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HTML Font Size and Color

Setting Font Size and Colors:

Example:

<TR>

STUDENTREPORT

</TH>

Assigning Background Colors;

You can assign a background color to an entire table, a row within a table, or a single cell. This example assigns a background color to the entire row.

<TH WIDTH=”20%” >FIRST NAME </TH>

<TH WIDTH= “20%” >FEESPAID </TH>

</TR>

Below is an example that includes all the tags and its output.

<HTML>

<HEADxTITLE>WEBPAG</TITLE></HEAD>

<TABLE BORDER=”2 mm” CELLSPACING=”16” CELLPADDING-“6”

<WIDTH=”90 %”>

<CAPTION>CTT WEBSITE</CAPTION>

<TR>

STUDENT REPORT</FONTx/TH>

</TR>

<TR>

<THWIDTH=”30%”BGCOLOR=”BLUE”>NAME</TH>

<TH BGCOLOR=”BLUE”>ADDRESS</TH>

<TH BGCOLOR=”BLUE”>PHONE</TH>

</TR>

<TR>

<TD>MOHAN</TD>

<TD>DELHK</TD>

</TR>

<TR>

<THAUGN=”RIGHT”>ROW2<TD>2</TD>

<TD>SOHAN</TD>

<TD>MUMBAK</TD>

</TR>

</CENTRE>

<TABLE>

</BODY>

</HTML>

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How to Insert Image in HTML

Inserting an image

Example:

<TR>

</TR>

Spanning Columns:

The COLSPAN attribute lets you create cells that span columns For example COLSPAN=”4” indicates that 4 calls are merged to become one cell.

Example:

<CAPTION>TABLE</CAPTION>

<TR>

Spanning Rows:

The ROWSPAN attribute is used to specify the number of rows to span

Example:

<CAPTION>TABLE</CAPTION>

<TR>

<TH COLSPAN=”4”>STUSENT REPORT</TH>

</TR>

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Table in HTML

Table HTML

Creating TABLE tag needs to bracket your table. All other tags or text included in your table should nest inside the TABLE tag.

Example:

<HTML>

<HEAD>

<TITLE>Tables</TITLE>

</HEAD>

<BODY>

<TABLE>

</TABLE>

</BODY>

</HTML>

Creating Columns and Rows:

The TR (table row) and TD (Table data) tag are used to create a grid of rows and columns.

Example:

<HTML>

<HEAD>>TITLE>WEBPAGE</TITLEX/HEAD>

<BODY>

<TR>

<TD>DELHI</TD>

<TD>MANGALORE</TD>

</TR>

<TR>

<TD>SAVITHA</TD>

<TD>MUMBAK/TD>

<TD>MANIPAL</TD>

</TR>

</TABLE>

</BODY>

</HTML>

Notice the <TR> start tag the </TR> end tag encloses several <TD> and <TD> tags

Adding a Border:

By default, the table does not contain a border. To include a border to the table, specify a BORDER attribute inside the TABLE tag.

Example:

<TRXTD>K/TD><TD>ASHA</TD><TD>HEDGE</TD>

<TD>MANGALORE</TDX/TR>

<TR><TD>2</TD><TD>SAVITHA</TD><TD>PAK/TD>

<TD>MANIPAL</TD></TR>

</TABLE>

The BORDER-4”instructs the browser to display one pixel border.

Adding Column Headings:

The TH (Table heading) tag is used to define a “cell” as a heading cell rather than as an ordinary data cell.

To create the heading (column headings) at the top of the table, first create a row using the TR tag and then, use the TH tag to define the cells instead of using the TD tags.

Example:

<TR><TH>ROLLNO</TH><TH>FIRSTNAME</TH>

<TD>MANGALORE</TDx/TR>

<TR><TD>2</TD><TD>SAVITHA</TD><TD>PAK/TD>

<TD>MANIPAL</TD></TR>

</TABLE>

Adding Spacing and padding:

The CELLSPACING attribute adds space between the cells, whereas the CELLPADDING attribute adds space within each cell.

Example:

The CEPPSPACING attribute increases the thickness of the border of each eel l. Adding a Caption: The CAPTION tag is used to insert a caption for the table.

