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About of the First Readings of GM Zarakovskiis

Abstract

The article is devoted to the preparation and conduct of scientific readings of the memory of Zarakovskii GM. The composition of the working bodies of the readings is presented. A summary of the preparation and content of the principal reports of the reading participants is provided. The history of the formation of aviation ergonomics at the State Scientific Research and Testing Institute of Aviation and Space Medicine is presented. It is noted that the psychophysiological characteristics and capabilities of a person are taken into account in the design and testing of aviation and space technology. The bibliography of articles published in a special collection and issue of the journal “Aerospace Medicine, Psychology and Ergonomics” is given.

Keywords: Readings; Ergonomics; Psychology; Engineering psychology; Science school

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Correlation of Bone Density in Aquatic and Semiaquatic Animals to Ecological and Dietary Specializations

Abstracts

One of the most obvious adaptations of animals reintroduced to an aquatic environment is the difference in bone density. Numerous marine mammals and marine reptiles exhibit changes in bone density that correlate to their habitat (ecological niche) and dietary specializations, not phylogenetic relationships. Increased bone density (either pachyostosis, osteosclerosis, or pachyosteosclerosis) was observed early in the transition of terrestrial taxa to the aquatic environment. Animals such as early cetaceans and si- renians clearly exhibit these adaptive features and even retain many terrestrial characters such as hind limbs and behaviors such as paddle swimming). The increase in bone density is a more energetically effi- cient hydrostatic mechanism for buoyancy for marine mammals with large lung volumes. As the taxa be- came more specialized for the aquatic environment morphologically (evolving fins, flippers, and flukes) and behaviorally (evolving an oscillating swimming mechanism), variation in bone density correlates with their ecological niche. Modern sirenians retain increased bone density, allowing these large-sized mammals to remain submerged in shallow waters to feed on sessile littoral foods (sea grasses). However, the bone density in modern cetaceans became more osteoporotic, allowing them to swim faster and hunt faster moving prey. Pinnipeds live in a wide range of habitats (from cold to warm waters) and demon- strate varying feeding mechanisms, ranging from filter feeding on krill, bottom feeding on mollusks, and/ or catching fast moving prey. Bone density is one vital character that can be used to predict the specific ecological niche and feeding preference for pinnipeds. Some early hominids have been shown to have an increase in bone density. These heavier, thicker bones would make it easier for early Homo to hunt in waters for littoral food sources and would compensate for the lack of stability from bipedalism

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The Pandemic: COVID-19: Our Personal Opinion Based on Experience

Abstract

In this short note, we have made an attempt to find out ways to avoid COVD-19 by improving immune system especially older people. All suggestions discussed in this note are based on our personal survey among our family members, relatives, friends and local personal. We have also made a recommendation to increase the immune system without involving any financial commitment from individual one.

Keywords: Immune system; COVID-19; Healthy and longer life

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Open Access Research in Anatomy

Do Gene and Cell Therapies will Ultimately Replace Repeated Injections for the Treatment of Chronic Diseases by Shravana Kumar Chinnikatti in Open Access Research in Anatomy

Opinion

Medical innovations are extremely important to be protected and exploited in an effective manner as they have strong social and economic impact. The potential of the gene editing tool CRISPR (Clustered Regularly Interspaced Short Palindromic Repeats) phenomenon seems to be the latest experimental use of the technology is creating skin grafts that trigger the release of insulin and help manage diabetes. This comes from the Research that has successfully tested the idea with mice that gained less weight and showed a reversed resistance to insulin because of the grafts [1]. I think this approach could eventually be used to treat a variety of metabolic and genetic conditions, not just diabetes it's a question of using skin cells to trigger different chemical reactions in the body because easy and abundantly available skin cells available at our disposal. This CRISPER is a new and innovative way of editing specific genes in the body which is responsible for a particular disease which is debilitating and by using a biological copy and paste technique: it can do everything from cut out HIV virus DNA to slow the growth of cancer cells and vice versa [2]. Any kind of disease where the body is deficient in specific molecules could potentially be targeted by this new technique. And if it works with diabetes, it could be time to say goodbye to needles and insulin injections. Any kind of disease where the body is deficient with specific molecules could potentially be targeted by this new technique. And if it works successfully with diabetes, it could be time to say goodbye to needles and insulin injections and also can be potentially be tried for the treatment of other disease like haemophilia and different cancers [3].

