d1gital-communities

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Social Media Governance, Etiquette and Conflict

Social Media Governance, Etiquette and Conflict

Social Media etiquette is an interesting discussion topic, mainly due to some factors that can be considered confusing or debatable. Questions such as "Where did acceptable social media rules come from"? Internet Etiquette applies to any only social website, be it a social media platform like Facebook or a Dog Grooming forum online. There are norms developed that almost all internet users abide by that may also have been gained subconsciously.  Etiquette such as Being Nice, learning Internet acronyms, not shouting/using capitals, protecting personal information are just a few internet or "Netiquette" that most internet users know of and follow. (Mayne 2020)

The first known origin of "Netiquette" comes from the well-known hacking group "Anonymous" They posted in 2006 and 2007 18 rules for the internet through the forum 4chan, although these rules were primarily satirical. It's essential to note actual regulations mentioned in the early section of this post aren't binding to any legality; these are general guidelines to follow.

When talking about social media, it's also vital to bring up Social Media Governance; this refers to an ongoing process to identify, prioritize and evaluate organizational risks with employees that use social media. For example, the risks involved can be Viruses, other competitors hurting brand reputation, disgruntled customers, careless employees, and more.  (Church 2017) 

Social Media is also now the primary tool that politicians, leaders, terrorists, and protestors use as their primary form of communication. Social media being a direct platform to debate and have political discussions is caused through social media communication being a lot faster for individuals and groups, its much easier, cheaper and faster to spread information. It's important to note that social media can be a "double-edged" sword, as it can also play to benefits and disadvantages (spreading misinformation). We have seen the infamous terrorist group known as ISIS span out and recruit young and vulnerable individuals. We have also seen activists speaking about racial abuse within the police departments in the United States.(Hiller 2018) Therefore we must teach the next few generations the common pitfalls when using social media and how it can benefit us when used the right way.

References

Church, J., 2021. What Is Social Media Governance & How Does It Protect Your Organization?. [online] Business 2 Community. Available at: <https://www.business2community.com/social-media/social-media-governance-protect-organization-01845985#:~:text=What%20is%20social%20media%20governance%3F,Careless%20or%20uninformed%20employees.> [Accessed 28 May 2021].

Dictionary.com. 2021. Rules of the Internet - What does rules of the internet mean? | Slang by Dictionary.com. [online] Available at: <https://www.dictionary.com/e/slang/rules-of-the-internet/> [Accessed 28 May 2021].

Hiller, P., 2021. How Social Media is Changing Conflict · Peace Science Digest. [online] Peace Science Digest. Available at: <https://peacesciencedigest.org/social-media-changing-conflict/> [Accessed 28 May 2021].

Mayne, D., 2021. Email, Social Media, and Texting Guidelines. [online] The Spruce. Available at: <https://www.thespruce.com/proper-internet-etiquette-1216946> [Accessed 28 May 2021].

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Social Media Influencers and Slow Fashion

The Term "Social Media Influencers" is a relatively new term beginning to make its rounds for the last five years. We have kids growing up and aspiring to be a "Social Media Influencer" as their lifelong dream job. Humans thrive in close relations amongst others (instead of living alone), and companionship is vital in the current day and age. Almost everyone relies on social media to find new friends and connect with family and friends. Again, referring back to the earlier made point of Social Media, in general, is a relatively new technology. Therefore it's rather challenging to find "sure" analytics and studies; we would need to spend at least another 10-15 years to get accurate data that looks into disadvantages and advantages, impact on mental health for young teens and adults, and more. (Robbinson & Smith 2020)

Social Media Influencers are the new type of "Advertising" that is slowly replacing traditional media and advertising strategies. Influences can shape their audience through photos, tweets, and blog posts. Another study consisted of 129 respondents (through a questionnaire) found that their travel decisions were significantly higher based on the influencers they followed (travel influencers).  The followers would adopt travel suggestions by the influencers based on their trustworthiness and the quality of the information provided. (Magno & Caso 2018) 

Another study dictates that the change and how our current consumerist orientation works and the rise of social media have contributed to this popularity. (Ang & Welling 2016) People wonder if Influencers are here to "Inspire" or to pedal their brand and agenda. Though there are genuine influencers, the problem is that differentiating "genuine" influencers from the rest is a complex process; it's relatively easy to deceive audiences through social media by controlling the narrative. It's vital that all audiences of social media question and challenge everything they see and view it from a skeptical perspective instead of "fact". (Maciejewska 2021). Social Media Influencers also suffer terrible backlash from the internet, irreversible damage tarnishing their reputation when caught red-handed when sharing content deemed inappropriate or false.

