cookiesandlanguages

[cookiesandlanguages]

i cannot keep quiet about this anymore.

if you're in the US or Canada and interested in learning a language using a free app please get a library card and download MANGO. it's very good and extremely free with a library card (there are many public libraries and universities using the service, so make an account and use the search feature here to find out if there's one near you).

mango currently has 72 available languages and dialects (that's right! different courses for french or canadian french! spanish or latam spanish!). it's set up basically like an audiobook with text. the idea is that the narrator explains the words while you read, and you repeat after them or say the translation out loud when prompted. there's a daily review where you go through flashcards. you can also use the flashcards at your leisure and create your own. at the end of each chapter there's a listening comprehension quiz and a reading comprehension quiz. i cannot emphasize how effective this all is. and it's free with a card.

if you're not in the US or Canada and/or looking for something more like duolingo (don't use duolingo btw tldr they fired translators and replaced them with "ai"), then try BUSUU! it only has 14 languages atm but the lessons are really descriptive and effective. it also has a feature where you can correct other people's open-ended speaking/typing exercises. you set your fluent languages, and exercises by people learning those languages will appear in your feed for you to correct. you can even add others as friends! and, much like duolingo, it has a streak and leaderboard system for you to strive for, minus the guilt-tripping owl.

busuu is free (you watch ads to unlock lessons and they're all skippable after like five seconds), although it also has paid premium/plus versions (i don't use the paid version—the language courses are available for free, and the ad system is Really unobtrusive).

so that's my wisdom for the day. mango and busuu. please check them out :)

[cookiesandlanguages]

Jack! I need urgent assistance!

Why the fuck is it so hard to make a realistic fictional language?!

I have literally scoured the deepest, darkest places of the internet to try and understand how to make my own fictional language that is important to story but I just don’t get it.

I have watched behind the scenes Star Trek, Game of Thrones, and Avatar to try and understand how they came up with such beautiful and articulate languages but once again, came up empty, it’s like trying to explain physics to a donkey AKA me.

Can you help me? And if you can, please explain it to me like I am a dumb toddler trying to learn how to write my name for the first time?

Oof. Now, there's many conlang guides out there, but they're all for people who actually like conlanging and I, dear reader, do not. I hate conlanging, I suck at it, and analytic grammar is a consistent foe of mine that I cannot beat. But, conlanging is one of the best ways to introduce a whole heaping helping of realism to your setting as well as getting you to really think about how said setting works as you need to figure out what would have an individual word and why. Now that'll make sense in a moment, I promise.

But first...

Jack's Quick 'n Dirty Guide To Conlangs For If You Hate Conlanging

Step One: sounds.

Sounds (ha!) easy right? Weeeeeell... yes and no. Now, the easy part is making the sounds, really. Just start babbling in a way that you want your conlang to sound like and get going! Sing a bit, put on whatever accent you want, really have some fun with it until it sounds right. You got that? Good, now note that down in plain text as best as you can. Do whatever makes sense to you, but make sure you know exactly how to pronounce the sound once you've annotated it so you can reproduce it later, trust me on this one. But now comes the hard part.

Step Two: IPA

If you don't know what IPA is, bless your heart you innocent soul, you're about to learn something that will make you lose a bit of innocence today. IPA stands for the International Phonetic Alphabet and it can annotate the exact pronunciation of any words in any language in the world. If you've ever had a dictionary in front of you and you see that little section underneath the word where it's written again but like, with upside down Es and symbols that look like æ and đ and even ɮ? Congrats, you know what IPA looks like. Now, this thing was designed by some very clever people with an eye for thoroughness but not for practicality. See, it can notate every pronunciation there is, but boy oh boy, will it not make that easy for you. Read up on it anyway, learn how to use it, pull out an afternoon for it, you're gonna need it. IPA Chart is a good website that will help you out here, it's an interactive version of the IPA alphabet with short pronunciation sound clips attached to each symbol. Done all that? Good. Now we get to the really bitchy part.

Step Three: notate every funny sound you made down in IPA

Yes, every single one. Pull up an excel spreadsheet, notate the plain text in one column, a pronunciation in the second, and leave a third open for later. Notate every single word as best as you can, and make sure to save your work. This is gonna be long work, this is gonna be tedious work, and it's gonna be necessary work. You won't like it, you won't have fun, but future you will thank you and you would do anything for that bitch so get notating until you get to

Step Four: What does anything even mean????

Finally, some fun again. Now we get to the part where you get to assign meaning to each sound you've produced. Remember how I advised you to sing a little song? Yeah? Excellent. A quick and easy way to get a bunch of words sorted is to write a roughly similar song in a language that does exist and one you preferably understand already, and use that as a "guide" of what each word is "supposed" to mean. Make your own rosetta stone! Give yourself a break, trust me, it's much easier this way. And don't be afraid to get creative. See one sound or syllable you used a lot? Great, that can be a pronoun or an article or something else that's often used in a language.

Example: I liked the word "ra" a lot, so that's the word for "I" in Karilaa. From there I picked a few other words I liked and roughly hashed out the following

Ra = I

Ta = You

Su = We

Vu = They

Easy, good, simple. I don't bother with gender because fuck gender, but if you want it, go for it champ, now's the time. And you know what else I noticed while doing this? I was using "ra" and "ta" a lot in the last syllables of words, so I figured out how tenses work in my language as well in one fell swoop and made them affixes to verbs.

Really, there are no rules, so make them up to suit whatever aesthetic you want your language to have, but make sure to write everything down. No exceptions. Everything has to be written down.

Step Five: Rinse and repeat

Congrats, you now have some basics of a language! You can basically use and reuse this recipe to get More Language of the language you already have and guess what! Now you already have some language so you won't have to start from scratch! It's like a sourdough starter! Now ain't that neat. Now, if you do this and keep meticulous notes like I told you to you'll essentially be building up your own dictionary as you go, ready to consult for all your future conlanging needs.

Now, is this how good conlangers do it? No! Hell no! Absolutely not! But I'm not a good conlanger, and if you want this guide, neither are you. I'm sorry, but I'd rather you hear it from me than them when they invoke J.R.R. Tolkien's ghost to roast you. This is a guide for people who want a conlang but suck at conlanging. This is a guide for people who can't do it all neat and according to the rules but need to brute force a bitch in order to get some practical results for immediate use.

Now go forth and create!