CRISPR-Cas9 editing of human embryos to correct an inherited form of heterotrophic cardiomyopathy (HCM) mutations in any one or multiple of these genes cause HCM [4]. Although autosomal dominant, these mutations face little selective pressure that might reduce their frequency because heart failure does not typically begin until after reproduction age. Mutations in MYBPC3 account for 40% of genetic HCM. The gene encodes the thick filament- associated cardiac myosin-binding protein C, which regulates structure of the sarcomeres in cardiac muscle [5]. This condition, however, is a common cause of sudden death among young athletes. The details of this work, published online August 2 in Nature, show the new methods avoid some of the pitfalls seen in prior attempts and would likely be safer [6]. Families with this form of HCM can use pre-implantation genetic diagnosis (PGD) after in vitro fertilization to select from the half of their embryos that do not inherit a parent's mutation [7]. If available, gene editing, which creates double-strand breaks in the DNA that permit replacement of the mutant allele with a normal (wild-type) one, would expand the pool of embryos from which to select.

Previous attempts, which introduced the gene editing (Cas9 enzyme and guide RNA) at fertilization, led to mosaic 8-celled embryos, in which some cells had the correction and some did not. Mosaic embryos would make PGD impossible and reproduction more, rather than less, risky for these couples with the new technique it completely possible to avoid mosaicism [8]. It can create fully corrected human embryos by shifting the timetable, injecting oocytes on the brink of fertilization, at metaphase of the second meiotic division, with sperm and the CRISPR components. In this sperms were from a man with a MYBPC3 4-base deletion mutation in one of the two copies of the gene (heterozygote); 12 healthy young women donated the oocytes, which had normal genes [9]. This new system used that copied wild-type gene from the oocyte. These oocytes provide the template for a natural form of DNA correction (homology-directed repair) that removes the mutant gene from the male genome and replaces it with a copy of the maternal normal gene. The DNA repair system, which is in the cytoplasm, comes from the oocyte because mature sperm have so little cytoplasm. So the introduction of CRISPR at the time of sperm injection eliminated the issue of mosaicism [10].

This new system comes with caution that, this approach for an autosomal dominant condition does not apply to an autosomal recessive condition, which is the mode of inheritance most common in young children with genetic diseases and these both copies of the targeted gene from an affected parent are mutant, an exogenous copy would need to be introduced, and that might not be safe. Adapting this technology to correct the two mutant alleles of an autosomal recessive condition could be exposing human gametes or embryos to small molecule inhibitors that could have deleterious effects on embryonic development [11].

https://crimsonpublishers.com/oara/fulltext/OARA.000509.php

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Open Access Research in Anatomy_Crimson Publishers

The Physiological Proof that Starling's Law for the Capillary-Interstitial Fluid Transfer is Wrong: Advancing the Porous Orifice (G) Tube Phenomenon as Replacement by  Ahmed N Ghanem in  Open Access Research in Anatomy

Abstract

Objective: To report physiological evidence that the capillary works as a porous orifice (G) tube proving that Starling's law is wrong.

Material and methods: The G tube has a negative side pressure (SP) exerted on its wall. The G tube is akin to capillary and when enclosed in a chamber (C), akin to interstitial fluid space, demonstrating the G-C circulation. Here we report the results of experiments on the hind limb of sheep; first when the fluid is passed through the artery and later when passed through the vein. We monitored the occurrence of oedema of the limb comparing the two circulations.

Results: The inflow pressure induces negative SP in the G tube which is responsible for absorption and G-C phenomenon: an autonomous magnetic field-like G-C circulation occurs between fluid in the G tube's lumen and a surrounding fluid compartment C. The hind limb acted as normal without oedema and has a negative interstitial (ISF) pressure when the fluid is passed through the artery i.e. acting like the G tube. There was gross oedema with increase in weight of the limb when the fluid was passed through the vein acting like Poiseuille's tube.

