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ENVR 2000: Blog 2

Part 1. Question

Describe 3 challenges and 3 opportunities that you see in the Slow Movement. Do you want to slow some aspect(s) of your life? If so, what concrete steps can you take to achieve this?

           Some challenges that I see in the Slow Movement are adapting to a different lifestyle, relating to others and independency. Adapting a new lifestyle is, without a doubt, an extremely difficult thing to do. In Carl Honoré’s podcast episode “Welcome to New Slow City”, guest William Powers talks about his new lifestyle changes from a fast-paced life to a gradual minimalistic approach to doing things. He mentions how moving into a small apartment was difficult to get used to, especially since he kept bumping into his wife in the kitchen! Most people wouldn’t even dream of downsizing, let alone completely changing one’s lifestyle. Another challenge would be relating to others. In our society's efficient fast-paced culture, I think it would be difficult to keep up with other people when taking part in the Slow Movement. Everybody else would be moving on to  different phases in their lives and it would be hard to keep up with others. With that being said, it would also be lonely as you would be the only one taking things slow and no one would understand what you are going through. Another challenge would be finding independency. For many, days are just routines, being driven by the same things every single day. When left to take things slow, a sense of feeling lost and not knowing what to do could occur. For example, during my first few months of university I found it hard to be independent because I was used to being told what to do in high school. I was doing things because I was being constantly told to do them. Now, I have more time to myself and I have to find my own motivation to do things. Like William Powers said, at first it is lonely and you have a lot of time to yourself.

        On the other hand, 3 opportunities in the Slow Movement would be appreciating your environment, learning about yourself and finding your own pace in life. With having more time to reflect on things, appreciating the environment as well as the people around you is beneficial to your health and overall happiness. Appreciation helps develop strong relationships with others and nature, ultimately leading to a more fulfilling life (at least in my opinion!). Learning about yourself and the things you are capable of is also a great result from partaking in the Slow Movement. Although isolation and loneliness is hard, it does give you the time to concentrate on yourself. In modern society, it is easy to neglect yourself in pursuit of completing daily routines. With the time to reflect, you could learn more qualities about yourself, which could lead to being a better version of yourself. Finally, finding your own pace in life is a very important opportunity the Slow Movement grants you. The majority of people do not have the luxury of being able to do things their way. This often leads to anxiety and feeling like a failure. However, if people could just slow down and do things the way they want to, the feeling of pressure would go away. 

     For me personally, I want to slow down as well, but like I said before, it’s not possible for me. In my parent’s culture, education is very important, therefore finishing school is a top priority. However, I would like some time for myself to travel and eat exotic food! Although I can’t change that aspect in my life, I could follow the steps of William Powers and take less shifts at work to just relax. All in all, I could try the Slow Movement, but I’m not sure if I could do it (at least not now!).

Part 2. Action

a. Jack Frost Challenge

What activity did you participate in?

           For the Jack Frost challenge, I volunteered at the Festival du voyageur. Along with my friend, we were in charge of supervising games such as large-sized Jenga Beer pong (except there was no alcohol in the big buckets!). After our shift, we visited a couple of tents to listen to music. Unfortunately, my phone died early in the evening so I was only able to take one goofy photo of my friend:

Overall, it was a fun night! 

          2.     What effect did participating in the activity have on you?

                  Participating in the activity had positive effects on me. After spending hours outside, I gained deep respect for the voyageurs who spent the majority of their lives outdoors. I started to appreciate their French-Canadian culture more and more as the night went on. Despite the cold weather, I found it to be tolerable as there were warming stations that resembled bonfires around the park.

        3.    What would have made the experience better?            

               Personally, I think the experience was wonderful. If there was one thing I had to change it would be the duration of the experience. I wish we stayed longer to visit more tents, but other than that I'd say it was a good time.

         4.    What other outdoor winter activities would you be interested in                                                                          participating in?

                Other outdoor winter activities I would be interesting in participating in would be skating on the Red River Trail. I love skating but due to my schedule I find it difficult to squeeze time for a couple of hours on ice. Another activity I would participate in is skiing downhill. I have been skiing before in Aesessippi, and I loved it!

b. Investigate the chemicals in your personal care products

    I arranged my table by having 4 columns: “Product” contains the names of the care products I use, “concerns” includes ingredients in the product that are considered hazardous with scores of 7 or higher, “cancer” shows the level of carcinogenic effects and finally the “overall score”, which indicates its level of danger or hazard as a whole product.

