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Vroom Expectancy Theory Pdf

Herzberg's Two Factor Theory

Reinforcement Theory

Vroom's Expectancy Theory Formula

Expectancy theory (or expectancy theory of motivation) proposes that an individual will behave or act in a certain way because they are motivated to select a specific behavior over others due to what they expect the result of that selected behavior will be.[1] In essence, the motivation of the behavior selection is determined by the desirability of the outcome. However, at the core of the theory is the cognitive process of how an individual processes the different motivational elements. This is done before making the ultimate choice. The outcome is not the sole determining factor in making the decision of how to behave.[1]

Expectancy theory is about the mental processes regarding choice, or choosing. It explains the processes that an individual undergoes to make choices. In the study of organizational behavior, expectancy theory is a motivation theory first proposed by Victor Vroom of the Yale School of Management.

Expectancy Vroom (1964) denned expectancy as a subjective probability of an action or effort (e) leading to an out-come or performance (p) expressed as e -». p. In practice, expectancy has also been measured as the perceived rela-tion or correlation between an action and an outcome. In addition, expectancy has been interpreted as the subjec. Expectancy Vroom (1964) denned expectancy as a subjective probability of an action or effort (e) leading to an out-come or performance (p) expressed as e -». p. In practice, expectancy has also been measured as the perceived rela-tion or correlation between an action and an outcome. In addition, expectancy has been interpreted as the subjec. Framework expectancy theory for under-standing and organizing existing evidence and for pointing the way to new research problems is proposed The Social Sciences Citation index® (SSCI®) indicates that this book has been cited in over 1430 publica-tions since 1966 Victor H. Vroom Yale School of Organization and Management New Haven, CT 06520.

'This theory emphasizes the needs for organizations to relate rewards directly to performance and to ensure that the rewards provided are those rewards deserved and wanted by the recipients.'[2]

Victor H. Vroom (1964) defines motivation as a process governing choices among alternative forms of voluntary activities, a process controlled by the individual. The individual makes choices based on estimates of how well the expected results of a given behavior are going to match up with or eventually lead to the desired results. Motivation is a product of the individual's expectancy that a certain effort will lead to the intended performance, the instrumentality of this performance to achieving a certain result, and the desirability of this result for the individual, known as valence.[3]

2Key elements

3Current research

Author[edit]

In 1964, Victor H. Vroom developed the expectancy theory through his study of the motivations behind decision making. This theory is relevant to the study of management.

Key elements[edit]

The expectancy theory of motivation explains the behavioral process of why individuals choose one behavioral option over the other. This theory explains that individuals can be motivated towards goals if they believe that there is a positive correlation between efforts and performance, the outcome of a favorable performance will result in a desirable reward, a reward from a performance will satisfy an important need, and/or the outcome satisfies their need enough to make the effort worthwhile.

Vroom introduced three variables within the expectancy theory which are valence (V), expectancy (E) and instrumentality (I). The three elements are important behind choosing one element over another because they are clearly defined: effort-performance expectancy (E>P expectancy), performance-outcome expectancy (P>O expectancy).[4]

Expectancy theory has three components: expectancy, instrumentality, and valence.

Expectancy: effort → performance (E→P)

Instrumentality: performance → outcome (P→O)

Valence: V(R) outcome → reward

Expectancy: effort → performance (E→P)[edit]

Expectancy is the belief that one's effort (E) will result in attainment of desired performance (P) goals. Usually based on an individual's past experience, self-confidence (self efficacy), and the perceived difficulty of the performance standard or goal.[5]

Self efficacy – the person's belief about their ability to successfully perform a particular behavior. The individual will assess whether they have the required skills or knowledge desired to achieve their goals.

Goal difficulty – when goals are set too high or performance expectations that are made too difficult. This will most likely lead to low expectancy. This occurs when the individual believes that their desired results are unattainable.

Perceived control – Individuals must believe that they have some degree of control over the expected outcome. When individuals perceive that the outcome is beyond their ability to influence, expectancy, and thus motivation, is low.

Instrumentality: Performance → Outcome (P→O)[edit]

Instrumentality is the belief that a person will receive a reward if the performance expectation is met. This reward may present itself in the form of a pay increase, promotion, recognition or sense of accomplishment. Instrumentality is low when the reward is the same for all performances given.

Another way that instrumental outcomes work is commissions. With commissions performance is directly correlated with outcome (how much money is made). If performance is high and many goods are sold, the more money the person will make.

Herzberg's Two Factor Theory

Factors associated with the individual's instrumentality for outcomes are trust, control and policies:

Trusting the people who will decide who gets what outcome, based on the performance,

Control of how the decision is made, of who gets what outcome, and

Policies understanding of the correlation between performance and outcomes.

Valence V(R)[edit]

Valence is the value an individual places on the rewards of an outcome, which is based on their needs, goals, values and sources of motivation.[6] Influential factors include one's values, needs, goals, preferences and sources that strengthen their motivation for a particular outcome.

Valence is characterized by the extent to which a person values a given outcome or reward. This is not an actual level of satisfaction rather the expected satisfaction of a particular outcome.[7]

The valence refers to the value the individual personally places on the rewards. -1 →0→ +1

-1= avoiding the outcome 0 = indifferent to the outcome +1 = welcomes the outcome

In order for the valence to be positive, the person must prefer attaining the outcome to not attaining it.

Motivational Force (MF) = Expectancy x Instrumentality x Valence

When deciding among behavioral options, individuals select the option with the greatest amount of motivational force (MF).

Expectancy and instrumentality are attitudes (cognitions), whereas valence is rooted in an individual's value system.

Examples of valued outcomes in the workplace include, pay increases and bonuses, promotions, time off, new assignments, recognition, etc. If management can effectively determine what their employee values, this will allow the manager to motivate employees in order to get the highest result and effectiveness out of the workplace.[8]

Current research[edit]

Management[edit]

Victor Vroom's expectancy theory is one such management theory focused on motivation. According to Holdford and Lovelace-Elmore (2001, p. 8), Vroom asserts, 'intensity of work effort depends on the perception that an individual's effort will result in a desired outcome'.

In order to enhance the performance-outcome tie, managers should use systems that tie rewards very closely to performance. Managers also need to ensure that the rewards provided are deserved and wanted by the recipients.[9] In order to improve the effort-performance tie, managers should engage in training to improve their capabilities and improve their belief that added effort will in fact lead to better performance.[9]

- Emphasizes self-interest in the alignment of rewards with employee's wants.

- Emphasizes the connections among expected behaviors, rewards and organizational goals

Expectancy Theory, though well known in work motivation literature, is not as familiar to scholars or practitioners outside that field.

Computer users[edit]

Lori Baker-Eveleth and Robert Stone, University of Idaho in 2008 conducted an empirical study on 154 faculty members' reactions to the use of new software.[10] It was found that ease of system use affects both self-efficacy (self-confidence) and anticipated usefulness. These in turn influenced the decision, or anticipated decision, to use the software.

Self-efficacy and outcome expectancy impact a person's affect and behavior separately:

- Self-efficacy is the belief that a person possesses the skills and abilities to successfully accomplish something.

- Outcome expectancy is the belief that when a person accomplishes the task, a desired outcome is attained.

Self-efficacy has a direct impact on outcome expectancy and has a larger effect than outcome expectancy. Employees will accept technology if they believe the technology is a benefit to them. If an employee is mandated to use the technology, the employees will use it but may feel it is not useful. On the other hand, when an employee is not mandated, the employee may be influenced by these other factors (self-confidence and confidence in outcome) that it should be used.

The self-efficacy theory can be applied to predicting and perceiving an employee's belief for computer use (Bandura, 1986; Bates & Khasawneh, 2007). This theory associates an individual's cognitive state with effective behavioral outcomes (Staples, Hulland, & Higgins, 1998).

Other constructs of the self-efficacy theory that impact attitudes and intentions to perform are:

- past experience or mastery with the task;

- vicarious experience performing the task;

- emotional or physiological arousal regarding the task;

- and social persuasion to perform the task.