[cookiesandlanguages]

Just a quick note from your friendly neighborhood bookworm/indie author

if you use kindle for the majority of your library, they will be shutting down the function that allows you to download your files and transfer them via USB on the 26th of February. Which doesn't sound like a huge deal, but this also means that if a book is taken off Amazon for any reason—like it being banned—they can scrape it off your kindle as well. So maybe backup your library?

[cookiesandlanguages]

language learning is such a personal thing that there is no “right” or “wrong” way of doing it. it’s whatever works on bringing YOU closer to YOUR goal.

you want to watch tv shows but don’t really care for speaking with others? yay!! no speaking practice needed.

you want to learn quickly for an upcoming trip? yay! text book phrases and simple grammar.

you’re a beginner and it’s been 10 years? 2 weeks? 6 months? it doesn’t matter. as long as you are working towards bringing YOURSELF closer to what YOU want to achieve, you have succeeded: you are succeeding; you are doing great.

i find that so much demotivation comes from comparison and/or trying to follow other's advice too closely. if anki decks don't work for you, that's fine! if duolingo works well for you, then use it!

this language learning thing, it should be enjoyed. in the sea full of deceptive polyglot stories and videos on top of videos attempting to understand how to learn languages in "the fastest way possible" sometimes we should sit back and ask ourselves, "when is just learning things, enough"?

with that i hope you all continue working towards your dreams! whether you want to become a translator or just watch a few more movies in your target language, you can do it. i know you have it in you.

[cookiesandlanguages]

[cookiesandlanguages]

300 words in Low Saxon

Idea and list from @funwithlanguages (list: 300 words)

Low Saxon (Platt, Plattdüütsch, Nedderdüütsch, Neddersass’sch) is a language spoken in Northern Germany, the Netherlands and Southern Denmark. It is officially protected by the European Charta of Regional and Minority Language in Germany and the Netherlands. It has 2.5 to 5 million speakers. The Russian Mennonites speak the Low Saxon dialect Plautdietsch, whose 500,000 speakers live all around the globe, especially North and South America. In the Brazilian municipal Santa Maria de Jetibá it also an official language. This guide covers the Northern Low Saxon varieties on German soil.

You can already express a lot with only the 300 most basic words. In everyday situations, these 300 words make up 65% of the vocabulary you would use. For starting a language, these words are crucial and can boost your learning experience. So, if you chose to learn Low Saxon, this’ll give you a big head start.

Du kannst al teemlich veel uutdrücken mit bloots 300 vun de eenfachsten Wöör. In Alldagssituatschonen maakt düsse 300 Wöör 65% vun’n Woordschatt uut, den du bruken wörrst. Üm een Spraak antofangen sünd düsse Wöör vun grote Bedüden un köönt dien Leerbeleevnis in Swung bringen. Wenn du also Plattdüütsch leren wullt, warrt di dit hier to een groten Vöörsprung verhölpen.

First Verbs 

(all plural persons conjugate the same; pp. means ‘past participle’) (Regular endings on given orthographic stem: ik -/, du -st, s/he -t, wi/ji/se -t)

be - ween (ik bün, du büst, se/he is, wi/ji/se sünd, pp. ween)

there is - dat gifft …

have - hebben (ik heff, du hest, s/he hett, wi/ji/se hebbt, pp. hatt)

do - doon (ik do, du deist, s/he deit, wi/ji/se doot, pp. daan)

go - gaan (ik ga, du geist, s/he geit, wi/ji/se gaat, pp. gaan)

want - wüllen (ik will, du wullt, s/he will, wi/ji/se wüllt, pp. wullt)

can - könen (ik kann, du kannst, s/he kann, wi/ji/se köönt, pp. kunnt)

need - bruken (regular, orthographic conjugation stem: bruuk-)

think - dinken (regular stem: dink-, pp. dacht)

know - weten (regular stem: weet-, pp. weten)

say - seggen (regular stem: segg-, pp. seggt)

like - mögen (ik mag, du magst, s/he mag, wi/ji/se möögt, pp. mücht)

speak - snacken (regular stem: snack-, pp. snackt)

learn - leren (regular stem: leer-, pp. leert)

understand - verstaan (ik versta, du versteist, s/he versteit, wi/ji/se verstaat, pp. verstaan)

Conjunctions

that (as in “I think that…”) - , dat …

and - un

or - or (oder)

but - avers, man

because - wieldat

though - liekers

so (meaning “therefore”; e.g. “I wanted it, so I bought it”) - daarso, vundaar

if - wenn, of

Prepositions

of - vun

to - to, na

from - vun

in - in

at (a place) - bi

at (a time) - üm

with - mit

about - över

like (meaning “similar to”) - as

for - för

before (also as a conjunction) - vöör, vöördat (conj.)

after (also as a conjunction) - na, daarna, nadat (conj.)

during - wiel, wielst, wieldes, bides

Question Words

(Many question forms have synonymous short, half-long and long forms.)

who - wokeen, ‘keen

what - wat

where - woneem, ‘neem, wo

when - wanneer, wann

why - woso, worüm

how - woans, wo, wodennig, wosück

how much - wo veel (depending on noun also wo vele, wo velen)

which - welk (depending on noun also welke, welken)

Adverbs

a lot - veel

a little - een beten

well - good

badly - slecht, leeg

only - bloots

also - ook

very - bannig

too (as in “too tall”) - to

too much - to veel

so (as in “so tall”) - so

so much - so veel

more - meer (more than - meer as)

less - weniger (less than - weniger as)

as … as … - so … as …

most - meerst (depending on noun also meerste, meersten)

least - wenigst (depending on noun also wenigste, wenigsten)

better - beter (depending on noun also betere, beteren)

best - best (depending on noun also beste, besten)

worse - leger (depending on noun also legere, legeren)

worst - leegst (depending on noun also leegste, leegsten)

now - nu

then - denn

here - hier

there - daar

maybe - villicht

always - jümmers, altieds

usually - normalerwies

often - faken

sometimes - männichmaal

never - nie, nienich

today - vundaag

yesterday - güstern

tomorrow - morrn

soon - draad (boold)

almost - meist

already - al

still - noch

even - sogaars

enough - noog

Adjectives

(Adjectives are declined according to the gender and case of the noun. In case of doubt, leave it undeclined, some dialects have invariant adjectives.)