     I was shocked to learn about the dangerous health hazards found in the products I use, especially the ones causing cancer. It puts into perspective how we as consumers just buy things off the shelf without understand the dangers. 

c. Purchases for one week

    Grading criteria for purchases:

Good: local, small business, sustainable, reasonably priced, healthy

Bad: foreign, corporate, produces a lot of waste, unreasonably priced, unhealthy

Ugly: Not completely good, yet not bad either (contains some characteristics from both bad and good)

     For my analysis of purchases for one week, during this particular week (March 5-11) I ended up buying only one thing! I regularly bring lunches from home to school and I still live with my parents, hence the lack of purchases. I do not really need to spend unless I go out with my friends, but in this case I stayed at home for the most part.

      So for my only purchase of the week, I bought a sub from Subway. I classified it as “bad” as it fit most of the characteristics of a “bad purchase”. Subway is an American corporate company. As listed in the criteria for bad, it is foreign and a small business. Additionally, it produces quite a bit of waste, with the wrapper, tissues and plastic bag. Despite this purchase being in the “bad” category, it does have a few good aspects. In terms of sustainability, according to Subway’s website, their social responsibility includes sustainable sourcing. It says, “...we not only help reduce energy, water usage and waste but we’re taking care of the environment too.” Sustainability fits in with the “good” criteria. Furthermore, I believe that it is somewhat reasonably priced for its value, as well as it being “healthy”. 

     I think I am in a good spot for now in terms of purchases. The only thing I would like to change would be impulse buying food when I could have just brought a lunch. However, I do try my best to not buy food unless I have to!

d. Investigate the options and end fate of your household’s e-waste

    In regards to the e-waste in my household, instead of throwing electronics away, I’ll try to sell them. By doing so, I would be giving something I do not need anymore to someone who does. Often times, it is easy to sell products     online so I don't think e-waste would be an issue. Generally speaking, in my household we don't quickly throw electronics away because we tend to use them for a long time. However, if I can't sell my electronics, I would dispose of them at the Brady Landfill located on Pembina Highway. This option is not ideal for me (assuming I still live in my house by the time I need to throw away my electronic device), as the Brady Landfill is far from my area.

    Concerning future purchases, I am happy to say that I rarely purchase any electronics to begin with so I will continue to only purchase things if I need to. For example, if my laptop is broken beyond repair, that will be the only time I will buy a new laptop. If that is not an option, I will try to buy a second hand laptop. Not only will it be cost less, but I would be able to stop it from going to the landfill!

Part 3. In-Class Blog Questions

Zoos

     a.  What role, if any, should zoos play in conservation/education?

          Personally, I think zoos should play a role in both conservation and education, as they are capable of contributing to both. Zoos already contribute to conservation in terms of rescuing orphaned or injured animals and providing them with food, shelter and the proper medical attention. Conservation is no easy task but zoos have been able to take care of at-risk animals (for the most part). Evidently, zoos are not perfect and they can endanger animals with harmful practices, but if they employed proper research into the zoo animals and facilities, I believe that zoos could be very beneficial for everyone.

          Education-wise, zoos could host events showcasing each animal in the zoo or have more programs that teach people about the animals. By doing so, zoos could eliminate certain stigmas associated with an animal. Additionally, I think more interactive educational programs like tours are far more engaging than just reading off a sign describing the animal. All in all, I think zoos definitely have the potential to help with conservation and education.

      b. Is it ethical to keep animals in zoos? If so, what type/size of animal or zoos?

          I don't think it is ethical to keep animals in zoos, with the exception of orphaned or critically injured animals. I think animals should be able to live in their natural habitats and not be taken by humans to be used for what is essentially entertainment. Zoos do provide educational and conservational features, but it should not have to come at the cost of forcefully taking animals from their home. However, I do believe that if the animal was orphaned, abandoned or critically injured, zoos could help in those aspects. On the other hand, I think zoos could treat animals more ethically if there were little to no enclosures for the animals, and they are able to have more freedom. For example, the Lehe Ledu Wildlife Zoo in Chongqing City in China  lets the animals (in this case lions) roam-free and people are driven through zoo in cages.

 (”People pay to be locked in cages, stalked by lions”, photo taken from https://nypost.com/2015/01/05/people-pay-to-be-locked-in-cages-stalked-by-lions/)

        Although this is more extreme, it is better for the animals as they are still in their natural habitat. With that being said, I think an ethical zoo should provide the animal with the correct care (the space they need, the food they require, etc.). However, this is unrealistic for some zoos as it would be extremely expensive to fulfill these requirements with little financial means.

    c. Do you enjoy visiting zoos?

