crystalizedkiwi

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Annotated Bibliography Report 12 - he media's representation of the ideal male body: A cause for muscle dysmorphia?

Name of Author: Richard Leit,  James Gray, and Harrison Pope, Jr.

APA 7th https://www.waikato.ac.nz/library/guidance/referencing/apa

Leit, R.A., Gray, J.J. and Pope, H.G., Jr. (2002), The media's representation of the ideal male body: A cause for muscle dysmorphia?. Int. J. Eat. Disord., 31: 334-338. https://doi.org/10.1002/eat.10019

Description - The article focuses on a test done to male freshmen in college to see if they would be more or less satisfied with their own body in terms of attractiveness. They did this by having two groups rating pictures, The control got 30 neutral, and the experimental got 10 neutral with 20 pictures of the ideal body. Then, they would be asked to take the Somatomorphic Matrix to answer three questions: their current body shape, their ideal body shape, the average body shape of men their age, and the body shape most desired by women. The end result was that Men in the experimental group had a bigger dissatisfaction with their body than the control group. It was clear that the purpose of this test was to see the effect of social media on men’s body attitude.

Analysis - The Article focuses directly on the concept of the ideal male body in media, and even talks about the effects it has on men who have looked at it. It’s a perfect example that even if some parts of male representation have improved over the past decades, that some parts have only gotten worse in due time. The authors all have their credentials on the start of the paper, and was approved by the Human Subject Committee as well.

Evaluation - The article’s results is a perfect source to use for my sub topic of the evolution of Male representation in media, and could even help with answering the latter of my research questions “What behavioral issues has media representation caused for Masculinity in the 1900s, and what changes have been made to better them for the next generation of boys in the 2000s” as the test was done in 2001, showing that there has been some acknowledgement in that time about the negative effects of the ideal male body, as it shows that men exposed to such images will become more conscious about their own body when compared to them.

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Annotated Bibliography Report 11 - Gender Representations and Digital Media

Name of Author: Dorin Popa and Delia Gavriliu

APA 7th https://www.waikato.ac.nz/library/guidance/referencing/apa

Popa, D and Gavriliu, D. (2015). Gender Representations and Digital Media, Journal for Procedia - Social and Behavioral Sciences, 1199-1206, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.sbspro.2015.02.244. 

Description - The Journal article shows two arrangements of gender representation in on Media. Those two would be the investigation of both social media with the concept of “Popular Culture” and the Romanian news on the internet in relation to online status. It also delves into politics and how the media has affected the representation of gender through that topic. Its purpose seems to be addressing the difference in how men and women are perceived.

Analysis -.The Journal is focused on both sides of the coin in terms of gender representation, which allows comparison in terms of how each gender has evolved separately. This comes with drawbacks as it may not give answers that can be applied, but it allows comparison to how quickly each side has evolved. It also puts a focus on politics which is a unique but valid representation of gender in the media. The text also seems to be credible thanks to Popa, D credentials in Journalism and Communication.

Evaluation - The Journal information about social media and politics is a unique concept, but does aid in answering my research questions of “What behavioral issues has media representation caused for Masculinity in the 1900s, and what changes have been made to better them for the next generation of boys in the 2000s”. As it talks about the increasing issue of the internet that is a unique issue to the early 1990 and 2000s, which put it in the latter of my research questions. However, it addresses a negative impact which shows that there hasn’t been positive impacts as well.

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Annotated Bibliography Report 10 - How do Media Images of Men Affect Our Lives?

Name of Author: Sam Femiano and Mark Nickerson

APA 7th https://www.waikato.ac.nz/library/guidance/referencing/apa

Femiano, S and Nickerson, M. (n.d.) How do Media Images of Men Affect Our Lives? Media Literacy https://www.medialit.org/reading-room/how-do-media-images-men-affect-our-lives 

Description - The article from the website seems to have been taken from a magazine called Media and Values, and focuses directly onto the concept of Male Stereotypes in media. It brings up real life issues that can arise from such stereotypes, such as a woman’s expectations of the man in relationships, and also how other men can perceive each other in both a work relationship, and platonic relationships. It also has questions for discussions about male stereotypes. Its purpose is clearly to engage people into a discussion about male stereotypes, with the target audience being the average media consumer.

