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Test Bank Dental Radiography Principals and Techniques 5th Edition

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Banks And Solutions Manuals, Course,

Assignments, Discussions, Quizzes, Exams,

464 Test Bank Questions and Answers

TEST BANK

Questions for Chapter 1

What is the negation of the propositions in 1Ð3?

1. Abby has more than 300 friends on facebook.

2. A messaging package for a cell phone costs less than $20 per month.

3. 4.5 + 2.5 = 6

In questions 4Ð8, determine whether the proposition is TRUE or FALSE.

4. 1 + 1 = 3 if and only if 2 + 2 = 3.

5. If it is raining, then it is raining.

6. If 1 < 0, then 3 = 4.

7. If 2 + 1 = 3, then 2 = 3 − 1.

8. If 1 + 1 = 2 or 1 + 1 = 3, then 2 + 2 = 3 and 2 + 2 = 4.

9. Write the truth table for the proposition Â(r → Âq) ∨ (p ∧ Âr).

10. (a) Find a proposition with the truth table at the right.

(b) Find a proposition using only p, q, Â, and the connective ∨ that has this truth table.

11. Find a proposition with three variables p, q, and r that is true when p and r are true and q is false, and false otherwise.

12. Find a proposition with three variables p, q, and r that is true when at most one of the three variables is true, and false otherwise.

13. Find a proposition with three variables p, q, and r that is never true.

14.

Find a proposition using only p, q, Â, and the connective ∨

with the truth table at the right.

15.

Determine whether p → (q → r) and p → (q ∧ r) are equivalent.

16. Determine whether p → (q → r) is equivalent to (p → q) → r.

17. Determine whether (p → q) ∧ (Âp → q) ≡ q.

Test Bank Questions and Answers

465

18. Write a proposition equivalent to p ∨ Âq that uses only p, q, Â, and the connective ∧.

19. Write a proposition equivalent to Âp ∧ Âq using only p, q, Â, and the connective ∨.

20. Prove that the proposition Òif it is not hot, then it is hotÓ is equivalent to Òit is hotÓ.

21. Write a proposition equivalent to p → q using only p, q, Â, and the connective ∨.

22. Write a proposition equivalent to p → q using only p, q, Â, and the connective ∧.

23. Prove that p → q and its converse are not logically equivalent.

24. Prove that Âp → Âq and its inverse are not logically equivalent.

25. Determine whether the following two propositions are logically equivalent: p ∨ (q ∧ r), (p ∧ q) ∨ (p ∧ r).

26. Determine whether the following two propositions are logically equivalent: p → (Âq ∧ r), Âp ∨ Â(r → q).

27. Prove that (q ∧ (p → Âq)) → Âp is a tautology using propositional equivalence and the laws of logic.

28. Determine whether this proposition is a tautology: ((p → q) ∧ Âp) → Âq.

29. Determine whether this proposition is a tautology: ((p → Âq) ∧ q) → Âp. In 30Ð36, write the statement in the form ÒIf . . . , then . . . .Ó

30. x is even only if y is odd.

31. A implies B.

32. It is hot whenever it is sunny.

33. To get a good grade it is necessary that you study.

34. Studying is suﬃcient for passing.

35. The team wins if the quarterback can pass.

36. You need to be registered in order to check out library books.

37. Write the contrapositive, converse, and inverse of the following: If you try hard, then you will win.

38. Write the contrapositive, converse, and inverse of the following: You sleep late if it is Saturday. In 39Ð41 write the negation of the statement. (DonÕt write ÒIt is not true that . . . .Ó)

39. It is Thursday and it is cold.

40. I will go to the play or read a book, but not both.

41. If it is rainy, then we go to the movies.

42. Explain why the negation of ÒAl and Bill are absentÓ is not ÒAl and Bill are presentÓ.

43. Using c for Òit is coldÓ and d for Òit is dryÓ, write ÒIt is neither cold nor dryÓ in symbols.

44. Using c for Òit is coldÓ and r for Òit is rainyÓ, write ÒIt is rainy if it is not coldÓ in symbols.

45. Using c for Òit is coldÓ and w for Òit is windyÓ, write ÒTo be windy it is necessary that it be coldÓ in symbols.

46. Using c for Òit is coldÓ, r for Òit is rainyÓ, and w for Òit is windyÓ, write ÒIt is rainy only if it is windy and coldÓ in symbols.

466 Test Bank Questions and Answers

47. Translate the given statement into propositional logic using the propositions provided: On certain highways in the Washington, DC metro area you are allowed to travel on high occupancy lanes during rush hour only if there are at least three passengers in the vehicle. Express your answer in terms of r:ÒYou are traveling during rush hour.Ó t:ÒYou are riding in a car with at least three passengers.Ó and h:ÒYou can travel on a high occupancy lane.Ó

48. A set of propositions is consistent if there is an assignment of truth values to each of the variables in the propositions that makes each proposition true. Is the following set of propositions consistent?

The system is in multiuser state if and only if it is operating normally.

If the system is operating normally, the kernel is functioning.

The kernel is not functioning or the system is in interrupt mode.

If the system is not in multiuser state, then it is in interrupt mode.

The system is in interrupt mode.

49. On the island of knights and knaves you encounter two people, A and B. Person A says ÒB is a knave.Ó Person B says ÒWe are both knights.Ó Determine whether each person is a knight or a knave.

50. On the island of knights and knaves you encounter two people, A and B. Person A says ÒB is a knave.Ó Person B says ÒAt least one of us is a knight.Ó Determine whether each person is a knight or a knave.

Exercises 51Ð53 relate to inhabitants of an island on which there are three kinds of people: knights who always tell the truth, knaves who always lie, and spies who can either tell the truth or lie. You encounter three people, A, B, and C. You know one of the three people is a knight, one is a knave, and one is a spy. Each of the three people knows the type of person each of the other two is. For each of these situations, if possible, determine whether there is a unique solution, list all possible solutions or state that there are no solutions.

51. A says ÒI am not a knight,Ó B says ÒI am not a spy,Ó and C says ÒI am not a knave.Ó

52. A says ÒI am a spy,Ó B says ÒI am a spyÓ and C says ÒB is a spy.Ó

53. A says ÒI am a knight,Ó B says ÒI am a knave,Ó and C says ÒI am not a knave.Ó

Find the output of the combinatorial circuits in 54Ð55.

54. p

55. p

q r

Construct a combinatorial circuit using inverters, OR gates, and AND gates, that produces the outputs in 56Ð57 from input bits p, q and r.

56. (Âp ∧ Âq) ∨ (p ∧ Âr)

57. ((p ∨ Âq) ∧ r) ∧ ((Âp ∧ Âq) ∨ r)

Determine whether the compound propositions in 58Ð59 are satisÞable.

58. (Âp ∨ Âq) ∧ (p → q)

59. (p → q) ∧ (q → Âp) ∧ (p ∨ q)

In 60Ð62 suppose that Q(x) is Òx + 1 = 2xÓ, where x is a real number. Find the truth value of the statement.

Test Bank Questions and Answers

467

60. Q(2).

61. ∀x Q(x).

62. ∃x Q(x).

In 63Ð70 P (x, y) means Òx+2y = xyÓ, where x and y are integers. Determine the truth value of the statement.

63. P (1, −1).

64. P (0, 0).

65. ∃y P (3, y).

66. ∀x∃y P (x, y).

67. ∃x∀y P (x, y).

68. ∀y∃x P (x, y).

69. ∃y∀x P (x, y).

70. Â∀x∃y ÂP (x, y).

In 71Ð72 P (x, y) means Òx and y are real numbers such that x + 2y = 5Ó. Determine whether the statement is true.

71. ∀x∃y P (x, y).

72. ∃x∀y P (x, y).

In 73Ð75 P (m, n) means Òm ≤ nÓ, where the universe of discourse for m and n is the set of nonnegative integers. What is the truth value of the statement?

73. ∀n P (0, n).

74. ∃n∀m P (m, n).

75. ∀m∃n P (m, n).

In questions 76Ð81 suppose P (x, y) is a predicate and the universe for the variables x and y is {1, 2, 3}. Suppose P (1, 3), P (2, 1), P (2, 2), P (2, 3), P (3, 1), P (3, 2) are true, and P (x, y) is false otherwise. Determine whether the following statements are true.

76. ∀x∃yP (x, y).

77. ∃x∀yP (x, y).

78. Â∃x∃y (P (x, y) ∧ ÂP (y, x)).

79. ∀y∃x (P (x, y) → P (y, x)).

80. ∀x∀y (x =) y → (P (x, y) ∨ P (y, x)).

81. ∀y∃x (x ≤ y ∧ P (x, y)).

In 82Ð85 suppose the variable x represents students and y represents courses, and:

U(y): y is an upper-level course M(y): y is a math course F (x): x is a freshman B(x): x is a full-time student T (x, y): student x is taking course y.

Write the statement using these predicates and any needed quantiÞers. 82. Eric is taking MTH 281.

468 Test Bank Questions and Answers

83. All students are freshmen.

84. Every freshman is a full-time student.

85. No math course is upper-level.

In 86Ð88 suppose the variable x represents students and y represents courses, and:

U(y): y is an upper-level course

M(y): y is a math course

F (x): x is a freshman

A(x): x is a part-time

student T (x, y): student x is taking course y.

Write the statement using these predicates and any needed quantiÞers.

86. Every student is taking at least one course.

87. There is a part-time student who is not taking any math course.

88. Every part-time freshman is taking some upper-level course.

In 89Ð91 suppose the variable x represents students and y represents courses, and:

F (x): x is a freshman A(x): x is a part-time student T (x, y): x is taking y. Write the statement in good English without using variables in your answers.

89. F (Mikko).

90. Â∃y T (Joe, y).

91. ∃x (A(x) ∧ ÂF (x)).

In 92Ð94 suppose the variable x represents students and y represents courses, and:

M(y): y is a math course

F (x): x is a freshman

B(x): x is a full-time student

T (x, y): x is taking y.

Write the statement in good English without using variables in your answers.

92. ∀x∃y T (x, y).

93. ∃x∀y T (x, y).

94. ∀x∃y [(B(x) ∧ F (x)) → (M(y) ∧ T (x, y))].

In 95Ð97 suppose the variables x and y represent real numbers, and

L(x, y) : x < y G(x) : x > 0 P (x) : x is a prime number. Write the statement in good English without using any variables in your answer.

95. L(7, 3).

96. ∀x∃y L(x, y).

97. ∀x∃y [G(x) → (P (y) ∧ L(x, y))].

In 98Ð100 suppose the variables x and y represent real numbers, and

L(x, y) : x < y Q(x, y) : x = y E(x) : x is even I(x) : x is an integer. Write the statement using these predicates and any needed quantiÞers.

98. Every integer is even.

99. If x < y, then x is not equal to y.

100. There is no largest real number.

In 101Ð102 suppose the variables x and y represent real numbers, and

Test Bank Questions and Answers 469

E(x) : x is even G(x) : x > 0 I(x) : x is an integer.

Write the statement using these predicates and any needed quantiÞers.

101. Some real numbers are not positive.

102. No even integers are odd.

In 103Ð105 suppose the variable x represents people, and

F (x): x is friendly T (x): x is tall A(x): x is angry.

Write the statement using these predicates and any needed quantiÞers.

103. Some people are not angry.

104. All tall people are friendly.

105. No friendly people are angry.

In 106Ð107 suppose the variable x represents people, and

F (x): x is friendly T (x): x is tall A(x): x is angry.

Write the statement using these predicates and any needed quantiÞers.

106. Some tall angry people are friendly.

107. If a person is friendly, then that person is not angry.

In 108Ð110 suppose the variable x represents people, and

F (x): x is friendly T (x): x is tall A(x): x is angry.

Write the statement in good English. Do not use variables in your answer.

108. A(Bill).

109. Â∃x (A(x) ∧ T (x)).

110. Â∀x (F (x) → A(x)).

In 111Ð113 suppose the variable x represents students and the variable y represents courses, and

A(y): y is an advanced course S(x): x is a sophomore F (x): x is a freshman T (x, y): x is taking y. Write the statement using these predicates and any needed quantiÞers.

111. There is a course that every freshman is taking.

112. No freshman is a sophomore.

113. Some freshman is taking an advanced course.

In 114Ð115 suppose the variable x represents students and the variable y represents courses, and

A(y): y is an advanced course F (x): x is a freshman T (x, y): x is taking y P (x, y): x passed y. Write the statement using the above predicates and any needed quantiÞers.

114. No one is taking every advanced course.

115. Every freshman passed calculus.

In 116Ð118 suppose the variable x represents students and the variable y represents courses, and

T (x, y): x is taking y P (x, y): x passed y.

Write the statement in good English. Do not use variables in your answers.

116. ÂP (Wisteria, MAT 100).

117. ∃y∀x T (x, y).

470 �� Test Bank Questions and Answers

118. ∀x∃y T (x, y).

In 119Ð123 assume that the universe for x is all people and the universe for y is the set of all movies. Write the English statement using the following predicates and any needed quantiÞers:

S(x, y): x saw y L(x, y): x liked y A(y): y won an award C(y): y is a comedy.

119. No comedy won an award.

120. Lois saw Casablanca, but didnÕt like it.

121. Some people have seen every comedy.

122. No one liked every movie he has seen.

123. Ben has never seen a movie that won an award.

In 124Ð126 assume that the universe for x is all people and the universe for y is the set of all movies. Write the statement in good English, using the predicates

S(x, y): x saw y L(x, y): x liked y. Do not use variables in your answer.

124. ∃y ÂS(Margaret, y).

125. ∃y∀x L(x, y).

126. ∀x∃y L(x, y).

In 127Ð136 suppose the variable x represents students, y represents courses, and T (x, y) means Òx is taking yÓ. Match the English statement with all its equivalent symbolic statements in this list:

1. ∃x∀y T (x, y) 4. Â∃x∃y T (x, y) 7. ∃y∀x ÂT (x, y) 10. Â∀x∃y ÂT (x, y)

2. ∃y∀x T (x, y) 5. ∃x∀y ÂT (x, y) 8. Â∀x∃y T (x, y)

11. Â∀xÂ∀y ÂT (x, y)

3. ∀x∃y T (x, y) 6. ∀y∃x T (x, y) 9. Â∃y∀x T (x, y) 12. ∀x∃y ÂT (x, y)

127. Every course is being taken by at least one student.

128. Some student is taking every course.

129. No student is taking all courses.

130. There is a course that all students are taking.

131. Every student is taking at least one course.

132. There is a course that no students are taking.

133. Some students are taking no courses.

134. No course is being taken by all students.

135. Some courses are being taken by no students.

136. No student is taking any course.

In 137Ð147 suppose the variable x represents students, F (x) means Òx is a freshmanÕ,Õ and M(x) means Òx is a math majorÓ. Match the statement in symbols with one of the English statements in this list:

1. Some freshmen are math majors.

2. Every math major is a freshman.

3. No math major is a freshman.

Test Bank Questions and Answers

471

137. ∀x (M(x) → ÂF (x)).

138. Â∃x (M(x) ∧ ÂF (x)).

139. ∀x (F (x) → ÂM(x)).

140. ∀x (M(x) → F (x)).

141. ∃x (F (x) ∧ M(x)).

142. Â∀x (ÂF (x) ∨ ÂM(x)).

143. ∀x (Â(M(x) ∧ ÂF (x))).

144. ∀x (ÂM(x) ∨ ÂF (x)).

145. Â∃x (M(x) ∧ ÂF (x)).

146. Â∃x (M(x) ∧ F (x)).

147. Â∀x (F (x) → ÂM(x)).

In 148Ð151 let F (A) be the predicate ÒA is a Þnite setÓ and S(A, B) be the predicate ÒA is contained in BÓ. Suppose the universe of discourse consists of all sets. Translate the statement into symbols.

148. Not all sets are Þnite.

149. Every subset of a Þnite set is Þnite.

150. No inÞnite set is contained in a Þnite set.

151. The empty set is a subset of every Þnite set.

In 152Ð156 write the negation of the statement in good English. DonÕt write ÒIt is not true that . . . .Ó

152. Some bananas are yellow.

153. All integers ending in the digit 7 are odd.

154. No tests are easy.

155. Roses are red and violets are blue.

156. Some skiers do not speak Swedish.

157. A student is asked to give the negation of Òall bananas are ripeÓ.

(a) The student responds Òall bananas are not ripeÓ. Explain why the English in the studentÕs response is ambiguous.

(b) Another student says that the negation of the statement is Òno bananas are ripeÓ. Explain why this is not correct.

(d) Give the correct negation.

158. Explain why the negation of ÒSome students in my class use e-mailÓ is not ÒSome students in my class do not use e-mailÓ.

159. What is the rule of inference used in the following:

If it snows today, the university will be closed. The university will not be closed today. Therefore, it did not snow today.

472 Test Bank Questions and Answers

160. What is the rule of inference used in the following:

If I work all night on this homework, then I can answer all the exercises. If I answer all the exercises, I will understand the material. Therefore, if I work all night on this homework, then I will understand the material.

161. Explain why an argument of the following form is not valid:

p → q

Âp

...Âq

162. Determine whether the following argument is valid: p → r

q → r

Â(p ∨ q)

...Âr

163. Determine whether the following argument is valid:

p → r q → r q ∨ Âr

...Âp

164. Show that the hypotheses ÒI left my notes in the library or I Þnished the rough draft of the paperÓ and ÒI did not leave my notes in the library or I revised the bibliographyÓ imply that ÒI Þnished the rough draft of the paper or I revised the bibliographyÓ.

165. Determine whether the following argument is valid. Name the rule of inference or the fallacy.

If n is a real number such that n > 1, then n2 > 1. Suppose that n2 > 1. Then n > 1.

166. Determine whether the following argument is valid. Name the rule of inference or the fallacy. If n is a real number such that n > 2, then n2 > 4. Suppose that n ≤ 2. Then n2 ≤ 4.

167. Determine whether the following argument is valid:

She is a Math Major or a Computer Science Major.

If she does not know discrete math, she is not a Math Major.

If she knows discrete math, she is smart.

She is not a Computer Science Major.

Therefore, she is smart.

168. Determine whether the following argument is valid. Rainy days make gardens grow.

Gardens donÕt grow if it is not hot.

It always rains on a day that is not hot. Therefore, if it is not hot, then it is hot.

169. Determine whether the following argument is valid.

If you are not in the tennis tournament, you will not meet Ed.

If you arenÕt in the tennis tournament or if you arenÕt in the play, you wonÕt meet Kelly. You meet Kelly or you donÕt meet Ed.

It is false that you are in the tennis tournament and in the play. Therefore, you are in the tennis tournament.

170. Show that the premises ÒEvery student in this class passed the Þrst examÓ and ÒAlvina is a student in this classÓ imply the conclusion ÒAlvina passed the Þrst examÓ.

171. Show that the premises ÒJean is a student in my classÓ and ÒNo student in my class is from EnglandÓ imply the conclusion ÒJean is not from EnglandÓ.

Test Bank Questions and Answers

473

172. Determine whether the premises ÒSome math majors left the campus for the weekendÓ and ÒAll seniors left the campus for the weekendÓ imply the conclusion ÒSome seniors are math majors.Ó

173. Show that the premises ÒEveryone who read the textbook passed the examÓ, and ÒEd read the textbookÓ imply the conclusion ÒEd passed the examÓ.

174. Determine whether the premises ÒNo juniors left campus for the weekendÓ and ÒSome math majors are not juniorsÓ imply the conclusion ÒSome math majors left campus for the weekend.Ó

175. Show that the premise ÒMy daughter visited Europe last weekÓ implies the conclusion ÒSomeone visited Europe last weekÓ.

176. Suppose you wish to prove a theorem of the form Òif p then qÓ.

(a) If you give a direct proof, what do you assume and what do you prove?

(b) If you give a proof by contraposition, what do you assume and what do you prove?

177. Suppose that you had to prove a theorem of the form Òif p then qÓ. Explain the diﬀerence between a direct proof and a proof by contraposition.

178. Give a direct proof of the following: ÒIf x is an odd integer and y is an even integer, then x + y is oddÓ.

179. Give a proof by contradiction of the following: ÒIf n is an odd integer, then n2 is oddÓ.

180. Consider the following theorem: Òif x and y are odd integers, then x + y is evenÓ. Give a direct proof of this theorem.

181. Consider the following theorem: Òif x and y are odd integers, then x+y is evenÓ. Give a proof by contradiction of this theorem.

182. Give a proof by contradiction of the following: If x and y are even integers, then xy is even.

183. Consider the following theorem: If x is an odd integer, then x + 2 is odd. Give a direct proof of this theorem

184. Consider the following theorem: If x is an odd integer, then x + 2 is odd. Give a proof by contraposition of this theorem.

185. Consider the following theorem: If x is an odd integer, then x + 2 is odd. Give a proof by contradiction of this theorem.

186. Consider the following theorem: If n is an even integer, then n + 1 is odd. Give a direct proof of this theorem.

187. Consider the following theorem: If n is an even integer, then n + 1 is odd. Give a proof by contraposition of this theorem.

188. Consider the following theorem: If n is an even integer, then n + 1 is odd. Give a proof by contradiction of this theorem.

189. Prove that the following is true for all positive integers n: n is even if and only if 3n2 + 8 is even.

190. Prove the following theorem: n is even if and only if n2 is even.

191. Prove: if m and n are even integers, then mn is a multiple of 4.

192. Prove or disprove: For all real numbers x and y, *x − y+ = *x+ − *y+.

193. Prove or disprove: For all real numbers x and y, *x + *x++ = *2x+.

194. Prove or disprove: For all real numbers x and y, *xy+ = *x+ á *y+.

195. Give a proof by cases that x ≤ |x| for all real numbers x.

474 Test Bank Questions and Answers

196. Suppose you are allowed to give either a direct proof or a proof by contraposition of the following: if 3n + 5 is even, then n is odd. Which type of proof would be easier to give? Explain why.

197. Prove that the following three statements about positive integers n are equivalent: (a) n is even; (b) n3 + 1 is odd; (c) n2 − 1 is odd.

198. Given any 40 people, prove that at least four of them were born in the same month of the year.

199. Prove that the equation 2x2 + y2 = 14 has no positive integer solutions.

200. What is wrong with the following ÒproofÓ that −3 = 3, using backward reasoning? Assume that −3 = 3. Squaring both sides yields (−3)2 = 32, or 9 = 9. Therefore −3 = 3.

Answers for Chapter 1

1. Abby has fewer than 301 friends on facebook.

2. A messaging package for a cell phone costs at least $20 per month.

3. 4.5 + 2.5 =) 6

4. True.

5. True.

6. True.

7. True.

8. False.

Â(r → Âq) ∨ (p ∧ Âr)

10.

(a) Âp ∧ q,

(b) Â(p ∨ Âq).

11. p ∧ Âq ∧ r.

12. (p ∧ Âq ∧ Âr) ∨ (Âp ∧ q ∧ Âr) ∨ (Âp ∧ Âq ∧ r) ∨ (Âp ∧ Âq ∧ Âr).

13. (p ∧ Âp) ∨ (q ∧ Âq) ∨ (r ∧ Âr).

14. Â(Âp ∨ q) ∨ Â(p ∨ Âq).

15. Not equivalent. Let q be false and p and r be true.

16. Not equivalent. Let p, q, and r be false.

17. Both truth tables are identical:

(p → q) ∧ (Âp → q)

Test Bank Questions and Answers

475

18. Â(Âp ∧ q).

19. Â(p ∨ q).

20. Both propositions are true when Òit is hotÓ is true and both are false when Òit is hotÓ is false.

21. Âp ∨ q.

22. Â(p ∧ Âq).

23. Truth values diﬀer when p is true and q is false.

24. Truth values diﬀer when p is false and q is true.

25. No.

26. Yes.

27. (q ∧ (p → Âq)) → Âp ⇐⇒ (q ∧ (Âp ∨ Âq)) → Âp ⇐⇒ ((q ∧ Âp) ∨ (q ∧ Âq)) → Âp ⇐⇒ (q ∧ Âp) → Âp ⇐⇒

Â(q ∧ Âp) ∨ Âp ⇐⇒ (Âq ∨ p) ∨ Âp ⇐⇒ Âq ∨ (p ∨ Âp), which is always true.

28. No.

29. Yes.

30. If x is even, then y is odd.

31. If A, then B.

32. If it is sunny, then it is hot.

33. If you donÕt study, then you donÕt get a good grade (equivalently, if you get a good grade, then you study).

34. If you study, then you pass.

35. If the quarterback can pass, then the team wins.

36. If you are not registered, then you cannot check out library books (equivalently, if you check out library books, then you are registered).

37. Contrapositive: If you will not win, then you do not try hard. Converse: If you will win, then you try hard. Inverse: If you do not try hard, then you will not win.

38. Contrapositive: If you do not sleep late, then it is not Saturday. Converse: If you sleep late, then it is Saturday. Inverse: If it is not Saturday, then you do not sleep late.

39. It is not Thursday or it is not cold.

40. I will go to the play and read a book, or I will not go to the play and not read a book.

41. It is rainy and we do not go to the movies.

42. Both propositions can be false at the same time. For example, Al could be present and Bill absent.

43. Âc ∧ Âd.

44. Âc → r.

45. w → c.

46. r → (w ∧ c).

47. (r ∧ t) → h

48. Using m, n, k, and i, there are three rows of the truth table that have all Þve propositions true: the rows TTTT, FFTT, FFFT for m, n, k, i.

49. A is a knight, B is a knave.

50. A is a knave, B is a knight.

51. A is the spy, B is the knight, and C is the knave.

52. A is the knave, B is the spy, and C is the knight.

476 Test Bank Questions and Answers

53. A is the knight, B is the spy, and C is the knave, or A is the knave, B is the spy, and C is the knight.

54. Â(Âp ∨ q) ∧ r

55. Â(p ∧ Âq) ∧ (q ∨ r)

56.

57.

p q r

58. Setting p = F and q = T makes the compound proposition true; therefore it is satisÞable.

59. Setting q = T and p = F makes the compound proposition true; therefore it is satisÞable.

60. False.

61. False.

62. True.

63. True.

64. True.

65. True.

66. False.

67. False.

68. False.

69. False.

70. False.

71. True. For every real number x we can Þnd a real number y such that x + 2y = 5, namely y = (5 − x)/2.

72. False. If it were true for some number x0, then x0 = 5 − 2y for every y, which is not possible.

73. True.

74. False.

75. True.

76. True.

77. True.

78. False.

79. True.

80. False.

Test Bank Questions and Answers

477

81. False.

82. T (Eric, MTH 281).

83. ∀x F (x).

84. ∀x (F (x)→B(x)).

85. ∀y (M(y)→ÂU(y)).

86. ∀x∃y T (x, y).

87. ∃x∀y [A(x) ∧ (M(y) → ÂT (x, y))].

88. ∀x∃y [(F (x) ∧ A(x)) → (U(y) ∧ T (x, y))].

89. Mikko is a freshman.

90. Joe is not taking any course.

91. Some part-time students are not freshmen.

92. Every student is taking a course.

93. Some student is taking every course.

94. Every full-time freshman is taking a math course.

95. 7 < 3.