Models of teacher expectancy effects[edit]

Jere Brophy and Thomas Good[11][12] provided a comprehensive model of how teacher expectations could influence children's achievement. Their model posits that teachers' expectations indirectly affect children's achievement: 'teacher expectations could also affect student outcomes indirectly by leading to differential teacher treatment of students that would condition student attitudes, expectations, and behavior' (Brophy, 1983, p. 639). The model includes the following sequence. Teachers form differential expectations for students early in the school year. Based on these expectations, they behave differently toward different students, and as a result of these behaviors the students begin to understand what the teacher expects from them. If students accept the teachers' expectations and behavior toward them then they will be more likely to act in ways that confirm the teacher's initial expectations. This process will ultimately affect student achievement so that teachers' initial expectancies are confirmed.[13]

In discussing work related to this model, Brophy (1983) made several important observations about teacher expectation effects. First and foremost, he argued that most of the beliefs teachers hold about student are accurate, and so their expectations usually reflect students' actual performance levels. As a result, Brophy contended that self-fulfilling prophecy effects have relatively weak effects on student achievement, changing achievement 5% to 10%, although he did note that such effects usually are negative expectation effects rather than positive effects. Second, he pointed out that various situational and individual difference factors influence the extent to which teacher expectations will act as self-fulfilling prophecies. For instance, Brophy stated that expectancy effects may be larger in the early elementary grades, because teachers have more one-on-one interactions with students then, as they attempt to socialize children into the student role. In the upper elementary grades more whole-class teaching methods are used, which may minimize expectation effects. Some evidence supports this claim; expectancy effects in Rosenthal and Jacobson's (1968) study were strongest during the earlier grades. Raudenbush's (1984) meta-analysis of findings from different teacher expectancy studies in which expectancies were induced by giving teachers artificial information about children's intelligence showed that expectancy effects were stronger in Grades 1 and 2 than in Grades 3 through Grade 6, especially when the information was given to teachers during the first few weeks of school. These findings are particularly relevant because they show a form of the expectancy theory: how teachers have certain expectations of students, and how they treat the students differently because of those expectations.[13]

Criticisms[edit]

Critics of the expectancy model include Graen (1969), Lawler (1971), Lawler and Porter (1967), and Porter and Lawler (1968).[14] Their criticisms of the theory were based upon the expectancy model being too simplistic in nature; these critics started making adjustments to Vroom's model.

Edward Lawler claims that the simplicity of expectancy theory is deceptive because it assumes that if an employer makes a reward (such as a financial bonus or promotion) enticing enough, employees will increase their productivity to obtain the reward.[15] However, this only works if the employees believe the reward is beneficial to their immediate needs. For example, a $2 increase in salary may not be desirable to an employee if the increase pushes her into a tax bracket in which she believes her net pay is actually reduced (a belief that is typically fallacious, especially in the United States). Similarly, a promotion that provides higher status but requires longer hours may be a deterrent to an employee who values evening and weekend time with their children.

As an additional example, if a person in the armed forces or security agencies is promoted, there is the possibility that he or she will be transferred to other locations. In such cases, if the new posting is far from their permanent residence where their family resides, they will not be motivated by such promotions and the results will backfire. As such, the reward is valued negatively to the person receiving it.

Lawler's new proposal for expectancy theory does not contradict Vroom's theory. Lawler argues that since there have been a variety of developments of expectancy theory since its creation in 1964 that the expectancy model needs to be updated. Lawler's new model is based on four claims.[16] First, whenever there are a number of outcomes, individuals will usually have a preference among those outcomes. Second, there is a belief on the part of that individual that their action(s) will achieve the outcome they desire. Third, any desired outcome was generated by the individual's behavior. Fourth and finally, the actions generated by the individual were generated by the preferred outcome and expectation of the individual.

Instead of simply looking at expectancy and instrumentality, W.F. Maloney and J.M. McFillen[16] found that expectancy theory could explain the motivation of those individuals who were employed by the construction industry. For instance, they used worker expectancy and worker instrumentality. Worker expectancy is when supervisors create an equal match between the worker and their job. Worker instrumentality is when an employee knows that any increase in their performance leads to achieving their goal.

In the chapter entitled 'On the Origins of Expectancy Theory' published in Great Minds in Management by Ken G. Smith and Michael A. Hitt, Vroom himself agreed with some of these criticisms and stated that he felt that the theory should be expanded to include research conducted since the original publication of his book.

Related theories[edit]

Motivation Theory is a theory that attempts to explain how and why individuals are able to achieve their goals.[6]

Expectancy Violations Theory (EVT) is a theory that predicts communication outcomes of non-verbal communication.[17]

Self-Actualization Theory (Maslow, 1954)[6]

Maslow's hierarchy of needs (Maslow, 1954)[6]

Two-factor theory (Herzberg, 1959)[18]

Theory X and theory Y (Douglas McGregor, 1960)[19]

References[edit]

^ abOliver, R. (August, 1974). Expectancy is the probability that the individual assigns to work effort being followed by a given level of achieved task performance. Expectancy Theory Predictions of Salesmen's Performance. Journal of Marketing Research 11, 243-253.

^Montana, Patrick J; Charnov, Bruce H, Management – 4th edition; (2008) – Barron's Educational Series, Inc. ISBN978-0-7641-3931-4

^(S.E. Condrey, 2005, p. 482)

^P. Subba Rao, Personnel and Human Resource Management – Text and cases; (2000) – Himalaya Publishing House ISBN81-7493-777-3

^Chiang, Chun-Fang; Jang, SooCheong (Shawn) (June 2008). 'An expectancy theory model for hotel employee motivation'. Journal of Hospitality Management. 27 (2): 313–322. doi:10.1016/j.ijhm.2007.07.017.

^ abcdMaslow—Move Aside! A Heuristical Motivation Model for Leaders in Career and Technical Education Pg. 10 – 11 http://scholar.lib.vt.edu/ejournals/JITE/v44n2/pdf/kroth.pdf

^Redmond, Brian. 'Expectancy Theory'. Shaun Miller. Retrieved 12/04/2013.Check date values in: |accessdate= (help)

^Schmidt, Charles. 'Motivation: Expectancy Theory'. Richard Scholl. Archived from the original on 2014-10-09. Retrieved 12/04/2013.Check date values in: |accessdate= (help)

^ abMontana, Patrick J; Charnov, Bruce H, Management - 4th edition; (2008) - Barron's Educational Series, Inc. ISBN978-0-7641-3931-4

^Baker-Eveleth L., Stone,R.W.(2008) Expectancy theory and behavioral intentions to use computer applications - Interdisciplinary Journal of Information

^Jere Brophy, Thomas Good (1974) Teacher-Student Relationships: Causes and Consequences New York, Holt, Rinehart and Winston.

^Jere Brophy, Thomas Good (1987)Looking in classrooms (4th ed.), New York, Harper and Row

^ abSchunk, Dale H.; Meece, Judith L.. Student Perceptions in the Classroom. Mahwah: Routledge, 2012. Ebook Library. pp. 96-97.

^Lawler, Edward E; Suttle, J.Lloyd (1973). 'Expectancy theory and job behavior'(PDF). Organizational Behavior and Human Performance. 9 (3): 482. doi:10.1016/0030-5073(73)90066-4.

^'Archived copy'(PDF). Archived from the original(PDF) on 2010-06-10. Retrieved 2010-12-02.CS1 maint: archived copy as title (link)

^ ab'Archived copy'. Archived from the original on 2010-10-27. Retrieved 2010-12-02.CS1 maint: archived copy as title (link)

^'Masters thesis'(PDF). www.antalhaans.nl.

^Herzberg & Snyderman, 1959. The Motivation to Work.[page needed]

^McGregor, D., 1960. The Human Side of Enterprise, New York, McGraw-Hill.[page needed]

Reinforcement Theory

Further reading[edit]

Bandura, Albert (1977). 'Self-efficacy: Toward a unifying theory of behavioral change'. Psychological Review. 84 (2): 191–215. CiteSeerX10.1.1.315.4567. doi:10.1037/0033-295X.84.2.191. PMID847061.

