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Discovery of the Kasıkcı Diamond

The story of the Kaşıkçı Diamond’s discovery, also known as “the appearance of a most precious diamond,” is a fascinating tale of unexpected fortune. According to historical sources, a circular stone was found in a neglected area in Egrikapi, Istanbul. Unaware of its true worth, the finder exchanged it for a few spoons at a local spoon-seller’s stall. Subsequently, a jeweler purchased the stone for ten gold pieces from the spoon-seller, initially unaware of its value. Upon realizing its authenticity, a dispute arose between the jeweler and his colleague who sought a share of the discovery. Eventually, the matter reached the Chief Jeweler of the Palace, who intervened and purchased the diamond from both parties, rewarding them with purses of gold coins.

Acquisition by the Imperial Treasury

Upon hearing of the remarkable diamond, Grand Vizier Mustafa Pasha expressed interest in acquiring it for himself. However, the Sultan intervened and issued a decree demanding the stone for the Imperial Treasury. After careful examination, the stone was confirmed to be an 84-carat, unparalleled diamond. Consequently, it was acquired for the treasury, symbolizing a significant addition to the imperial wealth. In recognition of his role in securing the diamond, the Chief Jeweler of the Palace was promoted to the prestigious position of ‘Head of the Palace Doorkeepers’ and rewarded with several bags of gold coins Guided Istanbul Tour Whirling Dervishes.

Historical Accounts

Minister of Finance Sari Mehmet Pasha provided further details about the discovery of the Kaşıkçı Diamond in his chronicle “Zübde-i Vekaiyat.” According to his account, the diamond was initially found in the dumps of Egrikapi, Istanbul, and exchanged for spoons by the original finder. As the stone passed through various hands, its true value became evident, leading to disputes among jewelers. Ultimately, the Chief Jeweler of the Palace intervened, ensuring that the diamond was acquired for the treasury while compensating the involved parties with gold coins.

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The Massacre of Batak A Tragic Tale

The massacre at Batak stands as one of the cruelest acts perpetrated by the Turks. Yet, the madness continued as the bodies lay unburied for three months, a grim testament to the depths of their brutality.

Callous Disregard

In their isolated corner of the world, the villagers of Batak were left to rot, abandoned by the outside world. The Turks, believing no one would intervene, callously declared, “These Christians are not even worth burial, let the dogs eat them.”

Tales of Loss

Speaking to the survivors revealed the harrowing extent of the massacre. Families once thriving were decimated, leaving behind only a fraction of their former selves. With heavy hearts, we asked survivors about their losses, each response painting a picture of unimaginable grief Tour Packages Balkan.

A Heartbreaking Account

One elderly woman approached us, her anguish palpable. She recounted the tragic tale of her family—three sons, each with loving wives and a total of twelve cherished grandchildren. Yet, they were all brutally slaughtered, leaving her as the sole survivor. Her despair echoed through the village as she lamented the loss of her entire family.

Shattered Dreams

The once-flourishing family tree now stood as a stark reminder of the massacre’s devastation. Where tall sons and dutiful wives once thrived, only emptiness remained. The grandmother, now alone in the world, could only mourn the loss of her loved ones, her cries of despair echoing through the desolate village.

The tragedy of Batak serves as a stark reminder of the horrors inflicted upon innocent lives. As we bear witness to the devastation and loss, we must never forget the resilience of those who survived and the enduring legacy of those who perished. Their stories must be told, their memories honored, as we strive to ensure that such atrocities are never repeated.

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The Tzars of The Second Bulgarian Kingdom

During the reign of The Second Bulgarian Kingdom, several notable rulers ascended to power, shaping the course of Bulgarian history. Here are some of the key monarchs of that era:

Petur (Teodor, Kalopetur): Ruled from 1186 to 1196. Ivan Asen The First: Reigned from 1186 to 1195. Kaloyan: Held power from 1197 to 1207. Boril: Governed from 1207 to 1218. Ivan Asen The Second: Ruled from 1218 to 1241. Kaliman The First Asen (Kaloman Asen): Ruled from 1241 to 1246. Mihail The Second Asen: Reigned from 1246 to 1256. Mitso Asen: His reign lasted from 1256 to 1257. The Right Reverends Patriarchs of Turnovo The religious leadership of Turnovo, represented by its Patriarchs, played a crucial role in shaping the spiritual and cultural landscape of the region. Here are some of the esteemed Patriarchs of Turnovo:

Yoakim: The first Patriarch, revered for eternity. Vasilii, Yoakim, and Ignatii: Their memories are cherished forever. Makarii: Honored as a blessed Patriarch and Sacred Martyr. Dorotei, Roman, and Teodosii: Their legacies endure eternally. Simeon: His memory is revered forever Sightseeing Turkey. Yoanikii: Remembered for eternity. Evtimii: His memory is immortalized forever. Important Dates in the History of The Second Bulgarian Kingdom The history of The Second Bulgarian Kingdom is punctuated by significant events that shaped its destiny:

26th of October 1185/86: Announcement of the uprising against Byzantium, leading to the reestablishment of the Bulgarian state. 1187: Declaration of Turnovo as the capital of The Free Tzarstvo (Kingdom). 9th of March 1230: Victory at the Battle of Klokotnitsa, leading to the naming of the newly built church “Sveti Chetiredesete Muchenici” (Saint of Forty Martyrs). 1235: Reestablishment of The Turnovo Patriarchy, with Yoakim The First appointed as Patriarch. 17th of July 1393: Fall of the capital city under the Ottoman Empire after a prolonged siege. These dates mark significant milestones in the history of The Second Bulgarian Kingdom, highlighting its triumphs, struggles, and eventual decline.

[culturalifeus]

The Tzars of The Second Bulgarian Kingdom

During the reign of The Second Bulgarian Kingdom, several notable rulers ascended to power, shaping the course of Bulgarian history. Here are some of the key monarchs of that era:

Petur (Teodor, Kalopetur): Ruled from 1186 to 1196. Ivan Asen The First: Reigned from 1186 to 1195. Kaloyan: Held power from 1197 to 1207. Boril: Governed from 1207 to 1218. Ivan Asen The Second: Ruled from 1218 to 1241. Kaliman The First Asen (Kaloman Asen): Ruled from 1241 to 1246. Mihail The Second Asen: Reigned from 1246 to 1256. Mitso Asen: His reign lasted from 1256 to 1257. The Right Reverends Patriarchs of Turnovo The religious leadership of Turnovo, represented by its Patriarchs, played a crucial role in shaping the spiritual and cultural landscape of the region. Here are some of the esteemed Patriarchs of Turnovo:

Yoakim: The first Patriarch, revered for eternity. Vasilii, Yoakim, and Ignatii: Their memories are cherished forever. Makarii: Honored as a blessed Patriarch and Sacred Martyr. Dorotei, Roman, and Teodosii: Their legacies endure eternally. Simeon: His memory is revered forever Sightseeing Turkey. Yoanikii: Remembered for eternity. Evtimii: His memory is immortalized forever. Important Dates in the History of The Second Bulgarian Kingdom The history of The Second Bulgarian Kingdom is punctuated by significant events that shaped its destiny:

26th of October 1185/86: Announcement of the uprising against Byzantium, leading to the reestablishment of the Bulgarian state. 1187: Declaration of Turnovo as the capital of The Free Tzarstvo (Kingdom). 9th of March 1230: Victory at the Battle of Klokotnitsa, leading to the naming of the newly built church “Sveti Chetiredesete Muchenici” (Saint of Forty Martyrs). 1235: Reestablishment of The Turnovo Patriarchy, with Yoakim The First appointed as Patriarch. 17th of July 1393: Fall of the capital city under the Ottoman Empire after a prolonged siege. These dates mark significant milestones in the history of The Second Bulgarian Kingdom, highlighting its triumphs, struggles, and eventual decline.

[culturalifeus]

The Red Army's Intervention

The Red Army’s Intervention and the Shift in Government (1944)

Attempted Change in Foreign Policy (September 8, 1944)

The Moraviev government sought to alter Bulgaria’s pro-German foreign policy and declared war on Germany on September 8, 1944. However, the Russians, anticipating this decision, declared war on Bulgaria on September 5, before Bulgaria’s declaration against Germany came into effect. The Russian objective was to have a legal pretext for occupying and subjugating Bulgaria while it technically remained allied with Germany.

Red Army Invasion and Coup (September 9, 1944)

Following the Red Army’s invasion, the Bulgarian armed forces staged a coup on September 9, 1944, leading to the establishment of a new government. This government included representatives from the Bulgarian National Agrarian Union, the country’s largest political organization, along with Communists, Social Democrats, and minority groups. To expedite an armistice agreement, non-Communist elements in the government were compelled to accept the Red Army’s occupation of Bulgaria. On October 28, 1944, Bulgaria signed an armistice agreement with the United States, the United Kingdom, and the Soviet Union in Moscow Daily Tours Istanbul.

Mass Executions and Purge of the Bulgarian Army (September 1944)

After the Bulgarian coup of September 9, 1944, the Communists, supported by the Red Army, initiated mass executions of perceived enemies, labeling them as “Fascists.” The Soviet military authorities, along with their Bulgarian collaborators, gradually took control of the Bulgarian Army by purging the officers’ corps, branding many as “Fascist.” This purge marked the most significant aspect of Soviet intervention in Bulgaria. The Bulgarian minister of defense attempted to distinguish between a small minority with Fascist records and the majority following government instructions. The Soviet commander accused the Bulgarian minister of defense of protecting “Fascist officers” and threatened direct intervention by Soviet armed forces.