96. There is no largest number.

97. No matter what positive number is chosen, there is a larger prime.

98. ∀x (I(x)→E(x)).

99. ∀x∀y (L(x, y)→ÂQ(x, y)).

100. ∀x∃y L(x, y).

101. ∃x ÂG(x).

102. Â∃x (I(x) ∧ E(x) ∧ ÂE(x)]).

103. ∃x ÂA(x).

104. ∀x (T (x)→F (x)).

105. ∀x (F (x)→ÂA(x)).

106. ∃x (T (x) ∧ A(x) ∧ F (x)).

107. ∀x (F (x)→ÂA(x)).

108. Bill is angry.

109. No one is tall and angry.

110. Some friendly people are not angry.

111. ∃y∀x (F (x)→T (x, y)).

112. Â∃x (F (x) ∧ S(x)].

113. ∃x∃y (F (x) ∧ A(y) ∧ T (x, y)).

114. Â∃x∀y (A(y)→T (x, y)).

115. ∀x (F (x)→P (x, calculus)).

116. Wisteria did not pass MAT 100.

117. There is a course that all students are taking.

118. Every student is taking at least one course.

478

119. ∀y (C(y)→ÂA(y)).

120. S(Lois, Casablanca) ∧ ÂL(Lois, Casablanca).

121. ∃x∀y [C(y)→S(x, y)].

122. Â∃x∀y [S(x, y)→L(x, y)].

123. Â∃y [A(y) ∧ S(Ben, y)].

124. There is a movie that Margaret did not see.

125. There is a movie that everyone liked.

126. Everyone liked at least one movie.

127. 6.

128. 1, 10.

129. 12.

130. 2.

131. 3.

132. 7.

133. 5, 8, 11.

134. 9.

135. 7.

136. 4.

137. 3.

138. 2.

139. 3.

140. 2.

141. 1.

142. 1.

143. 2.

144. 3.

145. 2.

146. 3.

147. 1.

148. ∃A ÂF (A).

149. ∀A ∀B [(F (B) ∧ S(A, B))→F (A)].

150. Â∃A ∃B (ÂF (A) ∧ F (B) ∧ S(A, B)).

151. ∀A (F (A)→S(¯, A)).

152. No bananas are yellow.

153. Some integers ending in the digit 7 are not odd.

154. Some tests are easy.

155. Roses are not red or violets are not blue.

156. All skiers speak Swedish.

Test Bank Questions and Answers

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Test Bank Discovery Series Introduction to Lifespan 1st Edition

For Order This And Any Other Test

Banks And Solutions Manuals, Course,

Assignments, Discussions, Quizzes, Exams,

Chapter 1: What is Lifespan Development?

TRUE/FALSE

1. In ancient times and in the Middle Ages, children often were valued for their contributions to the home.

ANS: F PTS: 1 DIF: Bloom's: Understand

REF: 1.1 Theories of Development, Textbook

OBJ: LO1: Relate the history of the study of human development

MSC: TYPE: Medium

2. Behaviorism is the discipline that studies the physical, cognitive, social, and emotional development of humans.

ANS: F PTS: 1 DIF: Bloom's: Remember

REF: 1.1 Theories of Development, Textbook

OBJ: LO2: Discuss Freud's theory of psychosexual development

MSC: TYPE: Easy

3. Negative reinforcers decrease the frequency of behaviors when they are removed.

ANS: F PTS: 1 DIF: Bloom's: Remember

REF: 1.1 Theories of Development, Textbook | Animation, Negative Reinforcers, Online

OBJ: LO3: Discuss the behaviorist perspective on development

MSC: TYPE: Easy

4. In social cognitive theory, the people after whom we pattern our own behavior are termed models.

ANS: T PTS: 1 DIF: Bloom's: Remember

REF: 1.1 Theories of Development, Textbook

OBJ: LO4: Discuss the social cognitive perspective on development

MSC: TYPE: Easy

5. Social cognitive theorists focus on people’s mental processes.

ANS: F PTS: 1 DIF: Bloom's: Remember

REF: 1.1 Theories of Development, Textbook

OBJ: LO5: Discuss Piaget's concepts and his stages of cognitive development

MSC: TYPE: Easy

6. The exosystem involves the interaction of children with beliefs, values, expectations, and lifestyles of their cultural settings.

ANS: F PTS: 1 DIF: Bloom's: Remember

REF: 1.1 Theories of Development, Textbook

OBJ: LO6: Discuss Bronfenbrenner's ecological perspective on development

MSC: TYPE: Medium

7. When learning with other people, children externalize the conversations and explanation that help them gain the necessary skills.

ANS: F PTS: 1 DIF: Bloom's: Remember

REF: 1.1 Theories of Development, Textbook

OBJ: LO7: Discuss Vygotsky's theory of sociocultural development

MSC: TYPE: Medium

8. Researchers are continually trying to sort out the extent to which human behavior is the result of nature and of nurture.

ANS: T PTS: 1 DIF: Bloom's: Remember

REF: 1.1 Theories of Development, Textbook

OBJ: LO8: Discuss controversies in development MSC: TYPE: Medium

9. Correlational information can reveal relationships between variables, but it does not show cause and effect.

ANS: T PTS: 1 DIF: Bloom's: Remember

REF: 1.2 Research Methods in Life-Span Development, Textbook

OBJ: LO11: Discuss the correlational method MSC: TYPE: Medium

10. Experiments are usually undertaken to test a hypothesis.

ANS: T PTS: 1 DIF: Bloom's: Remember

REF: 1.2 Research Methods in Life-Span Development, Textbook

OBJ: LO13: Discuss the experimental method MSC: TYPE: Easy

11. The dependent variable is a variable whose presence is manipulated by the experimenters so that its effects can be determined.

ANS: F PTS: 1 DIF: Bloom's: Remember

REF: 1.2 Research Methods in Life-Span Development, Textbook

OBJ: LO13: Discuss the experimental method MSC: TYPE: Easy

12. Participants should not be offered information about the results of the study.

ANS: F PTS: 1 DIF: Bloom's: Remember

REF: 1.2 Research Methods in Life-Span Development, Textbook

OBJ: LO16: Discuss ethical issues in developmental research MSC: TYPE: Easy

13. The identities of the participants in a study are to remain confidential.

ANS: T PTS: 1 DIF: Bloom's: Remember

REF: 1.2 Research Methods in Life-Span Development, Textbook

OBJ: LO16: Discuss ethical issues in developmental research MSC: TYPE: Easy

14. A Skinner box uses the reinforcement of water.

ANS: T PTS: 1 DIF: Bloom's: Remember

REF: 1.1 Theories of Development, Textbook | Video, The Skinner Box, Online

OBJ: LO3: Discuss the behaviorist perspective on development

MSC: TYPE: Easy

15. The Skinner box teaches pigeons to learn and alter behavior.

ANS: T PTS: 1 DIF: Bloom's: Understand

REF: 1.1 Theories of Development, Textbook | Video, The Skinner Box, Online

OBJ: LO3: Discuss the behaviorist perspective on development

MSC: TYPE: Easy

MULTIPLE CHOICE

1. How long has scientific inquiry into human development existed?

Since the Middle Ages

In the last twenty years

A little more than a century

Since the 1600s

ANS: B PTS: 1 DIF: Bloom's: Remember

REF: 1.1 Theories of Development, Textbook

OBJ: LO1: Relate the history of the study of human development

MSC: TYPE: Medium

2. In ancient times and in the Middle Ages, children were often viewed as innately evil and ____.

family social functions excluded them

school was mandatory

discipline was harsh

free time was often used as a punishment

ANS: C PTS: 1 DIF: Bloom's: Remember

REF: 1.1 Theories of Development, Textbook

OBJ: LO1: Relate the history of the study of human development

MSC: TYPE: Easy

3. In the Middle Ages, children could be sent to the monastery against their will because they were ____.

legally considered property

not needed at home

considered to be divine

in need of discipline

ANS: A PTS: 1 DIF: Bloom's: Understand

REF: 1.1 Theories of Development, Textbook

OBJ: LO1: Relate the history of the study of human development

MSC: TYPE: Medium

4. In the Middle Ages children who turned 7 years old were expected to work with the adults in the home and field because they ____.

had reached legal age

had reached an age of adulthood

had reached puberty

had reached an age of reason

ANS: D PTS: 1 DIF: Bloom's: Understand

REF: 1.1 Theories of Development, Textbook

OBJ: LO1: Relate the history of the study of human development

MSC: TYPE: Medium

5. Eddie came into this world without either good or evil. Anything he became was a result of the experiences he had as a child. What is this an example of?

the age of reason

inherent traits

tabula rasa

environmental development

ANS: B PTS: 1 DIF: Bloom's: Apply

REF: 1.1 Theories of Development, Textbook

OBJ: LO1: Relate the history of the study of human development

MSC: TYPE: Medium

6. Fred developed based on what he experienced in life and learned to behave based on whether his parents approved or disapproved of his actions. Which theorist would agree with this developmental proposal?

Locke

Hall

Piaget

Rousseau

ANS: A PTS: 1 DIF: Bloom's: Apply

REF: 1.1 Theories of Development, Textbook

OBJ: LO1: Relate the history of the study of human development

MSC: TYPE: Medium

7. The twentieth century saw many changes in how children were viewed and treated. They were no longer property or sources of labor. What is one development that prompted a change in how children were viewed during this time?

The Industrial Revolution

The theories of Locke

The founding of child development as an academic discipline

The theories of Rousseau

ANS: C PTS: 1 DIF: Bloom's: Analyze

REF: 1.1 Theories of Development, Textbook

OBJ: LO1: Relate the history of the study of human development

MSC: TYPE: Medium

8. Children became more visible in the ____, fostering awareness of childhood as a special time of life.

Industrial Revolution

twentieth century

Middle Ages

age of reason

ANS: A PTS: 1 DIF: Bloom's: Understand

REF: 1.1 Theories of Development, Textbook

OBJ: LO1: Relate the history of the study of human development

MSC: TYPE: Easy

9. A child is exhibiting anxious behaviors and the therapist works to reconcile internal conflicts within the child based on early experiences with parents in order to develop more adaptive behaviors. What is the theory the therapist is working with?

maturation

psychosocial development

psychosexual development

behaviorism

ANS: B PTS: 1 DIF: Bloom's: Analyze

REF: 1.1 Theories of Development, Textbook

OBJ: LO2: Discuss Freud's theory of psychosexual development

MSC: TYPE: Difficult

10. A theory that sees children as developing through distinct periods of life is called ____.

a cognitive theory

a psychosexual theory

a social theory

a stage theory

ANS: D PTS: 1 DIF: Bloom's: Remember

REF: 1.1 Theories of Development, Textbook

OBJ: LO2: Discuss Freud's theory of psychosexual development

MSC: TYPE: Easy

11. According to Freud, internal processes conflict with one another, causing problems with observable behaviors. Which of the following is one of the main issues that causes internal conflict?

basic biological drives versus social expectations

basic sexual drives versus parent relationships

basic aggressive drives versus relationships with same-sex parents

basic biological drives versus emotional development

ANS: A PTS: 1 DIF: Bloom's: Application

REF: 1.1 Theories of Development, Textbook

OBJ: LO2: Discuss Freud's theory of psychosexual development

MSC: TYPE: Medium

12. Hailey is a one-year-old baby who is hungry. She begins crying and does not stop until she is fed, regardless of what her parents do to soothe her. Which part of Freud’s theory is at work with Hailey?

the id

the superego

the ego

the conscious

ANS: A PTS: 1 DIF: Bloom's: Application

REF: 1.1 Theories of Development, Textbook

OBJ: LO2: Discuss Freud's theory of psychosexual development

MSC: TYPE: Difficult

13. Freud’s theory includes conflict between parts of the personality. Each part has a function and, according to Freud, there are times when the drive of one is in conflict with the drive of another. One of the functions acts to satisfy and mediate the others. Which one does this?

ego

unconscious

superego

ANS: A PTS: 1 DIF: Bloom's: Analyze

REF: 1.1 Theories of Development, Textbook

OBJ: LO2: Discuss Freud's theory of psychosexual development

MSC: TYPE: Medium

14. Adele allowed her baby to nurse until she was two years old. At five years old, Adele’s child refused to give up sucking his thumb. Adele’s mother read about Freudian psychology and learned that the thumb sucking was due to problems during which stage of development?

genital

latency

phallic

oral

ANS: D PTS: 1 DIF: Bloom's: Application

REF: 1.1 Theories of Development, Textbook

OBJ: LO2: Discuss Freud's theory of psychosexual development

MSC: TYPE: Medium

15. In which psychosexual stage is gratification obtained through control and elimination of waste products?

phallic

oral

latency

anal

ANS: D PTS: 1 DIF: Bloom's: Remember

REF: 1.1 Theories of Development, Textbook

OBJ: LO2: Discuss Freud's theory of psychosexual development

MSC: TYPE: Easy

16. Ed is five years-old and has a crush on his mother. He is resentful of the time his father spends with her and competes for her attention. Which stage is Ed in?

latency

anal

phallic

genital

ANS: B PTS: 1 DIF: Bloom's: Apply

REF: 1.1 Theories of Development, Textbook

OBJ: LO2: Discuss Freud's theory of psychosexual development

MSC: TYPE: Easy

17. Ned begins to experience drives for sexual gratification with someone of the opposite sex. What psychosexual stage is this?

phallic

genital

oral

latency

ANS: C PTS: 1 DIF: Bloom's: Apply

REF: 1.1 Theories of Development, Textbook

OBJ: LO2: Discuss Freud's theory of psychosexual development

MSC: TYPE: Easy

18. Which of the following focuses on how a person’s cultural environment influences his or her development?

maturation

developmental psychology

psychosexual development

stage theory

ANS: C PTS: 1 DIF: Bloom's: Understand

REF: 1.1 Theories of Development, Textbook

OBJ: LO2: Discuss Freud's theory of psychosexual development

MSC: TYPE: Medium

19. Which of the following would be an example of how Freud gathered information for his theories?

He gathered information by observing children at different ages.

He gathered information by interviewing children of different ages.

He gathered information from parents about their children.

He gathered information from adult clients about their childhood.

ANS: D PTS: 1 DIF: Bloom's: Apply

REF: 1.1 Theories of Development, Textbook

OBJ: LO2: Discuss Freud's theory of psychosexual development

MSC: TYPE: Medium

20. Which of the following theories would be more of a flexible approach to how early experiences influence development?

psychosexual development

behavioral development

psychosocial development

cognitive development

ANS: B PTS: 1 DIF: Bloom's: Analyze

REF: 1.1 Theories of Development, Textbook

OBJ: LO2: Discuss Freud's theory of psychosexual development

MSC: TYPE: Medium

21. Which of the following Erikson stages corresponds to Freud’s anal stage?

trust vs. mistrust

initiative vs. guilt

autonomy vs. shame and doubt

industry vs. inferiority

ANS: B PTS: 1 DIF: Bloom's: Analyze

REF: 1.1 Theories of Development, Textbook

OBJ: LO2: Discuss Freud's theory of psychosexual development

MSC: TYPE: Difficult

22. Which of the following psychosexual stages correspond to the identity vs. role diffusion stage of psychosocial development?

anal stage

latency stage

phallic stage

genital stage

ANS: D PTS: 1 DIF: Bloom's: Apply

REF: 1.1 Theories of Development, Textbook

OBJ: LO2: Discuss Freud's theory of psychosexual development

MSC: TYPE: Difficult

23. Who argued that a scientific approach to development must focus only on observable behavior?

Freud

Watson

Erikson

Skinner

ANS: C PTS: 1 DIF: Bloom's: Remember

REF: 1.1 Theories of Development, Textbook

OBJ: LO3: Discuss the behaviorist perspective on development

MSC: TYPE: Easy

24. Kali automatically gets up and switches classes in school when she hears the second bell. Which theory describes this behavior?

psychosexual development

classical conditioning

operant conditioning

cognitive development

ANS: C PTS: 1 DIF: Bloom's: Apply

REF: 1.1 Theories of Development, Textbook | Animation, Classical Conditioning, Online

OBJ: LO3: Discuss the behaviorist perspective on development

MSC: TYPE: Medium

25. Which of the following would be a positive reinforcer?

Removing the tone when you buckle your seatbelt

Allowing you to get out of your room after you clean it

Spanking you for not studying for your test

Allowing an extra scoop of ice cream for passing the test

ANS: D PTS: 1 DIF: Bloom's: Apply

REF: 1.1 Theories of Development, Textbook | Animation, Positive versus Negative Reinforcers, Online OBJ: LO3: Discuss the behaviorist perspective on development

MSC: TYPE: Medium

26. Which of the following is likely to occur when you remove the bell in school?

extinction

conditioned response

reinforcement

consequence

ANS: A PTS: 1 DIF: Bloom's: Apply

REF: 1.1 Theories of Development, Textbook

OBJ: LO3: Discuss the behaviorist perspective on development

MSC: TYPE: Medium

27. What typically happens when a negative reinforcer is removed?

The frequency of behavior increases.

The frequency of behavior decreases.

The behavior ceases.

The frequency of behavior does not change.

ANS: A PTS: 1 DIF: Bloom's: Understand

REF: 1.1 Theories of Development, Textbook | Animation, Positive versus Negative Reinforcers, Online OBJ: LO3: Discuss the behaviorist perspective on development

MSC: TYPE: Medium

28. What typically happens when a punishment is presented?

The unwanted behavior increases.

The desired behavior decreases.

The unwanted behavior decreases.

The desired behavior increases.

ANS: B PTS: 1 DIF: Bloom's: Understand

REF: 1.1 Theories of Development, Textbook | Animation, Positive versus Negative Reinforcers, Online OBJ: LO3: Discuss the behaviorist perspective on development

MSC: TYPE: Medium

29. Which of the following increases the frequency of a desired behavior?

extinction

negative reinforcer

positive reinforcer

conditioned stimulus

ANS: B PTS: 1 DIF: Bloom's: Remember

REF: 1.1 Theories of Development, Textbook | Animation, Negative Reinforcers, Online

OBJ: LO3: Discuss the behaviorist perspective on development

MSC: TYPE: Easy

30. Which of the following would increase the resumption of an undesired behavior?

removal of the reinforcer

increasing and decreasing the reinforcer

increasing the reinforcer

decreasing the reinforcer

ANS: A PTS: 1 DIF: Bloom's: apply

REF: 1.1 Theories of Development, Textbook

OBJ: LO3: Discuss the behaviorist perspective on development

MSC: TYPE: Easy

31. Mary and Paul are playing house when Paul’s friends come over. Paul quickly stops playing house and gets out his trucks. Why is Paul reacting this way?

socialization through classical conditioning

socialization through operant conditioning

socialization through cognitive learning

socialization through adaptation

ANS: B PTS: 1 DIF: Bloom's: Apply

REF: 1.1 Theories of Development, Textbook | Reading, Vocalizations in Infants, Online

OBJ: LO3: Discuss the behaviorist perspective on development

MSC: TYPE: Difficult

32. Which of the following theorists proposed that learning occurs through observing other people?

Bandura

Skinner

Erikson

Piaget

ANS: A PTS: 1 DIF: Bloom's: Understand

REF: 1.1 Theories of Development, Textbook

OBJ: LO4: Discuss the social cognitive perspective on development

MSC: TYPE: Easy

33. Kali watches her mother vacuum and decides to do it herself. Her mother shows her how. What is her mother doing?

adapting

accommodating

assimilating

modeling

ANS: D PTS: 1 DIF: Bloom's: Apply

REF: 1.1 Theories of Development, Textbook

OBJ: LO4: discuss the social cognitive perspective on development

MSC: TYPE: Medium

34. Which theories provides the basis for many educational TV shows?

psychosexual

learning

psychosocial

behaviorist

ANS: C PTS: 1 DIF: Bloom's: Remember

REF: 1.1 Theories of Development, Textbook

OBJ: LO4: Discuss the social cognitive perspective on development

MSC: TYPE: Easy

35. Tara moved from the country to the city and is learning to adjust to the faster pace. She has started to learn how navigate the different streets. Which Piaget concept is Tara utilizing?

assimilation

accommodation

adaptation

equilibration

ANS: B PTS: 1 DIF: Bloom's: Apply

REF: 1.1 Theories of Development, Textbook

OBJ: LO4: Discuss the social cognitive perspective on development

MSC: TYPE: Medium

36. David is a two year-old who is trying to get the cat to play with her like the dog does. She starts calling “doggie” and runs after the cat. Which of Piaget’s concepts is she using?

accommodation

assimilation

equilibration

adaptation

ANS: A PTS: 1 DIF: Bloom's: Apply

REF: 1.1 Theories of Development, Textbook

OBJ: LO5: Discuss Piaget's concepts and his stages of cognitive development

MSC: TYPE: Medium

37. Which theorist do teachers follow when they actively engage children in solving problems?

Bandura

Piaget

Lorenz

Skinner

ANS: C PTS: 1 DIF: Bloom's: Remember

REF: 1.1 Theories of Development, Textbook

OBJ: LO4: Discuss the social cognitive perspective in development

MSC: TYPE: Easy

38. Which of the following theories emphasizes learning by watching others?

classical conditioning

cognitive-developmental

social cognitive

biological

ANS: B PTS: 1 DIF: Bloom's: Understand

REF: 1.1 Theories of Development, Textbook

OBJ: LO4: Discuss the social cognitive perspective on development

MSC: TYPE: Medium

39. Which of the following theorists would have been most interested in a child’s mental processes when answering a question?

Bandura

Lorenz

Freud

Piaget

ANS: D PTS: 1 DIF: Bloom's: Understand

REF: 1.1 Theories of Development, Textbook

OBJ: LO5: Discuss Piaget's concepts and his stages of cognitive development

MSC: TYPE: Medium

40. Which of the following would be a mental structure responsible for helping a child determine how to act in a restaurant?

scheme

heuristic

adaptation

pattern

ANS: A PTS: 1 DIF: Bloom's: Apply

REF: 1.1 Theories of Development, Textbook

OBJ: LO5: Discuss Piaget's concepts and his stages of cognitive development

MSC: TYPE: Medium

41. As infants begin to get teeth, they are introduced to chewable foods and they must add them to their food scheme. Which Piaget concept does this portray?

adaptation

accommodation

assimilation

equilibration

ANS: B PTS: 1 DIF: Bloom's: Apply

REF: 1.1 Theories of Development, Textbook

OBJ: LO5: Discuss Piaget's concepts and his stages of cognitive development

MSC: TYPE: Easy

42. When teachers use Piaget’s theory of cognitive development, which of the following do they practice?

They provide instruction appropriate for the current development stage and encourage the child to move on to the next level.

They provide instruction appropriate for the current development stage and encourage the child to remain at that level until they achieve complete mastery.

They provide instruction appropriate for the next development stage to encourage the child to move on to the next level.

They provide instruction appropriate for the next development stage and push them to try harder.

ANS: A PTS: 1 DIF: Bloom's: Apply

REF: 1.1 Theories of Development, Textbook

OBJ: LO5: Discuss Piaget's concepts and his stages of cognitive development

MSC: TYPE: Medium

43. Which of the following is one criticism of Piaget?

Many cognitive skills develop in distinct stages.

Piaget may have overestimated the ages when children are capable of certain tasks.

Piaget may have ignored proper ages for certain tasks.

Many cognitive skills develop gradually.

ANS: D PTS: 1 DIF: Bloom's: Evaluate

REF: 1.1 Theories of Development, Textbook

OBJ: LO5: Discuss Piaget's concepts and his stages of cognitive development

MSC: TYPE: Difficult

44. Which of the following settings utilizes Piaget’s work to the highest degree?

educational

residential

correctional

clinical

ANS: A PTS: 1 DIF: Bloom's: Analyze

REF: 1.1 Theories of Development, Textbook

OBJ: LO5: Discuss Piaget's concepts and his stages of cognitive development

MSC: TYPE: Medium

45. During which of the following stages would a child begin to adopt the viewpoint of others?

sensorimotor

concrete operational

preoperational

formal operational

ANS: C PTS: 1 DIF: Bloom's: Remember

REF: 1.1 Theories of Development, Textbook

OBJ: LO5: Discuss Piaget's concepts and his stages of cognitive development

MSC: TYPE: Medium

46. During which of the following stages would a child acquire the basics of language?

sensorimotor

concrete operational

preoperational

formal operational

ANS: A PTS: 1 DIF: Bloom's: Remember

REF: 1.1 Theories of Development, Textbook

OBJ: LO5: Discuss Piaget's concepts and his stages of cognitive development

MSC: TYPE: Medium

47. Which of the following areas would be concerned with how instinctive survival occurs?

Ecology

Physiology

Ethology

Biology

ANS: B PTS: 1 DIF: Bloom's: Apply

REF: 1.1 Theories of Development, Textbook

OBJ: LO6: Discuss Bronfenbrenner's ecological perspective on development

MSC: TYPE: Medium

48. Which of the following would involve a child interacting with the zoo representative on a field trip?

microsystem

exosystem

mesosystem

macrosystem

ANS: B PTS: 1 DIF: Bloom's: Apply

REF: 1.1 Theories of Development, Textbook | Reading, Perspectives on Development, Online

OBJ: LO6: Discuss Bronfenbrenner's ecological perspective on development

MSC: TYPE: Medium

49. Which of the following systems would include programs to help mothers with infants?

microsystem

exosystem

mesosystem

macrosystem

ANS: C PTS: 1 DIF: Bloom's: Understand

REF: 1.1 Theories of Development, Textbook | Reading, Perspectives on Development, Online

OBJ: LO6: Discuss Bronfenbrenner's ecological perspective on development

MSC: TYPE: Medium

50. Which of the following systems would be in place as a child negotiates with her mother over her allowance?

microsystem

exosystem

mesosystem

macrosystem

ANS: A PTS: 1 DIF: Bloom's: Apply

REF: 1.1 Theories of Development, Textbook | Reading, Perspectives on Development, Online

OBJ: LO6: Discuss Bronfenbrenner's ecological perspective on development

MSC: TYPE: Medium

51. What are sudden changes in genetic material that provide differences from parents?

reflexes

fixed action patterns

mutations

instinctive patterns

ANS: B PTS: 1 DIF: Bloom's: Remember

REF: 1.1 Theories of Development, Textbook

OBJ: LO6: Discuss Bronfenbrenner's ecological perspective on development

MSC: TYPE: Easy

52. Homing pigeons are said to be able to always find their way home based on their instincts. Which of the following concepts explains this?

mutations

ecology

ethology

fixed action patterns

ANS: D PTS: 1 DIF: Bloom's: Apply

REF: 1.1 Theories of Development, Textbook

OBJ: LO6: Discuss Bronfenbrenner's ecological perspective on development

MSC: TYPE: Medium

53. Which of the following seems to be connected with feelings of self-confidence, high activity, levels and aggressiveness?

mutations

testosterone

reflexes

estrogen

ANS: C PTS: 1 DIF: Bloom's: Remember

REF: 1.1 Theories of Development, Textbook

OBJ: LO6: Discuss Bronfenbrenner's ecological perspective on development

MSC: TYPE: Easy

54. Which of the following has been implicated in human behavior based on research into the biological perspective?

specificity

instincts

rapid mutations

androgyny

ANS: C PTS: 1 DIF: Bloom's: Remember

REF: 1.1 Theories of Development, Textbook

OBJ: LO6: Discuss Bronfenbrenner's ecological perspective on development

MSC: TYPE: Medium

55. Which of the following theorists proposed the sociocultural theory?

Piaget

Bandura

Vygotsky

Bronfenbrenner

ANS: B PTS: 1 DIF: Bloom's: Understand

REF: 1.1 Theories of Development, Textbook

OBJ: LO7: Discuss Vygotsky's theory of sociocultural development

MSC: TYPE: Easy

56. Which of the following refers to a range of tasks that a child can carry out with the help of someone who is more skilled?

scaffolding

zone of proximal development

ethology

zone of natural development

ANS: C PTS: 1 DIF: Bloom's: Remember

REF: 1.1 Theories of Development, Textbook

OBJ: LO7: Discuss Vygotsky's theory of sociocultural development

MSC: TYPE: Medium

57. Which of the following would concern Vygotsky?

Karen is conditioned to respond to the school bell.