References

MACIEJEWSKA, N., 2021. The Negative Effects of Influencers. [online] The Teen Magazine. Available at: <https://www.theteenmagazine.com/the-negative-effects-of-influencers#:~:text=As%20teenagers%2C%20influencers'%20worlds%20can,ever%20so%20powerful%20social%20media.> [Accessed 27 May 2021].

Magno, F., 2021. The impact of social media influencers in tourism. Anatolia, Volume 29.

Robinson, L. and Smith, M., 2021. Social Media and Mental Health - HelpGuide.org. [online] HelpGuide.org. Available at: <https://www.helpguide.org/articles/mental-health/social-media-and-mental-health.htm#:~:text=Since%20it's%20a%20relatively%20new,harm%2C%20and%20even%20suicidal%20thoughts.> [Accessed 27 May 2021].

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Video Gaming & Covid 19

With the better part of the entire world stuck in their houses during the Covid 19 Pandemic, the video game industry has gone bonkers with record breaking numbers tuning into new and their old favourites. According to “Super Data” they claim the industry garnered 126.6b through out the entire year (Farokhmanesh 2021) Though back in early Jan 2021 Farkhmanesh from the Verge predicted that it would not spike as much, I personally beg to differ. There has been a steady incline in online “ready” users that are joining the gaming market as well, with many countries still coming in and out of lockdown the number of gamers should still be on the rise from last year.

It’s as simple as people staying home during the recent surge of pandemic numbers, people are usually home with nothing to do and are also not spending time on commuting. Which arguably would be a fair sum of time for most employees. Video game businesses such as Microsoft, Nintendo, Activition, Twitch and more have thrived in these wildly new and different conditions the pandemic has brought upon us. Engagement giants such as Twitch have also reported a 50% increase in active members since March. Epic games also partnered with Travis Scott to deliver an astronomically concert to millions of players all over the world in their game known as Fortnite. The event captured 12 million concurrent views from players in just April. (Smith 2020)

However, it is not all been good news for the Gaming Industry, in specific internal game studio employees during these challenging periods. In 2021 many developers are coming out and speaking out about “crunch”, burnout, and mental health problems. Due to the major number of players available for studios to capture and deliver to, some titles have been forced by the studios to release early and as fast as possible. Some employees have noted that they See their fellow employees exhausted and motivation and excitement trickling out. (Liao 2021)

 References

Farokhmanesh, M., 2021. More than half of Americans turned to video games during lockdown. [online] The Verge. Available at: <https://www.theverge.com/2021/1/6/22215786/video-games-covid-19-animal-crossing-among-us> [Accessed 26 May 2021].

Liao, S., 2021. A year into the pandemic, game developers reflect on burnout, mental health and avoiding crunch. [online] Available at: <https://www.washingtonpost.com/video-games/2021/04/15/game-developers-burnout-crunch-pandemic/> [Accessed 26 May 2021].

Smith, N., 2021. The giants of the video game industry have thrived in the pandemic. Can the success continue?. [online] Available at: <https://www.washingtonpost.com/video-games/2020/05/12/video-game-industry-coronavirus/> [Accessed 26 May 2021].

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Digital Filters and Body Dysmorphia

In the current age of social media, it is common to see celebrities and influencers using heavy and light filters to modify their appearance. Being able to alter ourselves with Instagram digitally, Photoshop, and other software can change our perception of the norm. Getting used to a digitally altered version of oneself can have detrimental effects on someone's mental health; this can lead to criticizing our bodies and causing dysmorphia by digitally altering what we dislike. (Coy-Dibley 2016, p1)