Bandura, A. (1982). Self-Efficacy mechanism in human agency. American Psychologist, 37, 122-147.

Bandura, A. (1986). Social foundation of thought and action: A social cognitive theory. New Jersey:Prentice- Hall

Droar, D. (2006). Expectancy theory of motivation. Retrieved October 2, 2010, from https://web.archive.org/web/20101025133032/http://arrod.co.uk/archive/concept_vroom.php

Holdford DA, Lovelace-Elmore B. Applying the principles of human motivation to pharmaceutical education. J Pharm Teach. 2001;8:18.

Porter, L. W., & Lawler, E. E. 1968. Managerial Attitudes and Performance. Homewood, IL: Richard D. Irwin, Inc.

Staples, D. Sandy; Hulland, John S; Higgins, Christopher A (2006). 'A Self-Efficacy Theory Explanation for the Management of Remote Workers in Virtual Organizations'. Journal of Computer-Mediated Communication. 3 (4): 0. doi:10.1111/j.1083-6101.1998.tb00085.x.

Stone, R. W. & Henry, J. W. (1998). Computer self-efficacy and outcome expectations and their impacts on behavioral intentions to use computers in non-volitional settings. Journal of Business and Management, (1), 45-58.

University of Rhode Island: Charles T. Schmidt, Jr. Labor Research Center

Vroom's Expectancy Theory Formula

Retrieved from 'https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Expectancy_theory&oldid=919012408'

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crispypatrolcycle · 4 years ago

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Family Tree Maker Mac Os

Tracing your family tree can be a fascinating and sometimes life changing experience. Here we look at the best family tree software for Mac in 2019 to trace your roots.

Family Tree Maker Software

Family Tree Maker For Imac

Family Tree Maker Software

Although the majority of family tree programs out there are still Windows based, there are now some very good free and paid genealogy apps for Mac.

Nowadays thanks to DNA home testing kits such as GPS Origins (currently $50 off) and AncestryDNA you can even delve deeper than ever before into your family origins.

All of the programs featured here work on the latest versions of macOS including El Capitan, Sierra, High Sierra, Mojave and Catalina.

Rich storytelling tools enable you to add photos, documents and videos. You can even add historical records from Ancestry.com, the world's largest family history website. Only Family Tree Maker for Mac 2 comes with a 6-month membership and access to 5 billion U.S. Immigration and marriage records, census data and much more. I just performed a Clean Boot of Windows 10 and I need to reinstall my Family Tree Maker application that I purchased in Mar of 2014. I have the application file so I can reinstall the application but no longer have the license information as all of that information disappeared along with the Clean Boot. Family Tree Maker for the Mac 2 is one of the most popular genealogy software packages available. A six month cost-free trial of Ancestry.com is offered. Print options for FTM for the Mac 2 are. MacFamilyTree 9 - Genealogy for your Mac Discover and experience your personal family history, explore your origins, your ancestors, and how your family has evolved over the course of time. MacFamilyTree 9 offers you a wide range of options to capture and visualize your family history. For Mac Os version some of the family tree maker software is “Reunion”, “iFamily” and “Osk”. “FamilySearch Tree”, “GedStar Pro Genealogy Viewer” and “FamilyGTG” are some of the family tree maker software for android application.

Note that Family Tree apps differ from Genogram software which are used more by social workers and psychologists to trace family issue rather than hereditary lines.

Here then is our list of the best genealogy software for Mac in 2019 in order of ranking.

1. RootsMagic

RootsMagic has been in the family tree business for years and although started life on Windows, can now be used on Mac too.

Although RootsMagic doesn’t have the slickest interface of the apps featured here, it’s extremely powerful and still popular with professional genealogists.

RootsMagic is one of the most reliable apps we’ve seen when it comes to importing family trees in GEDCOM format if you’re switching from another family tree application.

We also like the fact that RootsMagic has lots of way to share your family trees with others. RootsMagic is one of the few apps that also still allows you to create sharable CDs or DVDs with family members although for this you will need a CD/DVD burner for your Mac too. You can also create books and wall charts which make excellent gifts at Christmas and Birthday time for family.

Another great touch is that you can load your RootsMagic family trees onto a pendrive or external storage device on your Mac and then continue working on it at a library, family member’s home, courthouse etc.

Finally, RootsMagic is integrated with heritage sites such as Ancestry, FamilySearch, FindMyPast and MyHeritage to make filling-out your family charts quicker and easier.

At $29.95 RootsMagic is also easily one of the best value family tree programs on macOS considering everything that it can do.

Pricing: $29.95 – Free Trial

2. Family Tree Maker

Family Tree Maker (FTM) is certainly the most well-known family tree software on Mac and the latest version of FTM 2017 for Mac is still one of the best. Family Tree Maker is made by MacKiev, the makers of the popular Mavis Beacon Typing courses and features just about everything you need in family tree software on Mac. FTM makes it very easy to build family trees with family history timelines, interactive maps, device syncing and more. One of the things we like most about Family Tree Maker is FamilySync which now replaces the old TreeSync. This allows you and other members of your family to keep adding bits and pieces to the family tree in sync so that there are no duplicates. This ability to involve all members of the family in building q family tree, makes it easier to build your family trees quicker and with richer data.

The other thing that makes Family Tree Maker powerful is integration with both Ancestry.com and FamilySearch which allow you to automatically download information about family members so you don’t need to enter them manually. Ancestry.com actually used to own Family Tree Maker for Mac before they sold it to MacKiev so integration with Ancestry.com is unsurprisingly very close and well done. Other nice tools in FTM for Mac 2017 include a Photo Darkroom to retouch and improve old photos, color coordination and auto-suggestions regarding potential additions to your family tree.

It’s amazing how quickly your family tree grows especially if online ancestry databases reveal relatives you never even knew existed. However, the problem with this is that your family tree software can start to slowdown as your family tree grows and it has to process, retrieve and display more and more information. Family Tree Maker seems to remain fast and responsive even when processing large amounts of data and we found it just as fast and efficient when it comes to processing several generations worth of data as it does with just a few.

Family Tree Maker is a huge application however and the user manual alone is over 300 page so to really get the most out of it, you need to invest some time in learning it. It is still arguably the most powerful genealogy software out there for Mac though. Family Tree Maker 2017 for Mac is available in three formats – a download, download with DVD and USB stick with download.

Pricing: $79.95 – Free Trial

3. MacFamilyTree

MacFamilyTree is one of the few genealogy software built only for Macs and offers many of the features if FTM for Mac but in a more tailored OS X/macOS interface. We prefer the interface to MacFamilyTree over FTM for Mac because it simply looks better on Mac and it’s been around on Mac for almost 20 years now so they’ve refined it pretty well. MacFamilyTree is dedicated to all things Apple so you can use it on your iPhone and iPad too with the MobileFamilyTree app. Most recently, the app has introduced CloudTree Sync & Share which allows you to collaborate on building your family tree with other family members, similar to FTM’s FamilySync in order to create richer family trees, faster.

One of the things that makes MacFamilyTree different to FTM for Mac is the impressive chart visualizations available. You can visualize your family tree in a huge variety of ways including Hourglass, Fan Chart, Kinship Chart and Genogram. In fact there are far more charts than you’ll probably ever need but it’s quite fun trying all the different ways of looking at your family history. One of the most interesting is the Map view which shows you some interesting statistics on where your relatives are located around the globe.

It also generates some customized reports about your relatives and origins including Marriage Lists, Person Analysis and Kinship Reports. If you want to make a gift out of your family tree, we also like the way that MacFamilyTree has a tasteful selection of templates and books that you can publish your family tree in. You can print these yourself or export them in PDF to give to a professional print shop to make some really unique gifts with.

MacFamilyTree also makes it easy to publish your family tree as a website that you can share with family members or make available publicly.