Analysis - The article has some interesting key concepts brought up within its text. It brings up key questions that are important to discuss when talking about Male representation in media, focusing on what are positive and negative male characters in fiction settings. It also brings up points about the expectations that can arise from such stereotypes to those watching without being critical to the characters. The authors for this text are also highly credible for this topic as well, both having Credentials in organizations that focus on men, with Sam Femiano being credited with being the founder of the American Men’s Studies Association.

Evaluation - The text of male stereotypes have interesting points towards my research questions of “What behavioral issues has media representation caused for Masculinity in the 1900s, and what changes have been made to better them for the next generation of boys in the 2000s”. Mostly towards Question 3, which can be used as a test towards fictional male characters from different times to see if there has been any change in male representation, lending itself to help give me a conclusive answer. It definitely helps me in the real life effects as well, but the issue with this source as it seems to be focused on fictional media, which is one side of the coin.

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Annotated Bibliography Report 9 -Representations of men in the media.

Name of Author: Karl Thompson

APA 7th https://www.waikato.ac.nz/library/guidance/referencing/apa

Thompson, K. (Novemeber 25, 2019) Representations of men in the media. Revisesociology. https://revisesociology.com/2019/11/25/representations-of-men-in-the-media/ 

Description - The website’s text is a small breakdown of different areas of male representation in Media, acting as a Jack of all Trades, Master of none in terms of topics of male representation. Some of the subjects it focuses on are the seven stereotypes of men in media, the normalization of violence within men in media, and how the media has been slowly adapting to the world changing with its male representation. It seems to be a text that is target for anyone as it doesn’t seem to have a strong focus

Analysis - The text from the author seems to be a very good place to start with key concepts of todays representations of men in the media, giving basic understanding for the topic, making it a good place to start the discussion of talking. However, the text is also lacking in any real information that could be used by itself. Because of that, this text should be used as a supporting source, to help provide some kind of support on a claim with another source. It should not be used by itself unless it is used for a basic concept that is easily understood. The Author himself is still posting on the website, but none of the past few posts have focused on Male representation of men in any kind of media

Evaluation - The post isn’t something I would use to answer my research questions: “What behavioral issues has media representation cause for Masculinity in the 1900s, and what changes have been made to better them for the next generation of boys in the 2000s” by itself, but I found that it could be useful as a supporting source to help strengths some points in the answers. It’s very bare-bones but it has enough new information that can be used lightly. However, I know that If I rely on this text as the only source for an argument, it would be seen as shaky at best. Therefore, I know that it’s best used to support other key points with other sources instead.

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Annotated Bibliography Report 8 - Masculinity and Advertising

Name of Author: Media Smarts

APA 7th https://www.waikato.ac.nz/library/guidance/referencing/apa

Media Smarts, (n.d.), Masculinity and Advertising, https://mediasmarts.ca/gender-representation/men-and-masculinity/masculinity-and-advertising

Description - In “Masculinity and Advertising”, The text focuses on advertisements that are targeted towards men, in specific, in how they portray Masculinity to sell their products to their target audience. It targets both advertisements made for younger kids and adults separately and explains how they sell their product by portraying it as the “Correct” answer, and how they would be rewarded by choosing their product. The research shows that they achieve this on a “Fantasy Level '', Showing the man using the product to be seen as masucline, or to the opposite effect, to not look feminine, and even going as far as to portray women as rewards for men when they use it. The Target audience seems to be for anyone, as they text suggests they are wanting to spread awareness

Analysis - The website itself focuses towards a different subject of male representation, looking more towards advertisements, which is one of the biggest markets in terms of media representation with how many there are. It’s one of the bigger markets in terms of Media representation and everyone has most likely seen at least one, so there would be important knowledge on the evolution to male representation in media. And while the source has no clear Author or Publish date, they do have sources to back up their claims on Masculinity representation in advertising. 

