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This map illustrates the Crusader States, or Outremer (from the Old French outre-mer, meaning “overseas”), in the 12th century, established following the First Crusade (1096–1099) and expanded through subsequent campaigns such as the Second (1147–1148) and Third Crusades (1187–1192). At their height, these Latin Christian realms—most notably the Kingdom of Jerusalem (1099–1187), Principality of…
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