the; a - dat (neuter), de (male/female/plural), den (male, object case); een (same for all)

this - dit (neuter), düsse (male/female), düssen (male, object case)

that - dat (neuter), de (male/female/plural, with long vowel), den (male, object case)

good - good, gode, goden

bad - slecht, slechte, slechten

all - all (normally undeclined)

some - welk, welke, welken (mank, manke, manken)

no - keen (normally undeclined)

any - jichtenseen

many - veel, vele, velen

few - wenig, wenige, wenigen

most - meerst, meerste, meersten

other - anner (normally undeclined)

same - datsülvige (neuter), desülvige (male/female/plural), densülvigen (male, object case)

different - ünnerscheedlich, ~liche, ~lichen; verschillen, ~e, ~en

enough - noog

one - een (undeclined)

two - twee

a few - een beten, een paar

first - eerst, eerste, eersten

next - neegst, neegste, neegsten

last (meaning “past”, e.g. “last Friday”) - verleden …

last (meaning “final”) - lesd, lesde, lesden

easy - eenfach, eenfache, eenfachen

hard - hard, harde, harden

early - frö, frö’e, frö’en

late - laat, late, laten

important - wichtig, wichtige, wichtigen

interesting - intressant, intressante, intressanten

fun - famoos, famose, famosen

boring - langwielig, ~lige, ~ligen

beautiful - smuck, smucke, smucken; schöön, schöne, schönen

big - groot, grote, groten

small - lütt, lütte, lütten

happy - frölich, ~liche, ~lichen

sad - trurig, trurige, trurigen

busy - drock, drocke, drocken

excited - hibbelig, hibbelige, hibbeligen

tired - mööd, möde, möden

ready - fardig, fardige, fardigen; klaar, klare, klaren; redig, redige, redigen

favorite - Leevsten- (forms a composite noun)

new - nee, ne’e, ne’en

right (meaning “correct”) - richtig, richtige, richtigen

wrong - verkeert, verkeerte, verkeerten

true - waar, ware, waren

Pronouns

(Low Saxon has two cases: 1. the subject case (nominative) & 2. object case; 3. possessives don’t decline.)

I - ik, mi, mien

you - du, di, dien

she - se, eer, eer

he - he, em, sien

it - dat, em, sien

we - wi, us, us

you (plural) - ji, jo, joon

they - se, jem, eer (jemeer)

Nouns

Low Saxon has three genders: masculine, feminine and neuter. The indefinite article is always the same for all: een. The definite article for neuter nouns is dat and is invariable, the article for female, masculine and all plural nouns is de and there is only one instance where masculine and female articles differ, which is when a singular masculine noun with a definite article stands in the object case, only then the article changes to den, female de never changes. Noun declension only comprises the plural, which is added when it exists.

everything - allens

something - jichtenswat / wat

nothing - nix

everyone - jeedeen / elkeen

someone - jichtenseen / een

no one - keeneen / nüms

Low Saxon - Platt, Plattdüütsch; formal Nedderdüütsch, Neddersass’sch; in NL Nedersaksies, by the Russian Mennonites Plautdietsch

English - Engelsch; engelsch, ~e, ~en

thing - dat Ding, ~en

person - de Persoon (f), Personen

place - de Plats (m), Pläts

time (as in “a long time”) - de Tied (f), ~en

time (as in “I did it 3 times”) - dat Maal, Malen

friend - de Fründ (m), de Frünnin (f); de Frünn (m.pl.), de Frünninnen (f.pl.)

woman - de Fro, Froon / Froonslüüd

man - de Mann, Männer / Mannslüüd

money - dat Geld, Geller

country - dat Land, Länner

Germany - dat Düütschland 

‘Low Germany’ - dat Plattdüütschland (the area where Low Saxon is spoken)

city - de Stad, Städer

language - de Spraak, Spraken

word - dat Woord, Wöör

food - dat Eten, -

house - dat Huus, Hüüs

store - de Laden, Ladens

office - dat Kuntoor, Kuntoren

company - de Bedriev, ~en; dat Ünnernemen, ~s

manager - de Bedrievsleider (m), ~sche (f); ~s (m.pl.), ~n (f.pl.); de Baas (m), ~sche (f); ~s (m.pl.), ~n (f.pl.)

coworker - de Mitarbeider (m), ~sche (f); ~s (m.pl.), ~n (f.pl.)

job - de Beroop (m), Berööp

work (as in “I have a lot of work to do”) - de Arbeid (f), ~en

problem - dat Probleem, Problemen

question - de Fraag (f), Fragen

idea - de Idee (f), Ideen

life - dat Leven, Leven

world - de Welt, ~en

day - de Dag (m), Daag

year - dat Jaar, Jaren / Jarenden

week - de Week (f), Weken

month - de Maand (m), ~en

hour - de Stünn (f), ~en

mother, father, parent - de Moder (f), de Vader (m), de Öllern (pl.)

daughter, son, child - de Dochter (f), de Söön (m), dat Kind

wife, husband - de Fro (f), de Mann (m) (used with possessives)

girlfriend, boyfriend - de Frünnin (f), de Fründ (m) (used with possessives)

More Verbs

Verbs can change according to person, number and tense in Low Saxon. The endings for the simple present are: ik -/, du -st, se/he/dat -t, wi/ji/se -t. The endings for the simple past are: ik -/, du -st, se/he/dat -/, wi/ji/se -en.  Four verb forms are important to build all other forms: 1. the infinitive  2. third person singular simple present 3. third person singular simple past 4. past participle  Many verbs have a different vowel (and/or consonant) in the simple present for the second and third person singular, thus the second verb form that indicates this change; irregular verbs change their vowel (and/or consonant) in the past tense, hence the third verb form; and many of these irregular verbs have a different vowel for the past participle, which is used for the perfect tense with either ween (to be) or hebben (to have) as auxiliary verbs (see conj. above)

work (as in a person working) - arbeiden, s/he arbeidt, s/he arbeid, arbeidt (hebben)

work (meaning “to function”) - funkschoneren, s/he ~neert, s/he ~neer, ~neert (hebben)

see - seen, s/he süüt, s/he seeg, seen (hebben)

use - bruken, s/he bruukt, s/he bruuk, bruukt (hebben)

should - schölen, s/he schall, s/he schull, schullt (hebben)

believe - glöven, s/he glöövt, s/he glööv, glöövt (hebben)

practice - öven, s/he öövt, s/he ööv, öövt (hebben)

seem - schienen, s/he schient, s/he scheen, schenen (hebben); impersonal it seems - dat lett (present), dat leet (past)