Evaluation - The focus on ads for my research questions: “What behavioral issues has media representation cause for Masculinity in the 1900s, and what changes have been made to better them for the next generation of boys in the 2000s” should of been an obvious decision to make in hindsight, as both the 1900s and 2000s would have several ads to analyze. Also considering the small run time separate ads have, they will rely on playing into successful representation of their product to sell, and with men product relying heavily on selling masculinity in their ads, it would contribute to the representation of men in modern media. The big issue with the text is that it doesn’t seem to have any information on the 1900s advertisement, and doesn’t make it clear if the ads are focused on the 2000s, but based on the dates of the references they use, it suggests that these would be around the 2000s.

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Annotated Bibliography Report 7 - Stuart Hall's Representation Theory Explained Media Studies Revision

Name of Author: Simon Hunter [The Media Insider]

APA 7th https://www.waikato.ac.nz/library/guidance/referencing/apa

Simon Hunter, [The Media Insider] (2019, November 9), Stuart Hall's Representation Theory Explained Media Studies Revision [Video]. Youtube. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=yJr0gO_-w_Q 

Description - “Stuart Hall’s Representation Theory Explained Media Studies Revision” is a Youtube Video by “The Media Insider” As known as Simon Hunter. It discusses the Stuart Hall Representation theory and uses the media’s reputation of Donald Trump during his time as the 45th President. It challenges the idea of a subject only having one fixed representation, and that there can be multiple meanings of the subject that can be depicted by the mass media, such as New stations like Fox and CNN, or Newspapers like The Guardian. The source highly suggests that it is for Students, primarily Media Studies Students, to learn about common concepts.

Analysis - The Video essay brings up a very broad concept about Stuart Hall’s Theory of Representation, but it does help find a base to how to define representation, and the both positive and negative representation is still representation that should be taken into account, and not discarded as “Wrong” It also points out that there is a stronghold on how certain topics can be represented by the mass media. The Source is also considered to be reliable when taking account that the Author in question is a media studies teacher in the UK.

Evaluation - From looking over the source material, It doesn't seem to directly connect but it also gives a good base to start with when discussing my Subtopic of “Evolution of Male representation in Media” and Research Questions of “What behavioral issues has media representation cause for Masculinity in the 1900s, and what changes have been made to better them for the next generation of boys in the 2000s”. While it doesn’t talk exactly about Male Representation, It gives information on how to start analyzing it’s evolution, by looking into the Mass Media’s portrayal of men in the last two decades. This is useful for me as now I have an idea on how I should look at Previous and Future sources as well.

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Annotated Bibliography Report 6 - Boys to Men: Teaching and Learning About Masculinity in an Age of Change. The New York Times.

Name of Author: Caroline Crosson Gilpin and Natalie Prolux APA 7th https://www.waikato.ac.nz/library/guidance/referencing/apa

Gilpin, C. C & Prolux, N (2018 April 12) Boys to Men: Teaching and Learning About Masculinity in an Age of Change. The New York Times. https://www.nytimes.com/2018/04/12/learning/lesson-plans/boys-to-men-teaching-and-learning-about-masculinity-in-an-age-of-change.html Description - “Boys to Men: Teaching and Learning About Masculinity in an Age of Change” is a news article that discusses what it means to be a man by researching questions Micheal Ian Black made in his essay “The boys are not all right” and giving their own responses to them. It goes over the ideas of conflicting ideologies about what manhood should be about, as well as research in towards both masculinity and its toxic traits and starting points on discussing this topic with kids. Its primary audience is anyone that interacts with the younger generation as an authoritative figure (Parent, Caregiver, Teacher etc.)

Analysis - It’s an interesting source from a perspective that it’s actively giving tools on how to help combat the negative traits of Masculinity within its article, and listing several sources to back itself up. The article can be found on the New York Times webpage, with the two authors having their own articles. Caroline C Gilpin had an old series back in December 2017 called “Teaching Activities for:” which gives her credit when it comes to teaching advice. While Natalie Proulx has written some articles recently about mental health in the past, most recently of the mental health of teens in the US. Together, these two have combined their knowledge together to write this article about Masculinity which does look like it might be out of their comfort zones, but has merit in what they talk about with how many sources they list in the article.