Karen can distinguish between cake and cupcakes.

Karen learns by watching her mother.

Karen learns from interacting with her parents and teachers.

ANS: D PTS: 1 DIF: Bloom's: Analyze

REF: 1.1 Theories of Development, Textbook

OBJ: LO7: Discuss Vygotsky's theory of sociocultural development

MSC: TYPE: Difficult

58. Which of the following would be Vygotsky’s focus?

A child’s brain capacity

A child’s genetic makeup

A child’s biological age

A child’s social interactions

ANS: D PTS: 1 DIF: Bloom's: Understand

REF: 1.1 Theories of Development, Textbook

OBJ: LO7: Discuss Vygotsky's theory of sociocultural development

MSC: TYPE: Medium

59. Which of the following is a temporary skeletal structure that enables workers to fabricate a building or other more permanent structure?

zone of proximal development

scaffolding

maturation

fixed action patterns

ANS: C PTS: 1 DIF: Bloom's: Remember

REF: 1.1 Theories of Development, Textbook

OBJ: LO7: Discuss Vygotsky's theory of sociocultural development

MSC: TYPE: Easy

60. Which of the following would be of most interest to a biological theorist?

A child’s interaction with parents

A child’s genetic makeup

A child’s cultural background

A child’s education

ANS: C PTS: 1 DIF: Bloom's: Apply

REF: 1.1 Theories of Development, Textbook | Reading, The Macrosystem and Independence, Online OBJ: LO8: Discuss controversies in development

MSC: TYPE: Medium

61. Which of the following would be of interest to biological theorists?

language development

personality development

social development

cultural development

ANS: A PTS: 1 DIF: Bloom's: Apply

REF: 1.1 Theories of Development, Textbook | Reading, The Macrosystem and Independence, Online OBJ: LO8: Discuss controversies in development

MSC: TYPE: Medium

62. Which of the following is defined as the processes within an organism that guide it to develop according to its genetic code?

biology

nurture

nature

instinct

ANS: B PTS: 1 DIF: Bloom's: Remember

REF: 1.1 Theories of Development, Textbook | Reading, The Macrosystem and Independence, Online OBJ: LO8: Discuss controversies in development

MSC: TYPE: Easy

63. Whose theory is the most discontinuous?

Erikson

Bronfenbrenner

Vygotsky

Piaget

ANS: D PTS: 1 DIF: Bloom's: Analyze

REF: 1.1 Theories of Development, Textbook | Reading, The Macrosystem and Independence, Online OBJ: LO8: Discuss controversies in development

MSC: TYPE: Difficult

64. Which of the following would be an example of Locke’s theory?

Children are born evil.

Children are born good.

Children are born with inherent knowledge.

Children are born with nothing.

ANS: D PTS: 1 DIF: Bloom's: Analyze

REF: 1.1 Theories of Development, Textbook

OBJ: LO8: Discuss controversies in development MSC: TYPE: Medium

65. Which of the following would be an example of the naturalistic-observation method?

Watching children play

Asking children what they like to play

Creating a game for children to play

Asking children about their play history

ANS: A PTS: 1 DIF: Bloom's: Apply

REF: 1.2 Research Methods in Life-Span Development, Textbook

OBJ: LO9: Describe the naturalistic-observation method MSC: TYPE: Medium

66. A scientist decides to see how many cars use the far parking lot in the early morning. He sits inside where he can see the parking lot and counts cars. Which type of research is he using?

naturalistic-observation

experiment

case study

survey

ANS: A PTS: 1 DIF: Bloom's: Apply

REF: 1.2 Research Methods in Life-Span Development, Textbook

OBJ: LO9: Describe the naturalistic-observation method MSC: TYPE: Medium

67. Which of the following is a carefully drawn biography of the life of an individual?

naturalistic observation

standardized test

case study

survey

ANS: B PTS: 1 DIF: Bloom's: Remember

REF: 1.2 Research Methods in Life-Span Development, Textbook

OBJ: LO10: Describe the case study MSC: TYPE: Easy

68. A researcher wants to look at a few children using a method where he can gather a lot of information on what has happened in their lives so far. Which method should he use?

naturalistic-observation

correlation

case study

standardized test

ANS: B PTS: 1 DIF: Bloom's: Apply

REF: 1.2 Research Methods in Life-Span Development, Textbook

OBJ: LO10: Describe the case study MSC: TYPE: Medium

69. Which of the following methods is often used in schools when children are all tested at the same time on the same subject?

naturalistic observation

standardized test

case study

questionnaire

ANS: C PTS: 1 DIF: Bloom's: Understand

REF: 1.2 Research Methods in Life-Span Development, Textbook

OBJ: LO10: Discuss the case study MSC: TYPE: Medium

70. Which of the following pertains to a number that varies between +1.00 and -1.00?

standardized test

positive correlation

correlation coefficient

dependent variable

ANS: B PTS: 1 DIF: Bloom's: Remember

REF: 1.2 Research Methods in Life-Span Development, Textbook

OBJ: LO11: Discuss the correlational method MSC: TYPE: Easy

71. Sam found that as the number of churches in town went up, the number of bars went down. Which of the following can be said about this information?

There is a positive correlation

There is a negative correlation

There is no correlation

There is a correlation coefficient

ANS: C PTS: 1 DIF: Bloom's: Apply

REF: 1.2 Research Methods in Life-Span Development, Textbook | Animation, The Experimental Method, Online OBJ: LO11: Discuss the correlational method

MSC: TYPE: Easy

72. Mike has found that the more he studies, the higher his test scores are. Which type of correlation is this?

correlation coefficient

positive correlation

zero correlation

negative correlation

ANS: C PTS: 1 DIF: Bloom's: Apply

REF: 1.2 Research Methods in Life-Span Development, Textbook | Animation, The Experimental Method, Online OBJ: LO11: Discuss the correlational method

MSC: TYPE: Easy

73. Which of the following is a proposition to be tested?

correlation coefficient

hypothesis

experiment

variable

ANS: C PTS: 1 DIF: Bloom's: Remember

REF: 1.2 Research Methods in Life-Span Development, Textbook

OBJ: LO12: Define hypothesis MSC: TYPE: Easy

74. Which of the following is the basis for what an experiment seeks to do?

correlation coefficient

variable

hypothesis

selection factor

ANS: B PTS: 1 DIF: Bloom's: Apply

REF: 1.2 Research Methods in Life-Span Development, Textbook

OBJ: LO12: Define hypothesis MSC: TYPE: Medium

75. A researcher proposes that student performance is affected by temperature. What is this called?

An experiment

A hypothesis

A selection factor

A dependent variable

ANS: C PTS: 1 DIF: Bloom's: Analyze

REF: 1.2 Research Methods in Life-Span Development, Textbook

OBJ: LO12: Define hypothesis MSC: TYPE: Medium

76. Which of the following is the preferred method for investigating cause and effect?

correlational study

experiment

case study

naturalistic observation

ANS: C PTS: 1 DIF: Bloom's: Remember

REF: 1.2 Research Methods in Life-Span Development, Textbook

OBJ: LO13: Discuss the experimental method MSC: TYPE: Medium

77. In a study to determine whether temperature affects test performance, what is the test performance?

dependent variable

correlation coefficient

independent variable

experimental group

ANS: A PTS: 1 DIF: Bloom's: Understand

REF: 1.2 Research Methods in Life-Span Development, Textbook

OBJ: LO13: Discuss the experimental method MSC: TYPE: Medium

78. Addie is assigned to a group that does not receive the treatment being studied. What is her part in this experiment?

She is part of an experimental group.

She is part of a control group.

She is part of the dependent variable.

She is part of the treatment group.

ANS: C PTS: 1 DIF: Bloom's: Apply

REF: 1.2 Research Methods in Life-Span Development, Textbook

OBJ: LO13: Discuss the experimental method MSC: TYPE: Medium

79. Matt created a study that looked at how children adjusted to divorce at the ages of 3, 5, 7, 9, 11, and 13. Which type of research is this?

correlational

observational

experimental

longitudinal

ANS: D PTS: 1 DIF: Bloom's: Apply

REF: 1.2 Research Methods in Life-Span Development, Textbook

OBJ: LO14: Describe the use and benefits of longitudinal research

MSC: TYPE: Medium

80. Steve decides to do a study on intelligence in math based on age. He takes three groups of children in three different ages and studies them at the same time. Which type of research is he conducting?

experimental

cross-sequential

observational

longitudinal

ANS: D PTS: 1 DIF: Bloom's: Apply

REF: 1.2 Research Methods in Life-Span Development, Textbook

OBJ: LO15: Describe the use and benefits of cross-sectional research

MSC: TYPE: Medium

81. Which of the following is required from each participant in a research study?

release of liability during the study

obedience during the study

consent to participate in the study

commitment for the entire study

ANS: B PTS: 1 DIF: Bloom's: Understand

REF: 1.2 Research Methods in Life-Span Development, Textbook

OBJ: LO16: Discuss ethical issues in developmental research MSC: TYPE: Medium

82. The Skinner box trains a rat based on which of the following?

classic conditioning

social learning

observational learning

operant conditioning

ANS: D PTS: 1 DIF: Bloom's: Understand

REF: 1.1 Theories of Development, Textbook | Video, Classical Conditioning, Online

OBJ: LO3: Discuss the behaviorist perspective on development

MSC: TYPE: Medium

83. What did the Skinner box demonstrate?

The rat’s ability to learn its way around a maze.

The rat’s ability to get out of a box.

The rat’s ability to find food.

The rat’s ability to learn how to get its water.

ANS: D PTS: 1 DIF: Bloom's: Analyze

REF: 1.1 Theories of Development, Textbook | Video, Classical Conditioning, Online

OBJ: LO3: Discuss the behaviorist perspective on development

MSC: TYPE: Medium

84. What did Skinner’s Pigeon box show?

Behavior could be learned and altered

Behavior remains consistent

Behavior could be learned

Behavior could be altered

ANS: A PTS: 1 DIF: Bloom's: Apply

REF: 1.1 Theories of Development, Textbook | Video, Classical Conditioning, Online

OBJ: LO3: Discuss the behaviorist perspective on development

MSC: TYPE: Medium

85. What did Skinner determine based on the Skinner box?

We are shaped by free will.

We are shaped by our environment.

We are shaped by actions and free will not consequences.

We are shaped by actions and consequences not free will.

ANS: D PTS: 1 DIF: Bloom's: Analyze

REF: 1.1 Theories of Development, Textbook | Video, Classical Conditioning, Online

OBJ: LO3: Discuss the behaviorist perspective on development

MSC: TYPE: Medium

86. What alters the behavior of the pigeons in the Skinner box?

reinforcements

punishments

stimuli

consequences

ANS: A PTS: 1 DIF: Bloom's: Apply

REF: 1.1 Theories of Development, Textbook | Video, Classical Conditioning, Online

OBJ: LO3: Discuss the behaviorist perspective on development

MSC: TYPE: Easy

87. Which ethical guideline did Watson’s experiment with Little Albert violate?

Participants may withdraw from the study at any time, for any reason.

Participants must provide voluntary consent to participate in the study.

Participants should be offered information about the results of the study.

Researchers are not to use methods that may do physical or psychological harm.

ANS: D PTS: 1 DIF: Bloom's: Apply

REF: 1.2 Research Methods in Life-Span Development, Textbook | Reading, Ethics and Conditioning Little Albert, Online | Video, Positive versus Negative Reinforcers, Online

OBJ: LO16: Discuss ethical issues in developmental research MSC: TYPE: Medium

88. Why was Watson’s research with Albert controversial?

The baby did not like bunnies.

The baby was unsupervised.

The baby was clearly in distress.

The baby was bribed with candy.

ANS: B PTS: 1 DIF: Bloom's: Understand

REF: 1.2 Research Methods in Life-Span Development, Textbook | Reading, Ethics and Conditioning Little Albert, Online | Video, Positive versus Negative Reinforcers, Online

OBJ: LO16: Discuss ethical issues in developmental research MSC: TYPE: Medium

89. Which of the following would be the likely IRB determination of Watson’s experiment with Albert?

The IRB would allow it as it was conducted.

The IRB would allow it as long as the mother was present.

The IRB would allow the rat but not the bunny.

The IRB would not allow the experiment.

ANS: D PTS: 1 DIF: Bloom's: Analyze

REF: 1.2 Research Methods in Life-Span Development, Textbook | Reading, Ethics and Conditioning Little Albert, Online | Video, Positive versus Negative Reinforcers, Online

OBJ: LO16: Discuss ethical issues in developmental research MSC: TYPE: Medium

90. Why are ethical guidelines valuable?

They reduce experiment liability.

They limit the amount of research.

They obligate participants to complete the experiment.

They protect the well-being of the participants involved.

ANS: D PTS: 1 DIF: Bloom's: Understand

REF: 1.2 Research Methods in Life-Span Development, Textbook

OBJ: LO16: Discuss ethical issues in developmental research MSC: TYPE: Medium

SHORT ANSWER

1. How does Freud’s phallic stage compare with Erikson’s initiative vs. guilt stage? Describe one similarity and one difference.

ANS:

Both stages occur approximately around three to six years of age. Freud focused on negative development resulting from fixation while Erikson looked at how children can become proactive.

PTS: 1 DIF: Bloom's: Evaluate

REF: 1.1 Theories of Development, Textbook

OBJ: LO2 Discuss Freud's theory of psychosexual development

MSC: TYPE: Difficult

2. Explain the series of events that occurs when you use positive reinforcement in an effort to get your child to study more?

ANS:

When the parent sees the child studying, he praises the child and provides positive feedback. The child then studies more.

PTS: 1 DIF: Bloom's: Evaluate

REF: 1.1 Theories of Development, Textbook

OBJ: LO3: Discuss the behaviorist perspective on development

MSC: TYPE: Medium

3. List three of the characteristics of the concrete operational stage and give an example of each.

ANS:

The child develops conservation concepts: the child can distinguish between a cake and cupcakes and knows they both contain the same amount.

The child can adopt the viewpoint of others: the child can see that others might favor vanilla over chocolate.

The child shows comprehension basic to relational concepts: the child can see that one line on a board is longer than the other.

PTS: 1 DIF: Bloom's: Evaluate

REF: 1.1 Theories of Development, Textbook

OBJ: LO5: Discuss Piaget's concepts and his stages of cognitive development

MSC: TYPE: Difficult

4. List the systems of Bronfenbrenner ecological perspective and give an example of each.

ANS:

Microsystem - family

Mesosystem - school

Exosystem - health care

Macrosystem - cultural beliefs

Chronosystem - historical changes

PTS: 1 DIF: Bloom's: Apply

REF: 1.1 Theories of Development, Textbook

OBJ: LO6: Discuss Bronfenbrenner's ecological perspective on development

MSC: TYPE: Difficult

5. Explain the difference between a dependent variable and an independent variable.

ANS:

A dependent variable measures the effects of the independent variable. The independent variable is manipulated to determine the dependent variable.

PTS: 1 DIF: Bloom's: Evaluate

REF: 1.2 Research Methods in Life-Span Development, Textbook

OBJ: LO13: Discuss the experimental method MSC: TYPE: Medium

6. Define cross-sequential research and discuss its benefits.

ANS:

Cross-sequential research obtains two samples of children and studies them at two different intervals. The full span of the ideal longitudinal study is broken up into convenient segments that can be studied in a shorter period of time.

PTS: 1 DIF: Bloom's: Analyze

REF: 1.2 Research Methods in Life-Span Development, Textbook

OBJ: LO15: Describe the use and benefits of cross-sectional research

MSC: TYPE: Difficult

7. What are ethical standards intended to accomplish?

ANS:

Promote the dignity of the individual, foster human welfare, and maintain scientific integrity.

PTS: 1 DIF: Bloom's: Evaluate

REF: 1.2 Research Methods in Life-Span Development, Textbook

OBJ: LO16: Discuss ethical issues in developmental research MSC: TYPE: Difficult

#Test Bank Discovery Series Introduction to Lifespan 1st Edition

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For Order This And Any Other Test

Banks And Solutions Manuals, Course,

Assignments, Discussions, Quizzes, Exams,

Chapter 1

Introduction

1-1. Approximately how many babies have been born through in vitro fertilization (IVF)?

a) Hundreds

b) Thousands

c) Hundreds of thousands

d) Millions

Answer: d

Page: 4

Level: 2-Medium

Skill: Remember the Facts

Module 1.1: Beginnings

Learning Objective: Introduction

APA LO: 2.5

1-2. _______ development is the field of study that examines patterns of growth, change, and stability in behavior that occur from conception through death.

a) Biological

b) Lifespan

c) Psychological

d) Research

Answer: b

Page: 5

Level: 1-Easy

Skill: Remember the Facts

Module 1.1: Beginnings

Learning Objective: L01

APA LO: 1.1

1-3. In its study of growth, change, and stability, lifespan development takes a(n) ______

approach.

a) intuitive

b) scientific

c) social

d) environmental

Answer: b

Page: 5

Level: 2-Medium

Skill: Understand the Concepts

Module 1.1: Beginnings

Learning Objective: L01

APA LO: 1.2

1-4. A professor wants to examine the effectiveness of a new teaching approach. She has a theory about how this new approach will work, and will use a methodical approach to test her theory. Her 9:00 a.m. class will be exposed to the new method of viewing teaching tapes while her 10:00 a.m. class will be exposed to traditional lectures. She will assess the students’ progress after six sessions. What method is the professor using to conduct her experiment?

a) Intuitive

b) Biological

c) Environmental

d) Scientific

Answer: d

Page: 5

Level: 2-Medium

Skill: Apply What You Know

Module 1.1: Beginnings

Learning Objective L01

APA LO: 2.1

1-5. The vast majority of lifespan development focuses on __________.

a) nonhuman species

b) test tube babies

c) biological and environmental development

d) human development

Answer: d

Page: 5

Level: 2-Medium

Skill: Remember the Facts

Module 1.1: Beginnings

Learning Objective L01

APA LO: 1.1

1-6. A lifespan developmentalist whose topical focus is the body’s makeup is interested in

__________ development.

a) cognitive

b) physical

c) personality

d) social

Answer: b

Page: 5

Level: 2-Medium

Skill: Remember the Facts

Module 1.1: Beginnings

Learning Objective: L01

APA LO: 1.1

1-7. A researcher working with college-age football players is conducting a longitudinal study to examine an athlete’s decline in on- the-field performance as the athlete ages. What type of development would the researcher most likely be studying?

a) Cognitive

b) Personality

c) Physical

d) Social

Answer: c

Page: 5

Level: 2-Medium

Skill: Apply What You Know

Module 1.1: Beginnings

Learning Objective: L01

APA LO: 1.2

1-8. __________ development involves the ways that growth and change in intellectual capabilities influence a person’s behavior.

a) Cognitive

b) Physical

c) Personality

d) Social

Answer: a

Page: 5

Level: 2-Medium

Skill: Understand the Concepts

Module 1.1: Beginnings

Learning Objective: L01

APA LO: 1.2

1-9. Researchers in the early learning department of a university are conducting a long-term study to see how problem- solving skills change over time as school-age students move from elementary school to high school to college. What type of development are the researchers most likely studying?

a) Cognitive

b) Personality

c) Social

d) Physical

Answer: a

Page: 5

Level: 2-Medium

Skill: Apply What You Know

Module 1.1: Beginnings

Learning Objective: L01

APA LO: 1.2

1-10. Researchers who use intellectual (IQ) testing as part of their research project with elementary-age students are likely to be researching __________ development.

a) personality

b) cognitive

c) social

d) physical

Answer: b

Page: 5

Level: 2-Medium

Skill: Understand the Concepts

Module 1.1: Beginnings

Learning Objective: L01

APA LO: 2.1

1-11. What type of lifespan developmentalist is interested in how a person who experiences a significant or traumatic event early in life will remember that event later in life?

a) Physical

b) Social

c) Cognitive

d) Personality

Answer: c

Page: 5

Level: 2-Medium

Skill: Understand the Concepts

Module 1.1: Beginnings

Learning Objective: L01

APA LO: 1.2

1-12. A researcher is interested in conducting a study to determine whether people who experienced a devastating event, such as a house fire where the family lost everything, suffer lasting effects from such devastation early in life. This researcher is interested in the __________

development of the subject(s).

a) personality

b) social

c) cognitive

d) physical

Answer: c

Page: 5

Level: 2-Medium

Skill: Apply What You Know

Module 1.1: Beginnings

Learning Objective: L01

APA LO: 1.2

1-13. __________ development involves the ways that the enduring characteristics that differentiate one person from another change over the life span.

a) Cognitive

b) Physical

c) Personality

d) Social

Answer: c

Page: 6

Level: 2-Medium

Skill: Remember the Facts

Module 1.1: Beginnings

Learning Objective: L01

APA LO: 1.1

1-14. A student reads a flyer on the campus bulletin board that says a researcher is searching for students to volunteer for a long-term study. Participation includes completing testing that measures traits such as temperament, attitudes, and adaptability, as well as being available for follow-up for the next 10 years. The researcher who is developing this study is most likely interested in __________ development.

a) personality

b) social

c) cognitive

d) physical

Answer: a

Page: 6

Level: 3-Difficult

Skill: Apply What You Know

Module 1.1: Beginnings

Learning Objective: L01

APA LO: 2.1

1-15. __________ development involves the way in which individuals’ interactions with others and their social relationships grow, change, and remain stable over the course of life.

a) Cognitive

b) Physical

c) Personality

d) Social

Answer: d

Page: 6

Level: 2-Medium

Skill: Remember the Facts

Module 1.1: Beginnings

Learning Objective: L01

APA LO: 1.2

1-16. Lifespan developmentalists typically look at which of the following areas?

a) A particular family

b) A particular age range

c) A particular town/city

d) A particular country

Answer: b

Page: 6

Level: 2-Medium

Skill: Understand the Concepts

Module 1.1: Beginnings

Learning Objective: L01

APA LO: 1.2

1-17. A developmental researcher who is interested in studying what senses are used most often by a child or what the long-term results of premature birth are would be studying __________

development.

a) social

b) physical

c) personality

d) cognitive

Answer: b

Page: 6

Level: 2-Medium

Skill: Apply What You Know

Module 1.1: Beginnings

Learning Objective: L01

APA LO: 1.2

1-18. If a developmental researcher is studying what the earliest memories that can be recalled from infancy are, or what the intellectual consequences of watching television are, in what developmental area is the researcher interested?

a) Social

b) Physical

c) Cognitive

d) Personality

Answer: c

Page: 6

Level: 2-Medium

Skill: Apply What You Know

Module 1.1: Beginnings

Learning Objective: L01

APA LO: 1.2

1-19. A shared notion of reality that is widely accepted but is a function of society and culture at a given time is/are called __________.

a) topical areas of lifespan development

b) social construction

c) age ranges

d) social development

Answer: b

Page: 6

Level: 3-Difficult

Skill: Remember the Facts

Module 1.1: Beginnings

Learning Objective: L01

APA LO: 1.1

1-20. The concept of childhood as a special period did not exist until the __________ century.

a) sixteenth

b) seventeenth

c) eighteenth

d) twentieth

Answer: c

Pages: 6–7

Level: 2-Medium

Skill: Remember the Facts

Module 1.1: Beginnings

Learning Objective: L01

APA LO: 1.2

1-21. Which period is considered a social construction and does not have a clear-cut boundary?

a) Infancy begins with birth.

b) Adolescence starts with sexual maturity.

c) Middle and late adulthood end with death.

d) The preschool period ends with entry into public school.