come - kamen, s/he kümmt, s/he keem, kamen (ween)

leave - verlaten, s/he verlett, s/he verleet, verlaten (hebben)

return - wedderkamen, s/he kümmt wedder, s/he keem wedder, wedderkamen (ween)

give - geven, s/he gifft, s/he geev, geven (hebben)

take - nemen, s/he nimmt, s/he neem, namen (hebben)

bring - bringen, s/he bringt, s/he bröch, bröcht (hebben)

look for - söken, s/he söcht, s/he söch, söcht (hebben)

find - finnen, s/he finnt, s/he funn, funnen (hebben)

get (meaning “obtain”) - kriegen, s/he kriggt, s/he kreeg, kregen (hebben)

receive - kriegen, s/he kriggt, s/he kreeg, kregen (hebben)

buy - kopen/köpen, s/he köfft, s/he köff, köfft (hebben)

try - versöken, s/he versöcht, s/he versöch, versöcht (hebben)

start - anfangen, s/he fangt an, s/he füng an, anfungen (hebben)

stop (doing something) - ophören, s/he höört op, s/he höör op, ophöört (hebben)

finish - fardigmaken, s/he maakt fardig, s/he maak/möök fardig, fardigmaakt (hebben); also beennen (regular) /be’ennen/

continue - wiedermaken, s/he maakt wieder, s/he maak/möök wieder, wiedermaakt (hebben)

wake up - opwaken, s/he waakt op, s/he waak op, opwaakt (ween)

get up - opstaan, s/he steit op, s/he stünn op, opstaan (ween)

eat - eten, s/he itt, s/he eet, eten (hebben)

eat breakfast - fröstücken, s/he fröstückt, s/he fröstück, fröstückt (hebben)

eat lunch - Middag eten (see eten)

eat dinner - Avendbrood eten (see eten)

happen - passeren, dat passeert, dat passeer, passeert (ween)

feel - fölen, s/he föölt, s/he fööl, föölt (hebben)

create (aka “make”) - schapen, s/he schaapt, s/he schaap, schapen (hebben)

cause (aka “make”) - uutlösen, s/he lööst uut, s/he löös uut, uutlööst (hebben); bewarken, s/he bewarkt, s/he bewark, bewarkt (hebben); veroorsaken, s/he veroorsaakt, s/he veroorsaak, veroorsaakt (hebben)

meet (meeting someone for the first time) - drapen, s/he dröppt, s/he dreep, drapen (hebben)

meet (meaning “to bump into”) - sik bemöten, s/he bemött sik, s/he bemött sik, sik bemött (hebben)

meet (an arranged meeting) - in de Mööt kamen (see kamen)

ask (a question) - fragen, s/he fraagt, s/he fraag/fröög, fraagt (hebben)

ask for (aka “request”) - beden, s/he büddt, s/he beed, beden (hebben)

wonder - sik wunnern, s/he wunnert sik, s/he wunner sik, sik wunnert (hebben)

reply - antern, s/he antert, s/he anter, antert (hebben)

mean (having a meaning) - bedüden, dat bedüüdt, dat bedüüd, bedüüdt (hebben)

mean (having an opinion) - menen, s/he meent, s/he meen, meent (hebben)

read - lesen, s/he leest, s/he lees, leest (hebben)

write - schrieven, s/he schrifft, s/he schreev, schreven (hebben)

listen - (to)lüüstern, s/he lüüstert (to), s/he lüüster (to), (to)lüüstert (hebben)

hear - hören, s/he höört, s/he höör, höört (hebben)

remember - sik besinnen, s/he besinnt sik, s/he besunn sik, sik besunnen (hebben)

forget - vergeten, s/he vergitt, s/he vergeet, vergeten (hebben)

choose - (uut)wälen, s/he wäält (uut), s/he wääl (uut), (uut)wäält (hebben); (uut)kesen, s/he küsst (uut), s/he koos (uut), (uut)kasen (hebben)

decide - besluten/beslüten, s/he beslutt/beslütt, s/he besloot/beslööt, beslaten (hebben)

be born - boren ween (see ween)

die - doodblieven, s/he blifft dood, s/he bleev dood, doodbleven (ween); starven, s/he starvt, s/he storv/störv, starven (ween)

kill - doodmaken (see maken)

live - leven, s/he leevt, s/he leev, leevt (hebben)

stay - blieven, s/he blifft, s/he bleev, bleven (ween)

change - ännern, s/he ännert, s/he änner, ännert (hebben)

help - hülpen, s/he hülpt, s/he holp/hölp, holpen (hebben)

send - (to)stüren, s/he stüürt to, s/he stüür (to), tosüürt (hebben)

study (to learn) - leren, s/he leert, s/he leer, leert (hebben)

study (at a university) - studeren, s/he studeert, s/he studeer, studeert (hebben)

improve - verbetern, s/he verbetert, s/he verbeter, verbetert (hebben)

hope - hapen, s/he haapt, s/he haap/hööp, haapt (hebben)

care - sik plegen, s/he pleegt sik, s/he pleeg sik, sik pleegt (hebben)

Phrases

hello - Moin, Moin Moin

goodbye - Adjüüs

thank you - Velen Dank, Dank di, Dank ook, Bedankt

you’re welcome - Daar nich för

excuse me (to get someone’s attention) - Deit mi leed, …

sorry - Deit mi leed.

it’s fine (response to an apology) - (Dat) maakt nix.

please - Ik beed di, (Büdde)

yes - Jo

no - Nee

okay - Okay, Allens klaar

My name is - Mien Naam is …, Ik heet …

What’s your name? - Wat is dien Naam? Wat heetst du?

Nice to meet you. - Schöön, di kennen to leren.

How are you? - Wo geit di dat?

I’m doing well, how about you? - Mi geit dat good, un di?

Sorry? / What? (if you didn’t hear something) - Hä? Wat? Deit mi leed, wat?

How do you say ______? - Wo(ans) seggst du _______?

What does ______ mean? - Wat heet/bedüüdt _________ ?

I don’t understand. - Ik versta dat nich.

Could you repeat that? - Kannst du dat nochmaal seggen?

Could you speak more slowly, please? - Kannst du büdde langsamer snacken?

Well (as in “well, I think…”) - Na, also, nau, naja, nu, tja

Really? - Echt?

I guess that - Ik dink, dat …

It’s hot. (talking about the weather) - Dat is hitt.