Example:

<CAPTION>TABLE</CAPTION>

Include <CAPTION ALIGN-“BOTTOM”> to display the caption beneath the table.

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Setting Table Width and Height in HTML

Setting The Table Width and Height:

The WIDTH or HEIGHT attribute can used to specify the size of your table. You can use either absolute value (number of pixels) or relative (percentages).

Example:

<TABLEBORDER- “1” CELLSPACING- “6” CELLPADDING- “6” WIDTH= “80%”>

Add Row Headings:

To create a row heading add TH-cell instead of a TD cell at the start of a table row.

Example:

<CAPTION>TABLE</CAPTION>

<TR><TH>ROLL NO </TH><TH>FIRST NAME </TH>

<TD>HEDGE</TD><TD>MANGALORE</TD></TR>

<TR><TR>ROW2: </TH><TD>2</TD><TD>SAVITHA</TD>

<TD>PAI</TD><TD>MANIPAL</TD></TR>

</TABLE>

Aligning Cell Contents:

The ALIGN attribute is used to align the contents of TH (Table Heading) and TD (Table Data) cells by assigning “left”, “centre”, or “right” as the ALIGN value

Example:

<HTMLXHEAD><TITLE>WEBPAGE</TITLEx/HEAD>

<BODY>

<CAPTION> TABLE</CAPTION>

<TR>

<TH>ROLLNO</TH>

<TH>FIRST NAME </TH>

</TR>

<TD>HEDGE</TD>

<TD>MANGALORE</TD>

</TR>

<TD>SAVITHA</TD>

<TD>MANIPAL</TD>

</TR>

</TABLEx/BODYx/HTML>

Sening Column Width:

By inserting a WIDTH attribute in the top cell of a column, you can specify the width of the entire column. To ensure that all of the columns are of equal width, you need to set the same WIDTH attribute value, either as percentage or in pixels, for each column

Example:

<TR>

<TH WIDTH- “20%>FIRTNAME</TH>

</TR>

Centering a Table:

To Centre the table, put it inside a Centre tag.

Example:

<CAPTION>TABLE</CAPTION>

<TR><TH WIDTH-“20%>FIRST NAME </TH><TH WIDTH=”20”%>LAST NAME<TH>

<TD>HEDGE</TD><TD>MANGALORE</TD></TR>

SAVITHA</TH>”<TD>PAI</TD><TD>MANIPAL</TD><fTR>

</TABLE>

</Centre>

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Creating Lists in HTML

Creating Lists

Headings and paragraph text elements are used more commonly than lists. Many web pages are nothing but lists of hypertext links. You can create two types or list: ordered and unordered An ordered list is a numbered list, and an unordered list is a bulleted list.

The OL (Ordered List) Tag

The OL (Ordered List) tag defines a sequentially numbered list of items. It is used in conjunction with the LI (List Item) tag. Which is used to tag the individual list items in a last ? Notice that the LI tag do not have end tags in this example. The reason is that the end tag </LI>, I ike the end tag for the P tag is implied.

Example 8:

<HTML>

<HEAD><TITLE>MY SEVENTH CTT WEB PAGE </TITLE></HEAD>

<BODY>

<OL>

<LI>COMPUTER FUNDAMENTAL

<LI>WINDOWS 2007

<LI> MS-WORD 2007

<LI>MS-EXCEL 2007

<LI>MS-ACCESS 2007

</OL>

</BODY>

</HTML>

The UL (Unordered List) Tag

The LI (Unordered List) tag defines a bulleted list of items. The LI (List item) tag is nested inside the UL tag and defines each item within the list.

Example 9:

<HTML>

<HEAD><TITLE>MY EIGHT CTT WEB PAGE </TITLE></HEAD>

<BODY>

<UL>

<LI>COMPUTER FUNDAMENTAL

<LI>WINDOWS 2007

<LI> MS-WORD 2007

<LI> MS-EXCEL 2007

<LI>MS-ACCESS 2007

</UL>

</BODY>

</HTML>

Nesting Lists

You can nest a list inside another list. the browser automatically indents nested list levels. You can nest the same or different kinds of lists.