Evaluation - The biggest takeaway that I got from this was the conflicting ideas of what it means to be a man that was laid out near the beginning of the article, it definitely adds to the discussion of the former part of my research question; “What behavioral issues has media representation cause for Masculinity in the 1900s, and what changes have been made to better them for the next generation of boys in the 2000s” with how it addresses the topic how we have two different kinds of manusiclity that conflict with each other, opening up my research into looking how the past representation may of screwed up trying to present positive masculinity with 2 versions.

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Annotated Bibliography Report 5 - How Kirishima Depicts Masculinity | My Hero Academia

Name of Author: Ed [Curmudgeon Media]

APA 7th https://www.waikato.ac.nz/library/guidance/referencing/apa

Ed, [Curmudgeon Media] (2021, July 12), How Kirishima Depicts Masculinity | My Hero Academia [Video]. Youtube .https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=OCmOkLqDouU&t=308s

Description - “How Kirishima Depicts Masculinity | My Hero Academia” is a Video essay that delves into the topic of masculinity that is portrayed in the anime “My Hero Academia”. While the focus of the video is aimed towards the character “Eijiro Kirishamia” and how he portrays positive themes for masculinity and the flaws he has surrounding it, the video also talks about the other male characters in the show and their struggles with their own issues with their Masculinity. It’s discusses how the anime addresses such themes of how Kirishamia is an ideal representation of Masculinity compared to the other characters  in the show such as the aggressive “Katsuki Bakugo” and the Media’s perfect hero “Toshinori Yagi” for it’s audience. It’s intended for those who are interested in the speaker adding his own thoughts and opinion about the character.

Analysis - The Video Essay provides an outlook of masculinity through a media that isn’t produced by the western world, as the anime is created in Japan, and that leads to a new lens that this isn’t just an issue that is struggling with countries like America and the United Kingdom, but also countries with a language barrier such as Japan. It also delves into both positive and negative messages of masculinity, and how the anime addresses them appropriately as good or bad things respectively. The Youtube Channel, “Curmudgeon Media” has a small following of around 8.3K subscribers at the time of viewing, but have also had a few videos essays around other cartoons and Anime, with there being more around “My Hero Academia”. It’s helpful to use because compared to the other studies, it directly addresses the representation of masculinity in the media itself, which allows for a deeper understanding of what content creators are doing to resolve issues around masculinity instead of just talking about it. It shows what needs to be done instead of telling it.

Evaluation - This Video essay is perfect for what I want to focus on with my research question “What behavioral issues has media representation caused for Masculinity in the 1900s, and what changes have been made to better them for the next generation of boys in the 2000s” by actually showcasing the latter in terms of actual representation, talking about a character’s positive masculinity in how they are a good role model for the next generation, but it also gave me more to look in with how it can also be used to expose negative masculine traits and how unhealthy they can be. It’s also allowed me to look into other media from other cultures to learn about their own representation of masculinity rather than focusing on western representation. Of course, this is more of an opinionated source, which means that all of these ideas can also be an interpretation of how the show portrays it, and not entirely accurate to how it should be looked at. However, the reception to the video is highly received with it’s like to dislike ratio (42K to 987) and can still be used in how positive changes to masculinity represent in the 2000s.

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Annotated Bibliography Report 4 - How Movies teach manhood | Colin Stokes

Name of Author: Colin Stokes

APA 7th https://www.waikato.ac.nz/library/guidance/referencing/apa

Stokes,C. [TED] (2013, January 19) How Movies teach manhood | Colin Stokes [Video]. Youtube.  https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ueOqYebVhtc

Description - The Source “How Movies teach manhood | Colin Stokes” is a video from Ted talks that discusses the effects of popular movies and questions what messages kids are getting from them by looking through the lens of movies, such as “The Wizard of Oz” and “Star Wars' '. It goes into the details of what messages boys get in their movies, such as the common tropes of “Getting the girl” and how they don’t learn “Girl power” from movies that portray that message because they aren’t the target audience. This video is mostly aimed towards those of parents, and more specifically the fathers who have sons to help teach them a new definition of what it means to be a man.