It’s cold. (talking about the weather) - Dat is koold.

[cookiesandlanguages]

Vocabulary: Food and Drink (먹을 것과 마실 것)

안녕! Hi! In this vocab list, We’re going to learn how to say different types of foods and drinks in Korean! This is just a short list, but hopefully you can learn some new vocab! Let’s begin!

Fruit (과일)

Apple = 사과 🍎

Banana = 바나나 🍌

Blackberry = 블랙베리

Blueberry = 블루베리

Cherry = 체리 🍒

Grape = 포도 🍇

Kiwi = 키위 🥝

Lemon = 레몬 🍋

Lime = 라임

Mango = 망고 🥭

Orange = 오렌지 

Peach =  복숭아 🍑

Pear = 배 🍐

Pineapple =  파인애플 🍍

Raspberry =  산딸기

Strawberry = 딸기 🍓

Tangerine = 탄제린 / 귤 🍊

Tomato = 토마토 🍅

Watermelon = 수박 🍉

Vegetables (채소)

Asparagus = 아스파라거스

Avocado = 아보카도 🥑

Broccoli = 브로콜리 🥦

Cabbage = 양배추

Carrot =  당근 🥕

Celery =  셀러리  

Corn =  곡식 🌽

Cucumber = 오이 🥒

Eggplant = 가지 🍆

Garlic = 마늘

Kale =  케일

Lettuce = 상추

Onion = 양파

Peas =  완두콩

Pickle = 피클

Potato = 감자 🥔    

Sweet potato = 고구마 🍠

Pumpkin = 호박

Spinach = 시금치

Grains (곡물)

Bread = 빵 🍞

Rice = 쌀 🍚

Protein (단백질)

Beef = 소고기

Chicken = 닭고기

Egg = 계란 🥚

Fish = 생선

Pork =  돼지고기

Steak = 스테이크

Tofu = 두부

Turkey = 칠면조

Dairy (유제품)

Butter = 버터

Cheese = 치즈 🧀

Milk = 우유 🥛

Sweets (사탕)

Cake = 케이크

Cupcake = 컵케이크 🧁

Frosting =  프로스팅

Candy = 사탕 🍬

Chocolate = 초콜릿

Cookie = 쿠키 🍪

Ice cream = 아이스크림 🍦

Pastry = 페이스트리

Drinks (음료)

Coffee = 커피 ☕️

Juice = 주스

Tea = 차 🍵

Black tea = 홍차

Green tea = 녹차

Soda = 소다

Water = 물

That’s about it for this list! 제일 좋아하는 먹을 것과 마실 게  뭐예요? What’s are your favorite things to eat and drink? Type it in Korean in the comments! See you in the next lesson! 안녕!

[cookiesandlanguages]

B1/B2 is the worst level of language learning to be at bc when ur C1 and people ask you if you speak a language, ur like hell ya bitch i do, and when ur A1/A2 ur like umm not really, but when you’re B1/B2 it’s like??? do i speak that language???

[cookiesandlanguages]

How to tell apart theta θ and eth ð

It’s easy to find words that distinguish between other voiced/voiceless pairs in English - bus and buzz, fine and vine - but the two sounds represented by the “th” sequence in English are rarer and harder to learn, especially since English uses the same spelling for both of them.  

A lot of people give up and just use near-minimal pairs like “think” and “this”, or “theta” and “they”, but there are actually a few true minimal pairs that you can use: 

thigh  -  thy ether  -  either  thistle  - this’ll 

It’s worth noting that function words in English, like pronouns, prepositions, and determiners, tend to have ð, while content words, especially nouns, tend to have θ.

Theta θ and eth ð are also found in the following noun/verb minimal pairs, at least for many dialects:   

wreath  -  wreathe 

(I put a wreath on the door / I wreathe the door)

teeth  - teethe

(my teeth / the baby is teething) 

loath  -  loathe 

(I’m loath to do it / I loathe doing it) 

sheath  -  sheathe

(in a sheath / to sheathe one’s sword)

sooth  -  soothe 

(for sooth! / to soothe someone) 

Here the vowels differ, but the theta θ to eth ð, noun to verb relationship is preserved: 

cloth  -  clothe

(wear cloth / clothe oneself)

bath  -  bathe

(take a bath / bathe the baby)  

breath  -  breathe 

(take a breath / breathe deeply)

Make sure to try them at full volume, not whispering, because whispering involves turning off your vocal cords (which is why you can whisper when they’re inflamed with laryngitis). 

These sounds are called dental fricatives or interdental fricatives, because the sound is produced by a thin stream of air friction where the tongue is at (dental) or between (interdental) the teeth. In the International Phonetic Alphabet, the voiceless interdental fricative, theta, is written θ, and the voiced interdental fricative, eth, is written ð. 

As a bonus, here’s a minimal pair for ʒ and ð, thanks to recent developments in clothing technology: pleasure and pleather. 

[cookiesandlanguages]

625 Words in Czech

@czechnotebook asked me to do this list of 625 words. The list is not complete, I took some out (all the "directions" section, I didn't know how to translate them). It's not perfect, while making it I realised how some words are not that easily translatable and need more explanation then a simple word list. I tried to do the "easiest" or "simplest" translation. Sometimes I included some explanations, other times I just didn't have the energy. So the list isn't perfect, it may contain some mistakes or some Czechs could argue they'd translate it differently. Apologies for any mistakes, I just wanted to do something for a friend but thought maybe somebody else might find it useful. If you have any questions, don't hesitate to ask me.