  On the flipside, another study mentions that in their results, the respondents did not believe that their aesthetics have been significantly affected on the platform. The results found on this study conflict with the above study mentioned as well as other studies done by researchers such as McFarlane and Samsie(2020). The study also mentioned a gradual decrease in the "strength" or filters used as the age group grew. (Stavrianea 2020) Another exciting study mentioned that from a research group of 4 primary school students (Year 6), students were found to have an astute understanding of social media and how best to use it. However, they were not always aware of the subtle nuances of each platform, as well as not being sure what might be appropriate content per platform to share, which could also lead to be deemed vulnerable in terms of online portrayal.  Some children were also aware that they should not be on social media platforms and explicitly mentioned the age limit and how most of the platforms are used by adults. Despite the minimum age, almost all the primary school students disclosed that they do have social media accounts on at least one platform, with a meager amount mentioning that their parents monitor them. The study also mentioned its findings that Snapchat Filters (comparable to Instagram filters) had long-lasting emotional trauma that can be induced through use and can be pressured to adopt a fictitious persona. (Pescott 2020)

It might be a bit unreasonable to expect a business to change its popular features in the hope of mental betterment. (due to their profit margins) It is at least worth trying to crack down on the younger children who are not allowed to be registered on a platform and make sure that they are not allowed access to minimize any unnecessary early onset trauma.

References

Coy-Dibley, I., 2021. Digitized Dysmorphia”of the female body:the re/disfigurement of the image. Palgrave communications,.

Pescott, C., 2021. I Wish I was Wearing a Filter Right Now”: An Exploration of Identity Formation and Subjectivity of 10- and 11-Year Olds’ Social Media Use. Sagepub,.

Stavrianea, A., 2021. Filter or No Filter? An Instagram View on Modern Visual Culture.

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Social Media and Effects on Body Image

Since the dawn of social media, everyone has been concerned with how they are portrayed digitally (online). Awhile back, it might have been “cool” and enough to have a fun themed profile picture with a banner on myspace for example, however with the current day social media many aspects can be complex. Social media has also brought about beauty standards for males, females, and other genders. This has also brought up questions regarding self esteem of individuals related to body modifications and body image, and how that relates to themselves in society. (Henriques, Patanik 2020, p1)

Something of note is also the increase of Body Modification Trends, from celebrities to athletes, body piercings and tattooing has gained in popularity in today’s society, tattoos are often referred to as “Works-of-Art” that can also represent specific memories in their past like a history of abuse etc. An American university found that 42% of men and 60% of women with piercings commonly gain bacterial infections and local trauma. (Henriques, Patanik 2020, p4)

Another article mentioned that there is a strict correlation between social media use and it’s relation to body image in early adolescent girls. The survey concluded that girls with high social media use endorsed appearance concerns and carried social comparisons. However, they also were able to identify and appreciate differences, understand media literacy, and used strategies that helped mitigate negative association between social media exposure and body image. The survey also mentioned that girls also were able to overcome negative body image connotations through parental influence and supportive school environments. (Burnette, Kwitowski, Mazzeo 2017 p1)

It’s hard to dismiss the amount of influence that social media has on our day to day lives, however it’s also important to notice that social media images may not always be truthful to what they claim to be, filters and digital touch-ups are getting quite good to the point where it’s even hard to make out if something has been done. It’s important that young adolescent users of the internet are widely educated on how to effectively use and communicate with social media and dismiss any negative connotations.