MacFamilyTree is integrated with the online FamilySearch database so you have access to a huge repository of genealogical data. This contains details of over six billion people and can undercover some fascinating nuggets of information about relatives such as court data, monastery log books and shipping registers. You can use FamilySearch purely for research purposes or download data directly into MacFamilyTree making it very easy to build your family history. You can also upload your own family data to the FamilySearch database for others to use although for data privacy reasons, you can only upload data of deceased persons. MacFamilyTree is a really well supported product with good developer support and regular updates. Most recently it has been updated to feature a much improved layout, an improved streamlined interface and better performance on your Mac. You can try MacFamilyTree for free although the in the demo, you can’t save, print or export.

Pricing: $59.99 Mac App Store – Free Trial

4. Heredis

Heredis is a huge online database of over 350 million persons and records that also has a desktop client for Mac. Heredis is used by professional and amateur genealogists alike and has some of the most powerful and intelligent search capabilities of any online family tree software on OS X. Heredis Smart Search passes your data through combined search criteria to give some extremely accurate matches. Note that the Heredis database is mainly focused on European Anglo-Saxon family histories so those from other backgrounds, including the USA may find it less useful.

When you’ve entered your details, the dashboard in Heredis gives you a very quick overview of how many ancestors you have and even suggests other ancestors that may be related to you over several generations. The information presented can be overwhelming which is why Heredis allows you to narrow searches by parameters such as country, event, number of children etc. One of the most interesting features of Heredis is the migratory flows map that shows why your ancestors may have moved and where they moved to. Other nice touches in Heredis are slideshows of your ancestors with different themes to choose from, a little like you find in Apple Photos.

There’s also a very slick Heredis mobile app for iPhone and iPad which even allows you to dictate to Siri details about your family that you’d like you to add to ancestor profiles and other data.

Heredis for Mac is extremely good value at $49.99 and there’s even a free version of Heredis for Mac which is limited to 50 entries but a good way to see if you like the software first.

Pricing: $49.99 – Free Trial

5. GEDitCOM II

If you don’t want all the fancy bells and whistles of either FTM for Mac 2017 or MacFamilyTree, then the rather more basic GEDitCOM II may be for you. GEDitCOM II is quite a dated genealogy software nowadays but still interesting for those that want something a bit more manual and less “connected to the web” than most genealogy software on Mac.

The main problem with GEDitCOM II is that it’s far more tedious and laborious to upload census data and entering data in general is a far more hands on task than with FTM or MacFamilyTree. The application also requires some knowledge of AppleScript, Python or Ruby to get the most out of it which will be beyond the capabilities or time for most Mac users. You can try a free demo of GEDitCOM II for 14 days during which time you can save files but after 14 days, you will no longer be able to save anything. Our advice is that unless you have a lot of time on your hands, there is far better and more modern family tree software on Mac nowadays than GEDitCOM II.

Pricing: $64.99 – Free Demo

6. iFamily For Mac

iFamily for Mac is another quite dated genealogy software on Mac but is easier to use than GEDitCOM II and also one of the cheapest. iFamily is focused around you the individual and who is related to you rather than the entire family tree as with most genealogy software. For instance, it only goes 6 generation deep so that your connection to your direct descendants isn’t lost in layers and layers of ancient family data. iFamily for Mac supports GEDCOM import and export, publishing to the web and supports over 200 media file types which you can upload and drag and drop into your tree. There’s no online integration with ancestry databases however and as a result, filling it in is quite painstaking although since it only goes 6 generations deep, it’s manageable.

Like GEDitCOM II, iFamily has been left behind by FTM for Mac 2017 and MacFamilyTree but for an inexpensive genealogy software focused on the individual rather than the wider family, it’s still very good. If you just want to create a personal ancestral file on Mac, it’s definitely worth a closer look.

Note that iFamily for Mac only works up to OS X 10.13 High Sierra – it does not officially support macOS 10.14 Mojave yet. There’s also a legacy version which works from OS X Tiger to Yosemite.

Pricing: $29.95 – Free Demo

7. Gramps

Gramps is a well-respected open source free family tree software for Mac and PC. Although it’s ideal for amateur genealogy sleuths, it’s also suitable for professional genealogists and is maintained by a community of genealogists. Gramps certainly doesn’t have the same slick interface as paid apps such as iFamily and can feel a bit slow but it’s still a very accomplished and detailed genealogy app.

Gramps uses “Gramplets” on the main dashboard which are like widgets that provide analysis of your data. These gramplets include widgets for People, Relationships, Families, Ancestry, Events, Places, Geography, Citations, Repositories, Media and Notes.

Gramps is well documented with an easy to follow Wiki on how it works. There’s no online integration with ancestry databases and Gramps is about as basic as it gets when it comes to genealogy and family research on Mac but for a free application, it’s ideal for those that just want to maintain some record of their family history at no cost.

Pricing: Free

8. Reunion for Mac

Family Tree Maker For Imac

Reunion has been around a long time now and works on both Mac, iPhone and iPad. Family relationships are displayed in a very clear and easy to follow fashion and you can create a range of genealogy reports, charts, forms and books. You can even create birthday calendars, slideshows, family mailing lists and questionnaires for fun quizzes at family reunions or special events. Reunion also has a mobile app ReunionTouch which syncs automatically with any changes you make on your Mac via DropBox.

Reunion allows you to digitize photos of your relatives and link them to people, family and other records. You can also make slideshows from these which is a nice touch.

Many people switch from Family Tree Maker to Reunion and there are full instructions how to export GEDCOM files from FTM for Mac and import them into Reunion here.

You can try Reunion for free although in the demo, you can only enter up to 50 family records, there’s no import or export options and printed documents will carry a watermark.

Pricing: $99 – Free Demo

Genealogy Software On Mac: Essential Tips

Before choosing which app is best for you, there are some important things to be aware of to choose the best genealogy software for your needs.

Genealogy research is increasingly moving online making it much easier for relatives to find each other and research their past. There are now powerful online ancestry databases such as FamilySearch, Heredis and Ancestory.com which can help build your family tree far quicker than having to research things yourself. Ancestory.com is extremely powerful and has access to over 20 billion historical records, although it has more data for European users than those in the USA. FamilySearch is the largest genealogy database in the world and is owned by the Church of the Latter Day Saints but is completely free to use. The LDS Church are more commonly known as Mormons and the reason they maintain such detailed records is because genealogical research is extremely important to Mormons in maintaining their faith and blood lines. These databases are invaluable in saving time searching through family records or printed archives of your family history.

Some Mac genealogy apps automatically link to these online services in order to complete your family tree quickly and accurately. They also provide rich information such as major events in your ancestors lives, the percentage of your blood origins from different countries, migration reports etc. Be warned however that occasionally you may find that some family records suddenly disappear from these online databases, especially from Ancestry.com. A common reason for this is that the developer does not own the rights to the information so a good tip is to download documents such as probate records and wills because when they’re gone from the online database, it’s very difficult to get them back. If you have a lot of family tree data stored on your Mac, always back it up to an external or online source in case your Mac crashes or dies. Check out our guide to the best external hard drive for Mac for the best backup solutions for Macs.

Some online genealogy services such as GPS Origins (currently 50% off) and Ancestry.com go one step further and also offer DNA testing kits. DNA testing opens-up whole new avenues to explore and has even been used to catch serial killers such as happened to the Golden State Killer. For example, GPS Origins costs $99 and allows you to send a sample of your saliva DNA for analysis with results usually delivered to you online in a few months. This is a far more powerful way to trace your roots and reveal blood lineages to other countries you weren’t even aware of, including Native American ancestry. The company is currently offering 50% off its DNA testing package with coupon code GPSCJ100 which usually costs $199. A similar service is offered by Ancestry.com’s AncestryDNA. AncestryDNA uses what’s known as micro array-based autosomal DNA testing which can trace your DNA genome in over 700,000 locations. This type of analysis also works for both men and women whereas some DNA analysis services only work for analyzing the male Y-chromosome and can’t be used to analyze a woman’s past. These types of test obviously raise some ethical and security concerns although Ancestry.com do not store your DNA with your name or any other identifying data and allow you to request destruction of your DNA sample at any time. You can also choose to download raw DNA data for your own records before Ancestry.com destroy it. If you really want to dig deep into your family history however, DNA testing could be one of the most interesting undertakings you’ve ever done.