The list:

Zvířata (animals) pes (m) - dog kočka (f) - cat ryba (f) - fish pták (m) - bird kráva (f) - cow prase (n) - pig myš (f) - mouse kůň (m) - horse křídlo (n) - wing zvíře (n) - animal

Doprava (transportation) vlak (m) - train letadlo (n) - plane auto (n) - car nákladní auto (n), colloq. náklaďák (m) - truck kolo (n) - bicycle autobus (m) - bus loď (f), člun (m) - boat loď (f) - ship pneumatika (f) - tire benzín (m) - gasoline motor (m) - engine jízdenka (f) - ticket (the thing you need to get on a bus) vozidlo (n), dopravní prostředek (m) - transportation, vehicle

Poloha (location) město (n) - city dům (m) - house byt (m) - apartment ulice (f) - street cesta (f), silnice (f) - road letiště (n) - airport vlakové nádraží (n), often used just nádraží - train station most (m) - bridge hotel (m) - hotel restaurace (f) - restaurant farma (f), statek (m) - farm soud (m) - court (of law) škola (f) - school kancelář (f) - office pokoj (m), místnost (f) - room město (n) - town, city univerzita (f) - university klub (m) - club bar (m) - bar park (m) - park tábor (m) (for kids), camp/kemp (m) (for camping) - camp obchod (m) - store/shop divadlo (n) - theater knihovna (f) - library nemocnice (f) - hospital kostel (m) - church trh (m) - market, země (f) - country; ground; soil; land budova (f) - building vesmír (m) - (outer) space banka (f) - bank

Oblečení (clothing) klobouk (m) (the fancy type, or a straw hat), čepice (f) (a warm winter hat) - hat šaty (pl) - dress oblek (m) - suit sukně (f) - skirt košile (f) - shirt tričko (n) - t-shirt kalhoty (pl) - pants boty (pl) - shoes kapsa (f) - pocket kabát (m) - coat skvrna (f) - stain oblečení (n) - clothes, clothing

Barvy (colours) (colours change endings when used as adjectives, here I'm using their "natural" noun form, feminine) červená - red zelená - green modrá - blue žlutá - yellow hnědá - brown růžová - pink oranžová - orange černá - black bílá - white šedá - gray tmavá - dark světlá - light barva (f) - colour

Lidé (people) matka (f) - mother otec (m) - father rodič (m) - parent mimino (n) (more negative), miminko (n) (more positive) - baby muž (m) - man žena (f) - woman bratr (m) - brother sestra (f) - sister rodina (pl) - family dědeček (m) - grandfather babička (f) - grandmother manžel (m), muž (m) - husband manželka (f), žena (f) - wife král (m) - king královna (f) - queen prezident (m), prezidentka (f) - president soused (m), sousedka (f) - neighbour chlapec (more formal), kluk (m) (less formal) - boy syn (m) - son dívka (more formal), holka (f) (less formal) - girl dcera (f) - daughter dítě (n) - child dospělý (m), dospělá (f) - adult člověk (m) - human přítel (m), přítelkyně (f) (more formal), kamarád (m), kamarádka (f) (less formal) - friend oběť (f) - victim hráč (m) - player fanoušek (m), fanynka (f) - fan dav (m) - crowd osoba (f), člověk (m) - person

Práce (job) (the first one is always masculine, the second one feminine) učitel, učitelka - teacher student, studentka - student právník, právnička - lawyer doktor, doktorka - doctor (you can also see lékař, that's usually in more formal contexts) pacient, pacientka - patient číšník, číšnice - waiter sekretář (not used very much)/asistent, sekretářka/asistentka - secretary kněz/pastor - priest policie (f) - police armáda (f) - army voják (m) - soldier umělec, umělkyně - artist spisovatel/autor, spisovatelka/autorka - author, writer manažer, manažerka - manager reportér, reportérka - reporter herec, herečka - actor práce (f), zaměstnání (n) - job, work

Společnost (society) víra (f), náboženství (n) - religion nebe (n) - heaven peklo (n) - hell smrt (f) - death lék (m) - medicine peníze (pl) - money koruna (f) - crown účet (m) - bill manželství (n) - marriage svatba (f) - wedding tým (m) - team rasa (f) - race (ethnicity) sex (m) - sex (the act) pohlaví (m)- sex (biological) vražda (f) - murder vězení (n) - prison technologie (f) - technology energie (f) - energy válka (f) - war mír (m) - peace útok (m) - attack volba (m), volby (pl) - election, elections časopis (m) - magazine noviny (pl) - newspaper jed (m) - poison zbraň (f) - gun závod (m) - race (sport) cvičení (n) - exercise míč (m) - ball hra (f), zápas (m) (a match) - game cena (f) - price smlouva (f) - contract věda (f) - science Bůh (m) - God

Umění (art) kapela (f) - band píseň (f) - song hudební nástroj (m) - instrument hudba (f), muzika (f) - music film (m) - movie umění (n) - art

Nápoje (beverages) káva (f) - coffee čaj (m) - tea víno (n) - wine pivo (n) - beer džus (n), šťáva (f) - juice voda (f) - water mléko (n) - milk

Jídlo (food) vejce (n) - egg sýr (m) - cheese chléb (m) - bread polévka (f) - soup dort (m) - cake kuřecí (n) - chicken (as in type of meat) vepřové (n) - pork hovězí (n) - beef jablko (n) - apple banán (m) - banana pomeranč (m) - orange citrón (m) - lemon kukuřice (f) - corn rýže (f) - rice olej (m) - oil semínko (n) - seed (as in flax seed, sunflower seed..) nůž (m) - knife lžíce (f) - spoon vidlička (f) - fork talíř (m) - plate hrnek (m), hrníček (m) - cup snídaně (f) - breakfast oběd (m) - lunch večeře (f) - dinner cukr (m) - sugar sůl (f) - salt láhev (f) - bottle jídlo (n) - food

Domov (home) stůl (m) - table židle (f) - chair postel (f) - bed sen (m) - dream okno (n) - window dveře (pl) - door ložnice (f) - bedroom (I feel like ložnice is for parents or couples, but when I lived alone or was younger, I'd call my bedroom "pokoj" (m). For very young children you could say "pokojíček" (m)) kuchyň (f) - kitchen koupelna (f) - bathroom záchod (m), toaleta (f) (very formal) - toilet tužka (f) - pencil pero (n) (fountain pen), propiska (f) (ballpoint pen) - pen fotografie (f), colloq. fotka (f) - photograph mýdlo (n) - soap kniha (f) - book strana (f), stránka (f) - page klíč (m) - key barva (f) - paint dopis (m) - letter vzkaz (m) - note (that you leave for someone) zeď (f) - wall papír (m) - paper podlaha (f) - floor strop (m) - ceiling střecha (f) - roof bazén (m) - pool zámek (m) - lock telefon (m) - telephone zahrada (f) - garden jehla (f) - needle taška (f) (shopping bag, cloth bag, also can be used for schoolbag), kabelka (f) (handbag), sáček (m) (plastic bag, paper bag) - bag (there are more words to get into but let's leave it like this) krabice (f) - box dar (m), dárek (m) - gift prsten (m) - ring nářadí (n) - tool