[culturalifeus]

The Red Army's Intervention

The Red Army’s Intervention and the Shift in Government (1944)

Attempted Change in Foreign Policy (September 8, 1944)

The Moraviev government sought to alter Bulgaria’s pro-German foreign policy and declared war on Germany on September 8, 1944. However, the Russians, anticipating this decision, declared war on Bulgaria on September 5, before Bulgaria’s declaration against Germany came into effect. The Russian objective was to have a legal pretext for occupying and subjugating Bulgaria while it technically remained allied with Germany.

Red Army Invasion and Coup (September 9, 1944)

Following the Red Army’s invasion, the Bulgarian armed forces staged a coup on September 9, 1944, leading to the establishment of a new government. This government included representatives from the Bulgarian National Agrarian Union, the country’s largest political organization, along with Communists, Social Democrats, and minority groups. To expedite an armistice agreement, non-Communist elements in the government were compelled to accept the Red Army’s occupation of Bulgaria. On October 28, 1944, Bulgaria signed an armistice agreement with the United States, the United Kingdom, and the Soviet Union in Moscow Daily Tours Istanbul.

Mass Executions and Purge of the Bulgarian Army (September 1944)

After the Bulgarian coup of September 9, 1944, the Communists, supported by the Red Army, initiated mass executions of perceived enemies, labeling them as “Fascists.” The Soviet military authorities, along with their Bulgarian collaborators, gradually took control of the Bulgarian Army by purging the officers’ corps, branding many as “Fascist.” This purge marked the most significant aspect of Soviet intervention in Bulgaria. The Bulgarian minister of defense attempted to distinguish between a small minority with Fascist records and the majority following government instructions. The Soviet commander accused the Bulgarian minister of defense of protecting “Fascist officers” and threatened direct intervention by Soviet armed forces.

[culturalifeus]

The Red Army's Intervention

The Red Army’s Intervention and the Shift in Government (1944)

Attempted Change in Foreign Policy (September 8, 1944)

The Moraviev government sought to alter Bulgaria’s pro-German foreign policy and declared war on Germany on September 8, 1944. However, the Russians, anticipating this decision, declared war on Bulgaria on September 5, before Bulgaria’s declaration against Germany came into effect. The Russian objective was to have a legal pretext for occupying and subjugating Bulgaria while it technically remained allied with Germany.

Red Army Invasion and Coup (September 9, 1944)

Following the Red Army’s invasion, the Bulgarian armed forces staged a coup on September 9, 1944, leading to the establishment of a new government. This government included representatives from the Bulgarian National Agrarian Union, the country’s largest political organization, along with Communists, Social Democrats, and minority groups. To expedite an armistice agreement, non-Communist elements in the government were compelled to accept the Red Army’s occupation of Bulgaria. On October 28, 1944, Bulgaria signed an armistice agreement with the United States, the United Kingdom, and the Soviet Union in Moscow Daily Tours Istanbul.

Mass Executions and Purge of the Bulgarian Army (September 1944)

After the Bulgarian coup of September 9, 1944, the Communists, supported by the Red Army, initiated mass executions of perceived enemies, labeling them as “Fascists.” The Soviet military authorities, along with their Bulgarian collaborators, gradually took control of the Bulgarian Army by purging the officers’ corps, branding many as “Fascist.” This purge marked the most significant aspect of Soviet intervention in Bulgaria. The Bulgarian minister of defense attempted to distinguish between a small minority with Fascist records and the majority following government instructions. The Soviet commander accused the Bulgarian minister of defense of protecting “Fascist officers” and threatened direct intervention by Soviet armed forces.

[culturalifeus]

A Complicated Path and Sudden Tragedy

Bulgaria’s Declaration of War

The Bulgarian ruling elite made a questionable decision during World War II by declaring war on the USA and Great Britain, ultimately aligning the country with the defeated nations. Despite this, Bulgaria, under King Boris III’s leadership, resisted Hitler’s pressure, refusing to send Bulgarian troops to the eastern front after Germany invaded the Soviet Union on June 22, 1941.

Bulgaria’s Stance Against the Holocaust

Bulgarian society demonstrated its democratic values and humanity in 1943 by staunchly opposing German demands to deport Bulgarian Jews to concentration camps. King Boris III aligned with the people’s opinion, making Bulgaria one of the rare countries that protected its Jewish population, numbering around 50,000, during World War II.