Example 10:

HTML><HESD><TITLE>MY NINTH CTT WEB PAGE</TITLE></HEAD>

</BODY>

<UL>

<LI>SOFTWARE

<OL>

<LI>COMPUTER FUNDAMENTAL

<LI>WINDOWS 2007

<LI>EXCEL 2007

<LI>ACCESS 2007

</OL>

<LI>HARDWARE

<OL>

<LI>MONITOR

<LI>CPU

<LI>PRINTER

<LI>MODEM

<LI>MOUSE

</OL>

</UL>

</BODY></HTML>

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Ordered Lists in HTML

Controlling How Ordered Lists Are Displayed

The TYPE attributes allows you to specify the number type for an ordered (OL) lost. Beside making it possible for you to specify a number type for a numbered list, this attributes allow you to create multilevel outlines.

Specifying The Number Type:

You can use the TYPE attributes to specify the number type for an ordered (OL) list. The Values that you can use with the TYPE attributes are “A” ‘a’ “I”, “i”, “1” for specifying uppercase letters, respective letters. Uppercase rpman numberals lowercase numberals, or Arabic numbers, respectively.

<OLTYPE=”I”>

<LI>INDIA

<LI>AMERICA

<LI>JAPAN

<LI>CHINA>

<LI>NEPAL

</OL>

Controlling The Display of Unordered List

Specifying a Bullet Type : The TYPE attributes Can be used to specify the type of bullet foi an unordered list, The values that you can use with the TYPE attributes are “disc”, “circle”, and “square”. Only Netscape Navigator recognizes this attributes.

Example 11:

<HTML><HEAD><TITLE>MY TENTH CTT WEB PAGE</TITLE></HEAD>

<BODY>

<LI>SOFTWARE

<LI>FUNDAMENTAL

<LI>WINDOWS 2007

<LI>WORD 2007

<LI>EXCEL 2007

<LI>ACCESS 2007

</UL>

<LI>HARDWARE

<LI>CPU

<LI>KEYBOARD

<LI>MOUSE

<LI>PRINTE

<LI>MONITOR

</UL>

</BODY>

</HTML>

Creating Definition Lists

The DL (definition List) Tag allows you to create glossaries or list of items and definitions. A glossary consists of three tag elements: a tag to define the list (DL) a tag to define the term (DL), and a tag to define the definitions (DO).

Example 12:

<HTML>

<HEAD>

<TITLE>MY ELEVENTH CTT WEB PAGE</TITLE>

<BODY>

<DL>

<DT>HARDWARE

<DD>HARDWARE DEVICE ARE MOUSE, KEYBOARD, MONITOR,PRINTER ETC.,

<DT>SOFTWARE

<DD>SOFTWARE IS A SET OF PROGRAMS.

<DT>PERIPHERALS

<DD>EQUIPMENTS CONNECTED AROUNDTHE CPU.

</BODY></HTML>

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Changing Font Size and Color in HTML

The FONT tag allows you specify the size and color of a section of text. The FONT tag uses the SIZE attribute to change the size of a font. You can set font size using absol ute or relative size values.

Setting Absolute Font Sizes

There are seven “absolute” (or fixed) sizes, numbered from 1 to 7, that you can set using the SIZE attribute of the FONT tag. The default is 3, which is the same as regular paragraph text; 1 is the smallest and 7 is the largest, which means you can set two absolute font size that are smaller than normal paragraph text and four sizes that are larger. Each Web browser determines the actual sizes of four sizes that are larger. Each web browser determines the actual sizes of these fonts.

Changing The Font Color

The FONT tag uses the COLOR attribute to change the color of a paint. You can use any one of 16 color names to specify a font color, besides black and white, you also can specify aqua, blue, fuchsia, gray, lime, maroon, navy, olive, purple, red, sliver, teal, and yellow.