Elektronika (electronics) hodiny (pl) - clock lampa (f) - lamp větrák (m) - fan mobil (m), mobilní telefon (m, formal) - cell phone (but can be also called just telefon) síť (f) - network počítač (m) - computer program (m) - program notebook (m), laptop (m) - laptop obrazovka (f) - screen kamera (f) - camera televize (f) - TV rádio (n) - radio

Tělo (body) hlava (f) - head krk (n) - neck obličej (m) - face vousy (pl) - beard vlasy (pl) - hair oko (n) - eye ústa (n, formal), pusa (f) - mouth ret (m) - lip nos (n) - nose zub (m) - tooth ucho (n) - ear slza (f) - tear jazyk (m) - tongue záda (pl) - back prst (na noze) (m) - toe prst (na ruce) (m) - finger chodidlo (n), noha (f) - foot ruka (f) - hand noha (f) - leg paže (f), ruka (f) - arm rameno (n) - shoulder srdce (n) - heart krev (f) - blood mozek (m) - brain koleno (n) - knee pot (m) - sweat nemoc (f) - disease kost (f) - bone hlas (m) - voice kůže (f) - skin tělo (n) - body

Příroda (nature) moře (n) - sea oceán (m) - ocean řeka (f) - river hora (f) - mountain déšť (m) - rain sníh (m) - snow strom (m) - tree slunce (n) - sun měsíc (m) - moon svět (m) - world Země (f) - Earth les (m) - forest nebe (n), obloha (f) - sky rostlina (f) - plant vítr (m) - wind květina (f) - flower údolí (n) - valley kořen (m) - root jezero (n) - lake hvězda (f) - star tráva (f) - grass list (m) - leaf vzduch (m) - air písek (m) - sand pláž (f) - beach vlna (f) - wave oheň (m) - fire led (m) - ice ostrov (m) - island kopec (m) - hill teplo (n) (not so strong), horko (n) (stronger) - heat příroda (f) - nature

Materiály (materials) sklo (n) - glass kov (m) - metal plast (m) - plastic dřevo (n) - wood kámen (m) - stone diamant (m) - diamond hlína (f) - clay prach (m) - dust zlato (n) - gold měď (f) - copper stříbro (n) - silver materiál (m) - material

Matematika/míry (math/measurements) metr (m) - meter centimetr (m) - centimeter kilogram (m) (often used only kilo (n)) - kilogram palec (m) - inch stopa (f) - foot libra (f) - pound polovina (f), půl (f) - half kruh (m) - circle čtverec (m) - square teplota (f) - temperature datum (n) - date váha (f) - weight hrana (f), okraj (m) - edge roh (m) - corner

Různá podstatná jména (misc nouns) mapa (f) - map tečka (f), bod (m) - dot souhláska (f) - consonant samohláska (f) - vowel světlo (n) - light zvuk (m) - sound ano (formal), jo (informal) - yes ne - no kus (m), část (f) - piece bolest (f) - pain zranění (n) - injury díra (f) - hole obraz (m) - image vzor (m) - pattern podstatné jméno (n) - noun sloveso (n) - verb přídavné jméno (n) - adjective

Roční období (seasons) léto (n) - summer jaro (n) - spring zima (f) - winter podzim (m) - autumn roční období (n, same in pl) - season

Čísla (numbers) nula - 0 jedna - 1 dva - 2 tři - 3 čtyři - 4 pět - 5 šest - 6 sedm - 7 osm - 8 devět - 9 deset - 10 jedenáct - 11 dvanáct - 12 třináct - 13 čtrnáct - 14 patnáct - 15 šestnáct - 16 sedmnáct - 17 osmnáct - 18 devatenáct - 19 dvacet - 20 dvacet jedna - 21 dvacet dva - 22 třicet - 30 čtyřicet - 40 padesát - 50 šedesát - 60 sedmdesát - 70 osmdesát - 80 devadesát - 90 sto - 100 tisíc - 1 000 deset tisíc - 10 000 sto tisíc - 100 000 milion - 1 000 000 miliarda - 1 000 000 000 (eng. billion) bilion - 1 000 000 000 000 (eng. trillion) první - 1st druhý - 2nd třetí - 3rd čtvrtý - 4th pátý - 5th číslo (n) - number

Měsíce (months) (all masculine except for September) leden - January únor - February březen - March duben - April květen - May červen - June červenec - July srpen - August září (n) - September říjen - October listopad - November prosinec - December

Dny v týdnu (days of the week) pondělí (n) - Monday úterý (n) - Tuesday středa (f) - Wednesday čtvrtek (m) - Thursday pátek (m) - Friday sobota (f) - Saturday neděle (f) - Sunday

Čas (time) rok (m) - year měsíc (m) - month týden (m) - week den (m) - day hodina (f) - hour minuta (f) - minute sekunda (f) - second ráno (n) (6-10), dopoledne (n) (10-12) - morning odpoledne (n) - afternoon večer (m) - evening noc (f) - night čas (m) - time

Slovesa (verbs) pracovat - work hrát - to play (a game, sport) jít, chodit - to walk běžet, utíkat - to run řídit - to drive letět - to fly plavat - to swim jít - to go zastavit, přestat - to stop (ná)sledovat - to follow myslet - to think mluvit - to speak říci - to say jíst - to eat pít - to drink zabít - to kill zemřit, umřít - to die usmát se - to smile smát se - to laugh plakat, brečet - to cry koupit - to buy platit - to pay prodat - to sell střelit - to shoot učit se - to learn skočit - to jump cítit - to smell (something) slyšet - to hear poslouchat - to listen chutnat - to taste dotknout se - to touch vidět - to see dívat se, sledovat - to watch políbit - to kiss pálit - to burn tát, rozpustit - to melt kopat, hrabat - to dig vybouchnout - to explode sedět - to sit stát - to stand milovat - to love jít/jet kolem, minout - to pass by řezat, krájet - to cut bojovat - to fight lehnout si - to lie (down) tančit - to dance spát - to sleep probudit se - to wake up zpívat - to sing počítat - to count vdát se (for women), oženit se (for men), vzít si (for both) - to marry modlit se - to pray vyhrát - to win prohrát - to lose míchat - to mix ohnout - to bend umýt - to wash vařit - to cook otevřít - to open zavřít - to close psát - to write volat - to call otočit, obrátit - to turn postavit - to build učit - to teach růst - to grow kreslit - to draw krmit - to feed chytit - to catch hodit - to throw uklidit - to clean najít - to find padat - to fall tlačit - to push táhnout - to pull nést - to carry rozbít, zlomit - to break nosit - to wear viset (what the thing is doing), pověsit (what a person does) - to hang třást - to shake zpívat - to sign bít, tlouci (more formal), mlátit (less formal) - to beat zvednout - to lift