        I really enjoy visiting zoos, but I know it is wrong to get amusement from seeing the animals that may be stressed in the limited space they have in their enclosures. I feel conflicted because on one hand I love seeing the animals and observing how they interact with their environment but on the other I believe they should be in their own natural habitat. I want to say I fully enjoy visiting the zoo, but the truth always sits at the back of my mind.

Food System

    a. What do you like about it?        

        One aspect I like about my food system is the accessibility of products. It is fairly easy for me to pick up whatever I need from one of the numerous grocery stores near my house. By having readily available products nearby, I find that it eliminates the amount of time spent deciding on what to have for dinner and if the store has the foreign ingredients required.

        Finding specific ingredients for dishes in my household is often a challenge as they are considered as "ethnic cuisine". Our meals are typical dishes derived from my parents' country. The recipes usually include vegetables foreign to Canada so being able to access them at a grocery store like Young's Market allows my family to keep our cultural ties strong. In other words, familiarity.

    b. What do you dislike about it?

        The main thing I dislike about my food system is the environmental impacts it has. Most accessible food products are imported from different places. The transportation process is detrimental as more greenhouse gases are being emitted from the big semi-trucks, airplanes, trains and other vehicles used to get the products to a grocery store. However, imported goods are better suited for my family, in terms of convenience and affordability. As much as I'd like to support local homegrown foods, it is difficult to do so in my area (the north-end) as there are no farmer's markets nearby and often times, local food is also more expensive.

       Another issue in my food system is the extreme amount of waste created. Imported goods are usually packaged with materials that are unrecyclable, and must be thrown into the garbage. My family tries to recycle whenever we can, but our bad waste disposal habits outweigh the good waste disposal habits. We have also looked into composting some of our food waste, but there are no composting services nearby so this proves to be difficult for my family and I.

Oceans

     a. What are your primary concerns about the oceans?

         One of my primary concerns about the oceans is the amount of garbage being discarded in them. The pollution found in oceans is a pressing problem as it affects many things. The most heavily affected are aquatic animals. Organisms from fishes to birds ingest great amounts of garbage, often mistaking them for food.

(”Have Some Fish With Your Plastic”, photo taken from https://www.huffingtonpost.com/dr-reese-halter/have-some-fish-with-your_b_5597726.html)

      According to EcoWatch, "44 percent of all seabird species, 22 percent of cetaceans, all sea turtle species and a growing list of fish species have been documented with plastic in or around their bodies.". This poses a big threat to biodiversity and the environment, as with the loss of certain keystone species due to dying from toxins in plastics, food webs would collapse.  Additionally, from an anthropocentric view, this harms humans as well as we eat animals from the ocean. Based on Biomagnification and bioaccumulation, we are most at risk as we amongst  one of the predators at high trophic levels. The toxicity from the fish we ingested causes a lot of harm and affects in the long run. 

(”The Ultimate Great Pacific Garbage Patch Quiz”, photo taken from http://quizzes.howstuffworks.com/quiz/great-pacific-garbage-patch-quiz)

Another concern is simply the sight of garbage floating around. I honestly find it difficult to look at as it destroys the beautiful imagery of nature.

      b. What, if anything, do you plan to do about it?

          To  help with my concerns about the ocean, one thing I could do is reduce my usage of plastic. Plastic accounts for 90% of all trash found in the ocean (EcoWatch, 2014). With that being said, by reusing more plastic products and using items like mason jars for storage, I could reduce my own wastes that would usually go in the ocean. However, I could take this a step further and encourage the people around me to be more conscious of their  plastic disposal. Even if I'm able to reduce plastic waste in my household, it does make a difference, regardless of how small it is!

Bibliography:

Perez, Chris. “People Pay to Be Locked in Cages, Stalked by Lions.” New York Post, New York Post, 5 Jan. 2015, nypost.com/2015/01/05/people-pay-to-be-locked-in-cages-stalked-by-lions/.

“22 Facts About Plastic Pollution (And 10 Things We Can Do About It).” EcoWatch, 22 Mar. 2018, www.ecowatch.com/22-facts-about-plastic-pollution-and-10-things-we-can-do-about-it-1881885971.html.

Halter, Dr. Reese. “Have Some Fish With Your Plastic.” The Huffington Post, TheHuffingtonPost.com, 7 Dec. 2017, www.huffingtonpost.com/dr-reese-halter/have-some-fish-with-your_b_5597726.html.