Software developers come and go and the genealogy software you use today may not be around in 5 or 10 years time. It’s therefore important that you can export your comprehensive family tree data in a format that can be read by other software if your family tree software developer disappears or ceases business. The most common export format that genealogy software uses is a specific format called GEDCOM (Genealogical Data Communication) . However, even if a program supports GEDCOM, some data such as images, citations and custom fields don’t always import so well so if possible, try to pick one genealogy software and stick to it.

Not all family tree programs for Mac are up to date in terms of modern relationships. Some are still based on the model of the nuclear family and don’t support same-sex marriages, adoptions, step relations etc. However you will find that all the software featured here supports a wide range family structures so that your family tree is reflective of changing times.

The best apps allow you to add rich information about your family tree through the use of media, citations and other attachments. This includes adding photos, videos and scanned documents such as birth certificates, death certificates and other documents relating to important events in your relatives’ lives. The more the software supports, the richer your family tree will be.

Genealogy software can be complex and the best programs include comprehensive Help and Support sections although most of these are in the form of user guides, PDF files and forums. Note that there are few Mac family tree developers that offer live or 24/7 customer support but most are well documented.

One of the most rewarding things about family tree software is making a gift for relatives which you can either print out or send in digital form. Many genealogy apps support printing or gift features which make a unique present. If you want to print your family tree, heirloom pedigree charts or descendant charts, check out our guide to the best printers for Mac to get optimum results. Some genealogy software can also generate complex reports although these are more useful for academic research purposes.

Conclusion

As we’ve seen, there’s quite a lot of family tree software for Mac users to choose from.

If you want something that’s powerful, got lots of useful features and tons of way to share your family trees, RootsMagic for Mac is excellent.

If you want to build a really rich family tree and dig deep into your past, you really need Family Tree Maker or MacFamilyTree as they are the only ones that are integrated with online genealogy databases.

MacFamilyTree looks better on Mac but if you want to dig really deep into your past, Family Tree Maker’s integration with AncestryDNA is hard to beat. Both are focused more on North American family histories though and European users may find that Heredis database is more relevant to their family history.

This is by no means a comprehensive list but in our opinion they are the best family tree apps for Mac users.

We hope we help you find answers to your family history with some of the genealogy software featured here but if you have any questions, problems or suggestions, let us know in the comments below.

Clicking on the Download Now (Visit Site) button above will open a connection to a third-party site. Download.com cannot completely ensure the security of the software hosted on third-party sites.

From Ancestry:

Ancestry.com Family Tree Maker for Mac 2 makes it easy to create and share your family tree. With a membership to Ancestry.com included, you'll have FREE access to 5 billion U.S. historical records, photos, news stories and other family trees. Collaborate with the largest, most active family history community in the world. You could easily find other members researching your ancestors and if you do, compare notes and discover more together. Beginners enjoy Ancestry.com Family Tree Maker's easy navigation, tree-building tools and search capabilities to quickly grow their family tree. Experts appreciate the program's robust feature set. Sync Family Tree Maker on the desktop and online Ancestry.com trees to keep trees up-to-date wherever you are using TreeSync. Build your tree using Family Tree Maker and upload it to Ancestry.com. Whether you're working online or on your desktop, you can always keep your trees in sync with just the click of a button. (Even update your tree using our FREE iPhone and iPad apps) Share your tree with other family members and choose who can update it. New in this version: TreeSync - access and update your family tree anytime and anywhere. When you link a desktop and online tree together, you can update either tree and then synchronize those changes into the other tree. Other new features include: combined family view, image capture function to insert an image from iSight camera, new chart backgrounds, OS X Lion full screen mode support.

What do you need to know about free software?

From Ancestry:

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In Windows 8.1 & Windows 10, right-click the Start menu and select Device Manager

In Windows 8, swipe up from the bottom, or right-click anywhere on the desktop and choose 'All Apps' -> swipe or scroll right and choose 'Control Panel' (under Windows System section) -> Hardware and Sound -> Device Manager

In Windows 7, click Start -> Control Panel -> Hardware and Sound -> Device Manager

In Windows Vista, click Start -> Control Panel -> System and Maintenance -> Device Manager

In Windows XP, click Start -> Control Panel -> Performance and Maintenance -> System -> Hardware tab -> Device Manager button

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Tech Tip: Driver downloads and updates come in a variety of file formats with different file extensions. For example, you may have downloaded an EXE, INF, ZIP, or SYS file. Each file type has a slighty different installation procedure to follow.

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Microsoft Windows XP Registry Guide / Jerry Honeycutt. Includes index. Microsoft Windows (Computer file) 2. Operating systems (Computers) I. Learn how Microsoft Windows utilizes the Registry, how the hierarchy is organized into hives, the dangers of manipulating the registry, edit or create keys, backup the Registry, maneuver between.

In today’s edition of Geek School, we’re going to teach you how to use the registry editor, what some of those keys actually mean, and generally help you understand it a little better.

SCHOOL NAVIGATION

Over the years we’ve covered a lot of registry hacks, and while most people can handle the step-by-step instructions for how to make a registry change, or double-click a .reg file to insert it into the registry, you will be much better served having a solid knowledge of what the registry is and how it works.

The most important thing to know about the registry is that you probably shouldn’t just mess around and delete or change things for no reason. Deleting a big portion of the registry is never going to make your computer run faster, and there’s no registry hack that will speed up your computer or give you some major new functionality that doesn’t exist.

Almost all registry hacks involve either tweaking the behavior of some component in Windows, or disabling a behavior that you don’t like. For instance, if you want to disable SkyDrive / OneDrive from Windows entirely, you can use a registry hack to accomplish it. If you are tired of Windows Update forcibly rebooting your computer, you can hack the registry to make it stop.

What is the Registry?

The Windows Registry is a hierarchical database that contains all of the configurations and settings used by components, services, applications, and pretty much everything in Windows.

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The registry has two basic concepts to be aware of: Keys and Values. Registry Keys are objects that are basically folders, and in the interface even look exactly like folders. Values are a bit like the files in the folders, and they contain the actual settings.

When you open the Registry Editor for the first time, you’ll see a treeview on the left-hand pane that contains all of the keys, with values on the right-hand side. It’s about as simple as an interface gets.

The root-level keys that you see in the left-hand side of the screenshot are important. Each one houses a different set of information, so depending on what you are trying to do, you’ll need to know which section to browse down into.

The interesting thing that most people don’t know is that three of the five items on the root level aren’t actually there… they are just linked to items further down in one of the other keys.

HKEY_CLASSES_ROOT

Windows uses this section to manage file type associations, and it is usually abbreviated HKCR when being referenced in documentation. This key is actually just a link to HKLMSoftwareClasses.

You can also use this section if you want to tweak the context menu for a particular file type.

HKEY_CURRENT_USER

Holds the user settings for the currently logged in user, and is usually abbreviated HKCU This is actually just a link to HKEY_USERS<SID-FOR-CURRENT-USER>. The most important sub-key in here is HKCUSoftware, which contains user-level settings for most of your software.

HKEY_LOCAL_MACHINE

All of the system-wide settings are stored here, and it is usually abbreviated as HKLM. You’ll mostly use the HKLMSoftware key to check machine-wide settings.

HKEY_USERS

Stores all of the settings for all users on the system. You’ll typically use HKCU instead, but if you need to check settings for another user on your computer, you can use this one.

HKEY_CURRENT_CONFIG

Stores all of the information about the current hardware configuration. This one isn’t used very often, and it just a link to HKLMSYSTEMCurrentControlSetHardware ProfilesCurrent.