Přídavná jména (adjectives) (change depending on the gender of the noun, here all in their "neutral" masculine form) dlouhý - long krátký - short (vs long) vysoký - tall nízký - short (vs tall) široký - wide úzký - narrow velký - big, large malý - small pomalý - slow rychlý - fast horký - hot studený - cold teplý - warm chladný - cool nový - new starý - old mladý - young dobrý - good špatný - bad mokrý - wet suchý - dry nemocný - sick zdravý - healthy hlasitý - loud tichý - quiet šťastný - happy smutný - sad krásný - beautiful škaredý - ugly hluchý - deaf slepý - blind hodný - nice (opposed to mean) zlý - mean bohatý - rich chudý - poor tlustý, silný - thick tenký, úzký - thin drahý - expensive levný - cheap plochý - flat zakřivený, zahnutý - curved mužský - male ženský - female těsný - tight volný - loose vysoký - high nízký - low měkký - soft tvrdý - hard hluboký - deep mělký - shallow (physically, if talking about a character trait it's povrchní) čistý - clean špinavý - dirty silný - strong slabý - weak mrtvý - dead živý - alive těžký - heavy lehký - light tmavý - dark světlý - light nukleární - nuclear slavný - famous

Osobní zájména (personal pronouns) já - I ty - you on - he ona - she ono - it my - we vy - you plural oni - they (masculine) ony - they (feminine) ona - they (neuter)

[cookiesandlanguages]

Found a new language practice app!

Polygloss has you describe an image in your target language so another player can guess it. It encourages creative answers. The game works for people of all levels — you can describe simple pictures or try your hand at wordplay.

It has plenty of options and will let you add any language you’d like — tho it’ll probably be more difficult to find people to play with.

[cookiesandlanguages]

Syntax Wars — The saga continues …

[cookiesandlanguages]

In my L1-acquisition class two weeks ago, our professor talked about how only 9% of the speech a baby hears is single words. Everything else is phrases and sentences, onslaughts of words and meaning!

Thus, a baby not only has to learn words and their meanings but also learn to segment lots of sounds INTO words. Doyouwantalittlemoresoupyesyoudoyoucutie. Damn.

When she talked about HOW babies learn to segment words our professor said, and I love it, "babies are little statisticians" because when listening to all the sounds, they start understanding what sound is likely to come after another vs which is not.

After discussing lots of experiments done with babies, our professor added something that I already knew somewhere in my brain but didn't know I know: All this knowledge is helpful when learning an L2 as well:

Listen to natives speaking their language. Original speed. Whatever speaker. Whatever topic.

It is NOT about understanding meaning. It is about learning the rhythm of the language, getting a feeling for its sound, the combination of sounds, the melody and the pronunciation.

Just how babies have to learn to identify single words within waves of sounds, so do adults learning a language. It will help immensely with later (more intentional) listening because you're already used to the sound, can already get into the groove of the languge.

Be as brave as a baby.

You don't even have to pay special attention. Just bathe in the sound of your target language. You'll soak it up without even noticing.

[cookiesandlanguages]

Duolingo Sucks, Now What?: A Guide

Now that the quality of Duolingo has fallen (even more) due to AI and people are more willing to make the jump here are just some alternative apps and what languages they have:

"I just want an identical experience to DL"

Busuu (Languages: Spanish, Japanese, French, English, German, Dutch, Italian, Portuguese, Chinese, Polish, Turkish, Russian, Arabic, Korean)

"I want a good audio-based app"

Language Transfer (Languages: French, Swahili, Italian, Greek, German, Turkish, Arabic, Spanish, English for Spanish Speakers)

"I want a good audio-based app and money's no object"

Pimsleur (Literally so many languages)

Glossika (Also a lot of languages, but minority languages are free)

*anecdote: I borrowed my brother's Japanese Pimsleur CD as a kid and I still remember how to say the weather is nice over a decade later. You can find the CDs at libraries and "other" places I'm sure.

"I have a pretty neat library card"

Mango (Languages: So many and the endangered/Indigenous courses are free even if you don't have a library that has a partnership with Mango)

Transparent Language: (Languages: THE MOST! Also the one that has the widest variety of African languages! Perhaps the most diverse in ESL and learning a foreign language not in English)

"I want SRS flashcards and have an android"

AnkiDroid: (Theoretically all languages, pre-made decks can be found easily)

"I want SRS flashcards and I have an iphone"

AnkiApp: It's almost as good as AnkiDroid and free compared to the official Anki app for iphone

"I don't mind ads and just want to learn Korean"

lingory

"I want an app made for Mandarin that's BETTER than DL and has multiple languages to learn Mandarin in"

ChineseSkill (You can use their older version of the course for free)

"I don't like any of these apps you mentioned already, give me one more"

Bunpo: (Languages: Japanese, Spanish, French, German, Korean, and Mandarin)

[cookiesandlanguages]

my friend and i were going to study a language together and wound up having to cancel our plans due to scheduling pressures, but! through research we came across a really cool resource for reading in a TON of languages: bloom library!

as you can see, it has a lot of books for languages that are usually a bit harder to find materials for—we were going to use it for kyrgyz, for example, which has over 1000 books, which was really hard to find textbook materials for otherwise. as you can see it also has books with audio options, which would be really useful for pronunciation checking. as far as i can tell, everything on the site is free as well.

[cookiesandlanguages]

pros of learning czech

you get to learn so many words and the cute versions of those words.

czech is a slavic language so as you learn czech you will start understanding other slavic languages as well, especially slovak and polish since they are the closest to czech

czechs know how hard their own language is so they wont judge you for messing up, they are often very kind and willing to help as well

hatletters everywhere, especially in diminutive (cute/small) words.

when you learn a language, any language you will also learn history and traditions and be more educated

czech movies and books have so much love in them

[cookiesandlanguages]

A short list of bands that sing in rare, extinct or indigenous languages

Old Church Slavonic: Батюшка (Batushka)

Old Saxon: Menhir

Gaulish: Eluveitie

Old Norse: Skáld

Te Reo Māori: Alien Weaponry

Samoan: Shepherds Reign

Khakas and Chulyms: Otyken