Conclusion: The reported studies affirm that the capillary works as G tube effecting circulation with ISF which causes negative ISF pressure. When the circulation is reversed through the vein it acted like Poiseuille's tube causing gross oedema and positive ISF pressure. This is physiological proof that Starling's law is wrong.

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Happy Thanksgiving Day_Crimson Publishers

Hope this season is filled with Lots of happiness and joy, wealth and prosperity. May your home be filled with love on this wonderful occasion of Thanksgiving!

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Transverse Sectional Area and Muscle Density of Triceps Brachii, Biceps Brachii and Deltoideus: Comparative Studies in Cattle and Camel_Open Access Research in Anatomy

Transverse Sectional Area and Muscle Density of Triceps Brachii, Biceps Brachii and Deltoideus: Comparative Studies in Cattle and Camel by Hena SA in Open Access Research in Anatomy

Skeletal muscle is a highly organized, complex, and dynamic tissue which provides maintenance of body posture against force by distributing loads and absorbing shocks. In this work efforts were done in bringing up information on some anatomical areas related to camel and cattle musculatures. In this study, forelimbs were obtained from 25 male camels (Camelus dromedarius) and from 25 male cattle (Zebu type) each within the ages of 6 months, 1 year, 3 years, 5 years and 7 years from Sokoto Municipal Modern abattoir, Sokoto, Nigeria

https://crimsonpublishers.com/oara/fulltext/OARA.000507.php

Open Access Research in Anatomy: Crimson Publishers

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The Importance of Anatomy and Dissection in the Human Corpse_Open Access Research in Anatomy

The Importance of Anatomy and Dissection in the Human Corpse by Antonio Bernardes in Open Access Research in Anatomy

Medical sciences have been enriched by new disciplines whose knowledge is imposed on future physicians. Therefore, it is necessary to make successive updates to the pre-graduate curriculum, the latter which are required to contemplate additions of modern subjects, while fundamental disciplines such as Anatomy have seen their hours reduced in some schools in a worrying way. Students are faced with the difficult reality of being forced to learn in a minimum period of time the most basic essential information to the understanding of other subjects and good medical practice.

https://crimsonpublishers.com/oara/fulltext/OARA.000506.php

Open Access Research in Anatomy: Crimson Publishers

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Impact of Aspiration and Early Swallow Therapy in Acute Stroke Patients_Open Access Research in Anatomy

Impact of Aspiration and Early Swallow Therapy in Acute Stroke Patients by Govathi Nikhila K in Open Access Research in Anatomy

We  enrolled  112  acute  stroke  patients  from  December  2015-January  2016,  among  which  91  patients  had  swallowing  difficulty as assessed on fifth day of stroke onset. Impact of type of stroke, size/site of lesion on swallowing difficulty was also assessed. All patients with base GCS-E4M6 VT/V5 were included. Swallowing scoring was done as per National Outcomes Measurements System (NOMS) 8-point Penetration Aspiration scale (PAS)

https://crimsonpublishers.com/oara/fulltext/OARA.000505.php

Open Access Research in Anatomy: Crimson Publishers

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Crimson Publishers

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https://crimsonpublishers.com

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Open Access Research in Anatomy

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https://crimsonpublishers.com/oara/

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Do Gene and Cell Therapies will Ultimately Replace Repeated Injections for the Treatment of Chronic Diseases_Open Access Research in Anatomy

Do Gene and Cell Therapies will Ultimately Replace Repeated Injections for the Treatment of Chronic Diseases by Shravana Kumar Chinnikatti* in Open Access Research in Anatomy

Medical  innovations  are  extremely  important  to  be  protected  and exploited in an effective manner as they have strong social and economic  impact.  The  potential  of  the  gene  editing  tool  CRISPR  (Clustered   Regularly   Interspaced   Short   Palindromic   Repeats)   phenomenon   seems   to   be   the   latest   experimental   use   of   the   technology is creating skin grafts that trigger the release of insulin and help manage diabetes.

https://crimsonpublishers.com/oara/fulltext/OARA.000509.php

Open Access Research in Anatomy: Crimson Publishers

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Please click on: https://crimsonpublishers.com/oara/

[crimsonpublishersanatomyme]

Happy New Days. New Dreams. New Desires. New Ways.

