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Biedermeier movable card two volvelles ( wheels) German 1820

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German Hand colored pull tab movable Biedermeier card ca 1820 animated GIF

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Theories of The Philosophy of Time

The philosophy of time is the study of the nature of time, including the ontological status of time, the relationship between time and causation, and the various ways in which time is experienced and represented. It involves questions such as whether time is an objective or subjective feature of the world, whether time has a direction or is symmetrical, and whether time is a continuous or discrete phenomenon. The philosophy of time is closely related to other areas of philosophy, such as metaphysics, epistemology, and the philosophy of science.

There are various theories and debates within the philosophy of time, some of which include:

The block universe theory: This theory suggests that all of time exists as a block, with each moment in time equally real and determined. This means that past, present, and future are all equally real and exist simultaneously. The theory suggests that everything that ever happened, is happening, or will happen already exists and is fixed.

B-theory of time: This theory is related to the block universe theory, which holds that time is tenseless and that all moments in time are equally real. This means that there is no objective difference between past, present, and future - they all exist equally. According to this theory, time is similar to space, and just as we can move around in space, we can also move around in time.

Relativity theory of time: A scientific theory developed by Albert Einstein that suggests that time is relative to the observer and dependent on the observer's relative motion and position. According to this theory, time passes more slowly for objects that are moving relative to an observer than for objects that are stationary. This effect is known as time dilation. The theory also suggests that time and space are not separate entities but are intertwined, forming a four-dimensional spacetime continuum.

Perdurantism: This theory posits that objects are four-dimensional entities that exist across time and persist by having different temporal parts at different times. This view is sometimes called "four-dimensionalism" or "eternalism". According to this theory, an object is not a single entity that stays the same over time, but rather a collection of temporal parts that come together at different times to form a complete object. For example, a person is not just a single entity that exists at a particular moment in time, but rather a collection of temporal parts (e.g. cells, organs, memories) that exist at different times and come together to form a complete person.

Endurantism: This theory posits that objects are three-dimensional entities that persist over time by having the same parts at different times. According to this view, an object is a single entity that stays the same over time, and it has the same parts at every moment of its existence. For example, a person is a single entity that exists at a particular moment in time, and it has the same physical and psychological parts at every moment of its existence.

The Growing Block Theory: This theory posits that only the past and present exist, with the future being continually created as time moves forward. In other words, the present is constantly expanding, and the future is not yet determined.

The Presentism Theory: According to this theory, only the present moment exists. The past is no longer real, and the future is yet to come into existence. This view holds that the present is privileged and that the past and future are merely conceptual constructs.

The Eternalism Theory: This theory views time as a fourth dimension, similar to space, and asserts that all moments in time exist simultaneously. This means that the past, present, and future all exist at the same time, and our experience of time is just an illusion. This theory has some similarities to the block universe theory but rejects the idea of a fixed future.

Four-dimensionalism: This theory claims that objects persist in time by having different temporal parts at different times. According to this view, time is considered to be a dimension, similar to space. Just as an object can have different spatial parts, it can also have different temporal parts. In this way, an object is not considered to exist at any particular moment in time, but rather it exists across a whole span of time. This view is sometimes associated with the theory of special relativity in physics.

The causal theory of time: This theory posits that time is defined by causation. On this view, events are ordered in time by their causal relationships. An event is considered to be earlier than another event if it is causally prior to that event, and later if it is causally subsequent to that event. The causal theory of time is often associated with the work of the philosopher David Lewis.

The tensed theory of time: The theory that time is fundamentally characterized by a distinction between past, present, and future. According to this view, the present moment is privileged, and the past and future are real but in different ways. The past is considered to be fixed and unalterable, while the future is open and uncertain. This view is often associated with the philosopher J.M.E. McTaggart, who famously argued that time is an illusion because the A-series of past, present, and future is contradictory.

Overall, the philosophy of time involves complex and often contradictory theories, which continue to be the subject of ongoing debate and investigation.

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A little history of lenticular animation from 100 years ago. Animated Picture products, New York ca.1920. Advertising west electric bobbed hair curler. This is a glass lenticular 11x14” that would have been in a light box. When walking past the store window and illuminated from behind it would give an animated picture of the hair curlers in action. I found newspaper listings of the history of the company. Taking space on 4th floor 1158 Broadway on September 15, 1917. Placing an ad for boys to photograph at their location 12 West 27th st. On September 20, 1918. Participating in the electric sign show by Edison company May 6, 1921. They must have been popular. Then sadly, what looks like an auction of their items on May 26, 1921. Maybe going out of business at 19 west 27th street. https://www.instagram.com/p/CNlcDm5pU42OeemzDngNvsA944cMh9fmAd0U-40/?igshid=1w4jy7hzls5nd

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