 Burnettea, C., A. Kwitowski, M. and E. Mazzeo, S., 2021. “I don’t need people to tell me I’m pretty on social media:” A qualitative study of social media and body image in early adolescent girls. ELSEIVER, [online] Available at: <https://pdf.sciencedirectassets.com/272992/1-s2.0-S1740144517X00041/1-s2.0-S174014451730102X/main.pdf?X-Amz-Security-Token=IQoJb3JpZ2luX2VjEFMaCXVzLWVhc3QtMSJHMEUCIHEBueKeNu%2FQT4zipcwkKM%2FuaxpsW4ReTg3kmmFd1TMOAiEAuXn2l1LaUQkfFfflyy6rM3GNqrb%2BzYlgzVAavrE1XssqvQMI7P%2F%2F%2F%2F%2F%2F%2F%2F%2F%2FARADGgwwNTkwMDM1NDY4NjUiDJkG4n7elHknJkfgyyqRA88yf43Ob8j5Sg5OMYLUC4hh4gdGlKemsocNAIPoIEa5iV9Omg5PgB0q2KJeGd0ys5DS3bSw2o4pUJKShepTR3f32UZVmnXY4OJdV%2Fg2yu9rFkTjJknXW%2Br1YFLK5WycBDvjP%2BRAY1VOHHhagAupHQm9g%2FXoJqzegsq9rQFpVusT6LvMtdQBp%2FMmma9F11w2g4EtiTMEqQGCoiEKhtCXVdXMVf2Uu4whBTscGW%2FAOTTSq0ftSlBF7BLgyyALXikzcD48%2F7uUb21hAWk%2B%2FFsf4e6v9IbS16UnXCuWwfbi0Lq3nbICh%2BjpcIeVgySzvkCVItl3SzwL0a9l8PTGPWl6wsnnFcGrcQk5pcFUyzFImYwN9XJmp0OdvhFwvPNpoKgOCf5LKw0gVtL6TRe0OH%2B%2B4QN5gU%2BUa%2BDGV231yRD8WAIZrEGxCO6n9yjmYaWX9O1FXTT77ly85FFkPHSPhIvCDjdp8VrPzpjS4jFaf6YEKq2APgLvOkTlV6irXrM1Pjb1MYAKuYhb3ZizVe6nDJvlHOesMMiIroUGOusBL2CvR3a5prC5OQnz3a9zKYOZz2HxlzwKX95KbVSKCHy6NDsjY9CTNpXjaTbOef73aOMccXC9p7anpnxnkRi8%2BRjgdWWLUzRgivRbo7MIL8D4ghb5ZwmZbgs0F38w24dE9eLFUBLPawQNAOVPuXU9cUDwEMgRo13BWWR%2B7ZPLAFyvgpDBnfYcboO%2BZ1gEWW7bZUAsqQlaP5HvEmyq6zcLQ1tyFAEtOopFJmjxobOj4uuuIHbrXA5WjJu6t4RZWjCZF4Y0TBN4%2B8KzxA4uRgCnq6dhu6sgDINSorC4dpiJ9DWvBv7A7ygabDM10w%3D%3D&X-Amz-Algorithm=AWS4-HMAC-SHA256&X-Amz-Date=20210524T112337Z&X-Amz-SignedHeaders=host&X-Amz-Expires=300&X-Amz-Credential=ASIAQ3PHCVTY7IUY3GOR%2F20210524%2Fus-east-1%2Fs3%2Faws4_request&X-Amz-Signature=71e01df60607ffaf4430f43ee2db3ead4dc9e3e5575bee7506ebcecc7b5b4e32&hash=49f4067773cd24173644b85943ba7f1d2c10dcb6686cf3db6c8e2cb6dbfcb23d&host=68042c943591013ac2b2430a89b270f6af2c76d8dfd086a07176afe7c76c2c61&pii=S174014451730102X&tid=spdf-fb3bd122-a74b-4ab3-a386-cdd145f9c1b2&sid=9b00b0dd9cd0884f2909d5e0ea4679af6390gxrqa&type=client> [Accessed 24 May 2021].

Henriques, M. and Patnaik, D., 2021. Social Media and Its Effects on Beauty. InTechOpen, [online] Available at: <https://cdn.intechopen.com/pdfs/73271.pdf> [Accessed 24 May 2021].

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Digital Citizenship

Digital Citizenship refers to the ability of participating in an online society (Mosenberg, Tolbert, McNeal 2008, p14). We usually mean digital citizens as people that are savvy with using computers, technology and internet in general, it’s important to also question whether people that rarely use the internet and technology can be referred to as Digital Citizens.

 Digging deeper into what it means to be a “Digital Citizen” researchers by the name of Ribble and Bailey describe digital citizen as the following 9 elements:

1.       Digital Etiquette

2.       Digital Access

3.       Digital Law

4.       Digital Literacy

5.       Digital Communication

6.       Digital Commerce

7.       Digital Rights and Responsibilities

8.       Digital Health and Wellness

9.       Digital Security

Though their research has a small number of references (less than 50), their articles have introduced some interest to the topic. In their research it states that “It’s not an understatement to say that the digital world has changed how we behave … in the real world” and that “The Digital world has come up with rules about what is not appropriate behaviour for digital citizens”. (Noula 2019, p11) Questions such as how and where do Digital Citizenship laws and rules arise from? Rules such as “Don’t Feed Trolls, Don’t Shout with Capitalizations” etc. are widely adopted by almost all digital citizens would be an interesting answer to find where these rules originated from. It is possible that these rules arose from a mutation of societal norms of what’s accepted and what “works”.