Answer: c

Page: 6

Level: 2-Medium

Skill: Understand the Concepts

Module 1.1: Beginnings

Learning Objective: L01

APA LO: 1.2

1-22. In Western culture, what age is considered the start of young adulthood?

a) 16

b) 18

c) 20

d) 35

Answer: c

Page: 7

Level: 2-Medium

Skill: Remember the Facts

Module 1.1: Beginnings

Learning Objective: L01

APA LO: 1.2

1-23. Walter is a college student who is about to graduate from college. At what age would he say a substantial change is occurring in his life?

a) When he finished his junior year of high school at age 17

b) When he turned 20 years of age

c) When he leaves college and enters the workforce around age 22

d) When he turns 26 years old

Answer: c

Page: 7

Level: 1-Easy

Skill: Apply What You Know

Module 1.1: Beginnings

Learning Objective: L01

APA LO: 1.2

1-24. When discussing developmental diversity, what characteristic of good parenting do Mayan mothers consider essential?

a) Laying their infants down

b) Constant contact between themselves and their infant children

c) Constant nourishment of their children

d) Allowing their infants to cry

Answer: b

Page: 7

Level: 3-Difficult

Skill: Remember the Facts

Module 1.1: Beginnings

Learning Objective: L02

APA LO: 1.2

1-25. Race is what kind of a concept?

a) Cognitive

b) Cultural

c) Biological

d) Social

Answer: c

Page: 7

Level: 3-Difficult

Skill: Understand the Concepts

Module 1.1: Beginnings

Learning Objective: L02

APA LO: 1.2

1-26. When Allison was completing her medical forms in the doctor’s office, she was asked to indicate her race. What may be an appropriate reason(s) for the question on the forms?

a) To establish her skin color

b) To establish her ethnic/cultural heritage

c) To establish her religion

d) To establish biological factors

Answer: d

Page: 7

Level: 2-Medium

Skill: Apply What You Know

Module 1.1: Beginnings

Learning Objective: L02

APA LO: 1.2

1-27. The concept of race is exceedingly imprecise for all of the following reasons EXCEPT

__________.

a) depending upon how it is defined, there are between 3 and 300 races

b) no race is genetically distinct

c) the question of race seems comparatively insignificant because 99.9 percent of humans’ genetic makeup is identical

d) names can best reflect different races and ethnic groups

Answer: d

Page: 7

Level: 2-Medium

Skill: Understand the Concepts

Module 1.1: Beginnings

Learning Objective: L02

APA LO: 1.2

1-28. A group of people who are born around the same time in the same place is called a(n)

__________.

a) race

b) cohort

c) ethnic group

d) normative group

Answer: b

Page: 8

Level: 2-Medium

Skill: Remember the Facts

Module 1.1: Beginnings

Learning Objective: L02

APA LO: 1.2

1-29. People who lived in New York City during the 9/11 terrorist attack on the World Trade Center experienced shared challenges due to the attack that are called __________ effects.

a) biological

b) environmental

c) cohort

d) Millennial Generation

Answer: c

Page: 8

Level: 2-Medium

Skill: Apply What You Know Module 1.1: Beginnings

Learning Objective: L02

APA LO: 1.2

1-30. Biological and environmental factors that are associated with a certain historical event, such as the bombing of Pearl Harbor, can be considered __________.

a) age-graded influences

b) history-graded influences

c) sociocultural-graded influences

d) non-normative life events

Answer: b

Page: 8

Level: 2-Medium

Skill: Apply What You Know

Module 1.1: Beginnings

Learning Objective: L02

APA LO: 1.2

1-31. Biological and environmental influences that are similar for individuals in a particular age group, regardless of where they are raised, are called __________ influences.

a) age-graded

b) history-graded

c) biological

d) environmental

Answer: a

Page: 8

Level: 1-Easy

Skill: Remember the Facts

Module 1.1: Beginnings

Learning Objective: L02

APA LO: 1.2

1-32. __________ is an example of a biological universal event that occurs at relatively the same time throughout all societies.

a) Young adulthood

b) Puberty

c) Adulthood

d) Death

Answer: b

Page: 8

Level: 2-Medium

Skill: Remember the Facts

Module 1.1: Beginnings

Learning Objective: L02

APA LO: 1.2

1-33. Alice’s symptoms of menopause include hot flashes and cessation of her monthly menstrual cycle. Alice’s doctor tells her she is experiencing a(n) __________.

a) non-normative life event

b) age-graded influence

c) history-graded influence

d) sociocultural-graded influence

Answer: b

Page: 8

Level: 2-Medium

Skill: Apply What You Know

Module 1.1: Beginnings

Learning Objective: L02

APA LO: 1.2

1-34. When social and cultural factors affect an individual at a particular time and include such variables as ethnicity, social class, and subcultural membership, these factors are called

__________.

a) age-graded influences

b) non-normative life events

c) history-graded influences

d) sociocultural-graded influences

Answer: d

Page: 8

Level: 2-Medium

Skill: Understand the Concepts

Module 1.1: Beginnings

Learning Objective: L02

APA LO: 1.2

1-35. In __________, development is __________, with achievements at one level building on those of previous levels.

a) discontinuous change; distinct

b) continuous change; gradual

c) discontinuous change; gradual

d) continuous change; distinct

Answer: b

Pages: 9

Level: 3-Difficult

Skill: Remember the Facts

Module 1.1: Beginnings

Learning Objective: L03

APA LO: 1.2

1-36. In __________, each stage is __________.

a) discontinuous change; distinct

b) continuous change; distinct

c) distinct change; discontinuous

d) distinct change; gradual

Answer: a

Page: 10

Level: 3-Difficult

Skill: Remember the Facts

Module 1.1: Beginnings

Learning Objective: L03

APA LO: 1.2

1-37. Consider a situation in which a woman comes down with a case of rubella (German measles) in the eleventh week of pregnancy, as opposed to the thirtieth week of pregnancy. The difference in the way rubella would affect the unborn child at these two times is an example of a

__________.

a) continuous change

b) discontinuous change

c) critical period

d) sensitive period

Answer: c

Page: 10

Level: 3-Difficult

Skill: Apply What You Know Module 1.1: Beginnings

Learning Objective: L03

APA LO: 1.2

1-38. Development that occurs in distinct steps or stages, with each stage bringing about behavior that is assumed to be qualitatively different from behavior at earlier stages, is called

__________ change.

a) discontinuous

b) continuous

c) critical

d) natural

Answer: a

Page: 10

Level: 2-Medium

Skill: Remember the Facts

Module 1.1: Beginnings

Learning Objective: L03

APA LO: 1.2

1-39. A specific time during development at which a particular event has its greatest consequences and the presence of certain kinds of environmental stimuli is necessary for development to proceed normally is called __________.

a) discontinuous change

b) continuous change

c) a critical period

d) natural change

Answer: c

Page: 10

Level: 3-Difficult

Skill: Remember the Facts

Module 1.1: Beginnings

Learning Objective: L03

APA LO: 1.2

1-40. Early developmentalists tended to focus their attention on __________, often to the exclusion of other parts of the life span.

a) infancy to preschool years

b) preschool to adolescence

c) infancy and adolescence

d) adolescence and adulthood

Answer: c

Page: 10

Level: 3-Difficult

Skill: Remember the Facts

Module 1.1: Beginnings

Learning Objective: L03

APA LO: 1.2

1-41. In a __________, organisms are particularly susceptible to certain kinds of stimuli in their environments, but the absence of those stimuli does not always produce irreversible consequences.

a) sensitive period

b) continuous change

c) critical period

d) discontinuous change

Answer: a

Page: 10

Level: 3-Difficult

Skill: Remember the Facts

Module 1.1: Beginnings

Learning Objective: L03

APA LO: 1.2

1-42. What issue has dominated much work in lifespan development?

a) Which area(s) of lifespan development is/are the most important?

b) How much of people’s behavior is due to their genetically determined nature and how much is due to nurture?

c) What are the historical roots of developmentalists and lifespan development?

d) How are developmental research studies developed?

Answer: b

Page: 11

Level: 2-Medium

Skill: Understand the Concepts

Module 1.1: Beginnings

Learning Objective: L03

APA LO: 1.1

1-43. “Nature” refers to __________.

a) traits, abilities, and capacities inherited from biological parents

b) biological forces within the environment that affect change

c) how people’s growth and change are affected at the cellular level

d) socioeconomic surroundings that affect people’s growth and change

Answer: a

Page: 11

Level: 1-Easy

Skill: Remember the Facts

Module 1.1: Beginnings

Learning Objective: L03

APA LO: 1.1

1-44. The predetermined unfolding of genetic information is known as __________.

a) nurture

b) influences of the physical and social environment

c) maturation

d) conception

Answer: c

Page 11

Level: 2-Medium

Skill: Remember the Facts

Module 1.1: Beginnings

Learning Objective: L03

APA LO: 1.1

1-45. Environmental influences that shape behavior are referred to as __________.

a) nurture

b) maturation

c) nature

d) social evolution

Answer: a

Page: 11

Level: 2-Medium

Skill: Remember the Facts

Module 1.1: Beginnings

Learning Objective: L03

APA LO: 1.1

1-46. Wilma used both cocaine and alcohol during her pregnancy. This __________

environmental influence is known as __________.

a) biological; nurture

b) cognitive; nature

c) chemical; maturation

d) social; nature

Answer: a

Page: 11

Level: 2-Medium

Skill: Apply What You Know Module 1.1: Beginnings

Learning Objective: L03

APA LO: 1.1

1-47. Genetically determined traits not only directly influence a child’s __________, but also indirectly shape the child’s __________.

a) behavior; environments

b) environment; behavior

c) maturation; circumstances

d) circumstances; personality

Answer: a

Page: 11

Level: 2-Medium

Skill: Understand the Concepts

Module 1.1: Beginnings

Learning Objective: L03

APA LO: 1.1

1-48. According to the textbook, which statement best reflects how many researchers view the nature–nurture question?

a) Nature is clearly dominant in most cases.

b) Nurture is clearly dominant in most cases.

c) both sides should be considered, because most behaviors fall somewhere in between.

d) Neither side should be considered, because most behaviors are not explained by either factor.

Answer: c

Page: 11

Level: 2-Medium

Skill: Understand the Concepts

Module 1.1: Beginnings

Learning Objective: L04

APA LO: 1.1

1-49. Broad, organized explanations and predictions concerning phenomena of interest are called

__________ and provide a framework for understanding the relationships among an unorganized set of facts or principles.

a) concepts

b) hypotheses

c) theories

d) perspectives

Answer: c

Page: 12

Level: 2-Medium

Skill: Remember the Facts

Module 1.2: Theoretical Perspectives on Lifespan Development

Learning Objective: L05

APA LO: 1.1

1-50. Advocates of the __________ perspective believe that much of behavior is motivated by inner forces, memories, and conflicts of which a person has little awareness and over which a person has little control control.

a) psychodynamic

b) psychosocial

c) behavioral

d) psychosexual

Answer: a

Page: 13

Level: 2-Medium

Skill: Remember the Facts

Module 1.2: Theoretical Perspectives on Lifespan Development

Learning Objective: L05

APA LO: 1.2

1-51. Freud proposed a theory that suggests that unconscious forces act to influence personality and behavior. This is called the __________ theory.

a) psychosocial

b) psychosexual

c) psychoanalytic

d) behavioral

Answer: c

Page: 13

Level: 2-Medium

Skill: Remember the Facts

Module 1.2: Theoretical Perspectives on Lifespan Development

Learning Objective: L05

APA LO: 1.1

1-52. The psychodynamic perspective is closely associated with __________.

a) Sigmund Freud

b) Erik Erikson

c) B.F. Skinner

d) Jean Piaget

Answer: a

Page: 13

Level: 2-Medium

Skill: Remember the Facts

Module 1.2: Theoretical Perspectives on Lifespan Development

Learning Objective: L05

APA LO: 1.2

1-53. Sigmund Freud is responsible for revolutionary ideas and the __________ theory.

a) behavioral

b) psychoanalytic

c) phallic

d) reality

Answer: b

Page: 13

Level: 2-Medium

Skill: Remember the Facts

Module 1.2: Theoretical Perspectives on Lifespan Development

Learning Objective: L05

APA LO: 1.1

1-54. Freud believed that the _________ contains infantile wishes, desires, demands, and needs that are hidden from conscious awareness because they are disturbing.

a) superego

b) id

c) ego

d) unconscious

Answer: d

Page: 13

Level: 2-Medium

Skill: Understand the Concepts

Module 1.2: Theoretical Perspectives on Lifespan Development

Learning Objective: L06

APA LO: 1.2

1-55. The approach stating that behavior is motivated by inner forces, memories, and conflicts that are generally beyond peoples’ awareness and control is called the __________.

a) clinical approach

b) investigative approach

c) psychodynamic perspective

d) analytical perspective

Answer: c

Page: 13

Level: 2-Medium

Skill: Remember the Facts

Module 1.2: Theoretical Perspectives on Lifespan Development

Learning Objective: L06

APA LO: 1.1

1-56. According to Freud, which part of everyone’s personality operates according to the “pleasure principle”?

a) unconscious

b) ego

c) superego

d) id

Answer: d

Page: 13

Level: 2-Medium

Skill: Remember the Facts

Module 1.2: Theoretical Perspectives on Lifespan Development

Learning Objective: L06

APA LO: 1.2

1-57. Freud believed that the goal of the pleasure principle was to __________.

a) reduce satisfaction and maximize tension

b) maximize satisfaction and reduce tension

c) reduce inhibition and maximize unconscious awareness

d) increase inhibition and reduce unconscious awareness

Answer: b

Page: 13

Level: 3-Difficult

Skill: Understand the Concepts

Module 1.2: Theoretical Perspectives on Lifespan Development

Learning Objective: L06

APA LO: 1.2

1-58. Freud believed that the __________ is the part of the personality that is rational and reasonable.

a) id

b) superego

c) conscious

d) ego

Answer: d

Page: 13

Level: 2-Medium

Skill: Understand the Concepts

Module 1.2: Theoretical Perspectives on Lifespan Development

Learning Objective: L06

APA LO: 1.2

1-59. Freud believed that the ego operates on the __________.

a) unconscious

b) reality principle

c) pleasure principle

d) conscious

Answer: b

Page: 15

Level: 2-Medium

Skill: Understand the Concepts

Module 1.2: Theoretical Perspectives on Lifespan Development

Learning Objective: L06

APA LO: 1.2

1-60. If a child develops into a person who integrates into society and maintains a good awareness of safety, Freud may say that person has a well-developed __________.

a) id

b) superego

c) consciousness

d) ego

Answer: d

Page: 13

Level: 2-Medium

Skill: Understand the Concepts

Module 1.2: Theoretical Perspectives on Lifespan Development

Learning Objective: L06

APA LO: 1.2

1-61. The __________ is Freud’s representation of incorporating the distinction between right and wrong.

a) ego

b) id

c) superego

d) unconscious

Answer: c

Page: 13

Level: 2-Medium

Skill: Understand the Concepts

Module 1.2: Theoretical Perspectives on Lifespan Development

Learning Objective: L06

APA LO: 1.2

1-62. Freud believed that the __________ begins to develop around age five or six and is learned from significant authority figures.

a) id

b) superego

c) conscious

d) ego

Answer: b

Page: 13

Level: 2-Medium

Skill: Understand the Concepts

Module 1.2: Theoretical Perspectives on Lifespan Development

Learning Objective: L06

APA LO: 1.2

1-63. According to Freud, a series of stages that children pass through in which pleasure, or gratification, is focused on a particular biological function and body part is called __________.

a) psychosexual development

b) the psychosexual approach

c) the psychoanalytic theory

d) the psychoanalytical approach

Answer: a

Page: 13

Level: 2-Medium

Skill: Remember the Facts

Module 1.2: Theoretical Perspectives on Lifespan Development

Learning Objective: L06

APA LO: 1.2

1-64. Freud believed that if children are unable to gratify themselves in a particular stage of development, or if they are over-gratified in a particular stage of development, __________ may occur.

a) fixation

b) conflict

c) stages

d) patterns

Answer: a

Page: 13

Level: 2-Medium

Skill: Remember the Facts

Module 1.2: Theoretical Perspectives on Lifespan Development

Learning Objective: L06

APA LO: 1.2

1-65. Adults demonstrating excessive activities such as eating, talking, or chewing gum may be experiencing a(n) __________ fixation.

a) anal

b) oral

c) phallic

d) psychosexual

Answer: b

Page: 13

Level: 2-Medium

Skill: Understand the Concepts

Module 1.2: Theoretical Perspectives on Lifespan Development

Learning Objective: L06

APA LO: 1.2

1- 66. Thom is an adolescent who has an awareness of uniqueness of self and knowledge of roles to be followed. He can be said to have passed through Erikson’s __________ stage of psychosocial development.

a) trust vs. mistrust

b) initiative vs. guilt

c) industry vs. inferiority

d) identity vs. role diffusion

Answer: d

Page: 14

Level: 2-Medium

Skill: Apply What You Know

Module 1.2: Theoretical Perspectives on Lifespan Development

Learning Objective: L06

APA LO: 1.2

1-67. Kimberly is a young woman who has a fear of relationships with others. She can be said to have had a negative outcome in Erikson’s __________ stage of psychosocial development.

a) initiative vs. guilt

b) autonomy vs. shame and doubt

c) intimacy vs. isolation

d) generativity vs. stagnation

Answer: c

Page: 14

Level: 2-Medium

Skill: Apply What You Know

Module 1.2: Theoretical Perspectives on Lifespan Development

Learning Objective: L06

APA LO: 1.2

1-68. As Warren looks back over his long life, he feels a sense of unity in his life’s accomplishments. He would be described as being in Erikson’s __________ stage of psychosocial development.

a) industry vs. inferiority

b) ego-integrity vs. despair

c) identity vs. role diffusion

d) autonomy vs. shame and doubt

Answer: b

Page: 14

Level: 2-Medium

Skill: Apply What You Know

Module 1.2: Theoretical Perspectives on Lifespan Development

Learning Objective: L06

APA LO: 1.2

1-69. Suri identifies with her mother as a role model. She has passed through Freud’s

__________ stage of psychosexual development.

a) anal

b) oral

c) phallic

d) latent

Answer: c

Page: 14

Level: 2-Medium

Skill: Apply What You Know

Module 1.2: Theoretical Perspectives on Lifespan Development

Learning Objective: L06

APA LO: 1.2

1-70. Psychoanalyst __________ provided an alternative psychodynamic view in his theory of psychosocial development.

a) B.F Skinner

b) Sigmund Freud

c) Erik Erikson

d) Jean Piaget

Answer: c

Page: 13

Level: 2-Medium

Skill: Remember the Facts

Module 1.2: Theoretical Perspectives on Lifespan Development

Learning Objective: L05

APA LO: 1.1

1-71. Erikson proposed a __________ theory, which emphasized that society and culture influence and shape us.

a) psychosocial

b) psychodynamic

c) psychoanalytic

d) behavioral

Answer: a

Page: 13

Level: 2-Medium

Skill: Remember the Facts

Module 1.2: Theoretical Perspectives on Lifespan Development

Learning Objective: L06

APA LO: 1.1

1-72. Erikson’s psychosocial theory of development proposes ________ distinct stages.

a) three

b) five

c) eight

d) two

Answer: c

Pages: 13–14

Level: 1-Easy

Skill: Remember the Facts

Module 1.2: Theoretical Perspectives on Lifespan Development

Learning Objective: L06

APA LO: 1.2

1-73. Erikson argued that each of his stages presents a(n) __________ that the individual must resolve.

a) crisis

b) fixation

c) dilemma

d) interaction

Answer: a

Page: 14

Level: 2-Medium

Skill: Understand the Concepts

Module 1.2: Theoretical Perspectives on Lifespan Development

Learning Objective: L06

APA LO: 1.2

1-74. Erikson’s theory differs from Freud’s in that Erikson believed that development

__________.

a) is completed in infancy

b) is completed in early childhood

c) is completed by adolescence

d) continues throughout the life span

Answer: d

Page: 14

Level: 1-Easy

Skill: Understand the Concepts

Module 1.2: Theoretical Perspectives on Lifespan Development

Learning Objective: L06

APA LO: 1.2

1-75. The __________ suggests that keys to understanding development are observable behaviors and outside stimuli in the environment.

a) psychodynamic perspective

b) behavioral perspective

c) psychoanalytic theory

d) psychosocial theory

Answer: b

Page: 15

Level: 3-Difficult

Skill: Remember the Facts

Module 1.2: Theoretical Perspectives on Lifespan Development

Learning Objective: L06

APA LO: 1.1

1-76. __________ theories assume that people are affected by the environmental stimuli to which they are exposed, and that developmental change is __________.

a) Psychodynamic; qualitative

b) Psychosocial; quantitative

c) Developmental; qualitative

d) Behavioral; quantitative

Answer: d

Page: 15

Level: 3-Difficult

Skill: Understand the Concepts

Module 1.2: Theoretical Perspectives on Lifespan Development

Learning Objective: L05

APA LO: 1.1

1-77. Who was one of the first American psychologists to advocate a behavioral approach to development?

a) B.F Skinner

b) John Watson

c) Jean Piaget

d) Erik Erikson

Answer: b

Page: 15

Level: 2-Medium

Skill: Remember the Facts

Module 1.2: Theoretical Perspectives on Lifespan Development

Learning Objective: L06

APA LO: 1.1

1-78. A type of learning in which an organism responds in a particular way to a neutral stimulus that normally does not bring about that type of response is called __________.

a) classical conditioning

b) behavioral perspective

c) operant conditioning

d) psychodynamic approach

Answer: a

Page: 15

Level: 3-Difficult

Skill: Remember the Facts

Module 1.2: Theoretical Perspectives on Lifespan Development

Learning Objective: L06

APA LO: 1.1

1-79. A form of learning in which a voluntary response is strengthened or weakened by its association with positive or negative consequences is called __________.

a) behavioral perspective

b) psychodynamic perspective

c) operant conditioning

d) classical conditioning

Answer: c

Page: 16

Level: 3-Difficult

Skill: Remember the Facts

Module 1.2: Theoretical Perspectives on Lifespan Development

Learning Objective: L06

APA LO: 1.1

1-80. Judy was bitten by a small brown and white dog when she was a little girl, and now every time she sees a small dog approaching her, she is fearful. Watson would say that Judy’s reaction is a result of __________ conditioning.

a) behavioral

b) classical

c) reinforcement

d) psychosocial

Answer: b

Page: 15

Level: 2-Medium

Skill: Apply What You Know

Module 1.2: Theoretical Perspectives on Lifespan Development

Learning Objective: L06

APA LO: 1.2

1-81. __________ conditioning, in which the response being conditioned is voluntary and purposeful, differs from __________ conditioning, in which the response is automatic.

a) Social-cognitive; operant

b) Operant; classical

c) Classical; operant

d) Operant; social-cognitive

Answer: b

Page: 16

Level: 3-Difficult

Skill: Understand the Concepts

Module 1.2: Theoretical Perspectives on Lifespan Development

Learning Objective: L06

APA LO: 1.1

1-82. Operant conditioning was formulated and championed by __________.

a) Sigmund Freud

b) B.F. Skinner

c) Albert Bandura

d) Carl Rogers

Answer: b

Page: 16

Level: 2-Medium

Skill: Remember the Facts

Module 1.2: Theoretical Perspectives on Lifespan Development

Learning Objective: L06

APA LO: 1.1

1-83. Behavior modification depends upon what principle?

a) operant conditioning

b) social-cognitive conditioning

c) classical conditioning

d) stimulus conditioning

Answer: a

Page: 16

Level: 2-Medium

Skill: Understand the Concepts

Module 1.2: Theoretical Perspectives on Lifespan Development

Learning Objective: L06

APA LO: 1.2

1-84. Susan learned at a young age that developing good study habits, such as doing her homework, brought about good grades, and this made her want to work harder in school. This type of behavior is being strengthened through __________.

a) learning theory

b) classical conditioning

c) reinforcement

d) social-cognitive

Answer: c

Page: 16

Level: 1-Easy

Skill: Apply What You Know

Module 1.2: Theoretical Perspectives on Lifespan Development

Learning Objective: L06

APA LO: 1.2

1-85. The introduction of an unpleasant or painful stimulus, or the removal of a desirable stimulus that decreases the probability that a preceding behavior will occur in the future, is considered __________.

a) classical conditioning

b) punishment

c) social-cognitive learning

d) reinforcement

Answer: b

Page: 16

Level: 3-Difficult

Skill: Remember the Facts

Module 1.2: Theoretical Perspectives on Lifespan Development

Learning Objective: L06

APA LO: 1.2

1-86. In the language of operant conditioning, behavior that receives no reinforcement or is punished is likely to be __________.

a) continued

b) intermittent

c) extinguished

d) accelerated

Answer: c

Page: 16

Level: 2-Medium

Skill: Remember the Facts

Module 1.2: Theoretical Perspectives on Lifespan Development

Learning Objective: L06

APA LO: 1.2

1-87. ________ is a formal technique for promoting the frequency of desirable behaviors and decreasing the incidence of unwanted ones.

a) Punishment modification

b) Reinforcement modification

c) Classical modification

d) Behavior modification

Answer: d

Page: 16

Level: 1-Easy

Skill: Remember the Facts

Module 1.2: Theoretical Perspectives on Lifespan Development

Learning Objective: L06

APA LO: 1.1

1-88. What is the learning approach that emphasizes learning by observing the behavior of another person, called a model?

a) Classical conditioning

b) Behavior modification

c) Social-cognitive learning

d) Operant conditioning

Answer: c

Page: 16

Level: 1-Easy

Skill: Remember the Facts

Module 1.2: Theoretical Perspectives on Lifespan Development

Learning Objective: L06

APA LO: 1.1

1-89. Ralph watches the other kindergarten students receive stickers and other rewards from the teacher for sitting at their desks and completing their work. Soon, Ralph begins to behave like the other kindergarten students. Ralph is demonstrating which of the following?

a) Modeling

b) Reinforcement

c) Extinction

d) Classical conditioning

Answer: a

Page: 16

Level: 1-Easy

Skill: Apply What You Know

Module 1.2: Theoretical Perspectives on Lifespan Development

Learning Objective: L06

APA LO: 1.2

1-90. Which developmental psychologist developed an approach that emphasizes learning by observing the behavior of another person, called a model?

a) B.F. Skinner

b) Sigmund Freud

c) Albert Bandura

d) John Watson

Answer: c

Page: 16

Level: 2-Medium

Skill: Remember the Facts

Module 1.2: Theoretical Perspectives on Lifespan Development

Learning Objective: L05

APA LO: 1.1

1-91. Which form of the behavioral perspective learning styles is based on learning through imitation?

a) Classical

b) Social-cognitive theory

c) Operant

d) Reinforcement

Answer: b

Page: 16

Level: 2-Medium

Skill: Remember the Facts

Module 1.2: Theoretical Perspectives on Lifespan Development

Learning Objective: L06

APA LO: 1.1

1-92. According to classical and operant conditioning, with their “black box” analyses, people and other organisms’ behavior and learning are understood in terms of __________ stimuli.

a) insignificant; external

b) observable; external

c) significant; internal

d) unobservable; internal

Answer: b

Page: 16

Level: 3-Difficult

Skill: Understand the Concepts

Module 1.2: Theoretical Perspectives on Lifespan Development

Learning Objective: L06

APA LO: 1.2

1-93. Social-cognitive learning theorists argue that the difference between people and animals is the occurrence of __________.

a) classical conditioning

b) operant conditioning

c) mental activity

d) reinforcement/punishment

Answer: c

Page: 17

Level: 3-Difficult

Skill: Understand the Concepts

Module 1.2: Theoretical Perspectives on Lifespan Development

Learning Objective: L06

APA LO: 1.2

1-94. __________ focuses on the processes that allow people to know, understand, and think about the world.

a) Classical conditioning

b) The behavioral perspective

c) Operant conditioning

d) The cognitive perspective

Answer: d

Page: 17

Level: 2-Medium

Skill: Remember the Facts

Module 1.2: Theoretical Perspectives on Lifespan Development

Learning Objective: L05

APA LO: 1.1

1-95. Who is considered the predominant theorist in cognitive development?

a) Jean Piaget

b) B.F. Skinner

c) Albert Bandura

d) Sigmund Freud

Answer: a

Page: 17

Level: 1-Easy

Skill: Remember the Facts

Module 1.2: Theoretical Perspectives on Lifespan Development

Learning Objective: L06

APA LO: 1.1

1-96. Cognitive psychologist Jean Piaget speculated that human thinking is organized into mental patterns that represent behaviors and actions, patterns that he referred to as __________.

a) assimilations

b) schemes

c) accommodations

d) assessments

Answer: b

Page: 17

Level: 2-Medium

Skill: Remember the Facts Module 1.2: Theoretical Perspectives on Lifespan Development Learning Objective: L06

APA LO: 1.2

1-97. Piaget’s two basic principles of growth in children’s understanding of the world are

__________.

a) reward and punishment

b) schemas and assessment

c) assimilation and accommodation

d) cognitive and behavior

Answer: c

Page: 17

Level: 3-Difficult

Skill: Remember the Facts

Module 1.2: Theoretical Perspectives on Lifespan Development

Learning Objective: L06

APA LO: 1.2

1-98. What did Piaget call the process in which people understand a new experience in terms of their current stage of cognitive development and way of thinking?

a) Cognition

b) Accommodation

c) Schemes

d) Assimilation

Answer: d

Page: 17

Level: 3-Difficult

Skill: Remember the Facts

Module 1.2: Theoretical Perspectives on Lifespan Development

Learning Objective: L06

APA LO: 1.2

1- 99. What did Piaget call the process in which changes occur in the existing way a child thinks in response to encounters with new stimuli or events?