Wishing you a happy and cheerful New Year. Happy New Days. New Dreams. New Desires. New Ways.

[crimsonpublishersanatomyme]

Wishing you a Magical and Blissful Holiday

May this Christmas end the year on a cheerful note and make way for a fresh and bright New Year.  Wishing you a Magical and Blissful Holiday

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The Physiological Proof that Starling’s Law for the Capillary-Interstitial Fluid Transfer is Wrong: Advancing the Porous Orifice (G) Tube Phenomenon as Replacement_Open Access Research in Anatomy

The Physiological Proof that Starling’s Law for the Capillary-Interstitial Fluid Transfer is Wrong: Advancing the Porous Orifice (G) Tube Phenomenon as Replacement by Ahmed N Ghanem in Open Access Research in Anatomy

The G tube has a negative side pressure (SP) exerted on its wall. The G tube is akin to capillary and when enclosed in a chamber (C), akin to interstitial fluid space, demonstrating the G-C circulation. Here we report the results of experiments on the hind limb of sheep; first when the fluid is passed through the artery and later when passed through the vein. We monitored the occurrence of oedema of the limb comparing the two circulations.

https://crimsonpublishers.com/oara/fulltext/OARA.000508.php

Open Access Research in Anatomy: Crimson Publishers

For more open access journals in

Crimson Publishers

Please click on link:

https://crimsonpublishers.com

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Open Access Research in Anatomy

Please click on:

https://crimsonpublishers.com/oara/

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Most routine tests reflect liver damage the tests of function are those which reflect synthetic capacity for instance albumin and prothrombin time, liver function tests may be grossly deranged when function is normal and may be normal when function is grossly deranged for it has enormous functional reserves, such that early liver impairment is clinically marked and the progression of the deranged liver function makes the condition life threatening [1]. Morphologically, liver responds to injurious events in 5 different ways, irrespective of the cause viz; Degeneration and intracellular accumulation, Necrosis and Apoptosis, Inflammation, Regeneration, Fibrosis [1].

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Comparative Assessment of Zinc Sulphate and Essentiale Forte® in Managing Biochemical Alterations of Carbon Tetrachloride-Induced Hepatotoxicity on Adult Wistar Rats

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The Importance of Anatomy and Dissection in the Human Corpse_Open Access Research in Anatomy

The Importance of Anatomy and Dissection in the Human Corpse by Antonio Bernardes* in Open Access Research in Anatomy Medical sciences have been enriched by new disciplines whose knowledge is imposed on future physicians. Therefore, it is necessary to make successive updates to the pre-graduate curriculum, the latter which are required to contemplate additions of modern subjects, while fundamental disciplines such as Anatomy have seen their hours reduced in some schools in a worrying way. Students are faced with the difficult reality of being forced to learn in a minimum period of time the most basic essential information to the understanding of other subjects and good medical practice. Open Access Research in Anatomy: Crimson Publishers For more open access journals in Crimson Publishers Please click on link: https://crimsonpublishers.com For More Articles on Open Access Research in Anatomy Please click on: https://crimsonpublishers.com/oara/

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Science as Fingerprints_Open Access Research in Anatomy

Science as Fingerprints by Suzan Sirinturk MD* in Open Access Research in Anatomy

There have been mostly some big inventions or discoveries that divided the history into parts by making an era. The birth of science occurs when there is a problem; the human being tries to solve it, sometimes  successes,  but sometimes  has failure  to  handle since  the  beginning of  mankind.  Even though  there  have been  mistakes  in the  process  of the  solution,  they can answer  other questions.  So  each setback  gives  us an  extra  experience point  not  to give  up  on our aim on the path of wisdom. Every field of science has its own unique fingerprints. Departments should be aware of this fact, because fitting in their classical standards may not be sufficient for advanced knowledge. Open Access Research in Anatomy: Crimson Publishers For more open access journals in Crimson Publishers Please click on link: https://crimsonpublishers.com For More Articles on Open Access Research in Anatomy Please click on: https://crimsonpublishers.com/oara/