As Digital Citizenship is a fairly new concept, it’s important to also recognize the importance of raising children in the current day and age, raising a “Digital Child” will be a difficult task for current day parents to grasp and teach the in’s and out’s to their children due to lack of information and awareness on this topic to the general public. (Ribble 2009)

  References

Mossberger, K., J. Tolbert, C. and S. McNeal, R., 2021. Digital Citizenship THE INTERNET, SOCIETY, AND PARTICIPATION. The MIT Press, [online] Available at: <http://kenanaonline.com/files/0096/96072/%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85%D9%88%D8%A7%D8%B7%D9%86%D8%A9%20%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B1%D9%82%D9%85%D9%8A%D8%A9%20-%20%D8%AB%D9%84%D8%A7%D8%AB%D8%A9%20%D9%81%D9%8A%20%D9%88%D8%A7%D8%AD%D8%AF.pdf> [Accessed 23 May 2021].

Noula, I., 2021. Digital Citizenship; Citizenship with A Twist?. Media@LSE Working Paper Series, [online] Available at: <https://www.lse.ac.uk/media-and-communications/assets/documents/research/working-paper-series/wp60.pdf> [Accessed 23 May 2021].

Ribble, M., 2021. Raising a Digital Child. [online] Available at: <https://ebookcentral.proquest.com/lib/swin/reader.action?docID=3317673> [Accessed 23 May 2021].

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Thoughts on Week 4

With shows such as The Bachelor, keeping up with the Kardashians and Big Brother bringing in millions of views all around the world, it’s interesting to think about how and why these shows generate so many views, interest, and discussions. Why do some people like to watch T.V shows, and some don’t? There might be multiple reasons to explore to these questions.

 Most T.V shows tend to portray the content in a relatable and “interactive” way, they make it seem like you are actively involved in a relationship or is actually live on the show itself. Researchers by the name of Reiss and Harvercamp have narrowed down 16 Basic Motivation and Desires that people feel are important in their life. (Reiss & Wiltz 2004 p.3) 

[See Figure 1 & 2]

  Figure 1

Figure 2

  According to Reiss’ Sensitivity Theory, people go through life seeking the above mentioned 16 joys/basic end goals. Someone who might have vengeful experiences in the past but with minimal recent experiences can easily have their desires reasserted and renewed to its original form. Since these joys get reasserted quickly, the joys and desires are rather temporary and don’t stick around for long. (Reiss & Wiltz 2004 p.8) People that like to watch particular T.V shows over others like specific joys being aroused over others, hence why separation of interests occur per show. Reality T.V shows are known to be big discussion starters and political talk. Reality T.V can be considered as a media that publicizes the private thoughts, ideas and personal beliefs of people which fuels public discussion and political talk. Reality T.V shows can also be used as modes of research as it can determine topics that are important for citizens through topics and research raised on public forums. (Graham & Hajru 2011 p.12)        

  References

Graham, T. and Hajru, A., 2011. Reality TV as a trigger of everyday political talk in the net-based public sphere. European Journal of Communication.

Reiss, S. and Wiltz, J., 2009. Why People Watch Reality TV. Media Psychology,.

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Public Spheres and Social Media

Public spheres generally refer to areas that individuals can gather to discuss societal problems and influence political action. A public sphere is generally a dimension of our social life where public opinions can be formed. Public spheres allow access to all members and citizens. In this day and age, with large communication networks furthered by the internet, public spheres can be inspected everywhere. However, mediums such as newspapers, magazines, television, and radio also formed a public sphere before the internet was mainstream. The article referenced here was written in 1964 "The Public Sphere: An Encyclopedia Article J.Haberma; S.Lennox; F.Lennox)," public spheres generally tended to the needs of the people and usually formed opinions on the state or major government bodies. In the current day, public spheres are more general and are more focused on businesses and other topics unrelated to larger government bodies, although it's still relevant.

Social Media and the Public Sphere are a lot more entangled with one another than in the past. There are even talks of a new "Public Sphere 2.0" where consumers participate and express their dissent with a common public agenda by posting these opinions on blogs, posting on websites such as Youtube or public forums. It's evident that social media has a considerable amount of interest and outreach from users worldwide. The term social media has been a buzzword since the 2000s where investors are attracted to social media sites such as Facebook, Instagram, Twitter, etc. Referring to social media and how diverse it is today, it also brings up the question, whether all media is to be considered "Social Media," even if it's a video or a picture? 