a) Assimilation

b) Accommodation

c) Cognition

d) Schemes

Answer: b

Page: 17

Level: 3-Difficult

Skill: Remember the Facts

Module 1.2: Theoretical Perspectives on Lifespan Development

Learning Objective: L06

APA LO: 1.2

1-100. What has become an important alternative to Piagetian approaches?

a) Behavioral modification

b) Classical conditioning

c) Information-processing approaches

d) Social-cognitive learning

Answer: c

Page: 18

Level: 2-Medium

Skill: Remember the Facts

Module 1.2: Theoretical Perspectives on Lifespan Development

Learning Objective: L05

APA LO: 1.1

1-101. Which type of approach grew out of developments in computers, where even complex behavior such as learning, remembering, categorizing, and thinking can be broken down into a series of individual, specific steps?

a) Information processing

b) Social-cognitive learning

c) Classical conditioning

d) Behavioral modification

Answer: a

Page: 18

Level: 2-Medium

Skill: Understand the Concepts

Module 1.2: Theoretical Perspectives on Lifespan Development

Learning Objective: L05

APA LO: 1.1

1-102. Piaget’s view assumes that thinking undergoes __________ advances, but the information-processing approach assumes that development is marked by __________

advantages.

a) quantitative; qualitative

b) quantitative; discontinuous

c) qualitative; quantitative

d) continuous; discontinuous

Answer: c

Page: 18

Level: 3-Difficult

Skill: Understand the Concepts

Module 1.2: Theoretical Perspectives on Lifespan Development

Learning Objective: L06

APA LO: 1.2

1-103. An information processing approach that builds on Piaget’s research is known as

__________ theory because it considers cognition as made up of different types of individual skills.

a) behavioral

b) operant

c) classical

d) neo-Piagetian

Answer: d

Page: 18

Level: 2-Medium

Skill: Understand the Concepts

Module 1.2: Theoretical Perspectives on Lifespan Development

Learning Objective: L06

APA LO: 1.1

1-104. Which aspect(s) of development is(are) NOT adequately addressed by the information-processing approach?

a) Creativity and social context

b) Continuous and discontinuous growth

c) Qualitative vs. quantitative development

d) Piagetian vs. neo-Piagetian theory

Answer: a

Page: 18

Level: 3-Difficult

Skill: Understand the Concepts

Module 1.2: Theoretical Perspectives on Lifespan Development

Learning Objective: L06

APA LO: 1.2

1-105. What type of developmental approach is cutting edge and at the forefront of research when working with genes associated with disorders such as schizophrenia?

a) Behavior modification

b) Social-cognitive

c) Cognitive neuroscience

d) Neo-Piagetian

Answer: c

Pages: 18–19

Level: 2-Medium

Skill: Remember the Facts

Module 1.2: Theoretical Perspectives on Lifespan Development

Learning Objective: L05

APA LO: 1.1

1-106. Which developmental approach looks at cognitive development through the lens of brain processes by considering internal mental processes focused on the neurological activity that underlies thinking, problem solving, and cognitive behavior?

a) Neo-Piagetian

b) Behavioral

c) Information processing

d) Cognitive neuroscience

Answer: d

Page: 18

Level: 2-Medium

Skill: Understand the Concepts

Module 1.2: Theoretical Perspectives on Lifespan Development

Learning Objective: L06

APA LO: 1.1

1-107. What theory contends that people have a natural capacity to make decisions about their lives and control their behavior?

a) Psychoanalytic

b) Behavioral

c) Humanistic

d) Social-cognitive learning theory

Answer: c

Page: 19

Level: 2-Medium

Skill: Understand he Concepts

Module 1.2: Theoretical Perspectives on Lifespan Development

Learning Objective: L07

APA LO: 1.1

1-108. According to the humanistic perspective, people’s ability to make choices and come to decisions about their lives is called __________.

a) free will

b) societal standards

c) positive regard

d) self-actualization

Answer: a

Page: 20

Level: 1-Easy

Skill: Remember the Facts

Module 1.2: Theoretical Perspectives on Lifespan Development

Learning Objective: L07

APA LO: 1.2

1-109. Who was a major proponent of the humanistic perspective and suggested that all people need positive regard that results from an underlying wish to be loved and respected?

a) Albert Bandura

b) Carl Rogers

c) Frederick “Fritz” Perls

d) Sigmund Freud

Answer: b

Page: 20

Level: 2-Medium

Skill: Remember the Facts

Module 1.2: Theoretical Perspectives on Lifespan Development

Learning Objective: L07

APA LO: 1.1

1-110. Which theorists championed the idea of self-actualization?

a) Sigmund Freud and Erik Erikson

b) B.F. Skinner and Jean Piaget

c) Carl Rogers and Abraham Maslow

d) Albert Bandura and John Watson

Answer: c

Page: 20

Level: 2-Medium

Skill: Remember the Facts

Module 1.2: Theoretical Perspectives on Lifespan Development

Learning Objective: L07

APA LO: 1.1

1-111. Which perspective considers the relationship between individuals and their physical, cognitive, personality, and social worlds?

a) Humanistic

b) Contextual

c) Cognitive

d) Behavioral

Answer: b

Page: 20

Level: 3-Difficult

Skill: Understand the Concepts

Module 1.2: Theoretical Perspectives on Lifespan Development

Learning Objective: L07

APA LO: 1.1

1-112. What is the perspective that suggests that different levels of the environment simultaneously influence individuals?

a) Cognitive neuroscience

b) Humanistic perspective

c) Contextual perspective

d) Bioecological approach

Answer: d

Page: 20

Level: 3-Difficult

Skill: Understand the Concepts

Module 1.2: Theoretical Perspectives on Lifespan Development

Learning Objective: L07

APA LO: 1.1

1-113. Which perspective contains the two major theories of Bronfenbrenner’s bioecological approach and Vygotsky’s sociocultural theory?

a) Cognitive

b) Humanistic

c) Behavioral

d) Contextual

Answer: d

Page: 20

Level: 3-Difficult

Skill: Remember the Facts

Module 1.2: Theoretical Perspectives on Lifespan Development

Learning Objective: L07

APA LO: 1.1

1-114. Which Bronfenbrenner level addresses the everyday, immediate environment in which children lead their daily lives?

a) Mesosystem

b) Exosystem

c) Microsystem

d) Macrosystem

Answer: c

Page: 20

Level: 3-Difficult

Skill: Remember the Facts

Module 1.2: Theoretical Perspectives on Lifespan Development

Learning Objective: L07

APA LO: 1.2

1-115. Which approach to development suggests that there are five levels of the environment that simultaneously influence individuals?

a) Piaget’s cognitive approach

b) Bronfenbrenner’s bioecological approach

c) Skinner’s behavioral approach

d) Freud’s psychoanalytical approach

Answer: b

Page: 20

Level: 3-Difficult

Skill: Remember the Facts

Module 1.2: Theoretical Perspectives on Lifespan Development

Learning Objective: L07

APA LO: 1.1

1-116. Which of the Bronfenbrenner’s five levels provides the connections between the various aspects of the person’s life, like links in a chain—to bind children to parents, students to teachers, employees to bosses, and friends to friends?

a) Exosystem

b) Mesosystem

c) Microsystem

d) Macrosystem

Answer: b

Page: 20

Level: 3-Difficult

Skill: Remember the Facts

Module 1.2: Theoretical Perspectives on Lifespan Development

Learning Objective: L07

APA LO: 1.2

1-117. Which of the Bronfenbrenner’s five levels represents broader influences, including societal institutions such as local government, community, schools, places of worship, and the local media?

a) Microsystem

b) Macrosystem

c) Mesosystem

d) Exosystem

Answer: d

Page: 20

Level: 3-Difficult

Skill: Remember the Facts

Module 1.2: Theoretical Perspectives on Lifespan Development

Learning Objective: L07

APA LO: 1.2

1-118. Jose and Maria are preparing for the arrival of their first child, and are considering moving from their small rural town to a larger city to gain access to more social services, better schools, and a greater variety of local newspapers and television stations. This is an example of which of Bronfenbrenner’s five levels?

a) Macrosystem

b) Exosystem

c) Microsystem

d) Mesosystem

Answer: b

Page: 20

Level: 3-Difficult

Skill: Apply What You Know

Module 1.2: Theoretical Perspectives on Lifespan Development

Learning Objective: L07

APA LO: 1.2

1-119. Which of the Bronfenbrenner’s five levels represents the larger cultural influences on an individual?

a) Macrosystem

b) Microsystem

c) Exosystem

d) Mesosystem

Answer: a

Pages: 20-21

Level: 3-Difficult

Skill: Remember the Facts

Module 1.2: Theoretical Perspectives on Lifespan Development

Learning Objective: L07

APA LO: 1.2

1-120. Bronfenbrenner’s bioecological approach suggests that society, types of governments, religious value systems, political value systems, and other broad factors are parts of what system?

a) Mesosystem

b) Microsystem

c) Exosystem

d) Macrosystem

Answer: d

Pages: 20-21

Level: 3-Difficult

Skill: Remember the Facts

Module 1.2: Theoretical Perspectives on Lifespan Development

Learning Objective: L07

APA LO: 1.2

1-121. Within Bronfenbrenner’s bioecological approach, which system underlies each of his system levels and involves the way the passage of time, including historical events, affects children’s development?

a) Macrosystem

b) Microsystem

c) Chronosystem

d) Exosystem

Answer: c

Page: 21

Level: 3-Difficult

Skill: Remember the Facts

Module 1.2: Theoretical Perspectives on Lifespan Development

Learning Objective: L07

APA LO: 1.2

1-122. A historical event, such as the terrorist attacks in New York City on September 11, 2001, would be considered by Bronfenbrenner to fall within which system?

a) Macrosystem

b) Mesosystem

c) Exosystem

d) Chronosystem

Answer: d

Page: 21

Level: 3-Difficult

Skill: Apply What You Know

Module 1.2: Theoretical Perspectives on Lifespan Development

Learning Objective: L07

APA LO: 1.2

1- 123. What term refers to the notion that the well-being of the group is more important than that of the individual?

a) individualism

b) humanistic

c) collectivism

d) bioecological approach

Answer: c

Page: 21

Level: 1-Easy

Skill: Remember the Facts

Module 1.2: Theoretical Perspectives on Lifespan Development

Learning Objective: L07

APA LO: 1.2

1-124. The development of the sociocultural theory is attributed to __________.

a) B.F. Skinner

b) Albert Bandura

c) Lev Vygotsky

d) Urie Bronfenbrenner

Answer: c

Page: 21

Level: 2-Medium

Skill: Remember the Facts

Module 1.2: Theoretical Perspectives on Lifespan Development

Learning Objective: L07

APA LO: 1.1

1- 125. Which theory emphasizes the ways in which cognitive development proceeds as a result of social interactions between members of a culture?

a) Interconnectedness

b) Sociocultural

c) Bioecological

d) Contextual

Answer: b

Page: 21

Level: 3-Difficult

Skill: Understand the Concepts

Module 1.2: Theoretical Perspectives on Lifespan Development

Learning Objective: L07

APA LO: 1.1

1-126. Who was one of the first to recognize, acknowledge the importance of, and help us understand the importance of culture’s influence on development?

a) Carl Rogers

b) Albert Bandura

c) Lev Vygotsky

d) Urie Bronfenbrenner

Answer: c

Pages: 22

Level: 3-Difficult

Skill: Remember the Facts

Module 1.2: Theoretical Perspectives on Lifespan Development

Learning Objective: L07

APA LO: 1.1

1-127. The concept of “reciprocal transaction” is attributed to which developmentalist and theory?

a) Vygotsky; sociocultural

b) Freud; psychoanalytic

c) Skinner: behavioral

d) Rogers; humanistic

Answer: a

Page: 22

Level: 3-Difficult

Skill: Remember the Facts

Module 1.2: Theoretical Perspectives on Lifespan Development

Learning Objective: L07

APA LO: 1.1

1-128. Which perspective seeks to identify behavior that is the result of our genetic inheritance from our ancestors?

a) Evolutionary

b) Cognitive neuroscience

c) Bioecological

d) Humanistic

Answer: a

Page: 22

Level: 1-Easy

Skill: Understand the Concepts

Module 1.2: Theoretical Perspectives on Lifespan Development

Learning Objective: L07

APA LO: 1.1

1-129. Who wrote the groundbreaking work titled On the Origin of Species and is responsible for the birth of the evolutionary perspective?

a) Urie Bronfenbrenner

b) Lev Vygotsky

c) Charles Darwin

d) Konrad Lorenz

Answer: c

Page: 22

Level: 1-Easy

Skill: Remember the Facts

Module 1.2: Theoretical Perspectives on Lifespan Development

Learning Objective: L07

APA LO: 1.1

1- 130. The evolutionary perspective draws from the field of ethology, which examines the ways in which our biological makeup can influence our behavior. Who was a primary proponent of ethology?

a) Charles Darwin

b) Lev Vygotsky

c) Urie Bronfenbrenner

d) Konrad Lorenz

Answer: d

Page: 22

Level: 3-Difficult

Skill: Remember the Facts

Module 1.2: Theoretical Perspectives on Lifespan Development

Learning Objective: L07

APA LO: 1.1

1-131. What is one of the fastest-growing areas within the field of lifespan development, and studies the effects of heredity on behavior?

a) Ethology

b) Evolutionary perspective

c) Behavioral genetics

d) Sociocultural theory

Answer: c

Page: 22

Level: 2-Medium

Skill: Understand the Concepts

Module 1.2: Theoretical Perspectives on Lifespan Development

Learning Objective: L07

APA LO: 1.1

1-132. While it is natural to wonder which perspective on development provides the most accurate perspective, this is not an appropriate question for several reasons. Which of the following reasons is NOT identified in the text?

a) All perspectives emphasize similar aspects of development, so they are equivalent.

b) The same developmental phenomenon can be looked at from different perspectives.

c) Not all theories and claims from various perspectives are accurate.

d) Various theoretical perspectives provide different ways of looking at development.

Answer: a

Pages: 23–24

Level: 2-Medium

Skill: Understand the Concepts

Module 1.2: Theoretical Perspectives on Lifespan Development

Learning Objective: L08

APA LO: 1.1

1-133. What is the name of the process of posing and answering questions using careful, controlled techniques that include systematic, orderly observation and the collection of data?

a) Theories

b) Hypotheses

c) Scientific method

d) Research

Answer: c

Page: 25

Level: 1-Easy

Skill: Remember the Facts

Module 1.3: Research Methods

Learning Objective: L09

APA LO: 1.1

1-134. What is the term that means a broad explanation and prediction about phenomena of interest?

a) Scientific method

b) Theory

c) Hypothesis

d) Research

Answer: b

Page: 25

Level: 1-Easy

Skill: Remember the Facts

Module 1.3: Research Methods

Learning Objective: L09

APA LO: 2.1

1-135. A __________ is a prediction stated in a way that permits it to be tested.

a) hypothesis

b) theory

c) conclusion

d) scientific method

Answer: a

Page: 25

Level: 2-Medium

Skill: Remember the Facts

Module 1.3: Research Methods

Learning Objective: L09

APA LO: 2.1

1-136. In __________ research, the researcher can tell whether an association or relationship between two factors exists.

a) scientific

b) correlational

c) hypothetical

d) experimental

Answer: b

Page: 25

Level: 2-Medium

Skill: Remember the Facts

Module 1.3: Research Methods

Learning Objective: L010

APA LO: 2.1

1-137. __________ research is designed to discover causal relationships between various factors.

a) Correlational

b) Hypothetical

c) Experimental

d) Scientific

Answer: c

Page: 25

Level: 2-Medium

Skill: Remember the Facts

Module 1.3: Research Methods

Learning Objective: L010

APA LO: 2.1

1-138. Researchers who are interested in the relationship between televised aggression and subsequent behavior have found that children who watch a good deal of televised aggression (murders, crime shows, shootings, etc.) tend to be more aggressive than those who watch little of this type of television programming. This is an example of a(n) ____________ study.

a) scientific

b) experimental

c) theoretical

d) correlational

Answer: d

Page: 26

Level: 3-Difficult

Skill: Apply What You Know

Module 1.3: Research Methods

Learning Objective: L010

APA LO: 2.1

1-139. What is the observation of a naturally occurring behavior, without intervention in the situation?

a) Correlational

b) Ethnography

c) Naturalistic observation

d) Experimental

Answer: c

Page: 27

Level: 1-Easy

Skill: Remember the Facts

Module 1.3: Research Methods

Learning Objective: L010

APA LO: 2.1

1-140. What is the method of research borrowed from the field of anthropology and used to investigate cultural questions?

a) Ethnography

b) Case study

c) Natural observation

d) Experimentation

Answer: a

Page: 27

Level: 3-Difficult

Skill: Remember the Facts

Module 1.3: Research Methods

Learning Objective: L010

APA LO: 2.1

1- 141. Mary is researching the causes of alcohol use among college students, so she goes to live in a college dorm for a month to observe students and conduct in-depth interviews. This is an example of what type of research?

a) Experimental

b) Ethnography

c) Case study

d) Naturalistic observation

Answer: b

Page: 27

Level: 3-Difficult

Skill: Apply What You Know

Module 1.3: Research Methods

Learning Objective: L010

APA LO: 2.1

1-142. What is the method of research that involves extensive, in-depth interviews with a particular individual or small group of individuals?

a) Experimentation

b) Case study

c) Natural observation

d) Ethnography

Answer: b

Page: 27

Level: 2-Medium

Skill: Remember the Facts

Module 1.3: Research Methods

Learning Objective: L010

APA LO: 2.1

1-143. William is participating along with a group of adolescents trying to lose weight. One of his assignments is to keep a diary of his food intake and the times that he eats daily. This can be considered an example of what type of research?

a) Experimental

b) Ethnography

c) Case study

d) Survey research

Answer: c

Page: 28

Level: 2-Medium

Skill: Apply What You Know

Module 1.3: Research Methods

Learning Objective: L010

APA LO: 2.1

1-144. Professor Smythe wants to conduct a study in a virtual charter school. She wants to examine and describe the comparative differences on cognitive development in students attending the virtual charter school with students attending more traditional schools. Ultimately, she plans to describe what, if any, changes are occurring, and why the changes create social difficulty. This is an example of what type of research?

a) Quantitative

b) Survey

c) Naturalistic observation

d) Qualitative

Answer: d

Page: 27

Level: 3-Difficult

Skill: Apply What You Know

Module 1.3: Research Methods

Learning Objective: L010

APA LO: 2.1

1-145. In order to learn about children’s toy preferences, researchers interview children at a local preschool and base their inferences on the children’s responses. This is an example of

__________ research.

a) experimental

b) ethnography

c) case study

d) survey

Answer: d

Page: 28

Level: 2-Medium

Skill: Apply What You Know

Module 1.3: Research Methods

Learning Objective: L010

APA LO: 2.1

1-146. When a group of people are chosen to represent a larger population and are asked about their attitudes, behaviors, or thinking on a given topic, this is considered _________ research.

a) ethnography

b) case study

c) experimental

d) survey

Answer: d

Page: 28

Level: 2-Medium

Skill: Remember the Facts

Module 1.3: Research Methods

Learning Objective: L010

APA LO: 2.1

1-147. What is the type of research method that focuses on the relationship between physiological processes and behavior?

a) Psychophysiological

b) Ethnography

c) Experimental

d) Case study

Answer: a

Page: 28

Level: 2-Medium

Skill: Remember the Facts

Module 1.3: Research Methods

Learning Objective: L010

APA LO: 2.1

1-148. The device that uses electrodes placed on the outside of the skull to record electrical activity within the brain, and is used in psychophysiological research, is called a(n) __________.

a) CAT scan

b) fMRI scan

c) EEG

d) experience

Answer: c

Page: 28

Level: 3-Difficult

Skill: Remember the Facts

Module 1.3: Research Methods

Learning Objective: L010

APA LO: 2.1

1-149. The device whose operation involves a computer constructing an image of the brain by combining thousands of individual x-rays taken at slightly different angles is called a(n)

__________.

a) CAT scan

b) EEG

c) psychophysiological

d) fMRI scan

Answer: a

Page: 28

Level: 3-Difficult

Skill: Remember the Facts

Module 1.3: Research Methods

Learning Objective: L010

APA LO: 2.1

1-150. The device that provides a detailed, three-dimensional computer-generated image of brain activity by aiming a powerful magnetic field at the brain is called a(n) __________.

a) EEG

b) psychophysiological

c) CAT scan

d) fMRI scan

Answer: d

Page: 28

Level: 3-Difficult

Skill: Remember the Facts

Module 1.3: Research Methods

Learning Objective: L010

APA LO: 2.1

1-151. When an investigator typically devises two different conditions and then studies and compares the outcomes of the participants exposed to those two different conditions in order to see how behavior is affected, this is called a(n) __________.

a) hypothesis

b) experiment

c) theory

d) treatment

Answer: b

Page: 29

Level: 2-Medium

Skill: Remember the Facts

Module 1.3: Research Methods

Learning Objective: L011

APA LO: 2.1

1-152. The group of participants chosen to receive the independent variable is called a(n)

__________.

a) control group

b) experimental group

c) statistical group

d) sample

Answer: b

Page: 29

Level: 2-Medium

Skill: Remember the Facts

Module 1.3: Research Methods

Learning Objective: L011

APA LO: 2.1

1-153. In an experiment, the __________ is what researchers manipulate.

a) experimental control

b) independent variable

c) control group

d) dependent variable

Answer: b

Page: 29

Level: 2-Medium

Skill: Remember the Facts

Module 1.3: Research Methods

Learning Objective: L011

APA LO: 2.1

1-154. Researchers conduct an experiment in which one group is exposed to Treatment A and the other group is exposed to Treatment B. The different treatments are the __________.

a) independent variable

b) dependent variable

c) control group

d) treatment group

Answer: a

Page: 29

Level: 2-Medium

Skill: Apply What You Know

Module 1.3: Research Methods

Learning Objective: L011

APA LO: 2.1

1-155. In an experiment n which researchers manipulate the __________, the variable that the researchers measure to see whether it changes is the __________.

a) dependent variable; independent variable

b) independent variable; dependent variable

c) control group; treatment group

d) treatment group; control group

Answer: b

Page: 29

Level: 2-Medium

Skill: Remember the Facts Module 1.3: Research Methods

Learning Objective: L011

APA LO: 2.1

1-156. In an experiment, the __________ is what researchers measure and expect to change as a result of manipulation.

a) treatment group

b) independent variable

c) control group

d) dependent variable

Answer: d

Page: 29

Level: 2-Medium

Skill: Remember the Facts

Module 1.3: Research Methods

Learning Objective: L011

APA LO: 2.1

1-157. The procedure that experimenters need to use to make sure that participants in both the treatment and control groups are not aware of the purpose of the experiment is known as the

__________.

a) independent variable

b) dependent variable

c) random assignment

d) statistical law

Answer: c

Page: 29

Level: 3-Difficult

Skill: Understand the Concepts

Module 1.3: Research Methods

Learning Objective: L011

APA LO: 2.1

1-158. What technique ensures that personal characteristics that might affect the outcome of the experiment are divided proportionally among the participants in the different groups, making groups equivalent?

a) Dependent variables

b) Random assignment

c) Independent variables

d) Statistics

Answer: b

Page: 29

Level: 3-Difficult

Skill: Remember the Facts

Module 1.3: Research Methods

Learning Objective: L011

APA LO: 2.1

1-159. Using a real-world setting for an experiment is the hallmark of a(n) __________.

a) field study

b) control group

c) experimental group

d) sample group

Answer: a

Page: 30

Level: 2-Medium

Skill: Remember the Facts

Module 1.3: Research Methods

Learning Objective: L011

APA LO: 2.1

1-160. What kind of research investigation is conducted in a controlled setting explicitly designed to hold events constant?

a) Control group

b) Experimental group

c) Field study

d) Laboratory study

Answer: d

Page: 31

Level: 2-Medium

Skill: Remember the Facts

Module 1.3: Research Methods

Learning Objective: L011

APA LO: 2.1

1-161. What type of research is designed specifically to test some developmental explanation and expand scientific knowledge?

a) Experimental

b) Hypothetical

c) Theoretical

d) Applied

Answer: c

Page: 31

Level: 2-Medium

Skill: Remember the Facts

Module 1.3: Research Methods

Learning Objective: L011

APA LO: 2.1

1-162. What type of research is designed to provide practical solutions to immediate problems?

a) Hypothetical

b) Applied

c) Experimental

d) Theoretical

Answer: b

Page: 31

Level: 2-Medium

Skill: Remember the Facts

Module 1.3: Research Methods

Learning Objective: L011

APA LO: 2.1

1-163. If the focus of a research study is to examine the ways in which college professors can help students remember information more easily, such a study would represent __________

research.

a) applied

b) experimental

c) theoretical

d) hypothetical

Answer: a

Page: 31

Level: 2-Medium

Skill: Apply What You Know

Module 1.3: Research Methods

Learning Objective: L011

APA LO: 2.1

1-164. If a researcher was interested in learning how children’s moral development changes between the ages of three and five, the researcher may follow them until they are five, testing them periodically. This research strategy is known as __________ research.

a) developmental

b) longitudinal

c) sequential

d) cross-sectional

Answer: b

Page: 31

Level: 2-Medium

Skill: Remember the Facts

Module 1.3: Research Methods

Learning Objective: L011

APA LO: 2.1

1-165. When the behavior of one or more study participants is measured repeatedly over time as they age, this is called __________ research.

a) longitudinal

b) developmental

c) cross-sectional

d) sequential

Answer: a

Page: 31

Level: 2-Medium

Skill: Remember the Facts

Module 1.3: Research Methods

Learning Objective: L011

APA LO: 2.1

1-166. In a study of the behavioral adjustment of a group of children placed in foster care, the children were assessed once a year over a period of 10 years. This is an example of a

__________ study.

a) cross-sectional

b) developmental

c) longitudinal

d) sequential

Answer: c

Page: 31

Level: 2-Medium

Skill: Apply What You Know

Module 1.3: Research Methods

Learning Objective: L011

APA LO: 2.1

1-167. What is the type of research in which people of different ages are compared at the same point in time?

a) Longitudinal

b) Sequential

c) Developmental

d) Cross-sectional

Answer: d

Page: 33

Level: 2-Medium

Skill: Remember the Facts

Module 1.3: Research Methods

Learning Objective: L011

APA LO: 2.1

1-168. Which type of research study is a compromise technique that essentially examines a number of different age groups at several points in time, and permits developmental researchers to tease out the consequences of age change versus age difference?

a) Longitudinal

b) Sequential

c) Cross-sectional

d) Experimental

Answer: b

Page: 33

Level: 3-Difficult

Skill: Remember the Facts

Module 1.3: Research Methods

Learning Objective: L011

APA LO: 2.1

1-169. What kind of evidence is based on one or two instances of a phenomenon, haphazardly discovered or encountered?

a) Scientific

b) Experimental

c) Anecdotal

d) Unethical

Answer: c

Page: 34

Level: 2-Medium

Skill: Remember the Facts

Module 1.3: Research Methods

Learning Objective: L011

APA LO: 2.1

1- 170. According to the textbook, it is important to think critically about “expert” advice. Which of the following is NOT a method recommended by the textbook for evaluating “expert” advice?

a) Consider the source.

b) Evaluate the credentials of the source.

c) Use popular opinion to judge the accuracy of the source.

d) Incorporate cultural context.