Analysis - The discussion brings up some interesting points about how common movie tropes in male-led movies in the past have had a very structured goal of “Beating the bad guy and getting the girl” as if the girl is a reward for them, and that how some men growing up will see women as nothing more than trophies, while also noting the lack of movies to help boys learn how to help fight the patriarchy that arent war movies that promote more violence, such examples being made is Harry Potter and The Hunger games with Heromine and Katniss respectively. Colin Stokes has done other speeches for Ted Talks about movies, and another speech on Kids movies and the hidden meanings inside of them, and Ted Talks has a strong reputation of thought-provoking speeches, unlike the mix bag of Ted Talks X. Along with that, there is also the usage of the Bechdel Test, which has been used before to discuss the portrayal of women in media.

Evaluation - The Video gave me some obvious insights towards my research question: “What behavioral issues has media representation caused for Masculinity in the 1900s, and what changes have been made to better them for the next generation of boys in the 2000s” by bringing up the common and nowadays cliche tropes of “Getting the women'' but what I didn't expect it to go deeper into it messages by bringing up how most movies that aim to empower young women aren’t being shown to young boys without it having something to do with violence. It also discusses the fact that we are really helping girl power if we are just going to keep maintaining the traditional sense of boy power. While there are great points to look into, it’s also a rather surface level discussion, and really ever delves too deep into the statistics they show up, like the one talking about 1 in 5 women are sexually assulated. It loosely tries to connect it to the media but even admits that he doesn’t blame the media for it but says he has to wonder where it comes from, and while I can agree to his logic of it having to come somewhere, that reasoning is flimsy at best when it comes to my research. However, it still has given me some approaches to think about when approaching this topic to think about when going in deep, and what questions I should be asking for finding answers into my research question, such as how strong of the connection is there between the media and masculinity to justify putting blame on the negative aspects of toxic masculinity.

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Annotated Bibliography Report 3 - Media Sports Stars: Masculinities and moralities

Name of Author: Garry Whannel

APA 7th https://www.waikato.ac.nz/library/guidance/referencing/apa

Whannel, G. (2001). Media Sport Stars: Masculinities and moralities (1st ed.). Routledge. https://doi.org/10.4324/9780203996263 https://www.taylorfrancis.com/books/mono/10.4324/9780203996263/media-sport-stars-garry-whannel

Description - The Source “Media Sports Stars: Masculinities and moralities” is an interesting book written in 2001 that looks into male athletes (George Best, Muhammad Ali, Mike Tyson etc.) and how the media has shaped their narrative, and how mortality and masculinity are in crisis. The purpose of the book is to take a look at the different kinds of roles that sport stars get put into, such as Good boy, Bad boy and Pretty boy, and examine how they are role models for how men should act. It's said by the author that it is intended for those who are interested in media studies, or sports being viewed through a social and historical lens.

Analysis - The source is interesting for how it dives into what feels a common staple in everyday life, yet is something that doesn’t get brought up much, talking about how these men carry a huge burden of being role models to not just kids, but to men, and even to some women as well. Gary Wannel is also someone with an impressive line of work in this field of sports and media and still writes about it to this day, his latest book being the third volume in his “Understanding the Olympics” co-written with John Horne in 2020.