Economic Challenges and Diplomatic Maneuvers

Throughout the war, Bulgaria’s economy suffered from an imbalanced trade relationship with Germany, where the Reich controlled 80% of Bulgarian trade and accumulated significant financial debt. King Boris III, concerned about the country’s dependency on Berlin, sought unofficial contacts with Western countries to explore options for withdrawing from the war. Despite ongoing relations with the Soviet Union, represented by a military attache in Sofia, and secret meetings with Russian diplomats, the king struggled to shift the nation’s foreign policy Turkey Sightseeing.

Mysterious Demise of King Boris III

On August 28, 1943, after a heated argument with Hitler, King Boris III, a seemingly healthy 49-year-old, suddenly died of a heart attack. The circumstances surrounding his death sparked speculation, with lingering questions about whether external forces, such as Gestapo or Soviet intelligence, played a role. King Boris III’s untimely death marked the onset of a profound social and political crisis in Bulgaria.

Bulgaria’s involvement in World War II was characterized by complex decisions, resistance to oppressive demands, and economic challenges. The sudden and mysterious death of King Boris III added an additional layer of uncertainty and marked a turning point in the country’s history.

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A Diplomatic Oversight

Consul Reports Dismissed

Delving into Sir Henry Elliot’s diplomatic conduct, this article begins by scrutinizing his dismissal of reports from Mr. Dupuis, Consul at Adrianople. Despite having access to credible information, Sir Henry seemingly deemed these reports exaggerated without offering any substantial explanation for his skepticism.

A Diplomatic Oversight

One of the critical aspects explored is Sir Henry’s failure to investigate the mounting evidence of atrocities. Instead of proactively seeking the truth or verifying the reports, he sent his dragoman to the Porte Bulgaria Private Tours, relying on Turkish assurances that contradicted the overwhelming evidence of widespread brutality. This diplomatic oversight raises questions about Sir Henry’s commitment to uncovering the reality on the ground.

Sir Henry’s Unsubstantiated Claims

Sir Henry’s unwarranted assertion that Bulgarian atrocities matched those of the Turks, without a shred of evidence, becomes a focal point of scrutiny. The article dissects the implications of such reckless claims and the impact they may have had on shaping public perception and diplomatic responses.

Sir Henry’s Benign Smile

Sir Henry’s allegedly benign smile in response to assurances from the Porte about the gentle nature of Turkish actions sparks deep concern. The juxtaposition of this reaction against the backdrop of widespread atrocities prompts an exploration of the diplomatic indifference exhibited by Sir Henry in the face of human suffering.

Sir Henry’s Controversial Responses

As the bones of thousands of women and children lay scattered across Bulgaria, Sir Henry’s expressions of indignation are analyzed within the context of his continued insistence on exaggerations. The article questions whether his responses align with the gravity of the situation or if they are indicative of a diplomatic stance at odds with the values of compassion and justice.

Assessing Sir Henry’s Representation

The concluding section examines the overall diplomatic conduct of Sir Henry Elliot, raising concerns about his suitability as an ambassador. The juxtaposition of his actions against the principles of a Christian Queen and a generous nation prompts a critical evaluation of Sir Henry’s fitness to represent such values on the diplomatic stage.

Unmasking Diplomatic Oversights and the Quest for Accountability

In the aftermath of atrocities, the article underscores the need for accountability and ethical conduct in diplomacy. Sir Henry Elliot’s actions come under intense scrutiny, emphasizing the importance of transparent investigations, responsible assertions, and a genuine commitment to addressing humanitarian crises in diplomatic practices.

[culturalifeus]

A Diplomatic Oversight

Consul Reports Dismissed

Delving into Sir Henry Elliot’s diplomatic conduct, this article begins by scrutinizing his dismissal of reports from Mr. Dupuis, Consul at Adrianople. Despite having access to credible information, Sir Henry seemingly deemed these reports exaggerated without offering any substantial explanation for his skepticism.

A Diplomatic Oversight

One of the critical aspects explored is Sir Henry’s failure to investigate the mounting evidence of atrocities. Instead of proactively seeking the truth or verifying the reports, he sent his dragoman to the Porte Bulgaria Private Tours, relying on Turkish assurances that contradicted the overwhelming evidence of widespread brutality. This diplomatic oversight raises questions about Sir Henry’s commitment to uncovering the reality on the ground.

Sir Henry’s Unsubstantiated Claims

Sir Henry’s unwarranted assertion that Bulgarian atrocities matched those of the Turks, without a shred of evidence, becomes a focal point of scrutiny. The article dissects the implications of such reckless claims and the impact they may have had on shaping public perception and diplomatic responses.

Sir Henry’s Benign Smile

Sir Henry’s allegedly benign smile in response to assurances from the Porte about the gentle nature of Turkish actions sparks deep concern. The juxtaposition of this reaction against the backdrop of widespread atrocities prompts an exploration of the diplomatic indifference exhibited by Sir Henry in the face of human suffering.