Answer: c

Page: 34

Level: 3-Difficult

Skill: Understand the Concepts

Module 1.3: Research Methods

Learning Objective: L012

APA LO: 2.1

ESSAY QUESTIONS

1-171. For which issues do lifespan developmental experts seek information?

Answer: Lifespan development experts study the way human beings change and grow, and the ways in which this process continues over the course of a lifetime. Lifespan developmental experts seek to understand universal principals of development as well as cultural, racial, and ethnic differences that affect the course of human development. They seek to understand the unique aspects of individuals, looking at traits and characteristics that differentiate one person from another.

Page: 4

Level: 2-Medium

Skill: Understand the Concepts

Module 1.1: Beginnings

Learning Objective: L01

APA LO: 1.1

1-172. Explain the differences between how a developmentalist who is specializing in personality goes about his/her work and how a developmentalist who is specializing in social development goes about his/her work.

Answer: A developmentalist interested in personality development might ask whether there are stable, enduring personality traits throughout the life span, while a specialist in social development might examine the effects of marriage or divorce on development.

Page: 5

Level: 2-Medium

Skill: Remember the Facts

Module 1.1: Beginnings

Learning Objective: L01

APA LO: 1.2

1-173. The life span is usually divided into which specific broad age ranges?

Answer: The prenatal period (conception to birth); infancy and toddlerhood (birth to age 3); the preschool period (ages 3–6); middle childhood (ages 6–12); adolescence (ages 12–20); young adulthood (ages 20–40); middle adulthood (ages 40–60); and late adulthood (age 60 to death).

Pages: 6

Level: 2-Medium

Skill: Remember the Facts

Module 1.1: Beginnings

Learning Objective: L01

APA LO: 1.1

1-174. Briefly explain the differences between the terms “race” and “ethnic group.”

Answer: Race is a biological concept that should be employed to refer to classifications based on physical and structural characteristics of species. In contrast, ethnic group and ethnicity are broader terms, referring to cultural background, nationality, religion, and language.

Page: 7

Level: 2-Medium

Skill: Understand the Concepts

Module 1.1: Beginnings

Learning Objective: L01

APA LO: 1.2

1-175. Explain the four different types of cohort effects.

Answer: History-graded influences are biological and environmental influences associated with a particular historical moment in time. Age -graded influences are biological and environmental influences that are similar for individuals in a particular age group, regardless of when or where they are raised: for example, puberty and menopause. Sociocultural-graded influences are the social and cultural factors present at a particular time for a particular individual, dependent upon such variables as ethnicity, social class, and subcultural membership. Non-normative life events are specific, atypical events that occur in a particular person’s life at a time when such events do not happen to most people.

Page: 8

Level: 2-Medium

Skill: Remember the Facts

Module 1.1: Beginnings

Learning Objective: L01

APA LO: 1.2

1-176. Identify the four important issues of lifespan development that have been debated since lifespan development became established as a separate field.

Answer: 1) Continuity versus discontinuity; 2) the importance of critical periods; 3) whether to focus on certain periods or on the entire life span; and 4) the nature versus nurture controversy

Pages: 9–11

Level: 3-Difficult

Skill: Understand the Concepts

Module 1.1: Beginnings

Learning Objective: L03

APA LO: 1.2

1-177. Provide reasons why today’s developmentalists believe the entire life span is important.

Answer: 1) There was the discovery that developmental growth and change continue during every part of life. 2) A person’s social environment is affected by the influences on his/her social environments. 3) Paul Baltes points out that development across the life span involves both gains and losses. 4

Pages: 10–11 Level: 2-Medium

Skill: Understand the Concepts Module 1.1: Beginnings Learning Objective: L04

APA LO: 1.2

1-178. Provide reason(s) why Freud’s principles of psychoanalytic theory have been called into question.

Answer: 1) There has been a lack of validation by subsequent research: in particular, for the idea that people pass through stages in childhood that determine adult personality. 2) Freud’s theory was based on a limited population of upper- middle-class Austrians living in a strict, puritanical era, and the application of Freud’s theory to a broad, multicultural population is questionable. 3) Freud’s theory focuses primarily on male development, has been criticized as sexist, and may be interpreted as devaluing women.

Page: 15

Level: 3-Difficult

Skill: Understand the Concepts

Module 1.2: Theoretical Perspectives on Lifespan Development

Learning Objective: L06

APA LO: 1.2

1-179. Provide reasons why Erikson’s principles of psychosocial theory have been called into question.

Answer: 1) Erikson’s theory focuses more on men’s development than on women’s. 2) The theory is vague, in some aspects making it difficult for researchers to test. 3) This theory makes it difficult to make predictions about an individual’s future behavior.

Page: 15

Level: 3-Difficult

Skill: Understand the Concepts

Module 1.2: Theoretical Perspectives on Lifespan Development

Learning Objective: L06

APA LO: 1.2

1-180. List and briefly explain three types of learning derived from the behavioral perspective.

Answer: 1) Classical conditioning occurs when an organism learns to respond to a neutral stimulus that normally does not evoke that type of response. 2) Operant conditioning is a form of learning in which a voluntary response is strengthened or weakened by its association with positive or negative consequences. 3) Social-cognitive learning theory is an approach that emphasizes learning by observing the behavior of another person, called a model.

Pages: 15–16

Level: 2-Medium

Skill: Remember the Facts

Module 1.2: Theoretical Perspectives on Lifespan Development

Learning Objective: L06

APA LO: 1.2

1-181. Briefly explain why developmental researchers employ the cognitive perspective.

Answer: The cognitive perspective emphasizes the ways in which people internally represent and think about their world. The cognitive perspective helps researchers understand the ways in which people process information and the means by which their ways of thinking and understanding affect their behavior. It also gives insight into the ways in which people’s cognitive abilities change, both quantitatively and qualitatively, as people develop, and sheds light on how different cognitive abilities are related to one another.

Page: 17

Level: 3-Difficult

Skill: Understand the Concepts

Module 1.2: Theoretical Perspectives on Lifespan Development

Learning Objective: L06

APA LO: 1.2

1-182. What is the greatest criticism of the Piagetian perspective?

Answer: The greatest criticism is that cognitive development is not as discontinuous as represented in Piaget’s theory of four distinct stages. Other researchers argue that growth is more continuous, as in the information-processing approach, which focuses on learning, memory, and thinking throughout a life span.

Page: 18

Level: 2-Medium

Skill: Understand the Concepts

Module 1.2: Theoretical Perspectives on Lifespan Development

Learning Objective: L06

APA LO: 1.2

1-183. Provide insight as to why the humanistic perspective has not had a major impact upon the field of lifespan development.

Answer: The lack of influence by the humanistic perspective is primarily due to its inability to identify a broad developmental change that is the result of increasing age or experience.

Page: 20

Level: 2-Medium

Skill: Understand the Concepts

Module 1.2: Theoretical Perspectives on Lifespan Development

Learning Objective: L07

APA LO: 1.2

1-184. Briefly explain Bronfenbrenner’s first level of his bioecological approach.

Answer: The first level of Bronfenbrenner’s bioecological approach is the microsystem, which includes the home, caregivers, friends, and teachers, who all influence the child’s microsystem.

Page: 20

Level: 2-Medium

Skill: Remember the Facts

Module 1.2: Theoretical Perspectives on Lifespan Development

Learning Objective: L07

APA LO: 1.2

1-185. Briefly explain why Bronfenbrenner’s bioecological approach emphasizes the interconnectedness of the influences on development. Give an example.

Answer: Because the levels of the bioecological approach are related to one another, a change in one part of the system affects other parts of the system. Example: A parent’s loss of employment can impact a child’s microsystem.

Page: 21

Level: 2-Medium

Skill: Understand the Concepts

Module 1.2: Theoretical Perspectives on Lifespan Development

Learning Objective: L07

APA LO: 1.2

1-186. Why has Vygotsky’s sociocultural theory become increasingly influential?

Answer: The reason is the growing acknowledgment of the importance of cultural factors in development. Children do not develop in a cultural vacuum, and their attention is directed by society to certain areas that affect the particular skills they develop.

Pages: 22

Level: 2-Medium

Skill: Understand the Concepts

Module 1.2: Theoretical Perspectives on Lifespan Development

Learning Objective: L07

APA LO: 1.2

1-187. Based on information in the textbook, what are some criticisms of the evolutionary perspectives?

Answer: 1) The evolutionary perspective pays insufficient attention to the environmental and social factors affecting people’s behavior. 2) There is no good way to experimentally test theories derived from the evolutionary approach because the developments and events in question happened so long ago.

Page: 23

Level: 2-Medium

Skill: Understand the Concepts

Module 1.2: Theoretical Perspectives on Lifespan Development

Learning Objective: L07

APA LO: 1.2

1-188. Briefly list and describe the three major steps of the scientific method.

Answer: 1) identifying questions of interest; 2) formulating an explanation; and 3) carrying out research that either lends support to the explanation or refutes it

Page: 25

Level: 2-Medium

Skill: Remember the Facts

Module 1.3 Research Methods

Learning Objective: L09

APA LO: 2.1

1-189. Briefly describe some of the hallmarks that distinguish a field study.

Answer: 1) A field study is research carried out in a naturally occurring setting. 2) Field studies capture behavior in real- life settings; participants may behave more naturally than they would if they were brought into a laboratory. 3) Field studies may be used in both correlational studies and experiments. 4) It is often difficult to run an experiment in real-world settings where it is hard to exert control over the situation and environment. 5) Field studies are more typical of correlational designs than of experimental designs.

Pages: 30-31

Level: 3-Difficult

Skill: Understand the Concepts

Module 1.3 Research Methods

Learning Objective: L010

APA LO: 2.1

1-190. Briefly describe some drawbacks of utilizing longitudinal research studies.

Answer: 1) Longitudinal research requires a tremendous investment of time as researchers wait for participants to grow older. 2) Participants drop out over the course of the research because they may move away, become ill, or die as the research proceeds. 3) Participants may become “test wise” and perform better each time they are assessed as they become more familiar with the procedure. 4) Experimental participants may be affected by the repeated presence of an experimenter or observer.

Page: 32

Level: 3-Difficult

Skill: Understand the Concepts

Module 1.3 Research Methods

Learning Objective: L011

APA LO: 2.1

TRUE/FALSE

1-191. Specialists in lifespan development share one concern: understanding the growth, change, and stability that occur during the course of life.

Answer: True

Page: 5

Level: 1-Easy

Skill: Remember the Facts

Module 1.1 Beginnings

Learning Objective: Introduction

APA LO: 1.1

1-192. Developmentalists study how both our biological inheritance and the environment in which we live jointly affect our behavior.

Answer: True

Page: 4

Level: 1-Easy

Skill: Remember the Facts

Module 1.1 Beginnings

Learning Objective: L01

APA LO: 1.1

1-193. Nearly all developmental specialists acknowledge that neither heredity nor environment alone can account for the full range of human development and change.

Answer: True

Page: 4

Level: 1-Easy

Skill: Remember the Facts

Module 1.1 Beginnings

Learning Objective: L01

APA LO: 1.2

1-194. Lifespan development is the field of study that examines patterns of growth, change, and stability in behavior that occurs throughout the entire life span.

Answer: True

Page: 5

Level: 1-Easy

Skill: Remember the Facts

Module 1.1 Beginnings

Learning Objective: L01

APA LO: 1.1

1-195. Lifespan developmentalists believe that people continue to grow and change in every aspect of their lives up to the end of their lives.

Answer: False

Page: 5

Level: 2-Medium

Skill: Understand the Concepts

Module 1.1 Beginnings

Learning Objective: L01

APA LO: 1.1

1-196. The age ranges within a period—and even the periods themselves—are steadfast and unchanging.

Answer: False

Page: 6

Level: 2-Medium

Skill: Remember the Facts

Module 1.1 Beginnings

Learning Objective: L01

APA LO: 1.2

1-197. All age ranges have clear-cut boundaries.

Answer: False

Page: 7

Level: 1-Easy

Skill: Remember the Facts

Module 1.1 Beginnings

Learning Objective: L01

APA LO: 1.2

1-198. All people reach their developmental milestones at the exact same time.

Answer: False

Page: 7

Level: 1-Easy

Skill: Remember the Facts

Module 1.1 Beginnings

Learning Objective: L01

APA LO: 1.2

1-199. Different cultures and subcultures have their own views of appropriate and inappropriate childrearing just as they have different developmental goals for their children.

Answer: True

Page: 7

Level: 1-Easy

Skill: Remember the Facts

Module 1.1 Beginnings

Learning Objective: L01

APA LO: 1.2

1-200. The terms “race” and “ethnic group” are interchangeable.

Answer: False

Page: 7

Level: 1-Easy

Skill: Remember the Facts

Module 1.1 Beginnings

Learning Objective: L01

APA LO: 1.2

1-201. In the years ahead, it is likely that lifespan development will move from a discipline primarily focused on North America and Europe to one that encompasses development around the globe.

Answer: True

Page: 7

Level: 1-Easy

Skill: Remember the Facts

Module 1.1 Beginnings

Learning Objective: L01

APA LO: 1.2

1-202. Developmentalists reject the notion that behavior is the sole result of either nature or nurture.

Answer: True

Page: 11

Level: 1-Easy

Skill: Remember the Facts

Module 1.1 Beginnings

Learning Objective: L03

APA LO: 1.2

1-203. Intelligence is solely determined by inherited, genetic factors.

Answer: False

Page: 11

Level: 3-Difficult

Skill: Remember the Facts

Module 1.1 Beginnings

Learning Objective: L03

APA LO: 1.2

1-204. Erikson believed that each of the eight stages of psychosocial development must be addressed in order to move on to the next stage.

Answer: True

Pages: 13-14

Level: 2-Medium

Skill: Remember the Facts

Module 1.2 Theoretical Perspectives on Lifespan Development

Learning Objective: L06

APA LO: 1.1

1-205. Freud and Erikson agreed that development is relatively complete by adolescence.

Answer: False

Page: 14

Level: 2-Medium

Skill: Remember the Facts

Module 1.2 Theoretical Perspectives on Lifespan Development

Learning Objective: L06

APA LO: 1.2

1-206. Classical conditioning is the only type of learning derived from the behavioral perspective.

Answer: False

Pages: 15-16

Level: 1-Easy

Skill: Remember the Facts

Module 1.2 Theoretical Perspectives on Lifespan Development

Learning Objective: L06

APA LO: 1.1

1-207. By and large, based upon thousands of investigations, Piaget’s broad view of the sequence of cognitive development is accurate.

Answer: True

Page: 17

Level: 1-Easy

Skill: Remember the Facts

Module 1.2 Theoretical Perspectives on Lifespan Development

Learning Objective: L06

APA LO: 1.2

1-208. Using information-processing terminology, neo- Piagetian theory suggests that cognitive development proceeds at the same rate for all areas; for example, it proceeds at the same rate for both reading ability and abstract computational abilities.

Answer: False

Page: 18

Level: 2-Medium

Skill: Remember the Facts

Module 1.2 Theoretical Perspectives on Lifespan Development

Learning Objective: L06

APA LO: 1.2

1-209. The humanistic perspective has had a major impact upon the field of lifespan development.

Answer: False

Page: 20

Level: 2-Medium

Skill: Remember the Facts

Module 1.2 Theoretical Perspectives on Lifespan Development

Learning Objective: L07

APA LO: 1.2

1-210. In Bronfenbrenner’s first of his five levels of bioecological approach, the child has an active role in shaping his/her environment.

Answer: True

Page: 20

Level: 2-Medium

Skill: Remember the Facts

Module 1.2 Theoretical Perspectives on Lifespan Development

Learning Objective: L07

APA LO: 1.2

1-211. Some evolutionary developmentalists suggest that behaviors such as shyness and jealousy are produced in part by genetic causes because they helped increase the survival rates of humans’ ancient relatives.

Answer: True

Page: 23

Level: 2-Medium

Skill: Remember the Facts

Module 1.2 Theoretical Perspectives on Lifespan Development

Learning Objective: L07

APA LO: 1.2

1-212. All claims and theories derived from the various perspectives are accurate.

Answer: False

Page: 24

Level: 2-Medium

Skill: Remember the Facts

Module 1.2 Theoretical Perspectives on Lifespan Development

Learning Objective: L08

APA LO: 1.2

1-213. A correlational study can conclude that the viewing of television aggression causes more aggressive behavior in children.

Answer: False

Page: 26

Level: 2-Medium

Skill: Remember the Facts

Module 1.3 Research Methods

Learning Objective: L010

APA LO: 2.1

1-214. In an experiment, one group, the treatment or experimental group, is exposed to the treatment variable being studied; the other, the control group, is not.

Answer: True

Page: 29

Level: 1-Easy

Skill: Remember the Facts

Module 1.2 Theoretical Perspectives on Lifespan Development

Learning Objective: L011

APA LO: 2.1

#Test Bank Dental Radiography Principals and Techniques 5th Edition

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Text

Test Bank Deviant Behavior 10th Edition

For Order This And Any Other Test

Banks And Solutions Manuals, Course,

Assignments, Discussions, Quizzes, Exams,

CHAPTER ONE INTRODUCTION: What Is Deviance?

True-False Questions

1) Sergio Cicero Zapata, a former top executive at Wal-Mart de Mexico, revealed that bribes were paid to local government officials to obtain permits and favorable contracts to open stores in Mexico; only the most superficial investigation was conducted and the matter was shelved.

(True, p. 2)

2) Almost everyone abides by all the rules all the time.

(False, p. 4).

3) Nearly all people today believe in the axiom, “live and let live”; they do not make evaluations of others on the basis of their behavior.

(False, p. 4)

4) One of the four necessary ingredients for deviance to take place is an audience, someone who judges the normative violation to be wrong.

(True, p. 4)

5) Religious views are off-limits for the sociologist of deviance. (False, p. 5)

6) One necessary component of what’s deviant is the existence of a rule or a norm. (True, p. 5).

7) One necessary component of what’s deviant is the violation of a rule or a norm. (True, p. 5)

8) Deviance is a trans-historical, cross-cultural concept that applies everywhere and throughout history.

(True, p. 5)

9) “Societal” deviance is made up of those actions, beliefs, or traits that are widely recognized in advance and in general to be objectionable and worthy of condemnation. (True, p. 6)

10) Sociologists of deviance only study serious violations of moral codes, such as the Ten

Commandments. (False, p. 4).

11) The terms “deviance” and “deviant” are non-pejorative; they are descriptive terms that sociologists use to refer to what members of a society, or social circles in a society, think or how they react to behavior, beliefs, and traits they consider unacceptable.

(True, p. 5)

12) “Situational” deviance is a society-wide attribute which applies in all social circles in a given society.

(False, p. 6)

Test Bank for Goode, Deviant Behavior, 10/e

13) Sociologists of deviance endorse the statement, “Everything is deviant.” (False, p. 6)

14) Sociologically, racial and ethnic characteristics can be regarded as a type of deviance.

(True, pp. 11, 13)

15) Sociologists of deviance study only motivated behavior; involuntarily-acquired undesirable conditions, such as blindness and dwarfism cannot be regarded as deviance because they are not the person’s fault.

(False, p. 10)

16) Among the members of a majority of biology departments around the country, believing in biblical creationism is regarded as deviant.

(True, p. 9)

17) Beliefs are deviant to the extent that they are objectively and empirically wrong.

(False, p.9)

18) In the United States, the majority of the population regards atheism as deviant. (True, p. 9)

19) Some deviant beliefs are factually correct. (True, p. 9)

20) Since most physical conditions are not the possessor’s fault, it is sociologically unacceptable to refer to them as deviant.

(False, p. 10)

Chapter 1 Introduction: What is Deviance?

Multiple Choice Questions

1) Sociologically, deviance: (a) only refers to behavior

(b) only refers to blemishes of individual character

(d) only refers to physical traits or characteristics

*(e) none of the above; deviance can refer to all of the above

(pp. 5-9)

2) According to the typology spelled out in Erving Goffman’s book Stigma--and according to most sociologists of deviance as well--in contemporary America, blemishes of individual character include:

*(a) alcoholism

(b) physical deformities

(d) being Jewish

(e) none of the above

(pp. 11, 16)

3) Most sociologists of deviance argue that:

(a) Since it is unfair to label someone with a physical handicap as a deviant, having a physical handicap is not regarded as deviant.

(b) Since lying and committing adultery are extremely common, lying and committing adultery are not regarded as forms of deviance.

(c) Since nearly everything is considered deviant to someone, we are all deviants. (d) Since everything can be deviant, deviance is a meaningless concept

*(e) none of the above

(pp. 6, 8-9)

4) Why are courses that are called “Deviant Behavior” slightly misnamed? (a) They aren’t about deviant behavior at all.

(b) They aren’t about behavior at all. (c) They aren’t about deviance at all.

*(d) The concept, “social deviance,” refers not only to behavior that is designated as deviant, but also beliefs and traits that are regarded as deviant as well.

(e) none of the above

(p. 7)

Test Bank for Goode, Deviant Behavior, 10/e

5) Which of the following is not a “necessary ingredient” that defines deviance? (a) the existence of a rule or a norm

(b) someone who violates--or who is thought to violate--a norm

(d) a certain likelihood that one or more audiences will react negatively to a perceived normative violation

*(e) none of the above; all are necessary ingredients that define what’s deviant

(p. 4)

6) To the sociologist of deviance, when considering whether something is deviant or not, the most relevant question is:

(a) How does God feel about it?

(b) Does it violate human nature?

*(c) How do relevant audiences feel about it and react to it?

(d) How uncommon or statistically infrequent is it?

(e) none of the above is a sociologically relevant question

(p. 10)

7) Most of the forms of deviance discussed in courses and textbooks on deviance are:

*(a) behavioral

(b) abominations of the body

(d) unconventional beliefs

(e) tribal stigma of race, nation, and religion

(p. 7)

8) Cognitive deviance includes:

*(a) holding unpopular, unconventional, unorthodox, or despised religious beliefs

(b) organizational deviance

(d) alcoholism, addiction, and homosexuality

(e) none of the above

(p. 8)

9) Sociologically:

(a) Achieved statuses can be the basis for judgments of deviance; ascribed statuses cannot.

(b) Ascribed statuses can be the basis for judgments of deviance; achieved statuses cannot.

*(c) Both achieved and ascribed statuses can be the basis for judgments of deviance

(d) Neither achieved nor ascribed statuses can be the basis for judgments of deviance.

(e) none of the above

(p. 10)

Chapter 1 Introduction: What is Deviance?

10) In defining what’s deviant, sociologists reject the concept of:

*(a) absolutism

(b) relativism

(d) empirical reality

(e) none of the above

(pp. 11, 17)

11) The form of deviance that Goffman does not include in his typology is stigma of: (a) race, religion, and nation

(b) abominations of the body

*(d) organizational deviance

(e) none of the above; all are included in Goffman’s typology

(p. 8)

12) To the constructionist, deviance exists because:

(a) Certain behavior is immoral everywhere and for all time. (b) Some behavior violates God’s law.

(d) It is caused by certain forces that can be explained.

*(e) none of the above

(p. 14)

13) The perspective that asks the question, “Why do some people engage in deviance?” is:

*(a) positivism

(b) social constructionism

(d) defining deviancy down

(e) the study of cultural representations

(p. 13)

14) Excluded from Goffman’s concept of “blemishes of individual character” is: (a) unemployment

(b) alcoholism

(d) mental disorder

*(e) physical incapacitation

(p. 8)

Test Bank for Goode, Deviant Behavior, 10/e

15) According to Adler and Adler’s “ABCs” of deviance:

(a) Behavior can be the basis for judgments of deviance, but physical traits cannot.

(b) Physical traits can be the basis for judgments of deviance, but behavior cannot.

*(c) Both behavior and physical traits can be the basis for judgments of deviance. (d) Neither behavior not physical traits can be the basis for judgments of

deviance.

(e) none of the above

(p. 7)

16) The principle of relativity--one of the foundation-stones of the concept of deviance--applies: (a) across societies, but not through time

(b) through time, but not across societies

*(c) both across societies and through time

(d) neither across societies nor through time (e) none of the above

(pp. 11-12)

17) Over time, deviance has been defined: (a) down, but not up

(b) up, but not down

*(c) both up and down

(d) neither up nor down (e) none of the above

(p. 12)

18) Sociologically, deviance takes place or exists:

*(a) everywhere and anywhere people engage in behavior, hold and express beliefs, and possess traits that others regard as unacceptable or reprehensible

(b) only among the marginal, disreputable segments of the society

(c) only in the boardroom of large corporations and the headquarters of the military, that is, only among the most powerful segments of the society

(d) only in the private, secret corners of the society

(e) none of the above

(p. 5)

19) According to the author:

(a) Only societal deviance is sociologically relevant; situational deviance is irrelevant.

(b) Only situational deviance is sociologically relevant; societal deviance is irrelevant.

*(c) Both societal and situational deviance are sociologically relevant.

(d) Neither societal nor situational deviance are sociologically relevant. (e) none of the above

(pp. 6-7)

Chapter 1 Introduction: What is Deviance?

20) One lesson we learn from the account, “What Is Sexual Harassment? Is It Deviant?,” is that:

(a) Any action that generates positive reactions in some audiences cannot be

regarded as deviant.

(b) Enactors of deviant behavior are “versatile”; if they engage in deviance in one area of life, they are almost certainly going to do so in most other areas as well.

*(c) Actions that were common in the past have become uncommon today but they still happen.

(d) Deviant and criminal behavior enacted during one’s early years continue throughout one’s lifetime.

(e) none of the above

(pp. 19-21)

Essay Questions

1) What are the “ABCs” of deviance? Why are all three regarded as types of deviance? How can sociologists refer to traits or characteristics that are “not the person’s fault” as instances of deviance? Is this fair? Is it sociologically meaningful? What about belonging to a particular racial, national, or ethnic category--can this be regarded as a form of deviance? Why or why not?

2) Does the principle of relativity mean that the sociologists cannot make moral judgments at all? Why or why not?

3) Cite some instances of the relativity of deviance according to variations from one society to another, through time, and in one situational context versus another. Do you believe that certain actions are “really, really” deviant in spite of the fact that have been accepted, tolerated, even in encouraged in some places, times, and contexts? Is the sociology of deviance immoral in its acceptance of moral and ethical relativity?

4) What’s the difference between “societal” and “situational” deviance? Why is this distinction important? Discuss some cases that exemplify “societal” but not “situational” deviance and vice versa?

5) Spell out a sociology of deviance that is based on essentialism. Do the same for constructionism. Definitions are neither right nor wrong, only more or less useful in helping us understand the world. Which of these two perspectives do you believe tells us more about how the world works? Which is a more powerful vision of social reality?