<FONT COLOR=”RED”> WELCOME TO CTT</FONT COLOR>

Setting The Background Colors

You can set colors for the background, text, and links by using the following attributes of the BODY tag:

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Using a Background Image in HTML

Using a Background Image

The Background attribute of the BODY tag allows you to specify a background image. The Graphic file for the background image can be a GIF or JPEG image. Where filename is a GIF or JPEG file in the same directory as the Web page and URL is a particle or absolute address of a GIF or JPEG file in a different directory then the Web page. The general format for entering this attribute is as follows:

<BODY

BACKGROUND=”C:\WINDOWS\SETUP.BMP”>

Example 6:

<HTML><HEAD><TITLE>MY FIRST WEB PAGE</HEAD></TITLE>

<BODY>

H<SUB>2</SUB>0<BR>

3<SUP>4</SUP>4<BR>

<STRIKE>WELCOME TO CTT</STRIKE X BR>

<H3 ALIGN=”CENTER”> WELCOME TO CTT</H3><BR>

<H3ALIGN=”RIGHT”> WELCOME TO CTT<H3 X BR>

FUNDAMENTAL<BR>

MS-DOS<BR>

WINDOWS 2007 <BR>

WORD 2007 <BR>

EXCEL 2007 <BR>

</Centre>

<FONT COLOR=”RED”> WELCOME TO CTT</FONT COLOR>

<’BODYBACKGROUND=.”C:\WINDOWS\SETUP.BMP”>

</BODYX/HTML>

PREFOMATTED TEXT

The PRE (preformatted text) tag is used to display a block of “preformatted” text in a mono space fixed pitch font. Your use the PRE tag to display a block of text “as is” including all spaces and hard returns. One of the primary uses of the primary uses of the PRE tag is to display text in a tabular or columnar format I which you want to make sure that the columns remain properly aligned

Example 7:

<HTML>

<HEAD>

<TITLE> MY SIXTH CTT WEB PAGE<H”ITLE>

</HEAD>

<PRE>

EXAMINATION REPORT 2018

CTT COMPUTER TECHNOLOGY TUTORIAL, INDIA

NAME WINDOWS WORD EXCEL ACCESS

BINAY 91 68 87 93

BIVEK 76 87 85 75

AAKAS 86 82 91 65

BADAL 64 87 65 76

VIKAS 91 95 97 99

</PRE>

</BODY>

</HTML>

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HTML Text Formatting

Using Italic And Bold Highlighting:

HTML has two ways to include italic or bold text on your web page. The first way involves using literal tags : the B (bold) tags and 1 (italic). The second way is to use logical tags : the EM (emphasis) and (strong emphasis) tags. Most browsers displays the I (italic) and EM (emphasis) tags identically, just as they display the B (bold) and strong (strong emphasis) tags identically, BLOCK QUOTES : The block quote (block quote) tag double indents a block of text from both margins.

Example 4:

<HTML>

<HEAD>

<TITLE>MY FOURTH WEB PAGE</TITLE></HEAD>

<BODY>

<H1 > CTT WEBSITE </H1>

Doctors, engineers, nurses, pharmacists and other professional from manipal have made a mark wherever they have gone to practice or work.

<P>

Mainpal has already made a name in imparting professional education not only in India, but also at the international level. Doctors, engineers, nurses, pharmacists and other professionals from manipal have made a mark wherever they have gone to practice or work.

<P>

The Government of India conferred the deemed university states on Manipal on June 1993

</BLOCKQUOTE>

</BODY>

</HTML>

Example 5 :

<HTML>

<HEAD>

<TITLE>MY FIFTH WEB PAGE</TITLE></HEAD>

<BODY>

Microsoft Disk Operating System, simply know as MS-DOS is the most important software for the running of the Personal Computer (PCs).

<B><I><U> WINDOWS</U></I></B><BR>

MS-Windows 2007 is an operating System marketed my Microsoft Corporation. Operating system that means interaction of Hardware and Software.

A Microsoft word is a word processor application. A word processing software which allows you to write letters. Edit them and print them after formatting it according to your needs.

MS-Excel 2007</U></!><B></BR>

MS-Excel is a Windows based spreadsheet (worksheet) package. When calculations are made on the paper and certain data must be charged, then the entire work must be recalculated and re-written.