Sir Henry’s Controversial Responses

As the bones of thousands of women and children lay scattered across Bulgaria, Sir Henry’s expressions of indignation are analyzed within the context of his continued insistence on exaggerations. The article questions whether his responses align with the gravity of the situation or if they are indicative of a diplomatic stance at odds with the values of compassion and justice.

Assessing Sir Henry’s Representation

The concluding section examines the overall diplomatic conduct of Sir Henry Elliot, raising concerns about his suitability as an ambassador. The juxtaposition of his actions against the principles of a Christian Queen and a generous nation prompts a critical evaluation of Sir Henry’s fitness to represent such values on the diplomatic stage.

Unmasking Diplomatic Oversights and the Quest for Accountability

In the aftermath of atrocities, the article underscores the need for accountability and ethical conduct in diplomacy. Sir Henry Elliot’s actions come under intense scrutiny, emphasizing the importance of transparent investigations, responsible assertions, and a genuine commitment to addressing humanitarian crises in diplomatic practices.

[culturalifeus]

Beyond Burning Structures

Unveiling the Horrors of Humanity in Otluk-kui

As the flames of destruction engulfed Otluk-kui, a town once nestled in the serene landscapes, the haunting echoes of atrocities against humanity pierced through the air. Amidst the burning schools, churches, and private dwellings, the depth of despair reached unimaginable levels, overshadowing even the physical devastation that unfolded.

A Dark Amusement The Tragicomic Interlude of a Jewish Peddler

Within the somber narrative of Otluk-kui’s insurrection, a tragicomic episode emerged, offering a brief respite from the overwhelming sorrow. The tale of a Jewish peddler, caught in the tumultuous currents of the uprising, unfolded as an unexpected interlude in the face of unspeakable horrors.

The peddler, seeking refuge and safety, approached us with a harrowing account of his ordeal. Suspected by the insurgents of potentially revealing their actions to the outside world, he found himself arrested, ensnared in the intricate web of fear and suspicion. The decision-makers, in a curious attempt to ensure his silence, took an unconventional route—they forced him to renounce Judaism.

The scene that unfolded was surreal, as the peddler, now adorned with a Bulgarian cap and bestowed with the Christian name “Ghiorghy” (George), became a pawn in the insurgents’ desperate bid for secrecy. Yet, this theatrical conversion did not extend to baptism, underscoring the superficiality of the gesture. Confined to a makeshift prison within a private house, the peddler’s plight mirrored the absurdity that often accompanies human actions in times of crisis Holidays Bulgaria.

Horrors Unveiled The True Cost of Atrocities Against Humanity

As we peel back the layers of Otluk-kui’s tragedy, the burning of schools, churches, and private dwellings, while significant in their own right, pale in comparison to the unfathomable atrocities perpetrated against humanity. The insurrection, draped in a mournful character, unfurled a tapestry of horror that transcends the physical destruction witnessed in the town.

The forced conversion of the Jewish peddler, though tinged with elements of dark humor, reflects the undercurrents of fear and paranoia that gripped Otluk-kui during those tumultuous days. The insurgents’ desperate attempts to control information and maintain secrecy reveal the lengths to which they were willing to go, even if it meant orchestrating theatrical conversions without true conviction.

In the wake of such chilling episodes, Otluk-kui stands as a testament to the multifaceted nature of human suffering during times of conflict. The true cost of the atrocities against humanity, etched into the town’s scorched streets and collective memory, demands acknowledgment beyond the physical ruins left in the wake of the insurrection. Otluk-kui’s narrative, with its tragicomic interludes and chilling realities, beckons us to delve deeper into the complexities of human behavior in the face of unprecedented brutality.

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Continued our road to Pestera

In some places the chimneys were still standing, and here were some cooking their meals, though God knows they had little enough to cook. Taking leave of the village, we continued our road to Pestera, where we had decided to pass the night, and after an hour’s drive over a very bad road, and an upset in which one of our party narrowly escaped being killed, we arrived at the village.

We wrere shown to the house of a Bulgarian, who offered us his hospitality, and in half an hour we received the visit of the Mudir of the village, accompanied by two officials from Tatar Bazardjik. After the interchange of various compliments, it turned out that one of these officials had been sent by the Kaimakam of Tatar Bazardjik to accompany us to Batak. To this Mr. Schuyler decidedly objected, and a long discussion ensued, at the end of which he informed them in the most peremptory manner that he would allow no official to accompany him, and this ended the matter Daily Tours Istanbul.

Hospitality shown

Bulgarian was delighted to entertain us and gave us an excellent supper, to which we did ample justice, but I cannot say so much for the sleeping accommodations he offered us. We all occupied the same room, and slept on divans extended around the walls, which were anything but downy ; but the hospitality shown us was so hearty and cordial that we scarcely thought of beds.