#Test Bank Deviant Behavior 10th Edition

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edwardsherwood-blog · 6 years

Text

Test Bank Deviance Conformity and Social Control in Canada 4th Edition

For Order This And Any Other Test

Banks And Solutions Manuals, Course,

Assignments, Discussions, Quizzes, Exams,

1) According to some deviance specialists, recent definitions of deviance have largely come to accept the notion of an observable characteristic that all “deviants” share.

a. True

b. False

Answer: b

Diff: moderate

Type: TF

Page Reference: 4

Skill: C

2) Defining deviance on the basis of statistical rarity is more common in everyday conversation than in scientific research.

a. True

b. False

Answer: a

Diff: moderate

Type: TF

Page Reference: 5

Skill: F

3) The fact that left-handedness is considered acceptable in Canadian society suggests that there are limitations to defining deviance on the basis of statistical rarity.

a. True

b. False

Answer: a

Diff: moderate

Type: TF

Page Reference: 6

Skill: A

4) According to the definition of deviance that emphasizes harm, something is “deviant” only if it harms someone else rather than oneself.

a. True

b. False

Answer: b

Diff: easy

Type: TF

Page Reference: 6

Skill: C

5) One of the limitations of using harm as the defining characteristic of deviance is that perceptions of harm change over time.

a. True

b. False

Answer: a

Diff: easy

Type: TF

Page Reference: 7-9

Skill: C

6) In the early 20th century, social activist Emily Murphy claimed that marijuana use caused extreme violence, insanity, and death. When we evaluate her claims today, we can see one of the limitations of defining deviance on the basis of negative societal reaction.

a. True

b. False

Answer: b

Diff: challenging

Type: TF

Page Reference: 9

Skill: A

7) A century ago, doctors claimed that masturbation caused acne, hairy palms, and insanity. When we consider these claims today, we can see one of the limitations of defining deviance on the basis of harm.

a. True

b. False

Answer: a

Diff: challenging

Type: TF

Page Reference: 8

Skill: A

8) Because most Canadians disapprove of heroin use, we can say that heroin use is “deviant”, according to the definition of deviance that emphasizes negative societal reaction.

a. True

b. False

Answer: a

Diff: moderate

Type: TF

Page Reference: 10-11

Skill: A

9) Under leader Stephen Harper, the Conservative Party of Canada held free votes in Parliament (as a proxy for societal reaction) on the two “hot-button” issues of the day—same sex marriage and the decriminalization of marijuana.

a. True

b. False

Answer: b

Diff: moderate

Type: TF

Page Reference: 11

Skill: F

10) One of the limitations of defining deviance on the basis of a negative societal reaction is that there are usually varying reactions to the same act, wherein different groups of people in society have different opinions on the same issue.

a. True

b. False

Answer: a

Diff: easy

Type: TF

Page Reference: 11-12

Skill: C

11) A question that some people raise about defining deviance on the basis of societal reaction is whether some people’s reactions (e.g. the Prime Minister’s) count more than other people’s reactions (e.g. a homeless person’s).

a. True

b. False

Answer: a

Diff: easy

Type: TF

Page Reference: 11

Skill: C

12) Criminal laws, which define the social norms and subsequent behaviours that are deemed deviant, are born from consensus.

a. True

b. False

Answer: b

Diff: moderate

Type: TF

Page Reference: 14-15

Skill: C

13) According to subjective definitions of deviance, the presence of specific observable characteristics tells us whether someone is deviant.

a. True

b. False

Answer: b

Diff: easy

Type: TF

Page Reference: 16-17

Skill: C

14) Many contemporary definitions of deviance combine both objective and subjective elements.

a. True

b. False

Answer: a

Diff: easy

Type: TF

Page Reference: 21

Skill: F

15) Deviance specialists who focus on the more subjective aspects of deviance analyze the perceptions of and reactions to deviant acts, rather than the deviant acts themselves.

a. True

b. False

Answer: a

Diff: moderate

Type: TF

Page Reference: 23

Skill: C

16) The “deviance dance” is of particular interest to deviance specialists who lean toward the subjective end of the objective-subjective continuum.

a. True

b. False

Answer: a

Diff: easy

Type: TF

Page Reference: 23

Skill: C

17) According to the textbook author, the greatest degree of understanding of deviance comes from combining both more objective and more subjective approaches.

a. True

b. False

Answer: a

Diff: easy

Type: TF

Page Reference: 24

Skill: F

18) In the 19th century women’s groups attempted to reduce alcohol consumption,

claiming it to be the “demon liquor”. From the perspective of deviance specialists, these women were an example of moral entrepreneurs.

a. True

b. False

Answer: a

Diff: moderate

Type: TF

Page Reference: 25

Skill: A

19) The alcohol industry itself has the power to influence government alcohol policies.

a. True

b. False

Answer: a

Diff: easy

Type: TF

Page Reference: 27

Skill: F

20) Definitions of deviance include people that individuals do not like, as well as characteristics that society has defined as 'wrong'.

a. True

b. False

Answer: b

Diff: easy

Type: TF

Page Reference: 3

Skill: C

21) The idea of 'relativism' when looking at norms in society is more common in modern objectivist deviance research then it is in the earlier absolute objectivist research.

a. True

b. False

Answer: a

Diff: Challenging

Type: TF

Page Reference: 12

Skill: C

22) When looking at deviance from a social constructionist point of view, we are most interested why someone becomes deviant.

a. True

b. False

Answer: b

Diff: easy

Type: TF

Page Reference: 30

Skill: C

23) Dressing in a suit when going to a job interview would be an example of retroactive social control.

a. True

b. False

Answer: b

Diff: Moderate

Type: TF

Page Reference: 28

Skill: A

24) The “subjective” approach to the study of deviance has also been labelled

a. the absolutist approach.

b. the relativist perspective.

c. the normative perspective.

d. the deterministic approach.

e. the pseudo-scientific approach.

Answer: b

Diff: moderate

Type: MC

Page Reference: 18

Skill: C

25) According to some deviance specialists, how have academic definitions of deviance changed in recent years?

a. there has been a shift from objective to subjective definitions

b. there has been a shift from subjective to objective definitions

c. there has been a shift from emphasizing “personal pet peeves” to emphasizing “social deviance”

d. there has been a shift from the “problem of definition” to a broader consensus about the definition of deviance

e. there has been a shift from plural definitions of deviance to the singular definition that can be found in the dictionary

Answer: a

Diff: moderate

Type: MC

Page Reference: 4

Skill: C

26) The / dichotomy has traditionally served as the foundation for discussing definitions of deviance.

a. objective/subjective

b. singular/pluralistic

c. dissensus/consensus

d. social typing/constructionist

e. statistical/normative

Answer: a

Diff: easy

Type: MC

Page Reference: 4

Skill: C

27) Which of the following groups of people would be considered “deviant”, based on the concept of statistical rarity?

a. Canadians who smoke

b. high school students who participate in “heavy petting”

c. adolescent consumers of alcohol who have engaged in binge drinking

d. adolescents who abstain from marijuana use

e. Canadians who smoke and high school students who participate in “heavy petting” would both be considered “deviant”, based on the concept of statistical rarity

Answer: a

Diff: challenging

Type: MC

Page Reference: 5-6

Skill: C/F

28) Josh is a boy in Grade 11 who has never participated in “heavy petting”. According to which definition of deviance would Josh be considered “deviant”?

a. physical harm

b. societal reaction

c. statistical rarity

d. normative violation

e. ontological harm

Answer: c

Diff: challenging

Type: MC

Page Reference: 6

Skill: A/F

29) Which of the following examples reflects the limitations of using statistical rarity as the defining characteristic of deviance?

a. Wayne Gretzky is not considered “deviant” in Canadian society

b. left-handed people are not considered “deviant” in Canadian society

c. “heavy petting” among teenagers is socially controlled in Canadian society

d. people who are physically active are not considered “deviant” in Canadian society

e. the limitations of using statistical rarity as the defining characteristic of deviance are reflected by all of the above statements

Answer: e

Diff: challenging

Type: MC

Page Reference: 6

Skill: A

30) What are the limitations of definitions of deviance that emphasize statistical rarity?

a. some statistically common characteristics are considered “deviant” in society

b. some statistically rare characteristics are considered “normal” in society

c. there is too much consensus and too little debate about the precise meaning of “rare”

d. the law (i.e. as seen in the Criminal Code) reflects power and vested interests rather than normative consensus

e. some common characteristics are considered “deviant”, and some rare characteristics are considered “normal” in society

Answer: e

Diff: moderate

Type: MC

Page Reference: 6

Skill: C

31) Which of the following behaviours or characteristics would be considered “deviant”, based on the concept of harm?

a. smoking

b. alcoholism

c. criminal behaviour

d. emotional abuse

e. smoking, alcoholism, criminal behaviour, and emotional abuse would all be considered “deviant,” based on the concept of harm

Answer: e

Diff: easy

Type: MC

Page Reference: 6-7

Skill: A

32) Which of the following behaviours, characteristics, or people was considered “deviant” at some point in history, based on the concept of harm?

a. Joan of Arc

b. masturbation

c. marijuana use

d. early 20th century feminists

e. Joan of Arc, masturbation, marijuana use, and early 20th century feminists were all considered “deviant” at some point in history, based on the concept of harm

Answer: e

Diff: moderate

Type: MC

Page Reference: 7-10

Skill: C

33) What was the primary reason given for the criminalization of marijuana possession in the 1920s?

a. normative violation

b. statistical rarity

c. negative societal reaction

d. harm

e. harm and statistical rarity

Answer: d

Diff: moderate

Type: MC

Page Reference: 9

Skill: C

34) What are the limitations of defining deviance on the basis of harm?

a. perceptions of harm can be subjective

b. perceptions of harm rarely change over time

c. behavioural expectations are frequently characterized by power and vested interests

d. typical behaviours are sometimes perceived as “deviant” in society

e. the reactions of some groups of people in society often carry more weight than do the reactions of other groups

Answer: a

Diff: moderate

Type: MC

Page Reference: 7-10

Skill: C

35) When considering the role of the nun’s habit in contemporary religious orders, we see an example of

a. debates over harm.

b. statistical rarity as a definition of deviance.

c. normative violation as a definition of deviance.

d. absolutism.

e. debates over societal reaction.

Answer: a

Diff: moderate

Type: MC

Page Reference: 9

Skill: A

36) Imagine the following hypothetical news headline: “More than 70% of Canadians dislike people who drink cheap beer.” Based on this report, we can say that drinking cheap beer is “deviant”, according to the definition of deviance that emphasizes

a. normative violation.

b. negative societal reaction.

c. statistical rarity.

d. the “social contract hypothesis”.

e. social harm.

Answer: b

Diff: moderate

Type: MC

Page Reference: 10-11

Skill: A

37) Research has consistently found that “a strong majority” of Canadians approve of the decriminalization of marijuana, yet marijuana possession remains illegal. This fact points to the limitations of defining deviance on the basis of

a. normative violation.

b. statistical rarity.

c. social harm.

d. negative societal reaction.

e. the “social contract hypothesis”.

Answer: d

Diff: challenging

Type: MC

Page Reference: 11

Skill: A

38) Under Prime Minister Stephen Harper, on which of the following issues was a free vote held within Parliament, as a proxy for societal reaction?

a. toughening the Youth Criminal Justice Act

b. decriminalization of marijuana

c. same-sex marriage

d. abortion

e. free votes were held on both same-sex marriage and the decriminalization of marijuana

Answer: c

Diff: moderate

Type: MC

Page Reference: 11

Skill: F

39) What do deviance specialists who follow the objective side of the objective/subjective dichotomy believe is the defining characteristic of deviance?

a. normative violation

b. negative societal reaction

c. harm

d. statistical rarity

e. each of the above characteristics is considered to be the defining characteristic of deviance by particular groups of objectivists

Answer: e

Diff: easy

Type: MC

Page Reference: 5

Skill: F

40) What view of normative violation is held by more recent objectivists?

a. the “soft” or “contextual” view

b. the “constructionist” view

c. the view that emphasizes universal laws based on the word of God

d. the view that emphasizes the culturally- and historically-specific nature of norms

e. the view that emphasizes universal norms based on the laws of nature

Answer: d

Diff: moderate

Type: MC

Page Reference: 12-13

Skill: F

41) Which of the following statements supports the “absolutist” view of normative violation?

a. premarital sex is “deviant” in Saudi Arabia, but “normal” in Canada

b. all cultures prohibit incest between parent and child, therefore incest is “deviant”

c. taking a human life is “deviant”, unless it is in self-defense

d. smoking marijuana was more “deviant” in the 1920s than it is today

e. same-sex marriage is legal throughout Canada, but not throughout the United States

Answer: b

Diff: challenging

Type: MC

Page Reference: 12

Skill: A

42) If you violate a folkway, other people will probably think you are

a. immoral

b. evil

c. criminal

d. odd

e. immoral or evil

Answer: d

Diff: easy

Type: MC

Page Reference: 13

Skill: C

43) Proponents of which view of law would point out that middle class youth are less likely to be penalized for the same crimes than are youth of the lower class?

a. contractual

b. normative

c. consensual

d. conflict

e. non-egalitarian

Answer: d

Diff: moderate

Type: MC

Page Reference: 15

Skill: A

44) The view of law claims that society’s powerful define the criminal law on behalf of interest groups in society.

a. interactionist

b. conflict

c. normative

d. consensual

e. social power

Answer: a

Diff: moderate

Type: MC

Page Reference: 15

Skill: C

45) Which view of law claims that criminal laws are created by the powerful to serve their own interests?

a. consensual

b. interactionist

c. power reflexive

d. postmodern

e. social power

Answer: e

Diff: moderate

Type: MC

Page Reference: 15

Skill: C

46) According to subjective definitions of deviance, serve as the foundation for determining who/what is “deviant”.

a. high-consensus norms

b. low-consensus norms

c. dominant moral codes

d. social contracts

e. criminal laws

Answer: c

Diff: moderate

Type: MC

Page Reference: 17

Skill: C

47) Which of the following approaches to social constructionism claims that “there is no essential reality to the social world at all”?

a. radical

b. soft

c. contextual

d. fundamentalist

e. ontological

Answer: a

Diff: easy

Type: MC

Page Reference: 18

Skill: C

48) The principle of equality, which is a fundamental Canadian value, influences the social construction of deviance at which of the following levels?

a. interactionist level

b. institutional level

c. ethical level

d. sociocultural level

e. individual level

Answer: d

Diff: moderate

Type: MC

Page Reference: 19

Skill: A

49) Which of the following concepts is located at the extreme “objective” end of the objective-subjective continuum?

a. concept of contextual constructionism

b. concept of an absolute moral order

c. concept of low-consensus deviance

d. concept of radical constructionism

e. concept of social power

Answer: b

Diff: moderate

Type: MC

Page Reference: 21-22

Skill: C

50) What topics are more likely to be studied by researchers who lean toward the “objective” end of the objective-subjective continuum?

a. changing perceptions of masturbation

b. low-consensus forms of deviance

c. debates over how to best control the potential dangers associated with raves

d. the family backgrounds of illegal drug users

e. the role of power in determining which drugs are considered “illegal” in a particular society at a given point in time

Answer: d

Diff: challenging

Type: MC

Page Reference: 22

Skill: A

51) Why does the textbook author suggest that contemporary analyses of deviance transcend the notion of an objective/subjective dichotomy?

a. many contemporary definitions of deviance combine both objective and subjective elements

b. over time, “objective” researchers have begun integrating more subjectivism into their analyses

c. over time, “subjective” researchers have begun integrating more objectivism into their analyses

d. the processes by which something is socially constructed as “deviant” frequently includes references to objectivist notions (e.g. statistical rarity; social harm)

e. contemporary analyses of deviance transcend the notion of an objective/subjective dichotomy for all of the reasons listed above

Answer: e

Diff: challenging

Type: MC

Page Reference: 20-21

Skill: C

52) Which of the following groups of moral entrepreneurs has the most overt power in modern state systems?

a. religious institutions

b. scientists

c. commercial enterprise

d. politicians

e. educational institutions

Answer: d

Diff: easy

Type: MC

Page Reference: 26

Skill: F

53) In present day Canadian society there are moral entrepreneurs who exert influence and power in the development and enforcement of society’s moral codes. Which one seems to particularly influential, in that it acts as both a tool used by other moral entrepreneurs and as a moral entrepreneur itself?

a. educational institutions

b. religious institutions

c. scientists

d. media

e. commercial enterprise

Answer: d

Diff: moderate

Type: MC

Page Reference: 27

Skill: C

54) Which component of the social typing process involves placing an individual into a specific category because of an observed or presumed characteristic?

a. evaluation

b. stigmatization

c. description

d. prescription

e. discrimination

Answer: c

Diff: easy

Type: MC

Page Reference: 28

Skill: C

55) While riding the subway, you look at a fellow passenger and immediately think, “Skinhead”. Which part of the social typing process have you just engaged in?

a. evaluation

b. stigmatization

c. description

d. prescription

e. formal regulation

Answer: c

Diff: moderate

Type: MC

Page Reference: 28

Skill: A

56) Azra arrives at school with a new haircut. As she walks down the hall, she hears people laughing and making comments about her hair. What type of regulation or social control has occurred?

a. retroactive

b. formal

c. preventative

d. informal

e. retroactive and informal

Answer: e

Diff: challenging

Type: MC

Page Reference: 27-28

Skill: A

57) You see someone who is “obese” at the mall, and assume that she is unintelligent and is low in self-esteem, yet likely has a good sense of humour. Which step in the social typing process have you engaged in by making these assumptions?

a. evaluation

b. prescription

c. description

d. formal regulation

e. discrimination

Answer: a

Diff: moderate

Type: MC

Page Reference: 26

Skill: A

58) Galileo's claim that the sun did not go around the earth would be an example of which type of harm, according to the objectivist definition of deviance?

a. Physical Harm

b. Emotional Harm

c. Social Harm

d. Ideological Harm

e. Mental Harm

Answer: d

Diff: Moderate

Type: MC

Page Reference: 6

Skill: C, A

59) According to the ________ view, there are specific norms and values that are universal and inherently right / wrong.

a. Absolutist

b. Relativist

c. Subjectivist

d. Objectivist

e. Both A and D

Answer: e

Diff: Easy

Type: MC

Page Reference: 12

Skill: C

60) A sociologist studying the Canadian criminal code to demonstrate that longer sentences are given to people of lower class for the same crime would like hold a _______ view of the law.

a. Consensual

b. Social Power Perspective

c. Interactionist

d. Phenomenological

e. Relativist

Answer: b

Diff: Moderate - challenging

Type: MC

Page Reference: 13-14

Skill: A

61) If one was studying the social construction of deviance and was reviewing the social impact of the laws surrounding the age of consent for sex, they would be looking at which level of social construction?

a. Individual

b. Interactional

c. Institutional

d. Sociocultural

e. Macro

Answer: c

Diff: Challenging

Type: MC

Page Reference: 17

Skill: A

62) Picking someone last to join an athletic team because they are perceived as unathletic is an example of which part of the social typing process?

a. Description

b. Triangulation

c. Evaluation

d. Assumption

e. Prescription

Answer: e

Diff: moderate

Type: MC

Page Reference: 26

Skill: A

63) What is the function of a verbal insult in our daily lives?

a. To formally shame a deviant person.

b. To convey messages of approved attributes / behaviour to individuals

c. To sanction and reintegrate people toward normal behaviour

d. To unnecessarily belittle individuals

e. Both B and C

Answer: e

Diff: Moderate - challenging

Type: MC

Page Reference: 27

Skill: A

64) Discuss the concepts of high-consensus deviance and low-consensus deviance as

outlined by Thio. Describe a type of behaviour that would apply to each of these concepts.

Answer:

Diff: moderate

Type: ES

Page Reference: 14

Skill: C/A

65) Explain how the conception of norms has changed over time for more “objective” deviance specialists.

Answer:

Diff: easy

Type: ES

Page Reference: 12-13

Skill: C

66) Explain the multilevel process of social construction as it applies to development of deviant behaviours.

Answer:

Diff: moderate

Type: ES

Page Reference: 16-17

Skill: C/A

67) Describe what moral entrepreneurs are. Provide one historical and one contemporary example of moral entrepreneurs, clearly illustrating how these are examples of moral entrepreneurs.

Answer:

Diff: moderate

Type: ES

Page Reference: 22-25

Skill: C

68) Explain how the 1999 deaths of three Toronto youths at raves resulted in a deviance dance.

Answer:

Diff: challenging

Type: ES

Page Reference: 21

Skill: A/F

69) Apply the three components of the social typing process to someone who is a member of a white supremacist group.

Answer:

Diff: moderate

Type: ES

Page Reference: 26

Skill: A

70) Considering the issue of drug abuse, provide an example of each of the following forms of social control: (a) retroactive, formal control; (b) preventative, informal control; and (c) retroactive self-regulation.

Answer:

Diff: moderate

Type: ES

Page Reference: 26-28

Skill: C/A

71) Compare the 3 main 'views of the law' identified in your text when discussing norms. Choosing one, create a possible social issue that they would study and what their position might be on that issue.

Answer:

Diff: Moderate

Type: ES

Page Reference: 13-14

Skill: C, A

72) Identify an example of a deviant behaviour or characteristic that is now considered deviant but was once socially acceptable. Describe 2-3 possible social changes that may have contributed to this shift in normative definition.

Answer:

Diff: Challenging

Type: ES

Page Reference: 16

Skill: A

73) In the 1980's an advertising campaign "Just-Say No!" was created targeting youth in an attempt to discourage drug use. Discuss which of the moral entrepreneurs were likely involved in this campaign and what each one would have gained from the successful attempt to influence youth behaviour.

Answer:

Diff: Challenging

Type: ES

Page Reference: 22-23

Skill: C, A

74) List the five powerful groups that influence the creation of dominant moral codes in society. For each of those groups, explain how their power enables them to influence the social construction of deviance, and provide an example.

Answer:

Diff: challenging

Type: ES

Page Reference: 22-25

Skill: F/C/A

75) Explain what the objective-subjective dichotomy is, and describe the basic assumptions of each side of this dichotomy. How is the objective-subjective dichotomy different from the objective-subjective continuum, and why does the textbook author suggest that the latter may be a more accurate representation than the former?

Answer:

Diff: challenging

Type: ES

Page Reference: 4, 18-20

Skill: F/C

76) Describe the four different “objective” definitions of deviance, and give one example of each. For each of those definitions, list one limitation and provide one example of that limitation.

Answer:

Diff: moderate

Type: ES

Page Reference: 4-14

Skill: C/A

77) The text addresses four different “objective” definition of deviance, as well as one “subjective” definition. Select the ONE definition that you think best applies to why people who smoke are socially typed as deviant and made subject to social control in contemporary Canadian society. Be sure to provide that definition and explain why you think it is the best one in this particular instance.

Answer:

Diff: challenging

Type: ES

Page Reference: 4-14

Skill: C/A

78) Under leader Stephen Harper, the Conservative Party of Canada held free votes in Parliament (as a proxy for societal reaction) on one “hot-button” issue of the day (same-sex marriage), but not another (the decriminalization of marijuana). Using at least three concepts from Chapter 1, describe how someone from the more subjective end of the objective-subjective continuum might explain this discrepancy.

Answer:

Diff: challenging

Type: ES

Page Reference: 4,11, 15-20

Skill: C/A

79) Human Trafficking is arguably equal to modern day slavery and it has been identified as a modern reality. Using the objective context of 'harm', identify the ways that human trafficking causes harm to individuals and/or society and is therefore deviant (physical, emotional, social and ideological). Justify how your examples fit each type of harm you identify.

Answer:

Diff: Challenging

Type: ES

Page Reference: 6

Skill: A

#Test Bank Deviance Conformity and Social Control in Canada 4th Edition

0 notes

edwardsherwood-blog · 6 years

Text

Test Bank Development Through the Lifespan 6th Edition

For Order This And Any Other Test

Banks And Solutions Manuals, Course,

Assignments, Discussions, Quizzes, Exams,

Chapter 1

History, theory, and research strategies

Multiple Choice

1) Developmental science is a field of study devoted to

A) proving contemporary theories of development.

B) understanding abnormal development in children and adolescents.

C) understanding constancy and change throughout the lifespan.

D) identifying genetic contributions to disease and illness.

Answer: C

Page Ref: 5

Skill: Understand

Objective: 1.1

2) While great diversity characterizes the interests and concerns of developmental scientists, they share a single goal: to identify

A) genetic factors that contribute to longevity.

B) environmental factors that contribute to disease and illness.

C) those factors that lead to abnormal development in children and adolescents.

D) those factors that influence consistencies and transformations in people from conception to death.

Answer: D

Page Ref: 5

Skill: Understand

Objective: 1.1

3) Developmental science is __________ because it has grown through the combined efforts of people from many fields of study.

A) interdisciplinary

B) empirical

C) applied

D) theoretical

Answer: A

Page Ref: 5

Skill: Remember

Objective: 1.1

4) Theories are vital tools for developmental researchers because they

A) ensure proper use of research procedures.

B) illustrate the ultimate truth regarding human behavior.

C) provide organizing frameworks for our observations of people.

D) do not require scientific verification.

Answer: C

Page Ref: 5

Skill: Understand

Objective: 1.2

5) The continuous view of development holds that

A) infants and children have unique ways of thinking, feeling, and behaving.

B) infants and preschoolers respond to the world in much the same way as adults do.

C) infants and children respond to the world quite differently than adults do.

D) new ways of understanding and responding to the world emerge at specific times.

Answer: B

Page Ref: 6

Skill: Understand

Objective: 1.2

6) Within the __________ view of development, new ways of understanding and responding to the world emerge at specific times.

A) discontinuous

B) nature

C) continuous

D) nurture

Answer: A

Page Ref: 6

Skill: Remember

Objective: 1.2

7) Dr. Kostel believes that development takes place in stages. This belief is consistent with the __________ perspective.

A) nurture

B) continuous

C) discontinuous

D) nature

Answer: C

Page Ref: 6

Skill: Apply

Objective: 1.2

8) Kim is interested in comparing the language development of shy versus outgoing preschoolers. Kim is most likely interested in __________ that shape development.

A) genetic factors

B) the contexts

C) therapeutic techniques

D) historical factors

Answer: B

Page Ref: 7

Skill: Apply

Objective: 1.2

9) Tammy’s father is an exceptional gymnast. When Tammy was just a toddler, her father believed that Tammy already showed great promise as a gymnast. Tammy’s father probably believes that athletic ability is mostly determined by

A) nurture.

B) stages.

C) nature.

D) early experiences.

Answer: C

Page Ref: 7

Skill: Apply

Objective: 1.2

10) Although Justin spent his first 18 months in an orphanage, his adoptive mother believes that sensitive caregiving will help Justin overcome his early experiences. Justin’s mother emphasizes the role of __________ in development.

A) nurture

B) stages

C) stability

D) nature

Answer: A

Page Ref: 7

Skill: Apply

Objective: 1.2

11) Theorists who point to early experiences as establishing a lifelong pattern of behavior emphasize

A) stages.

B) discontinuity.

C) stability.

D) continuity.

Answer: C

Page Ref: 7

Skill: Remember

Objective: 1.2

12) Theorists who emphasize plasticity believe that

A) change in response to influential experiences is possible.

B) heredity, rather than the environment, influences behavior.