“The Ultimate Great Pacific Garbage Patch Quiz.” Right Now in Quizzes, 3 Dec. 2015, quizzes.howstuffworks.com/quiz/great-pacific-garbage-patch-quiz.

“Social Responsibility.” Social Responsibility | SUBWAY.com - Canada (English), www.subway.com/en-ca/aboutus/socialresponsibility.

“Welcome to New Slow City”, Carl Honorê, Carl Honoré, http://www.carlhonore.com/unlock-slow/podcasts/

[corsigae]

ENVR 2000: Blog 1

Part 1. Question:

How does Truth and Reconciliation in Canada relate to the UN’s Sustainable Development Goals?

    The Truth and Reconciliation Commission in Canada relates to the UN's Sustainable Development Goals by reinforcing the objectives set by the UN. The two are interconnected in terms of mutual goals for reconciliation. According to the Truth and Reconciliation Commission (TRC), reconciliation is defined as an "… ongoing process of establishing and maintaining respectful relationships".The TRC deals with the unjust treatment of Aboriginal residential school Survivors, who were subject to harsh upbringings in the institutes. The TRC preface states,

"... these residential schools were created for the purpose of separating Aboriginal children from their families, in order to minimize and weaken family ties and cultural linkages, and to indoctrinate children into a new culture- the culture of the legally dominant Euro-Christian society…."

   A collection of accounts from 6,000 witnesses, the TRC report serves not only to heal and honour the Survivors who struggled with the burden of their experiences, but also to help them reconcile with Canada. Similarly, the UN's goals also call for reconciliation, except the relationship being between humans and sustainability. The UN's goals include safety, peace and liberty, all goals sought by the TRC. The UN states, "We envisage a world free of poverty, hunger, disease and want, where all life can thrive. We envisage a world free of fear and violence". The UN also includes the acceptance of all cultures, with no concepts of hierarchy or superiority envisioned, which was the problem of residential schools as the Aboriginal culture was thought to be lesser than that of European culture (5).

    In my 10th grade English class, we learned about residential schools and its affect on Aboriginal children. We watched a movie called "We Were Children".

(We Were Children (2012), photo taken from IMDb.com, Inc.)

     It was one of the most heart-breaking movies I have ever watched; it was gruelling and raw. I learned about residential schools before but I didn't realize how horrifying they really were. The Survivors in the film, Lyna and Glen, talk about their experiences in them and how young they were when they were ripped away from their families. It made me angry that the people who did these atrocious things to them could just get away, but at the end of the day, they Survivors just wanted to heal. The TRC says, "But, shaming and pointing out wrongdoing were not the purpose of the Commission's mandate. Ultimately, the Commission's focus on truth determination was intended to lay the foundation for the important question of reconciliation"(VI). In my opinion, that is also the UN's conclusive goal. It's not about who is emitting the most carbon or who's chopping down all the trees. It's about working together to make sustainable decisions for a healthy world.

Part 2. Question

1. How did the information presented in the talks above affect how think about nature?

   The information presented in the talks tremendously affected how I think about nature by showing me a different perspective. In Suzanne Simard's "How Trees Talk to Each Other", I was taken aback when Simard explained the intricate underground system of mycorrhizal networks. I've always had an idea that trees and everything in the forests were connected, but I didn't know how.  It really made me reflect on how we've been treating trees as individual organisms. In clear-cutting, slash and burn and other deforestation methods, most people would think that cutting trees individually causes no harm to other organisms and only affects that one tree. With the knowledge of hub trees or "mother trees" in mind, cutting them causes a disturbance to all of the pathways it is connected to and is harmful to other organisms. Additionally, Simard's remark in the video that "In the past decade, Canada has had the highest rate of forest disturbance of any country worldwide". Like she said, I thought it would be Brazil!

   I also thought about the application of harmful chemicals on trees. If the Douglas trees were able to send carbon to Birch, would it be possible for hazardous chemicals to be transmitted? Since I'm no scientist (sadly) and I lack decent research skills, I wasn't able to find an answer, as most articles talked about harmful chemicals that affect humans rather than the connection of trees. I then realized that most people probably don't even know about the fungal roots and hub trees, I certainly did not. This thought blew my mind as it raises another issue: we are not aware of the full extent of what we're doing to the environment.

    Munir Virani's "Why I Love Vultures" was a delight to watch. Prior to the TEDTalk, the only time vultures were significant to me was when I watched Ice Age: The Meltdown and there were characters that were vultures. The portrayal of vultures in the movie was standard: ugly evil birds creatures who only want to devour things.