</BODY>

</HTML>

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Subscript and Superscript in HTML

Subscript And Superscripts

Text Highlighting Tags

HTML recognizes a number of additional character rendering .tags. Including the SUP (Superscript), SUB (Subscript), and STRIKE (Strikethrough) tags. The SUP and SUB tags are highly useful tags that you should use wherever you need superscripts or subscripts. The STRIKE command is more limited to using displaying final renditions

SUBSSCRIPTH : <SUB>2</SUB>0 : HO

SUPERSCRIP : 3<SUP>4</SUP>5 : 3,5

STRIKE : <STRIKE> WELCOME</STRIKE> : WELCOME

Text Alignment

You can paragraph, heading, and other document division in a number of ways

You can use the ALIGN attribute with paragraphs or headings to center-align, right-align, or left-align these elements.

Using The Align Attribute in Headings And Paragraphs

The Align attribute is used to center-align, or right-align headings and paragraphs by using an attribute value of either “center” or “right”

Example:

To Center Align and Right Align

<H2 ALIGN=”CENTER”> WELCOME TO MY WEBSITE, CTT<H2>

<H2 ALIGN=”RIGHT”> WELCOME TO MY WEBSITE, CTT</H2>

Centering Text And Other Elements Using The Centre Tag

The Centre element is used to centre-align text and other document elements.

FUNDAMENTEL <BR>

MS-DOS <BR>

WINDOWS 2007 <BR>

WORD 2007 <BR>

EXCEL 2007 <BR>

</Centre>

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HTML Structuring You Web Page

Structuring You Web Page

You can use heading to organize your web into hierarchical levels. Headings also act as separators in a word processing document. The top-level heading (H1) actually is the title for your page, i.e. it is appears n a browser window at the top of the web page. There are 6 levels of heading. You can also use a second-levels of heading (denoted by the H2 tag) to define a major division in your page, and a third level heading (using the H3 tag) to define a sublevel division within a major division. Most browsers support upto six different levels.

<BODY>

<H1> This is a top level heading</H>

<H2> This is a second level heading</H2>

<H3> This is a third level heading</H3>

<H4> This is a forth level heading</H4>

<H5> This is a fifth level heading</H5>

<H6> This is a sixth level heading</H6>

</BODY>

Example 2:

<HTML> <HEAD> <TITLE>MY Second CTT WEB PAGE<TITLE></HEAD> <BODY> <H1> Computer Technology Tutorial<H1> <H2> Computer Technology Tutorial</H2> <H3> Computer Technology Tutorial</H3> <H4> Computer Technology Tutorial</H4> <H5> Computer Technology Tutorial</H5> <H6> Computer Technology Tutorial</H6> </BODY> </HTML>

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HTML Paragraph And Line Break Tags

Paragraph And Line Break Tags

The P (paragraphs) and BR (break) tags lets you insert block and lines of text on your page.

The P (Paragraph) Tag:

The P tag is a container element, but with an implied ending. You do not have to include the </p> end tag. Any following start tag that defines a new block elements implies the end of the tag. So, when you use the P tag, just insert the <P> start tag at the beginning of a paragraph but leave off the </P> attheend.

The BR (Line Break) Tag:

The BR (line break) tag is an empty, or stand alone, tag that simply inserts a fine break.

Example : <P> For further details contact<BR>

CTT<BR>Computer<BR>

Website

Adding Comments

The comment tag is a stand alone tag that enables you to include messages for your own or anyone else’s future references. A comment always begins with a <I….and ends with a ……>

Example : <!.....type your comments here…..->

Example 3:

<HTML>

<HEAD>

<TITLE>MY Third CTT WEB PAGE</TITLE></HEAD>

<BODY>

<P>Tim Berners-Lee developed HTML in early 1990 at CERN (Conseil European dela Recherce Nucleaire), the European particle physics laboratory in Geneva, Switzerland. HTML is a public domain and not owned by anybody.

<P> The W#C (world wide web consortium www.cttblogs.com) is the body, which controls the HTML standards. The HTML working group comprises of industry leaders, content provides and other leading experts who provide input 0 web accessibility and internationalization.