The poor people were only too glad to receive our party of five, and to offer us the best they had, for they looked to us, strangers as we were, for encouragement and protection against their Mussulman rulers. As soon as the Mudir went away, what appeared to be the whole population of the town seemed to flock into the court-yard of our house, anxious to shake hands with us, or to tell us their tales of woe.

The people who had these stories to tell us we soon found were not the people of the place, but of Batak, the town to which we were bound on the morrow, who had come here to beg a little assistance from their more lucky neighbours, and who now flocked around us with their plaints. ‘They were mostly women who had lost their husbands, and in many cases their children, whose houses had been burnt, and who, from a condition of ease and independence, had been reduced to starvation and widowhood.

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Mudir or Turkish governor

There was no Mudir, or Turkish governor, in the village at this time, so they had matters all to themselves, and nobody to interfere with them. They immediately proceeded to fortify the place, and they do not seem to have had any other plan for the insurrection than that of waiting quietly in the village, and defending it against all comers.

This seems to have been the plan adopted in the three or four villages where a rising really took place; and a more foolish one could hardly have been imagined. Instead of young men in each village forming themselves into flying bands, and traversing the country in every direction, destroying the railways, cutting the telegraphs, surprising small posts of Turkish soldiers, and avoiding contact with large bodies of troops, each of these villages having thrown off the Turkish authority in the manner above described, adopted the mad plan of defending itself separately and singly against the regular troops.

This, together with the fact that the rising only occurred in three or four- places, and not simultaneously in these, would seem to indicate that the members of the Bucharest Committee were very raw hands at organizing an insurrection, and that their organization was very imperfect, if indeed there were anything like organization at all Sightseeing Turkey.

They seem to have persuaded these three or four villages to rise, hoping that the rest of the country would follow the example, and that there would be a general insurrection as a matter of course. But the rest of the population, without leaders and without organization, remained inactive, and allowed themselves to be quietly slaughtered. There is little doubt, in my mind, that if the rising had been general, properly organized and provided with leaders, the Turks would have been obliged to abandon the whole country north of the Balkans, and withdraw to Adrianople.

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Capital at Prespa and later at Ohrid

A huge part of the state – the lands between the Danube, the Black Sea and the Balkan Range – fell in Byzantine hands. What remained of Bulgaria – the Western Kingdom, with its capital at Prespa and later at Ohrid – was ruled by King Samuel (991 — 1014) and his brothers – David, Moses and Aaron. They tried to restore the territory of the state by wedging a war against Byzantium but soon David and Moses were killed, and on suspicion of betrayal Aaron was executed by Samuel. The King succeeded to liberate the north-eastern parts of the state and led his army to the south aiming at Thrace, Macedonia and the city of Thessaloniki. Once again luck betrayed the Bulgarians and after loosing several battles the eastern part of the state was ripped off by Byzantium. In July 1014 an epic battle took place in Macedonia Visit Bulgaria. The Bulgarians were defeated; 15 000 soldiers were captured and the Emperor Basil II ordered all to be blinded leaving just a single Since break of day, O mother, dear mother, faintly glowing, Upon their way, O mother, dear mother, troops are going. Horse after horse, O mother, dear mother, soldier on soldier, Swords like the sun, O mother, dear mother, shining boldly.

Taken from a folk poetry dedicated to Tsar Ivan Shishman, translated by Peter Tempest

The Second Bulgarian Kingdom: 1185 – 1396

Bulgaria under the Dynasty of the Assenids

The period of Byzantine subjugation lasted for 168 years but the Bulgarians did not submit to the oppressors. The Bulgarian lands became the boundary between Europe and the Empire. The devastating marches of the First (1096-1097) and the Second (1147) crusades ran across the Bulgarian territory. The Byzantine Empire fell in a crisis in the summer of 1185 – being attacked simultaneously by the Seljuk Turks, the Magyars, the Pechenegs and the Normans – and increased the taxation burden on the Bulgarian population which provoked mass discontent among the oppressed. The struggle against Byzantium was headed by Petar and Assen, two boyars who held the fortress of Turnovo. In the autumn of the same year the rising was proclaimed to the assembled people in the Church of St Demetrius and Petar (1185-1197) was crowned for the first tsar of the second Bulgarian kingdom, with Turnovo as his capital…

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Thousand and One Columns

Cisterns and Reservoirs.—These were formerly nineteen in number, but ruins of only a few including two of the most important cisterns, the Philoxenus and the Basilica, now remain.

The Philoxenus Cistern, or The Cistern of the Thousand and One Columns (in Turkish Bin Bir JDlreck) is situated in the street opposite the tomb of SultanMahmud II. Admission 1 piastre (2d.) per head.