(Ice Age: The Meltdown (2006), photo taken from ice-age-continues.blogspot.ca)

This set a negative image in my head as a child and from then on I only associated vultures with "bad stuff". After watching "Why I Love Vultures" I definitely see them in a more positive light. One point Virani made that stuck with me was the possibility of rabies going around due to the feral dogs eating what the vultures could not. Although it is more of an anthropocentric issue, it is a problem that could affect other animals and cause a major outbreak. Another point I found interesting was the wind power and the slicing of birds. I fully support wind power but the harm it fatally inflicts upon the vultures is a big problem. Perhaps less turbines and more solar panels for solar energy? Either way it feels like we took one step forward then two steps back.

    All in all, the information presented in the videos changed the way I look at nature. They showed me how there isn’t just one way of looking at things.a It's not just one tree, it's the forest. It's not just a bird, it's cleaning the environment. Everything is connected. 

2. What aspects of nature and biodiversity do you feel are most important to protect? How can you take action to protect this aspect?

   One of the aspects of nature and biodiversity that I feel are most important to protect are the keystone species. Like the hub trees aforementioned, keystone species act as the foundation of their respective ecosystems. One example of a keystone species that we learned about in ENVR 1000 were the wolves of Yellowstone National Park. Initially thought of as dangers to other animals, wolves were essentially killed off (a huge mistake!). Soon, the park drastically changed. What was an area that was rich and full of biodiversity slowly turned into a wasteland. After their reintroduction, soon the park was restored to its former glory. We watched video explaining the different organisms that were affected by the wolves called "How Wolves Change Rivers" by Sustainable Human on YouTube. It was fascinating to see all the contributions just one species could offer to the entirety of the environment.

How Wolves Change Rivers

   To protect this aspect, I could help raise more awareness on the importance of keystone species. Ignorance on the importance of wolves in Yellowstone lead to the destruction of the park. By speaking up and informing others of their significance in the environment, there is a chance we could prevent that situation from happening again. Another thing I could do to protect this aspect is educating myself about which organisms are keystone species. One would think that keystone species are only animals that manage the food web, but they're also trees and plants. There could have been a possibility that I was contributing to their extinction without even realizing it. Knowledge is a fundamental tool in helping to conserve these regulators.

   Keystone species are just one of the aspects that I feel are important to protect. In my opinion, I think it's difficult to pinpoint which elements of nature and biodiversity we should protect because once again, everything is connected. Protecting one factor would undoubtedly affect another thing, either positively or negatively. In other words, I think every aspect (minus the ones that cause harm to the overall quality of nature) should be protected!

Part 3. Question

1. Describe where and when you spent your time in nature.

   For my 1 hour in nature, I decided to take a walk around my neighbourhood on a beautiful Sunday afternoon. Unfortunately, my family does not really indulge in nature nor in anything out-doors related so this was challenging for me! The closest thing I could get to nature was going outside and exploring my area, which wasn't bad at all. I also took a few photos for a better idea of what I saw. Generally, my neighbourhood looks like this for the most part:

With a few small "parks" in between!

My area is not too bad, there is a good balance between buildings and nature. It is a family friendly neighbourhood and there are many playgrounds to encourage people to go outside! I decided to go in the afternoon just because it seemed to be nice outside at the time (I was right)

2. What did you experience in your time in nature? What did you see, hear, smell, feel? What effect did this time in nature have on you?

   Overall, I experienced a feeling of  during my time in nature. The air outside was crisp and each breath I took felt refreshing. When I walk around my neighbourhood, I rarely pay attention to the scenery. I mainly just focus on where I am going with my earphones plugged in.

   Walking in silence definitely helped me notice things I would usually overlook. The first thing I noticed was how quiet it was. Other than the harsh crunch of snow beneath my feet, the neighbourhood was silent. It was strange to me because it is usually lively, with cars passing by, children chasing each other and dogs dragging their owners around. Then again, it was a Sunday afternoon! I looked up at one of the trees in front of me to see if any birds came back yet, but to no avail.

   I already knew there weren't going to be any birds, but I still looked up anyway and I don't regret doing so. The realization of how similar the tree was to nerves in a human body astounded me. It was like the leaves were its clothes and when you take them off, nothing but a naked body is left. It was a reminder that trees are living things too. Looking back now, I was only able to sympathize with the tree by associating human attributes with it, which shows how anthropocentric that mindset is. However I'm trying my best to be have an ecocentric viewpoint!

