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And (with logical relation)

Level 3 Lesson 7

고 = 그리고 아/어/여 서 = 그래서

오다 → 와서 먹다 → 먹어서 하다 → 해서

To use when:

1. Reason + 아/어/여 서 + result eg 비가 오다 + 못 가다 → 비가와서 못 갔어요  - it rained, so i couldnt go *note that the tense only expressed through last verb same as with 고

2. An action + 아/어/여 서 + another action that takes place after the first action eg 공원에 가다 책을 읽다 → 공원에 가서 책을 읽을 거예요 - i going to go to the park and read a book  (NOTE this does not mean I’m going to the park, so i’m going to read a book)

3. An action + 아/어/여 서 + the purpose of or the plan after the action eg 돈을 모아서 뭐 할 거예요? - what are you going to do with the money you save up? 케일을 사서 친구한테 줄 거예요 - I’m going to buy a cake to/and give it to a friend

4. Some fixed expressions 에 따라서 - according to eg 계획에 따라서 진행하겠습니다 - I’ll proceed according to the plan

예를 들어서 - for example eg 예를 들어서, 이렇게 할 수 있어요 - for example, you can do it like this 

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Future tenses

Level 3 Lesson 6

Verb stem + (으)ㄹ 거예요 - basic way to express a future plan or action  just simply expressing your intention or plan for a future action, or your expectation of a future state - NOT related to/affected by the reaction or the request of the person you’re talking to (you are already planning to do it, and not changing your mind at all because of what the other person says)

Verb stem + (으)ㄹ 게요 - use when 1. you are changing your plan according to what the other person said 2. you want to check what the other person thinks by saying something and seeing their reaction 3. you decide to do something because of something the other person said.

eg 저 갈 거예요  - i will go (there) - i’m going to go - i’m coming along - i am going to leave - dont care whether the other person wants me to stay or not, i will just leave anyway (in most cases, you dont want the other person to ask you to stay/you wont even if you are asked to)

저 갈게요 - i will come along (if you dont mind) - (in that case) I will go there. - (OK, since you say so) I will go. - i’m going to go. take care (+unless you want me to stay longer/unless there’s something i have to stay longer to do) * say this when leaving more polite

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Approximately/About~

Level 3 Lesson 5

Noun + 쯤 eg 한 시쯤 - about 1 o’ clock 천 원쯤 - about 1,000 won 한 달쯤 - about 1 month Noun + 정도

약 + Noun 

eg 한 달쯤 - about one month 한 달 정도 - about one month  약 한 달 - about one month

* 약 can be used together with 쯤 or 정도 eg 약 한 달쯤 약 한 달 정도

* note 약 and 정도  have spacing between noun but with 쯤 it is attached (no space)

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할 수 있다 vs 할 줄 알다

할 수 있다 - can do something/to be able to do something 할 수 없다 / 못 하다 - cannot do something/not able to do something

할 줄 알다 - to know how to do something 할 줄 모르다 - to not know how to do something

but in most context means exactly the same thing, can use interchangeably 

EXCEPT 1) when making a request, only can use 할 수 있다 esp in the form  verb 줄 수 있어요? verb해 줄 수 있어요?  eg 오늘만 영어로 말해 줄 수 있어요? - Can you speak in English just for today?

2) when talking about a probability 춘분히 오해할 수 있어요. - it’s definitely possible to make a mistake.

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Know/Dont know

Verb + 는지 알다/모르다 - you know/dont know how to do something, why something happens, or other knowledge-based things

eg 온돌을 설치하는지 알아요? - do you know how to install the in-floor heating?

무슨 말인지 모르겠어요. - I dont know what you’re saying.

서울역에 어떻게 가는지(를) 몰라요. - i dont know how to go to seoul station

어디에서 낚시할 수 있는지를 압니다? - Do you know where we can fish?

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(으)ㄹ까요

Level 3 Lesson 4

1. Verb stems ending with a vowel: + ㄹ까요 eg 보다 → 볼까요?

2. Verb stems ending with consonant ㄹ: + 까요 eg 팔다 → 팔까요?

3. Verb stems ending with a consonant: + 을까요 eg 먹다 → 먹을까요?

When to use? 1. Asking oneself a question or showing doubt about something 가방 안에 무엇을까요? - I wonder what is in this bag? (only one that can be used with a past tense suffix) eg 어제 XX씨가 한국에 왔을까요? - Do you think xx came to korea yesterday?

2. Raising a question and attracting attention of others “Why did this happen? What do you think everyone?” 이 사람은 누구일까요? - Who do you think this person is?

3. Suggesting doing something together 내일 우리 영화 볼까요? - Shall we watch a movie together tomorrow?

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Position

Level 3 Lesson 3

앞 - front 뒤 - back 옆 - side 위 - top 밑 - bottom

Position + 에 + 있어요 자동차 앞에 있어요 - it’s in front of the car.

Position + 에서 + Action verb 은행 앞에서 친구를 만날 거예요 - i’m going to meet my friends in front of the bank.