Table one Above shows the rankings of websites and their rank in both 2002 and 2013. It's interesting to see that websites such as Yahoo have gone down dramatically within ten years, and now to almost extinct. Websites such as MSN have gone entirely off the radar, similar to Yahoo. However, websites such as Facebook, Youtube, and Google have increased in popularity by large margins. 

Although research isn't always conclusive due to many factors, it's interesting to think about which causes might have helped a social media business fail/succeed. It's potentially due to how each company viewed and operated their "Public Spheres" Could it be that one firm did not open their Spheres to all members to participate or make it more difficult? Whereas another would be allowing free and easy access to their Public Sphere?

References

Fuchs, C., 2021. Social Media and the Public Sphere. [online] TrippleC. Available at: <https://triple-c.at/index.php/tripleC/article/view/552> [Accessed 28 April 2021].

Harbermas, J., 2021. The Public Sphere: An Encyclopedia Article (1964). [online] Thecheaprepository.pbworks.com. Available at: <http://thecheaprepository.pbworks.com/w/file/fetch/68779135/habermas.pdf> [Accessed 28 April 2021].

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How does Tumblr function as a digital community?

What is a digital community? 

Lets first breakdown what a digital community is, a true definition of a digital community refers to the reinvention of our traditional communities in the 21st century, where all members can be connected from anywhere at anytime.

What is Tumblr & how does it function as a digital community?

Tumblr is an image oriented microblogging platform that was founded in 2007, Tumblr functions vastly differs to your regular blogging platform and in a sense it’s the “anti-blog”, where regular blogs want to grow an audience (but usually can’t), however tumblr pages don’t want to be found and the page owners only want to share them to their friends and faimily.

As mentioned earlier, Tumblr functions differently to regular ‘big’ social media aswell. Big social media likes to promote new and upcomming trends and usually hinders niches, however Tumblr thrives on smaller audiences, topics and most of all niches that captivates hyper specific audiences. Most pages on tumblr create their own communities through very specific topics and ideas that they follow. 

With digital communities, it’s always good to start as early as possible, in creating and nurturing it, this is shown to work most of the time, this is mainly due to the possibility of other communities taking over a unique idea or niche that an audience would be interested in being apart of. For a community to thrive, there must be relevant user generated content that’s well moderate to suit the needs of the audience aswell as grabbing their attention.

Whilst we covered earlier that Tumblr pages are vastly different from regular social media networks, the above mentioned guidelines to creating a functioning digital community can still apply with their own twists. Since Tumblr page owners have their own beliefs on their target demographic and how much reach they want the rules can vary. For example some page admins may want as much reach and followers on their page which could also include people that aren’t as heavily invested in the content they post, aswell, other page admins might not care much about reach but want hyper specific followers to interact with their content. However, predominantly it can be identified that most pages are catered towards hyper specific topics, ideas and beliefs.

References

Harris, B., 2021. The Dimensions of a Digital Community. [online] Govtech.com. Available at: <https://www.govtech.com/dc/articles/The-Dimensions-of-a-Digital-Community.html> [Accessed 26 March 2021].

Rifkin, A., 2021. Tumblr Is Not What You Think. [online] https://techcrunch.com. Available at: <https://techcrunch.com/2013/02/18/tumblr-is-not-what-you-think/?guccounter=1&guce_referrer=aHR0cHM6Ly93d3cuZ29vZ2xlLmNvbS8&guce_referrer_sig=AQAAADFgfCfmZ9I4jTKhhvshldacyOCGS9bJOEGph78NdDU-rLSlnOxstRbFXUR_7whEzXp08WF7ValEJDcsqq56sZncgGPLMMPFFceJlchn5kXT4bSAzfwDQa9ukpzY-Us586n0YejAjy9LGdL5GqZeq3SlGbLwGqLZeSpxHYGlmxUz> [Accessed 26 March 2021].

Kendra Calhoun ‘Blackout, Black Excellence, Black Power Strategies of Everyday Online Activism on Black Tumblr’, in a tumblr book: platform and cultures eds Allison McCracken, Alexander Cho, Louisa Stein, and Indira Neill Hoch (University of Michigan Press: 2020): https://doi.org/10.3998/mpub.11537055

Tomczyk, P., 2021. What are the advantages of having a digital community around your business? [Infographic] | Smart Insights. [online] Smart Insights. Available at: <https://www.smartinsights.com/digital-marketing-strategy/digital-community-around-business-infographic/> [Accessed 26 March 2021].