This cistern, one of the finest in Constantinople, dates from the time of Constantine the Great, and derives its name, according to Codinus, from the Senator Philoxenus who came to Constantinople from Borne with the Emperor; or, more probably, from the fact that it was intended for the inhabitants and strangers who lived in the vicinity, unlike the Basilica cistern, which was only for the supply of the Palace. It is 190 feet long and 166 feet wide, and its roof is supported by 212 pillars, composed of three tiers of columns, making altogether 636, and not 1001 as implied by its name. These are placed one above the other, are joined by arches, and are arranged in 15 rows. Only the upper of the three tiers is to be seen in its entirety. It is 14 feet 4 inches high. Only part of the middle tier is visible; the remainder of this and the whole of the lower tier being buried in the mud which has for centuries accumulated in this cistern. Some of the capitals, which are devoid of any sculpture, bear the letter G and other Byzantine initials and monograms and crosses which have lately been obliterated with whitewash. The cistern is now quite dry, and has long been used by Armenians who follow the occupation of silk-spinners. ‘

Bcutan Sarai

The Basilica Cistern, called Yen Bcutan Sarai (Underground Palace) by the Turks, is to the left of St. Sophia, in the court of a Turkish private house (admission 5 piastres per head). It was discovered at the beginning of the eleventh 9 century by Gyllius, having till then remained unknown owing to the houses built over it. The finder narrates how he was let down through a hole he had accidentally found in the ground, and crossed the cistern in a boat which he found there and which was used by the owner of the house above. This cistern still contains water, used by the people living in the houses above it. It is supposed to extend under St. Sophia and to communicate with the sea, but in reality reaches no farther than 80 feet to the north of St. Sophia, and is above sea- level. It was built by Constantine the Great, and enlarged by Justinian. Over it were the Institutes, Library, and part of the University founded by Constantine. It is 336 feet by 182 feet, and its vaulted roof rests on 336 pillars, 40 feet high and 12 feet apart, arranged in 12 rows.

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Hackney Carriages

Hackney Carriages.—Thanks to the stringency of the regulations laid down by the Municipality, and the strictness with which they are enforced, all hackney carriages belonging to the 6 th or Pera division are now clean, well-appointed, and, as often as not, even smart, well-horsed, open vehicles of the victoria type, which in winter are replaced by closed cabs. All are drawn by two horses, on account of the steep gradients and the bad paving. Fares, which are the same whether for one or four persons, are as follows :—

Between sunrise and sunset, for a drive not lasting over 10 minutes, 5 piastres: between sunset and midnight, 7i piastres; between midnight and sunrise, 10 piastres. Between sunrise and sunset, for a drive not lasting over 20 minutes, without crossing the bridge, 10 piastres; between sunset and midnight, 15 piastres; between midnight and sunrise, 20 piastres. By the hour—Between sunrise and sunset, 15 piastres; between sunset and midnight, 20 piastres; between midnight and sunrise, 25 piastres. The two first hours are charged at 15 piastres, and all subsequent hours at 10 piastres. Bridge tolls are extra, and are always charged to the fare. People engaging cabs should always tell their cabman before starting whether they are engaging him by the course, hour, or day.

The afore-mentioned scale of fares applies only to carriages engaged for drives within the city boundary. If the drive extends into the suburbs the fare must be arranged before starting, otherwise the driver can charge what he pleases. Prom Pera to Galata, or vice versa, 10 piastres. Prom Pera to the Railway Station, or vice versa, 25 piastres, including bridge toll. The following fares are considered sufficiently liberal:—Railway Station to Pera, 25 piastres, including bridge toll. Pera to the Seven Towers, thence along the Walls, and back along the Golden Horn, 45 piastres; but if the return be made by way of the Sweet Waters of Europe, 50 to 60 piastres. Pera to Yildiz Palace for the Selamlik on Pridays, 40 piastres, there 9,11(1 back ; during the season (April and May) 50 to 60 piastres guided istanbul tour. Pera to the Sweet Waters of Europe on Fridays and Sundays, in spring and summer, 40 piastres; there and back, 50 to 60 piastres. Pera to Therapia or Buyukdereh and back, 70 to 80 piastres. An ordinary hackney carriage may be had all day for 80 piastres; a smart landau from the livery stables costs 95 to 108 piastres , and 10 piastres for the driver, if taken for all day; and 60 piastres, and 5 piastres for the driver, if for half the day only.

Hackney Horses

Hackney Horses.—These are not so numerous as they were before the introduction of European hackney carriages and cabs. They still stand for hire, however, in all the principal streets, and are mostly used as a mode of conveyance along streets which are either too narrow, too badly paved, or too steep for carriages. The most frequented stands in Pera are near the Grande Rue, in close proximity to the British Embassy, and at Taxim Square, where the best horses are to be got; in Stambul, in the square adjoining the Stambul end of Galata Bridge, and at Ak-Seray. These horses are all amblers; few, if any, have carried a lady. The saddles and bridles are European.