</BODY>

</HTML>

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History of HTML

Hyper Text Markup Language (HTML) is a method where ordinary text can be converted into hypertext. It is a set of special codes included to control the layout and appearance of the text. Technically, HTML is not a programming language. IT combines instruction within data to tell a display program called browser, how to render the data that the document.

· HTML is a the character based method for describing and expressing the content:

The content is pictures, text, sound and video clips,

· It delivery’s the contents to multiple platforms.

· It links document components or documents together to compose compound documents.

The Bemers-Lee developed HTML in early 1990 at CERN (Conseil European dela Recherché Nucleaire), the European particle laboratory in Geneva, Switzerland. HTML is a public domain and not owned by anybody. The W#C (Word wide web consortium) is the body. Which controls the HTML standards. The HTML working group comprises of industry leaders, content providers and other leading experts who provide input 0 web accessibility and internationalization. The Berners-Lee originally developed HTML, and was popularized by Mosaic browser.

Standard Generalized Markup Language

HTML is a subset of SGML. SGML originated in 1960s at IBM to overcome the problems in moving the documents’ across the multiple hardware platforms and operating systems. IBM’s efforts were GML-(General Markup Language).Latter in 1980 SGML came into existence.

Structure of HTML Document

HTML generally has 2 parts an on code and an off-code, which contains the text to be defined Few tags do not require an off-code.

Syntax: <tagname>……………</tag name>

The most important thing to keep in mind about HTML is that its purpose in not to specify the exact formatting or layout of a web page, but rather to define and specify the specific elements that make up a page such as the body of the text, heading paragraphs, line breaks, and text elements and so on. You can use HTML to define the composition of a web page, not the appearance.

Switching between you editor and browser

1. Load any editor. E.g. Notepad.

2. Create the HTML file and save it, with extension .htmor.html.

3. View it in any browser e.g.,. Internet Explorer or Netscape navigator.

Tag or tag element: refers to the HTML codes that define the element I an HTML file, such as headings, images, paragraphs and list. There are two kinds of tags-the container tag and empty tag (HTML tags are inserted into a document between <and> symbols. Tags are not case sensitive.)

Container Tag:

These tags. Which brocket or contain text or other tag elements are called container tags. These actually consist of two tags. A start tag and an end tag; which enclose the text they affect.

Empty Tag:

These are standalone and do not brocket or contain text or any other tag elements. An empty tag function is a standalone element within an HTML documents and thus does not brocket or contain anything else.

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What is attribute in HTML

HTML Attribute:

Allows you to specify how web browsers should treat a particular tag. An attribute is included within the actual tag, either within a start tag or an empty tag. End tags should not contain attributes.

Syntax : Attribute = “value”

E.g. align = “center”

Starting your page document tags: All HTML files should include at least these tags:

· The HTML tag

· The Head tag

· The title tag

· The body tag

The HTML Tag:

This tag defines the top most elements identifying it as HTML document. It is a container tag that has a start and an end tag and all the other tags and texts are nested within it:

Syntax : <HTML>

</HTML>

The Head Tag :

This tag contains information about your HTML file. It may also contain other tags that help you to identify your HTML file to the outside world. The head tag is nested within the HTML tag.

Syntax <HTML>

<HEAD>

</HTML>

Usually, the tag contained within the head tag is the title tag. Other tags also can be contained within the head tag but they are used less often,

The Title Tag

This tag is contested within the head tag. IT identifies your page to the rest of the world. The tag output is displayed on your browser’s title bar but does not appear as part or the page.

Syntax : <HTML>

<HEAD>

<TITLE>

Your title: Describe your title

</TITLE>

</HEAD>

</HTML>

The Body Tag:

The body tag is the complement of the head tag and contains all of the tags or element as that a browser actually displays as the body of your HTML document. Both the head tag and the Body tag are nested within the HTML tag. Body tag comes after the head tag, they denote a separate part of the HTML document.

Syntax : <HTML>

<HEAD>

<TITLE>

MY FIRST WEB PAGE

</TITLE>

</HEAD>

</BODY>

</HTML>

Example 1:

<HTML>

<HEAD>

<TITLE>MY FIRST WEB PAGE</TITLE>

</HEAD>

<BODY>

</BODY>

</HTML>

Hyper Text

Markup Language (HTML) is a method where ordinary text can be converted into hypertext. It is a set of special codes included to control the layout and appearance of the text. Technically, HTML is not a programming language.