Moving past the tree, Since I was already familiar with the houses and buildings around, I decided to look down for once. The difference between the two somewhat bothered me. In the first photo, the dirty snow is prominent, as well as the multiple footprints disturbing the snow. It made me think about my own marks and how it ruined the beauty of the snow. It reminded me of my ecological footprint and the disturbing reality of the adverse effects my lifestyle has on the environment. The immaculate snow in the second photo made me sad because it isn't going to stay like that, someone else will definitely step on it.

   All in all, my experience in nature was not only fun, but also insightful. It made me reflect on things I would have otherwise disregarded. Although I was not completely surrounded by trees, I think my walk around in an urban area was valuable because I was able to see the contrast between nature and man-made things. This experience definitely made me appreciate nature much more.

Part 4. In-class Blog Questions

Human Environment Connections

1a. What promotes human connection to nature?

   There are multiple factors that promote human connection to nature. Nature's beauty and the history between the two are some of these factors. Nature is simply fascinating, from the vibrant colours of a flower to the intricate processes of natural cycles such as the water cycle. People want to appreciate the beauty and be a part of it. Additionally, the long history of humans and nature play a big role. We’ve always been able to live off the land as well as build things with materials provided to us by the environment.

1b. What promotes disconnection from nature?

   Elements that promote disconnection from nature are industrialization, advancement of technology and the pursuit of wealth. Industrialization has a big influence on the detachment towards nature we're currently experiencing, as we start growing up in cities and neighbourhoods without much greenery. Another element that comes to play is the development of technology. With gaming consoles and such people are more inclined to stay inside rather than go outside and explore. The desire to get richer promotes the depreciation of nature as we spend more time in-doors (working to earn a living) too.

1c. Is there a danger to a growing disconnect from nature?

   There is a concerning danger to a growing disconnect from nature as imagination will be lost. Nature is a big source of inspiration for most people. Whether it be through the texture of a tree bark to the pattern on a ladybug’s back, nature has served as a muse for creativity. Another danger is the lack of care for the environment. If we spend so much time inside, how can we relate to what is going on outside? Most people are indifferent when they hear about oil spills or the extinction of animal because they are not aware of the consequences, unless it affects them.

Worldviews

2. Where do your environmental ethics lie?

   My environmental ethics lie in the ecocentric category. I believe in the importance of protecting the environment and choosing the best options for optimal sustainability. However, my current lifestyle is more so found in the anthropocentric ideals. I tend to choose what satisfies me rather than what is more sustainable. For example, I choose to have 20 minutes long showers instead of 10 minute long ones. As much as I would like to live an ecocentric lifestyle, it is not one I am living right now.

Wildspaces

3a.    Can parks meet its dual mandate of access and protection?

   I think parks could meet its dual mandate of access and protection, but it will be difficult to achieve without harming the protection aspect. Access creates a lot of problems for the environment, as tourists usually pollute the area and pose serious threats for the wildlife in these parks. As well as other human activities such as logging, which destroys animal habitats.

3b.    How can this be achieved in Wapusk?

   This can be achieved in Wapusk by establishing areas specifically both for humans and wildlife. In ENVR 1000 we discussed conflicts with dual mandates. By assigning designated areas, we could avoid possible conflict of interests between access and protection in the area. Conflicts such as tourism and habitat protection could clash as people could litter and pollute the area. By establishing separate areas, hopefully we can achieve this in Wapusk while maintaining ecological integrity in the park. 

Bibliography

“Summary of the Final Report of the Truth and Reconciliation Commission of Canada.” The Truth and Reconciliation Commission of Canada, 2015.

“Sustainable Development Goals .:. Sustainable Development Knowledge Platform.” United Nations, United Nations, sustainabledevelopment.un.org/?menu=1300.

Simard, Suzanne. TED: Ideas worth spreading, www.ted.com/talks/suzanne_simard_how_trees_talk_to_each_other.

Virani, Munir. “Why I love vultures.” TED: Ideas worth spreading, www.ted.com/talks/munir_virani_why_i_love_vultures#t-46531.

“We Were Children (2012).” We Were Children (2012), IMDb.com, Inc., www.imdb.com/title/tt1934472/.

“Ice Age Two Rises Again!” Ice Age Two Rises Again!, Scott Bright, June 2009, ice-age-continues.blogspot.ca.

TheSustainableMan. How Wolves Change Rivers, YouTube, 13 Feb. 2014, www.youtube.com/watch?v=ysa5OBhXz-Q.