Evaluation - The book gave me an interesting angle that I had never thought about in terms of my research question: “What behavioral issues has media representation caused for Masculinity in the 1900s, and what changes have been made to better them for the next generation of boys in the 2000s”. I had never even considered the idea of male celebrities being part of media representation, let alone athletes but it makes a lot of sense for why it does help in the research, as these celebrities will have huge followings that will have some people looking at them as role-models. That being said, the book isn’t solely focused on masculinity and its effects, but more talking about the portrayal of the sport stars and the challenges they had to face. However there are talks of role models here and there, and even has some information on these sport stars being aggressive towards women, and it could be interesting to talk about the consequences of these actions for masculinity in the 1900s

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Annotated Bibliography Report 2 -

Name of Author: Jana Peale

APA 7th  https://www.waikato.ac.nz/library/guidance/referencing/apa

Peale, J. A. Cops & Criminals: Representation of Masculinity in 1970s crime television [Master’s Thesis, San Diego State University ] SDSUnbound. https://digitallibrary.sdsu.edu/islandora/object/sdsu%3A1753

Description - The Source “Cops & Criminals: Representation of Masculinity in 1970s crime television” talks about 3 popular Crime TV shows: Hawaii Five-O, Kojak and Columbo, and discusses the effect that they had on the political effect it had during the 1970 and 80s, specifically focusing on how they aided the opposition of the feminist power that was growing during it’s time. The Thesis also delves into how this research proves how important those pieces of media are to talking about gender in the 1970s, to help aid other researchers in the field of gender studies

Analysis - This is a significant source to help understand the impact of masculinity in the 1900s era of media, and still being somewhat recent with the thesis being made during 2016. However, the biggest catch with this source is that the author, Jana A. Peale has only made one thesis that is publicly available, with no other work that she has done to be found. However, the San Diego State University and 3 of their committee members approved it, those being Eve Kornfield (Department of History), Elizabeth Pollard (Department of History) and William Eadie (Department of Journalism and Media Studies) to which they have at least done 2 gendered thesis between them.

Evaluation - The Thesis gave me a very interesting answer to the former part of my research question: “What behavioral issues has media representation caused for Masculinity in the 1900s, and what changes have been made to better them for the next generation of boys in the 2000s”. I knew there would be some problems with past media portrays but I wasn't expecting there to be an argument of it leading to political pushback on feminism during it’s time, as I would of guessed that the effects of the media back then to have a much more delayed affect. But it has now allowed me to be much more aware of immediate effects that might have arisen in the 1900s from its own portrayal of men.

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Annotated Bibliography Report 1 - If he can see it, Will he be it?

Name of Author: Geena Davis Institute on gender in media, Kering Foundation, Promundo. APA 7th https://www.waikato.ac.nz/library/guidance/referencing/apa

Geena Davis Institute on gender in media, Kering Foundation, Promundo. (2020) If he can be it, will he be it? https://seejane.org/research-informs-empowers/if-he-can-see-it-will-he-be-it/

Description - The source ``If he can see it, Will he be it?” is about the Geena Davis Institute research on the most watched boys TV programs in 2018 to see what messages they send to boys about masculinity. The report focuses on elements such as minority representation (Gender, race, LGBTQ+ and disability) and masculine stereotypes (Self-sufficiency, acting tough,psychical attractiveness etc.) This report is intended to spread awareness to parents so that they can combat problematic behavior that commonly appears in television, and to content creators to avoid creating harmful stereotypes. 

Analysis - The source is important in understanding the impact of masculinity in modern television during the late 2010s, with the research starting in 2019 and not being released until 2020. The author of the research is also a rather significant one as well, as Geena Davis Institute on Gender in Media has said to be the very first tesearch-based organization to help improve gender representation in the media and entertainment industry. And the research they had done prior to this report had mostly been focused on female representation, and have used those findings there to help with some of the research in this report as well.

Evaluation - This report helps me answer the latter part of my research question, “What behavioral issues has media representation cause for Masculinity in the 1900s, and what changes have been made to better them for the next generation of boys in the 2000s” as it focuses more towards modern content on TV, and even gives tips for how content creators can help combat some of the issues that have arised from harmful stereotypes. Some of the weaknesses for this report for my research question is that it doesn’t talk about television in the past, and it only focuses on television when there are also other forms of media that we consume, such as social media and films. But the focus on Stereotypes and how there seems to be an improvement for positive messages gives this report a lot of potential when talking about how the changes made to better the next generation of boys.