have your own responsibility to decide the future of the aboriginal’s laws. All of them choose to empower the aboriginal, except Queensland, who didn’t abandon the laws and policies that discriminate them.

In 1968 the Australian government gave to Nabalco, was a north Australian bauxite and alumina company, the rights to mine bauxite in aboriginal lends for 42 years. In the same year the Australia government established the ‘’Commonwealth office of aboriginal affairs’’, who was responsible for policies for the aboriginal people. Another important event happened this year, with an aboriginal personality: Lionel Rose. He beats bantamweight ‘Fighting’ Harada in Japan and become the first Aboriginal world-boxing champion, after this he received the Australian of the Year award.

In 1969 the Aborigines Welfare Board was abolished. All the states had to removal the children who was under ‘’protection’’ (actually kind of kidnapper the kids from their family) of the policy. ‘’The Aboriginal and Islander Child Care Agencies ‘’(AICCAs) had to provide alternatives to organise the kids back to their families. In the same year Aborigines Advisory Council and the national Aboriginal sports foundation was created to help and finance the sports activities for aboriginal people, who must of the time was exclude from the sports.

Another important event happened this year was an aboriginal delegation went to New York to present a statement on Australian Aborigines to the office of the UN Secretary-General, was a big occurrence to the aboriginal community from Australia. After all the State of New South Wales decided to abolish the Aboriginal Welfare Board forever.

In conclusion, after this time-line our group, saw how difficult was to aboriginal people get their rights and nowadays they became part of the Australian society who was their first place at all.

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