Creating New Keys and Values

Right-clicking on any key in the left-hand side of the window will give you a set of options, most of which are fairly straightforward and easy to understand. Clip paint studio crack.

You can create a new Key, which will show up as a folder on the left-hand side, or a new value, which will show up on the right-hand side. Those values can be a little confusing, but there are really only a couple of values that are used regularly.

String Value (REG_SZ) – This contains anything that will fit into a regular string. The vast majority of the time, you can edit human-readable strings without breaking everything.

Binary Value (REG_BINARY) – This value contains arbitrary binary data, and you will almost never want to attempt to edit one of these keys.

DWORD (32-bit) Value (REG_DWORD) – These are almost always used for a regular integer value, whether just 0 or 1, or a number from 0 to 4,294,967,295.

QWORD (64-bit) Value (REG_QWORD) – These are not used very often for registry hacking purposes, but it’s basically a 64-bit integer value.

Multi-String Value (REG_MULTI_SZ) – These values are fairly uncommon, but it works basically like a notepad window. You can type multi-line textual information into a field like this.

Expandable String Value (REG_EXPAND_SZ) – These variables have a string that can contain environment variables and is often used for system paths. So a string might be %SystemDrive%Windows and would expand to C:Windows. This means that when you find a value in the Registry that is set to this type, you can change or insert environment variables and they will be “expanded” before the string is used.

Fun Fact: DWORD is short for “Double Word,” because a “Word” is a term for the default unit of data used by a processor, and when Windows was created that was 16 bits. So a “word” is 16 bits, and a “Double Word” is 32 bits. While modern processors are all 64-bit, the Registry still uses the older format for compatibility.

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The Favorites Menu

One of the really useful features that nobody seems to notice is the Favorites menu, which is great when you want to check a registry location regularly. What’s really fun is that you can export the list of favorites and use it again on another computer without having to browse down to the keys and add them to the favorites menu.

It’s also a great way to bookmark something in the registry if you are looking around in multiple locations, so you can easily flip back to the last place you were at.

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Exporting Registry Files

You can export registry keys and all of the values contained underneath them by right-clicking on a key and choosing Export. This is really important if you are going to be making changes to your system.

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Once you’ve got your exported registry file, you can double-click on it to enter the information back into the registry, or you can choose Edit to take a look at the contents in Notepad.

The registry hacking file format is pretty simple – value names on the left, and actual values on the right.

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RELATED:How to Make Your Own Windows Registry Hacks

For more on registry hack files, make sure to read our guide on the subject.

Setting Permissions

Some of the registry keys won’t allow you to make changes by default. This is generally because you don’t have permission to those keys, but you can tweak the permissions scheme if you want by right-clicking a key and choosing Permissions, and then adjusting them from there.

We should note that this is not a good idea, and you should usually stay away from keys that require this much work to edit.

Loading Registry Hives

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You can use the File -> Load Hive feature to load up a registry from an offline system. Perhaps you are troubleshooting another computer, and would like to see what is going on in the registry for a system that isn’t booting. So you boot the system from a rescue disk, or maybe a Linux live CD, and then copy the registry files onto your thumb drive.

Now you can open them up on another computer and look around by using the Load Hive option.

Understanding Windows Registry

Where are these registry files stored?

You can find most of them in the WindowsSystem32Config folder.

See those SAM, SECURITY, SOFTWARE, and SYSTEM files? They correspond to the same keys underneath the HKEY_LOCAL_MACHINE folder.

The data for the HKEY_CURRENT_USER branch is stored in your user folder, in a hidden file called NTUSER.DAT.

Backing Up Your Registry

RELATED:Create a Restore Point for Windows 7 or Vista’s System Restore

You might have noticed over the years that every site that advises you to hack the registry in some way also tells you to backup your registry. But what’s the best way to do that?

You can’t export the entire registry to a file, and it wouldn’t work very well to import it again either. You also can’t easily access the files themselves on the hard drive, because they are completely locked. So that’s not going to work.

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The best option to backup your registry? Create a System Restore point.

Rolling back a system restore point is quite easy.

Some Important Things to Note

While many people refuse to agree, the fact is that registry cleaners are pointless and should not be used. Cleaning up a few hundred keys out of a database of millions isn’t going to provide any performance boost, and any errors in the registry that resulted in a component not loading properly would be caught in Event Viewer or elsewhere, and could be fixed without resorting to cleaning the registry.

And don’t even get us started on registry “defrag,” which is complete nonsense these days. Perhaps back on Windows 95 with dirt-slow hard drives, it made sense. But now, with modern hard drives, or solid state drives that don’t need defragmenting at all? Don’t do it.

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Also read..

Windows 10: The smart person's guide (Updated)

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Upgrade to newest version android firmware on you device, cisco 3750 software upgrade update you current version android firmware to latest version, download newest android firmware. Cisco 3750 software upgrade New release software for android device. Download and update android firmware driver latest version. Oct 28, 2009 This document explains the step-by-step procedure to use the command-line interface (CLI) in order to upgrade the software image on Cisco Catalyst 3750 series switches that have a multiswitch stack configuration. In order to upgrade a Cisco Catalyst 3750 switch that has an incompatible software image, issue the archive copy-sw privileged EXEC command. This command copies the software image from a stack member that exists to the one with the incompatible software. The affected switch automatically reloads and joins the stack as a fully functioning member. Jan 28, 2016 I have been tasked with creating a stack out of an older 3750, with a newer 3750. I know they both need to be on the same version so this makes it a good time for me to upgrade our older Cisco with the current recommended version (I believe 15.xxx).

Cisco 3650 Software Upgrade

Cisco 3750 X Software Upgrade Procedure

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Contents

Introduction

This document explains the step-by-step procedure to use the command-line interface (CLI) in order to upgrade the software image on Cisco Catalyst 3750 series switches that have a multiswitch stack configuration.

Prerequisites

Requirements

Before you download software, refer to these sections of Release Notes for the Catalyst 3750, 3560, and 2970 Switches, Cisco IOS Release 12.2(25)SEB and Later for important information:

Components Used

The information in this document is based on these hardware versions:

WS-C3750G-12S switches

WS-C3750G-24TS switches

Note: You can substitute any stackable Catalyst 3750 series switch.

The information in this document was created from the devices in a specific lab environment. All of the devices used in this document started with a cleared (default) configuration. If your network is live, make sure that you understand the potential impact of any command.

Conventions

Refer to the Cisco Technical Tips Conventions for more information on document conventions.

Find the Software Version and Feature Set

A directory that has the Cisco IOS® Software release name stores the Cisco IOS image as a bin file. The directory stores the image on the system board flash device (flash:). A subdirectory contains the files that you need for web management.

You can use the show version privileged EXEC command in order to see the software version that runs on your switch. The second line of the display shows the version.

Note: Although the show version output always shows the software image that runs on the switch, the model name that appears at the end of this display is the factory configuration. This image is either the IP base image, formerly known as the standard multilayer image (SMI), or the IP services image, formerly known as the enhanced multilayer image (EMI). This name does not change if you upgrade the software image.

You can also use the dir filesystem: privileged EXEC command. This command shows the directory names of any other software images that you have stored in flash memory.

Before you decide the Cisco IOS Software release to which you want to upgrade the switches, you should:

Read the Release Notes of the particular Cisco IOS Software release. Refer to Cisco Catalyst 3750 Series Switches - Release Notes.

Make sure the Cisco IOS Software release does have any defects which can affect any of the existing functionality. Refer to the Bug Toolkit (registered customers only) and Cisco Catalyst 3750 Series Switches - Field Notices.

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Priority value determines the Master switch in a stack. The priority value can be 1 to 15. The default priority value is 1. Cisco recommends that you assign the highest priority value to the switch that you prefer to be the stack master. In this example, the master switch has a priority value of 15. For more information, refer to Creation and Management of Catalyst 3750 Switch Stacks.