There are no regular fixed fares, and the price of hire has therefore to be settled before starting.

Boats and Caiques.—When landing from or going on board a steamer one of the large clumsy harbour boats should be engaged, which will convey passengers and their luggage in safety. According to the tariff of the hotels the fare is 2 francs per head; luggage is not charged for.

Caiques should not be used, except for an excursion along the Golden Horn or Bosporus in very smooth water, and then the four-oared ones, carrying a party of four or five at most, are the best. These craft are very crank, and the greatest care should be taken in getting in and out of them. They are not provided with thwarts for passengers, but the latter have to sit down on the cushions in the well, where if they only sit still they are safe enough. Never step on to the gunwale of a caique, but step lightly into the well, and sit down at once on the cushions in such a manner as to trim her while your friend is taking his seat. The same precautions should be taken when getting out of one of these craft. As there is no fixed tariff for caiques, a bargain should be made before starting. Caique fares ought not to exceed the following scale :—

A two-pair oar caique from Galata to Skutari, Haidar Pasha, or Kadikeui, 8 piastres. Galata to Ayub and back, 15 piastres. On Sundays and Fridays in spring, fares range up to 25 piastres. Galata to the Sweet Waters of Europe and back, 20 to 25 piastres. From Rumell Hissar to the Sweet Waters of Asia, 6 piastres. From Rumell Hissar to Sweet Waters and back to Galata Bridge, 40 piastres. Across the Golden Horn, piastre. Galata to the Seven Towers, 20 to 30 piastres, according to the state of the weather. If engaged by the hour, fares range from 5 piastres to 10 piastres an hour, according to the size of the caique, the weather, and season. The best caiques ply at Mehmed Ali Pasha Han, and under Galata Bridge near the Scutari steamers’ berth, where two-pair caiques can always be got.

[culturalifeus]

ALPHONSE DE LAMARTINE COLLECTION

(Georgi Mavridi House) 19 Knyaz Tseretelev Street

This small but memorable exhibition of the life and work of the eminent French poet and politician is arranged in the house of Georgi Madridi. In the summer of 1833, during Lamartine’s travels in the Orient, he stayed here for three days and since then the house has been associated with his name. Mavridi’s House is one of the biggest and most beautiful in Old

Plovdiv. An unknown master-builder has managed to overcome the difficulties posed by the sloping terrain in a brilliant way. The foundations and the ground floor of the house have an irregular outline while the two upper floors have the typical symmetrical plan. Each of them juts out over the floor below which considerably increases the living area of the house by adding to its height. People compare it to a bird spreading wings before flying off, an effect achieved by its position on the corner of Zora and Knyaz Tseretelev streets and by its being in good sight from the foot of Jambaz Tepe bulgaria holidays.

THE ‘HIPPOCRATES’ PHARMACY COLLECTION

(Dr. Sotir Antoniadi House and Chemist’s, 16 Saborna Street)

The comparatively small two-storey Revival house is the site of a rich collection dedicated to the history of pharmacy in Plovdiv and the area. The house was built in 1872 for Dr. Sotir Antoniadi – a notable representative of the Greek ethnic community in Plovdiv, one of the first academically trained doctors before the Liberation. The Georgi Mavridi House, site of ‘Alphonse de Lamartene’ collection.

Dr. S. Antoniadi House – the old-world ‘Hippocrates’ Pharmacy.

building has an asymmetrical plan and is quite solid. The pharmacy was on the ground floor and the doctor’s family lived on the upper floor.The ceilings of the house are plastered and decorated with painted rosettes and plant ornaments. The museum pharmacy was opened in 1981 and is unique for the country. It is a truthful representation of the typical Plovdiv pharmacy of old times and has a functioning counter for the purchase of contemporary medicines.

CITY ART GALLERY

(The former Girls’ School)

14 Saborna Street

The distinguished-looking building of the former Girls’

Secondary School of Plovdiv now houses the permanent exhibition of the City Art Gallery. Over BOO paintings, graphics and sculptures show the development of art from the time of the National Revival to our days. One can see here the oldest portrait in Bulgarian art, executed by an unknown artist from Tryavna, of Sofronii Vrachanski as well as works by Stanislav Dospevski, Nikolai Pavlovich, Georgi Danchov, Anton Mitov, Hristo Stanchev and Ivan Mrkvicka.

The exhibition traces the development of the genres of still life, landscape and figured composition from the end of the 19th and the beginning of the 20th c. to our time. The work of painters from Plovdiv is extensively displayed, starting from the establishment of the ‘Association of the Artists from Southeast Bulgaria’ in 1912 to the present day.