</BODY>

</HTML>

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Primary Memory and Secondary Memory

Memory

I lie Memory is an essential component of a computer of a computer system. It is required by I computer system to store instruction and data.

Memory can be divided into the following two types:

1. Primary Memory: Memory, which is directly connected to CPU or part of CPU in some PCs.

2. Secondary Memory : which is external to CPU

· Primary Memory or Main Memory

Primary memory is a small and relatively fast storage unit that stores data and instructions, which are being currently used by the CPU. This type of memory is also known as Main Memory. Primary is a temporary memory. It retains its contents only for the time the computer is switched on. As soon as you switched off your PC, the main memory loses its contests.

· Secondary Memory or Auxiliary Memory

Secondary memory or secondary storage devices are permanent storage units used for storing programs and data. They use principle of magnetization for storage 1 and 0. Therefore, they are also known s magnetic memory. They are non-volatile i.e. the memory retains its contents even when power is switched off. Examples of secondary storage devices include magnetic tapes, magnetic disks, optical disks, magnetic bubble memory magnetic drums, zip disks etc. The relatively slow magnetic tapes are used for storing very old files. Magnetic disks are used for storing data for backup purposes. Disk that is permanent attached to the computer unit and cannot be easily removed by the occasional user is called I Hard Disk. Floppy Disk is a removable disk. A new breed of disks called zip disks (of the size of floppy disks) are now available which enable you to store about 2 GB of data on them.

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Anatomy of a Computer

Anatomy of A Computer

The five major functional units of a digital computer are:

· Inputting

· Processing

· Outputting

· Storing

· Controlling

CPU (Central Processing Unit) is the brain of a computer. The other parts are used to transfer data and to communicate with the CPU.

A block diagram of the basic computer organization is shown in Figure.

In this figure, the solid lines are used to indicate the flow of instruction and data data. The dotted li represent the control exercised by control unit. The figure shows the basic arrangement of different units of a computer. It depicts the five major building blocks, or functional units of a digital computer system. These five units correspond to the five basic operations, namely inputting, storing, processing, output) and controlling data carried out by all computer systems. The five units are explained in the follow paragraphs:

Inputting: Refers to the process of entering data into the computer, by the user using an input device.

Storing: Refers to the holding of data and instructions in the computer’s main memory, for manipulations.

Processing: Refers to performing operations (both arithmetic and logical) or manipulation of data entered into the computer so that useful information may be taken out of the entered data.

Outputting : Refer to the processor of showing the information or result to the user either on screen (monitor) or on paper (through printer)

Controlling : Refers to directing all the above processes, in coordination. This controlling is done by the Control Unit (CU) in a Central Processing Unit.

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cttblogs · 7 years ago

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Central Processing Unit

The Central Processing Unit (CPU) is the brain of any computer system. In a human body, all major decisions are taken by the brain and all other parts of the body function as directed by the brain. Similarly, in a computer system, all major calculations, manipulations and comparisons are made by the CPU. The CPU is also responsible for activating and controlling the operating performed by all other units of the computer system. The major parts of a CPU are:

· Arithmetic and Logic Unit (ALU)

· Control Unit

Arithmetic and Logic Unit (ALU)

All calculations are performed and all comparisons (decisions) are made in the ALU. The data and instruction, stored in the primary memory prior to processing are transferred to the ALU where processing takes place. All processing and manipulations of data is done in the Arithmetic and Logical Unit.

Control Unit

How does the input device know it is time for it to feed data into the storage unit? How does the ALU know what should be done with the data once they are received? And how is it that only the final results are sent to the output devices and not the intermediate results? All this is possible because of the control unit of the computer system. By selecting, interpreting, and conforming to the execution of the program instructions, the control unit is able to maintain order and direct the working of the entire computer system. Although it does not perform any processing on the data, the control unit acts as the central nervous system for all other components of the computer. It coordinates the entire computer system.

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