Decide Which Files to Use

The software download center for Catalyst 3750 contains two sets of IOS images for every feature set and versions. One set contains only the IOS image file which has the extension .bin. The other set contains the IOS image plus the web-based device manager which has the extension .tar.

This document explains the upgrade procedure with the .tar image as well as with the .bin image. The .tar file contains the Cisco IOS image file and the files that you need for the embedded device manager. You must use the combined tar file in order to upgrade the switch through the device manager.

Cisco IOS Software Release 12.2(25)SEA and earlier referred to the image that provides Layer 2+ features and basic Layer 3 routing as the SMI. These software releases referred to the image that provides full Layer 3 routing and advanced services as the EMI.

Cisco IOS Software Release 12.2(25)SEB and later refer to the SMI as the IP base image and the EMI as the IP services image.

Table 1 lists the different file-naming conventions for releases earlier than and later than Cisco IOS Software Release 12.2(25)SEB.

Table 1: Cisco IOS Image File-Naming Conventions Cisco IOS Software Release 12.2(25)SEA and earlier Cisco IOS Software Release 12.2(25)SEB and later c3750-i9-mz (SMI) c3750-ipbase-mz c3750-i9k91-mz (SMI) c3750-ipbasek9-mz c3750-i5-mz (EMI) c3750-ipservices-mz c3750-i5k91-mz (EMI) c3750-ipservicesk9-mz

Table 2 lists the file names for this software release.

Table 2: Cisco IOS Software Image Files File Name Description c3750-ipbase-tar.122-25.SEB.tar Catalyst 3750 IP base image and device manager files This image has Layer 2+ and basic Layer 3 routing features. c3750-ipservices-tar.122-25.SEB.tar Catalyst 3750 IP services image and device manager files This image has both Layer 2+ and full Layer 3 routing features. c3750-ipbasek9-tar.122-25.SEB.tar Catalyst 3750 IP base cryptographic image and device manager files This image has the Kerberos, SSH1, Layer 2+, and basic Layer 3 routing features. c3750-ipservicesk9-tar.122-25.SEB.tar Catalyst 3750 IP services cryptographic image and device manager files This image has the Kerberos, SSH, Layer 2+, and full Layer 3 features. c3750-advipservicesk9-tar.122-25.SEB.tar Catalyst 3750 advanced IP services image, cryptographic file, and device manager files This image has all the IP services image features and the capability for unicast routing of IPv62 packets.

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The Sofware Advisor (registered customers only) tool helps to determine the feature set required for the funtionalities needed in the network.

Flash File System and Memory Requirements

Flash File System

The 3750 ships from the factory with the installation of a web-based device manager (.tar file) in the flash: directory. The extraction process that takes place with a .tar file creates a Cisco IOS image directory. The image directory has the same name as the Cisco IOS image (.bin file), but without the file extension. This directory stores the Cisco IOS image (.bin file) along with an HTML subdirectory that contains the device manager files.

Issue the dir flash: command in order to view the 3750 Flash file system. Here is a sample command output:

Refer to these sections in this document in order to upgrade the 3750 switch to a Cisco IOS Software release with a web-based device manager:

Refer to the 3750 Series Switch Stack IOS Upgrade - Manual (.bin Image) section in order to upgrade the switch with just a Cisco IOS Software release.

DRAM Memory

All models of 3750 series switches have a DRAM configuration of 128 MB. There are no minimum DRAM requirements to consider before you upgrade software on the 3750.

Flash Memory

The internal Flash memory shipped with the 3750 switches are either 16 MB or 32 MB based on the model of the Catalyst 3750 switch. Refer to the Cisco Catalyst 3750 Data Sheet for more information.

There is a limit to the number of images that you can store in Flash. Always check the size, in bytes, of the image in the Downloads - Switches (registered customers only) before you upgrade software. Issue the dir flash: command in order to compare the size of this image with the free space in Flash. Here is a sample command output:

If necessary, issue the delete flash:file_name command in order to delete a single Cisco IOS image (.bin file). Or issue the delete /force /recursive flash:dir_name command in order to delete a directory and all the files in the directory.

Here is a sample command output to delete a Cisco IOS image (.bin file):

Here is a sample command output to delete a Cisco IOS image with a web-based device manager (directory):

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3750 Series Switch Stack IOS Upgrade - Automatic (.tar image)

In this section, you are presented with the information to configure the features described in this document.

The procedure in this section copies the combined tar file to the switch. You copy the file to the switch from a TFTP server and extract the files. You can download an image file and replace the current image, or you can keep the current image.

Note: For switch stacks, the archive download-sw and archive upload-sw privileged EXEC commands can only be used through the stack master. Software images downloaded to the stack master are automatically downloaded to the rest of the stack members. Thus, you must be logged on to the master switch to perform this upgrade.

Step-by-Step Instructions

In order to download software, complete these steps:

Step 1

Use the Decide Which Files to Use section of this document in order to identify the type of image and feature set that you want to download.

Step 2

Refer to Software Download - Cisco Catalyst 3750 Software (registered customers only) and find the image that you want to download.

In order to download older versions of the IP services image or IP base image files for a Catalyst 3750 switch, click Archived Catalyst 3750 Software. In order to obtain authorization and to download the cryptographic software files, click Catalyst 3750 Strong Cryptographic (3DES) Software.

Note: Cisco IOS Software releases earlier than Cisco IOS Software Release 12.1(19)EA1c include a bootloader upgrade. The bootloader can take up to 1 minute to upgrade the first time that you load the new software. Do not power cycle the switch during the bootloader upgrade.

Step 3

Copy the image to the appropriate TFTP directory on the workstation, and make sure that the TFTP server has the proper configuration.

For more information, refer to Appendix B of the software configuration guide for this release.

Step 4

Step 5

In order to view the current version, issue the show version command.

Step 6

Issue the dir flash: command on the 3750 in order to verify the amount of free memory that you have for the upgrade.

Here is a sample command output:

Step 7

In order to verify connectivity to the TFTP server, ping its IP address.

Step 8

There are several options for the download of the image. You can use the command-line options that appear in this section to have a new image overwrite the old image or leave the old image in flash.

The example uses the archive download-sw command in order to retain the old image on the device. For a complete description of the commands available, refer to the archive download-sw section of Catalyst 3750 Switch Cisco IOS Commands.

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Here are the options available for the archive download-sw command:

This example shows the command in use and the switch output during the upload process:

Step 9

The image copy is complete, and you are ready for the reboot. In order to verify that the current state of the switches is Ready, issue the show switch detail command.

Here is an example:

Step 10

In order to verify that the new image is in flash for the stack members, issue the dir flash: command and the dir flash 1: command. In this example, there are two switch stack members. If the stack configuration includes additional switches in the stack, issue the dir flash#: command for each additional switch in the stack.

Issue the show version command in order to verify that the old image is still the current operation system image. Issue the show boot command in order to verify that the new image is now the image in the BOOT path-list that will load at the next switch reload.

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Issue the reload command at the prompt and confirm in order to proceed with the reload. The new code revision should come up and start to run as expected on all the switches in the stack.

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3750 Series Switch Stack IOS Upgrade - Manual (.tar image)

The previous section of this document explained how to upgrade IOS using the archive download-sw command. You can also upgrade the IOS manually switch-by-switch without disconnecting the stack cables. The three major steps in this method are:

Copy the .tar image from the TFTP server to the master switch.

Extract the .tar image into all the Flash file systems of the switches.

Configure the boot variable.

The archive download-sw command does all three steps during an automatic IOS upgrade. You can also perform these three steps in the manual IOS upgrade. The step-by-step section shows an example IOS upgrade to upgrade the IOS to Cisco IOS Software Release 12.2(25)SEE1. This example has a switch stack with three switches. Switch 1 is the master switch and switches 2 and 3 are the member switches.

Step-by-Step Instructions

Step 1 - Download the .tar Image

You need to make sure you have sufficient space available in the Flash of the master switch. The master switch should have twice the amount of space of the .tar image file size. This space is needed to store the .tar file as well as to store the content of the .tar file that you extract in step 2. For example, if the .tar image size is 10 Mb, you need to have a minimum of 20 Mb of free space.