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And

Verb stem + 고 + another verb good way of talking about things that happened or will happen in a sequence

* most native Korean speakers usually just use the past tense/future tense in only one last verb

eg 에제 친구를 만났어요. + 그리고 영화를 봤어요. → 어제 친구를 만났고, 영화를 봤어요 → 어제 친구를 만나고, 영화를 봤어요

eg 내일 영화를 볼 거예요 + 그리고 서점에 갈 거예요 → 내일 영화를 볼 거고 서점에 갈 거예요 → 내일 영화를 보고 서점에 갈 거예요

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Very/Too much

Level 3 Lesson 1

너무 - too much, excessively  너무 커요! - TOO big

(used to only be used in negative context/sentences, but gradually began to be used in positive meanings as well)

너무 - very, quite (sometimes used short form as 넘 informally) 너무 맛있어요!- very delicious!!

usually combined with descriptive verbs but can also be used with action verbs 너무 보고 싶어요! - i miss you so much

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Tell someone not to do something/stop doing something

Level 2 Lesson 30

말다 - to quit doing, to not do, to stop doing when attached to (으)세요 ending to ask someone to stop = 마세요 

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Verb stem + 지 마세요

eg 가지 마세요 - dont go 만지지 마세요 - dont touch 웃지 마세요 - dont laugh 걱정하지 마세요 - dont worry

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All/More

Level 2 Lesson 29

다 - All 더 - More

to be placed in front of the verb and modifies it

커피를  마시다 - to drink coffee 커피를 다 마시다 - to drink all the coffee  커피를 더 마시다 - to drink more coffee

책을 읽다 - to read a book 책을 다 읽다 - to read all of the book / to finish reading the book 책을 더 읽다 - to read more of the book

eg 전회 다 했어요 - Did you finish talking on the phone? - Did you make all the phone calls? - Did everyone make a phone call?

준비 다 했어요 - I finished the preparation - I did all the preparation - All of us are prepared

-

*How to say “all of the book”/”the entire book” as a noun Add words like 전체 OR 전부 eg 책 전체 OR 책 전부

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(으)로

1. Nouns ending with a consonant: + 으로

2. Nouns ending in a vowel or the consonant ㄹ: + 로

-

mark the ingredient that an object is made of 나무로 만들다 - to make something with wood

the cause of a disease or something that happened 사고로 다치다 - to get hurt in (from) an accident

direction in which someone is going 왼쭉으로 가다 - to go through the left side 이 길로 가다 - to go through this path

status or identity of a person that is doing something 저를 친구로 생각해요? - do you think of me as a friend?

language used 한국어로 말하다 - to talk in korean)

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Asking for a favour

Level 2 Lesson 27

+ 아/어/여 + 주세요

오세요 please come → 와 주세요 please do me a favour and come

하세요 please do it → 해 주세요 please do me favour and do it for me

돕다 to help → 도우세요 please help → 도와 주세요 please help me

아이스크림 사세요 (buy ice cream for yourself/for your friends) → 아이스크림 사 주세요 (please buy me some ice cream)

-

eg 가르치다 - to teach 가르치세요 - please teach (to whom is unknown) 가르쳐 주세요 - please teach me XX 씨한테 가르쳐 주세요 - please teach XX (how to do that)

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Telling someone to do something

Level 2 Lesson 26

1. Verb stems ending with a vowel: + 세요 오다 → 오세요 - please come 쉬다 → 쉬세요 - please rest 고르다 → 고르세요 - please choose

2. Verb stems ending with the consonant ㄹ: drop the ㄹ + 세요 팔다 →  파세요 - please sell (dropped the ㄹ)

2. Verb stems ending with other consonants: + 으세요 접다 → 접으세요 - please fold

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Interrogative

Level 2 Lesson 25

+ ㄴ가

언제 - when → 언젠가 - someday

뭐 - what → 뭔가 - something

누구 - who → 누군가 someone

어디 where → 어딘가 somewhere

eg 뭐가 이상해요? - what is strange 뭔가 이상해요. - something is strange

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*sometimes dont have to add ㄴ가 to imply someday/ something/ someone/ somewhere. 

eg 뭐 샀어요? - if emphasize 뭐 - What did you buy? if emphasize 샀어요 - Did you buy something?

언제 중국에 갈 거예요? -  if emphasize 언제 - When are you going to go to China? if emphasize 중국에 갈 거예요 - Are you going to go to China someday/one of these days?

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Not Yet / Already

Level 2 Lesson 24

아직 - still/not yet  used for both positive and negative sentences eg 아직 10시예요. - It’s still 10 o’ clock eg 아직 안했어요? - You haven’t done it?

아직도 - emphasize that it is still happening/still not happening eg 아직도 안했어요? - You STILL haven’t done it?

-

벌써 - already (usually added at start of sentence, but doesn’t always have to be) * used when you are just finding out about it as you speak (more surprise!!) eg 벌써 세 시예요 vs 세 시예요, 벌써! - it’s already 3 o’clock vs it’s 3 o’clock already! both ok

eg 그 사람은 벌써 학교를 졸업했어요! - He already graduated from school  (you and prob also the other person found out about this fact recently/you already know but the other person may not have known you surprise letting them know)

이미 - already *used when you know about something already and talk about it eg 그 사람은 이미 학교를 졸업했어요 - He already graduated from school  (you and prob also the other person have known about this fact since long before)

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If

Level 2 Lesson 23

만약 (added in front of verb/phrase)............ -(으)면 (added after verb) *adding 만약 before is not necessary, but makes the meaning more clear esp if sentence v long

1. Verb stems ending with vowel + 면 자다 → 자면 - if i sleep 

2. Verb stems ending with ㄹ + 면 길다 → 길면 - if it’s long

3. Verb stems ending with consonants other than ㄹ + -(으)면 작다 → 작으면 - if it’s small

Also applies to past tense - Verb + 었 + 으면  and present tense - Verb + (으)ㄹ 거면

보다 - to watch 보면 - if I watch it 봤으면 - if i watched it 볼 거면 - if i am going to watch it