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Extract the .tar images to all the switches in the Flash file system. The archive tar /xtract command creates a directory and extracts the files under the newly created directory.

This is an example of the command syntax:

Complete these steps:

Extract the .tar file into the Flash on switch1.

Extract the .tar file into the Flash on switch2.

Extract the .tar file into the Flash on switch3.

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Reload the switch and verify that the switch runs the new Cisco IOS software release after the reload:

3750 Series Switch Stack IOS Upgrade - Manual (.bin Image)

A 3750 switch stack can be managed either with the web device manager or with the CLI. If you manage the switch with the CLI, you do not need the .tar image. This section explains the IOS upgrade with the .bin image. It is assumed that you have already configured the 3750 switch stack with an IOS image. This section explains how to copy and upgrade the new IOS in the 3750 switch stack.

Note: The commands archive download-sw and archive upload-sw are applicable only for .tar image files and do not apply to .bin image files.

This example explains the step-by-step procedure to upgrade the IOS to Cisco IOS Software Release 12.2(25)SEE2 on a Catalyst 3750 switch stack. The Catalyst 3750 switch stack has two switches and the IOS image is located at the TFTP server 172.22.1.165. This output shows the stack member and the master in this stack:

Step-by-Step Instructions

Step 1 - Download the .bin Image

Refer to Software Download - Cisco Catalyst 3750 Software (registered customers only) and find the image that you want to download. The Software Download Center for the Catalyst 3750 contains two sets of IOS images for every feature set and versions. One set contains only the IOS image file which has the extension .bin. The other set contains the IOS image plus the web-based device manager which has the extension .tar.

Step 2 - Verify the Available Memory

You can verify the available memory in the Flash file system of both switches individually as this example output shows:

In a Catalyst 3750 switch stack, flash: represents the Flash file system of the master switch. In this example, the dir flash: command displays the contents of the master switch (Switch 2) which is flash2:.

Step 3 - Copy the Images to the Flash File System

Copy the .bin image from the TFTP server to the Flash file system of both switches.

Note: The Automatic Upgrade (auto-upgrade) feature only works with .tar images.

Step 4 - Configure the Boot Variable

Configure the boot variable to boot the switch with the newly copied IOS:

Step 5 - Verify Before the Reload

Verify the boot variable:

Verify that the new IOS file is present in the Flash:

Step 6 - Reload and Verify

Reload the switch and verify that the switch runs the new Cisco IOS software version after the reload:

Verify

This section provides information you can use to confirm that your configuration works properly.

Certain show commands are supported by the Output Interpreter Tool (registered customers only) , which allows you to view an analysis of show command output.

show switch detail—Verifies that all the switches are ready.

show version—Verifies that all switches in the stack do not run to the new code version.

Troubleshoot

This section provides information you can use to troubleshoot your configuration.

Image Transfer from TFTP Server Fails or Corrupted IOS image

If you find that an image transfer from the TFTP server fails continuously, refer to Common Problems in Installing Images Using TFTP or an RCP Server. This document provides solutions to known issues with the TFTP server.

You Receive the Error_Bad_Mzip Error Message

You see this error when the Cisco IOS image is corrupt or a .tar file uploads through an Xmodem. In order to resolve the issue, complete these steps:

Upload the .bin file to the switch through the Xmodem.

Set the boot path to the correct file name.

Reload the switch.

Check that the image file size is the correct one.

If the image file size is not correct, try to download the image file again.

Refer to these documents in order to check the recovery procedure:

Step-by-Step Recovery Procedure section of Recovering Catalyst 2950, 2955, and 3550 Series Switches from a Corrupted or Missing Image

Recovering from a Software Failure section of Release Notes for the Catalyst 3750, 3560, and 2970 Switches, Cisco IOS Release 12.2(25)SEB and Later

%Error opening flash:update/info (No such file or directory)

The switch reports this error message during the software upgrade:

Complete these steps to identify and resolve the issue:

Make sure you are able to ping the TFTP server IP address from the switch.

Verify your TFTP server is working and if possible, try a different TFTP server.

Remove if you have any old information directory from the Flash.

If the error message still appears, format the Flash and reload the switch. After you format, the switch might boot into ROMMON mode. If the switch boots into ROMMON mode, then recover the switch using Xmodem.

Switches in the Stack do not Boot the New Image (Version Mismatch)

After the IOS upgrade, any one or more of the switches do not boot with the new images. Or, when you add a switch to the existing stack and the newly added switch has a different Cisco IOS software release than the existing switch stack, the new switch is unusable. The 3750 switch stack has a feature called auto-upgrade which is enabled by default. This feature enables the switch stack to automatically upgrade the IOS on the newly added switch. Sometimes this auto-upgrade fails to upgrade the IOS of the newly added switch. You see this message sequence when you add the switch to the existing stack.

Note: The auto-upgrade feature must be enabled to upgrade the switch in version-mismatch (VM) mode. By default, auto-upgrade is enabled. You can check the status of auto-upgrade by using the show boot privileged EXEC command and by checking the auto upgrade line in the display. You can disable auto-upgrade by using the no boot auto-copy-sw global configuration command on the stack master. Refer to Understanding Auto-Upgrade and Auto-Advise for more information.

There are three different methods available to solve the version mismatch problem:

Method 1 - .tar Image

Upgrade the member switch that has an incompatible software image using the archive copy-sw privileged EXEC command. This command copies the software image from an existing stack member to the one with the incompatible software. The affected switch automatically reloads and joins the stack as a fully functioning member.

This output shows the syntax of the archive copy-sw command:

For the /destination-system destination-stack-member-number, specify the number of the stack member to which the source that runs the image file needs to be copied. If you do not specify the stack member number, the running image file is copied to all stack members by default.

Specify /force-reload to unconditionally force a system reload after the successful download of the software image. If you do not want to use /force-reload, reset the updated stack member manually using reload slot switch_member_number to put this configuration change into effect.

For the source-stack-member-number, specify the number of the stack member from which to copy the running image file. The stack member number range is 1 to 9.

If you receive an oversubscribe syslog message during reload, then issue the archive copy-sw /overwrite /destination-system command to overwrite the software image in the Flash memory with the downloaded one.

This is an example of the archive copy-sw command:

This archive copy-sw command copies the current running IOS image from switch 1 to switch 3 on the 3750 switch stack.

Reload the switch member 3.

Method 2 - .tar Image

You can use this method if you use the device manager to manage the switch stack. Extract the .tar image into the Flash file system of the newly added switch. It is assumed that you already have the .tar image on the switch. If it is not available, you can download from the Software Download - Cisco Catalyst 3750 Software (registered customers only) page and copy to the switch using TFTP.

Configure the boot variable on the new switch. This step is not mandatory. But if you disconnect this switch out of the stack in the future, the switch might not boot the correct IOS.

Note: The boot system switch 3 flash: command has been brought down to a second line due to spatial considerations.

Reload the switch member 3.

Method 3 - .bin Image

Copy the .bin file from the master switch to the newly added switch, configure the boot variable, and reload the switch.

%Tar checksum error in tftp

This error message occurs when you use the archive command in order to upgrade the software image:

Note: The archive command has been brought down to a second line due to spatial considerations.

The reason for this error message is that the archive command is for the .tar files and cannot be used with .bin files. In order to upgrade using the .bin file, use the copy command.

Upgrade Cisco IOS Software with Different Feature Sets

The Cisco Catalyst 3750 Series by default allows changes in feature sets while you upgrade to a later Cisco IOS release.

In order to overcome this issue, make use of the flag allow-feature-upgrade while you execute the archive-download-sw command.

Cisco 3750 X Software Upgrade Procedure

This option is supported only from Cisco IOS release 12.2(35) SE or later.

Cisco 3750 Stack Software Upgrade

Related Information

0 notes

crispypatrolcycle · 4 years ago

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