C) individuals who are high in anxiety as children will remain so at later ages.

D) early experiences establish a lifelong pattern of behavior.

Answer: A

Page Ref: 7

Skill: Understand

Objective: 1.2

13) The increase in the number of healthier, more active older adults suggests that human development is a

A) controversial area of research.

B) unidirectional system.

C) dynamic system.

D) biological, rather than environmental, science.

Answer: C

Page Ref: 8

Skill: Understand

Objective: 1.3

14) The lifespan perspective on human development assumes that development is

A) static and stable.

B) multidimensional and multidirectional.

C) continuous, rather than discontinuous.

D) largely the result of heredity.

Answer: B

Page Ref: 8

Skill: Understand

Objective: 1.3

15) According to the lifespan perspective, __________ is supreme in its impact on the life course.

A) the prenatal period

B) early childhood

C) adolescence

D) no single age period

Answer: D

Page Ref: 8

Skill: Understand

Objective: 1.3

16) Max, age 65, learned to play the piano at a local senior center. Max demonstrates that

A) aging is an eventual “shipwreck.”

B) learning follows a predictable timetable.

C) development is plastic at all ages.

D) musical talent peaks in late adulthood.

Answer: C

Page Ref: 9–10

Skill: Apply

Objective: 1.3

17) Although Betty grew up in a rundown neighborhood, had divorced parents, and rarely saw her father, she is a successful, happy, and healthy adult. Betty’s ability to adapt effectively in the face of threats to development is known as

A) assimilation.

B) resilience.

C) age-graded development.

D) multidimensional development.

Answer: B

Page Ref: 10 Box: BIOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENT: Resilience

Skill: Apply

Objective: 1.3

18) Research on resilience shows that

A) heredity is more powerful than the environment in protecting children from the negative effects of stressful life events.

B) the environment is more powerful than heredity in protecting children from the negative effects of stressful life events.

C) interventions must attend to both the person and the environment to strengthen a child’s capacity while also reducing hazardous experiences.

D) plasticity is limited to infancy and early childhood.

Answer: C

Page Ref: 11 Box: BIOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENT: Resilience

Skill: Understand

Objective: 1.3

19) Which of the following is an example of an age-graded influence?

A) Paul learned to play the violin at age 11.

B) Frank got his driver’s license at age 16.

C) Martina got married at age 34.

D) Jesse learned to use a computer at age 21.

Answer: B

Page Ref: 10

Skill: Apply

Objective: 1.3

20) History-graded influences explain why __________ tend to be alike in ways that set them apart from people born at other times.

A) cohorts

B) ancestors

C) siblings

D) descendants

Answer: A

Page Ref: 11

Skill: Remember

Objective: 1.3

21) The splurge of births from 1946 to 1964 yielded a unique generation that today comprises nearly _____ percent of the U.S. population.

A) 10

B) 20

C) 30

D) 40

Answer: C

Page Ref: 12 Box: CULTURAL INFLUENCES: The Baby Boomers Reshape the Life Course

Skill: Remember

Objective: 1.3

22) As a generation, baby boomers are

A) healthier, but less educated, than any previous midlife cohort.

B) more educated, but less wealthy, than any previous midlife cohort.

C) more self-focused, but less healthy, than any previous midlife cohort.

D) healthier, better educated, and financially better off than any previous midlife cohort.

Answer: D

Page Ref: 13 Box: CULTURAL INFLUENCES: The Baby Boomers Reshape the Life Course

Skill: Remember

Objective: 1.3

23) Nonnormative influences

A) are typical or average.

B) affect large numbers of people in a similar way.

C) do not follow a predictable timetable.

D) include age-graded and history-graded influences.

Answer: C

Page Ref: 12

Skill: Remember

Objective: 1.3

24) Charles Darwin’s theory of evolution emphasized __________ and __________.

A) the normative approach; survival of the fittest

B) noble savages; physical maturation

C) tabula rasa; natural selection

D) natural selection; survival of the fittest

Answer: D

Page Ref: 14

Skill: Understand

Objective: 1.4

25) G. Stanley Hall regarded development as a __________ process.

A) maturational

B) nonnormative

C) psychosocial

D) social learning

Answer: A

Page Ref: 14

Skill: Remember

Objective: 1.4

26) G. Stanley Hall and his student, Arnold Gesell,

A) discovered that prenatal growth is strikingly similar in many species.

B) launched the normative approach.

C) constructed the first standardized intelligence test.

D) were the forefathers of psychoanalytic theory.

Answer: B

Page Ref: 15

Skill: Remember

Objective: 1.4

27) Arnold Gessell

A) was among the first to make knowledge about child development meaningful to parents by writing child-rearing books.

B) is generally regarded as the founder of the child study movement.

C) concluded that the development of the human child follows the same general plan as the evolution of the human species.

D) constructed the first successful intelligence test.

Answer: A

Page Ref: 15

Skill: Remember

Objective: 1.4

28) Alfred Binet and Theodore Simon addressed practical educational concerns by

A) launching the normative approach.

B) constructing the first intelligence test.

C) writing the first parenting books.

D) conducting child observations and parent interviews.

Answer: B

Page Ref: 15

Skill: Remember

Objective: 1.4

29) Alfred Binet and Theodore Simon’s intelligence test was originally constructed to

A) measure individual differences in IQ.

B) document age-related improvements in children’s intellectual functioning.

C) identify children with learning problems who needed to be placed in special classes.

D) compare the scores of people who varied in gender, ethnicity, and birth order.

Answer: C

Page Ref: 15

Skill: Remember

Objective: 1.4

30) According to the __________ perspective, people move through a series of stages in which they confront conflicts between biological drives and social expectations.

A) normative

B) behaviorism

C) social learning

D) psychoanalytic

Answer: D

Page Ref: 15

Skill: Remember

Objective: 1.5

31) Sigmund Freud constructed his psychosexual theory

A) on the basis of his adult patients’ memories of painful childhood events.

B) by conducting studies of animal behavior.

C) on the basis of interviews with institutionalized children and adolescents.

D) by carefully observing his own children.

Answer: A

Page Ref: 15

Skill: Remember

Objective: 1.5

32) According to Sigmund Freud, the

A) ego develops through interactions with parents.

B) superego is the conscious, rational part of personality.

C) ego is the largest portion of the mind.

D) id is the source of basic biological needs and desires.

Answer: D

Page Ref: 15

Skill: Understand

Objective: 1.5

33) Freud’s psychosexual theory was eventually criticized because

A) it stressed the influence of the early parent–child relationship on development.

B) it overemphasized the influence of sexual feelings in development.

C) Freud had not directly studied adolescents or adults.

D) it ignored personality development.

Answer: B

Page Ref: 15

Skill: Understand

Objective: 1.5

34) In contrast to Sigmund Freud, Erik Erikson

A) viewed children as taking a more active role in their own development.

B) pointed out that normal development must be understood in relation to each culture’s life situation.

C) minimized the role of culture in individual development.

D) primarily focused on the importance of early life experiences.

Answer: B

Page Ref: 16

Skill: Understand

Objective: 1.5

35) One reason that the psychoanalytic perspective is no longer in the mainstream of child development is because

A) it tells us little about factors that contribute to personality development.

B) its theorists were so strongly committed to the clinical approach that they failed to consider other methods.

C) contemporary theorists have found that personality development does not take places in stages.

D) it fails to recognize the role of the early parent–child relationship in personality development.

Answer: B

Page Ref: 17

Skill: Understand

Objective: 1.5

36) Dr. Faulkner believes that directly observable events—stimuli and responses—are the appropriate focus of the study of development. Dr. Faulkner probably follows the __________ perspective of development.

A) psychosexual

B) psychosocial

C) behaviorism

D) cognitive-developmental

Answer: C

Page Ref: 17

Skill: Apply

Objective: 1.5

37) Ivan Pavlov discovered

A) observational learning.

B) classical conditioning.

C) the ego’s positive contributions to development.

D) the clinical method.

Answer: B

Page Ref: 17

Skill: Remember

Objective: 1.5

38) In a historic experiment with 11-month-old Albert, John Watson demonstrated that

A) children cannot be conditioned to fear a formerly neutral stimulus.

B) infants as young as a few months old will repeat a behavior to obtain a desirable reward.

C) children can be conditioned to fear a formerly neutral stimulus.

D) children have an innate, inborn fear of rats.

Answer: C

Page Ref: 17

Skill: Understand

Objective: 1.5

39) According to __________ theory, the frequency of a behavior can be increased by following it with a wide variety of reinforcers.

A) classical conditioning

B) observational learning

C) operant conditioning

D) psychoanalytic

Answer: C

Page Ref: 17

Skill: Remember

Objective: 1.5

40) According to B. F. Skinner, __________ will increase the frequency of a behavior and __________ will decrease the frequency of a behavior.

A) punishment; reinforcement

B) reinforcement; punishment

C) modeling; reinforcement

D) punishment; imitation

Answer: B

Page Ref: 17

Skill: Understand

Objective: 1.5

41) According to __________ theory, children learn primarily through modeling.

A) reinforcement

B) operant conditioning

C) social learning

D) classical conditioning

Answer: C

Page Ref: 18

Skill: Remember

Objective: 1.5

42) Today, Albert Bandura’s theory stresses the importance of

A) behavior modification.

B) punishment.

C) cognition.

D) reinforcement.

Answer: C

Page Ref: 18

Skill: Understand

Objective: 1.5

43) According to Bandura’s revised social-cognitive theory, as children grow older they

A) become more selective in what they imitate.

B) become less selective in what they imitate.

C) imitate more than they model.

D) respond more favorably to punishment than reinforcement.

Answer: A

Page Ref: 18

Skill: Understand

Objective: 1.5

44) Behavior modification eliminates undesirable behaviors by

A) exposing children to group therapy.

B) having patients talk freely about painful childhood events.

C) improving children’s social settings, such as school and home.

D) combining conditioning and modeling.

Answer: D

Page Ref: 18

Skill: Understand

Objective: 1.5

45) Many theorists believe that behaviorism and social learning theory

A) overemphasize the plasticity of cognitive development.

B) overestimate people’s contributions to their own development.

C) offer too narrow a view of important environmental influences.

D) overemphasize each individual’s unique life history.

Answer: C

Page Ref: 18

Skill: Understand

Objective: 1.5

46) According to Jean Piaget’s cognitive-developmental theory,

A) children actively construct knowledge as they manipulate and explore their world.

B) children’s learning depends on reinforcers, such as rewards from adults.

C) adult teaching is the best way to foster development.

D) rapid development occurs during sensitive periods.

Answer: A

Page Ref: 18

Skill: Understand

Objective: 1.5

47) Piaget’s view of development was greatly influenced by his early training in

A) physics.

B) sociology.

C) biology.

D) kinesiology.

Answer: C

Page Ref: 18

Skill: Remember

Objective: 1.5

48) According to Jean Piaget, __________ is the balance between internal structures and information that children encounter in their everyday worlds.

A) imitation

B) adaptation

C) cognition

D) equilibrium

Answer: D

Page Ref: 19

Skill: Remember

Objective: 1.5

49) Jamar understands that a certain amount of liquid or clay remains the same even after its appearance changes and can organize objects into hierarchies of classes and subclasses. According to Piaget, Jamar is in the __________ stage of cognitive development.

A) sensorimotor

B) preoperational

C) concrete operational

D) sociocultural

Answer: C

Page Ref: 19

Skill: Apply

Objective: 1.5

50) Sydney, when faced with a problem, starts with a hypothesis, deduces testable inferences, and isolates and combines variables to see which inferences are confirmed. Sydney is in Piaget’s __________ stage of development.

A) sensorimotor

B) preoperational

C) concrete operational

D) formal operational

Answer: D

Page Ref: 19

Skill: Apply

Objective: 1.5

51) Research on Piaget’s cognitive-developmental theory indicates that

A) he overestimated the competencies of infants and young children.

B) he overemphasized the role of social and cultural influences on development.

C) discovery learning facilitates learning better than adult teaching.

D) children’s performances on Piagetian tasks can be improved with training.

Answer: D

Page Ref: 20

Skill: Understand

Objective: 1.5

52) The information-processing approach views the mind as a

A) symbol-manipulating system through which information flows.

B) socially mediated process.

C) collection of stimuli and responses.

D) system of genetically programmed behaviors.

Answer: A

Page Ref: 20

Skill: Remember

Objective: 1.6

53) Lillian uses flowcharts to map the precise steps individuals use to solve problems and complete tasks. Lillian is a(n) __________ theorist.

A) psychoanalytic

B) information-processing

C) dynamic systems

D) social learning

Answer: B

Page Ref: 20

Skill: Apply

Objective: 1.6

54) Unlike Piaget’s cognitive-developmental theory, the information-processing approach

A) uses clinical interviews to determine a child’s stage of development.

B) does not divide development into stages.

C) characterizes each developmental stage by qualitatively distinct ways of thinking.

D) views development as a discontinuous process.

Answer: B

Page Ref: 21

Skill: Understand

Objective: 1.6

55) The information-processing perspective views development as

A) continuous.

B) discontinuous.

C) a socially mediated process.

D) marked by imagination and creativity.

Answer: A

Page Ref: 21

Skill: Understand

Objective: 1.6

56) A major strength of the information-processing approach to development is its commitment to

A) the study of imagination.

B) flexible case study interviews.

C) rigorous research methods.

D) disproving other developmental theories.

Answer: C

Page Ref: 21

Skill: Understand

Objective: 1.6

57) The information-processing approach

A) overemphasizes nonlinear aspects of cognition, such as creativity and imagination.

B) is better at analyzing thinking into its components than at putting them back together into a comprehensive theory.

C) regards the thought processes studied—perception, attention, memory, planning strategies, categorization of information—as stagelike in their development.

D) underestimates the individual’s contribution to his or her own development.

Answer: B

Page Ref: 21

Skill: Conceptual

Objective: 1.6

58) Dr. Singh studies the relationship between changes in the brain and the developing person’s cognitive processing and behavior patterns. She is part of a group of researchers from the fields of psychology, biology, neuroscience, and medicine. This approach to development is known as

A) the information-processing approach.

B) cognitive-development theory.

C) behaviorism.

D) developmental cognitive neuroscience.

Answer: D

Page Ref: 21

Skill: Apply

Objective: 1.6

59) Konrad Lorenz and Niko Tinbergen laid the modern foundations for

A) social learning theory.

B) developmental cognitive theory.

C) ethology.

D) psychoanalytic theory.

Answer: C

Page Ref: 22

Skill: Remember

Objective: 1.6

60) A(n) __________ period is a time that is optimal for certain capacities to emerge.

A) equilibration

B) imprinting

C) adaptive

D) sensitive

Answer: D

Page Ref: 22

Skill: Remember

Objective: 1.6

61) John Bowlby argued that

A) behaviors such as smiling, babbling, and crying are innate social signals that encourage parents to interact with their infants.

B) infants become attached to their parents because parents are associated with the reduction of primary drives, such as hunger and thirst.

C) parents and infants are both instinctively attached to each other.

D) attachment patterns are difficult to study in humans.

Answer: A

Page Ref: 22

Skill: Understand

Objective: 1.6

62) Evolutionary developmental psychology

A) focuses on how the structures of the mind develop to better fit with, or represent, the external world.

B) seeks to understand the adaptive value of specieswide cognitive, emotional, and social competencies as those competencies change with age.

C) views the human mind as a symbol-manipulating system through which information flows.

D) brings together researchers from psychology, biology, neuroscience, and medicine to study the relationship between changes in the brain and the developing person’s cognitive processing and behavior patterns.

Answer: B

Page Ref: 22

Skill: Understand

Objective: 1.6

63) Lev Vygotsky’s theory focuses on

A) critical periods of human development.

B) children’s capacity to shape their own development.

C) how behavior patterns promote survival.

D) how culture is transmitted to the next generation.

Answer: D

Page Ref: 23

Skill: Understand

Objective: 1.6

64) Unlike Jean Piaget, Lev Vygotsky viewed cognitive development as a __________ process.

A) socially mediated

B) genetically predictable

C) preoperational

D) neurological

Answer: A

Page Ref: 23

Skill: Understand

Objective: 1.6

65) Cross-cultural research stimulated by Vygotsky’s theory reveals that

A) heredity and brain growth contribute significantly to social development.

B) the stages of cognitive development are universal.

C) children in every culture develop unique strengths.

D) adults begin to encourage culturally valued skills as soon as children begin school.

Answer: C

Page Ref: 24

Skill: Understand

Objective: 1.6

66) Ecological systems theory views the person as

A) a blossoming flower, and it regards development as a maturational process.

B) developing within a complex system of relationships affected by multiple levels of the surrounding environment.

C) a social being influenced primarily by observational learning or adult modeling.

D) a computer-like system that actively codes, transforms, and organizes information.

Answer: B

Page Ref: 24

Skill: Understand

Objective: 1.6

67) Because a child’s biologically influenced dispositions join with environmental forces to mold development, Urie Bronfenbrenner characterized his perspective as a(n) __________ model.

A) sociocultural

B) stagewise

C) bioecological

D) evolutionary

Answer: C

Page Ref: 24

Skill: Remember

Objective: 1.6

68) According to ecological systems theory, interactions between Marina and her child occur in the

A) microsystem.

B) mesosystem.

C) exosystem.

D) macrosystem.

Answer: A

Page Ref: 24–25

Skill: Apply

Objective: 1.6

69) Family chaos is linked to

A) warm, involved parent–child interaction.

B) enhanced language development.

C) economic disadvantage.

D) time spent sleeping.

Answer: C

Page Ref: 26 Box: SOCIAL ISSUES: HEALTH: Family Chaos Undermines Children’s Well-Being

Skill: Remember

Objective: 1.6

70) __________ can help prevent escalating demands on families that give way to chaos.

A) Ethnographic research

B) Absence of daily structure

C) Compression of family routines

D) High-quality child care that is affordable and reliable

Answer: D

Page Ref: 26 Box: SOCIAL ISSUES: HEALTH: Family Chaos Undermines Children’s Well-Being

Skill: Understand

Objective: 1.6

71) Bronfenbrenner’s macrosystem consists of

A) activities and interaction patterns in the individual’s immediate surroundings.

B) third parties that affect the quality of the parent–child relationship.

C) cultural values, laws, customs, and resources.

D) social settings that do not contain the developing person but nevertheless affect experiences.

Answer: C

Page Ref: 25

Skill: Understand

Objective: 1.6

72) Toby moved with his family just before he entered fourth grade. In ecological systems theory, the move represents a change in Toby’s

A) microsystem.

B) mesosystem.

C) exosystem.

D) chronosystem.

Answer: D

Page Ref: 25

Skill: Apply

Objective: 1.6

73) Piaget’s cognitive-developmental theory, information processing, and Vygotsky’s sociocultural theory all stress

A) nature over nurture.

B) changes in thinking.

C) unconscious motives and drives.

D) the effects of punishment and reinforcement on behavior.

Answer: B

Page Ref: 27

Skill: Understand

Objective: 1.7

74) A __________ is a prediction about behavior drawn from a __________.

A) theory; research question

B) hypothesis; theory

C) theory; hypothesis

D) hypothesis; research question

Answer: B

Page Ref: 27

Skill: Remember

Objective: 1.8

75) Dr. George predicted that positive reinforcement would increase prosocial behavior in preschoolers. Dr. George’s prediction is an example of a

A) theory.

B) research question.

C) hypothesis.

D) research design.

Answer: C

Page Ref: 27

Skill: Apply

Objective: 1.8

76) Taking tests and answering questionnaires are examples of

A) research designs.

B) theories.

C) hypotheses.

D) research methods.

Answer: D

Page Ref: 27

Skill: Apply

Objective: 1.8

77) Which of the following statements about learning research strategies is true?

A) It is unimportant to individuals who work directly with children and should be left to research specialists.

B) It is important in separating dependable information from misleading results.

C) It is unimportant because schools and community agencies rarely collaborate with researchers in an effort to enhance development.

D) It is unimportant because theories and hypotheses alone result in sound evidence on human development.

Answer: B

Page Ref: 27

Skill: Understand

Objective: 1.8

78) Ethology, evolutionary developmental psychology, sociocultural theory, and the lifespan perspective all view development as

A) primarily influenced by nature.

B) primarily influenced by nurture.

C) both continuous and discontinuous.

D) one course with universal stages.

Answer: C

Page Ref: 28

Skill: Understand

Objective: 1.7

79) Dr. Wiren observes children’s responses to bullying by watching them play in a park. This is an example of a(n)

A) ethnographic study.

B) naturalistic observation.

C) structured observation.

D) clinical interview.

Answer: B

Page Ref: 28

Skill: Apply

Objective: 1.8

80) In a naturalistic observation, the investigator

A) sets up a laboratory situation that evokes the behavior of interest.

B) goes into the field and records the behavior of interest.

C) uses a flexible, conversational style to probe for the participant’s point of view.

D) asks each participant the same set of questions in the same way.

Answer: B

Page Ref: 28

Skill: Understand

Objective: 1.8

81) A major limitation of systematic observation is that it

A) provides little information on how participants actually behave.

B) underestimates the capacities of individuals who have difficulty putting their thoughts into words.

C) tells investigators little about the reasoning behind responses and behaviors.

D) ignores participants with poor memories, who may have trouble recalling exactly what happened.

Answer: C

Page Ref: 30

Skill: Understand

Objective: 1.8

82) __________ ask research participants to provide information on their perceptions, thoughts, and feelings.

A) Naturalistic observations

B) Field experiments

C) Structured observations

D) Self-reports

Answer: D

Page Ref: 30

Skill: Remember

Objective: 1.8

83) A major strength of the clinical interview is that it

A) makes comparing individuals’ responses very easy.

B) permits participants to display their thoughts in terms that are as close as possible to the way they think in everyday life.

C) is directed toward understanding a culture or distinct social group.

D) allow researchers to see the behavior of interest as it occurs in natural settings.

Answer: B

Page Ref: 30

Skill: Conceptual

Objective: 1.8

84) Jessica asked each of 21 children in a kindergarten classroom to explain where rain comes from. She asked the same set of follow-up questions to each participant. This is an example of a

A) field experiment.

B) naturalistic observation.

C) structured interview.

D) structured observation.

Answer: C

Page Ref: 30

Skill: Apply

Objective: 1.8

85) A researcher using a structured interview would typically ask

A) questions in a large group of participants.

B) the same set of questions in the same way to each research participant.

C) only yes/no, multiple choice, and true/false questions.

D) a different set of questions for each participant.

Answer: B

Page Ref: 30

Skill: Understand

Objective: 1.8

86) Which of the following research methods is an outgrowth of psychoanalytic theory?

A) naturalistic observation

B) structured observation

C) ethnography

D) the clinical method

Answer: D

Page Ref: 30

Skill: Remember

Objective: 1.8

87) Dr. Bigelow is interested in studying musical prodigies. Which method is best suited for this type of research?

A) naturalistic observation

B) clinical interview

C) case study

D) structured interview

Answer: C

Page Ref: 31

Skill: Apply

Objective: 1.8

88) One major limitation of the clinical, or case study, method is

A) that researchers’ theoretical preferences may bias their observations and interpretations.

B) that it must be conducted with large groups of people at the same time.

C) it provides little information on how children and adults actually behave.

D) it provides little information about the reasoning behind responses and behaviors.

Answer: A

Page Ref: 31

Skill: Understand

Objective: 1.8

89) Which of the following methods is best suited for studying whether American parents are warmer than Japanese parents?

A) systematic observation

B) case study

C) structured interview

D) ethnography

Answer: D

Page Ref: 31–32

Skill: Understand

Objective: 1.8

90) Ethnographic research is directed toward understanding a culture through __________ observation.

A) naturalistic

B) participant

C) systematic

D) structured

Answer: B

Page Ref: 32

Skill: Remember

Objective: 1.8

91) Jade spent two years in a Mexican-American community studying communication between parents and children. Jade is using the __________ research method.

A) naturalistic observation

B) ethnographic

C) self-report

D) structured observation

Answer: B

Page Ref: 32

Skill: Apply

Objective: 1.8

92) Compared to their agemates, adolescents from immigrant families are __________ likely to __________.

A) more; commit delinquent and violent acts

B) more; use drugs or alcohol

C) more; have early sex

D) less; commit delinquent or violent acts

Answer: D

Page Ref: 32 Box: CULTURAL INFLUENCES: Immigrant Youths: Adapting to a New Land

Skill: Understand

Objective: 1.8

93) In the United States, adolescents from immigrant families

A) view school success as both their own and their parents’ success.

B) are more likely than those from native-born families to miss school because of illness.

C) report lower self-esteem than those from native-born families.

D) are more likely to be obese than their agemates with native-born parents.

Answer: A

Page Ref: 33 Box: CULTURAL INFLUENCES: Immigrant Youths: Adapting to a New Land

Skill: Understand

Objective: 1.8

94) One limitation of the ethnographic method is that

A) investigators’ cultural values sometimes lead them to misinterpret what they see.

B) it provides little information on how children and adults actually behave.

C) it relies on unobtrusive techniques, such as surveillance cameras and one-way mirrors.

D) it provides little information about the reasoning behind participants’ responses.

Answer: A

Page Ref: 33

Skill: Understand

Objective: 1.8

95) Two main types of designs used in all research on human behavior are __________ and __________.

A) observational; experimental

B) correlational; experimental

C) observational; correlational

D) variable; observational

Answer: B

Page Ref: 34

Skill: Remember

Objective: 1.9

96) In a(n) __________ design, researchers look at relationships between participants’ characteristics and their behavior or development.

A) observational

B) correlational

C) experimental

D) variable

Answer: B

Page Ref: 34

Skill: Remember

Objective: 1.9

97) Dr. Dias’s research shows that the death of a spouse in old age is correlated with a decline in the surviving partner’s physical health. Which of the following conclusions is supported by this study?

A) The death of a spouse causes a decline in the surviving partner’s physical health.

B) The death of a spouse is related to a decline in the surviving partner’s physical health.

C) A decline in a surviving partner’s physical health can cause the death of a spouse.

D) A third variable, such as memory loss, causes a surviving partner’s decline in physical health following the death of a spouse.

Answer: B

Page Ref: 34

Skill: Apply

Objective: 1.9

98) One limitation of correlational studies is

A) researchers cannot replicate the studies.

B) investigators cannot infer cause and effect.

C) researchers randomly assign participants and manipulate their experiences.

D) age-related changes may be distorted because of participant dropout.

Answer: B

Page Ref: 34

Skill: Understand

Objective: 1.9

99) Dr. Anodyne found a correlation of +.49 between illegal drug use and levels of adolescent delinquency. This correlation is __________ and __________.

A) moderate; positive

B) low; positive

C) high; negative

D) low; negative

Answer: A

Page Ref: 34

Skill: Apply

Objective: 1.9

100) Dr. Anderson wants to conduct a study to determine the cause-and-effect relationship between domestic violence and anger in children. Dr. Anderson should use a(n) __________ design.

A) structured

B) observational

C) correlational

D) experimental

Answer: D

Page Ref: 35

Skill: Apply

Objective: 1.9

101) A dependent variable is the

A) one the investigator expects to be influenced by the independent variable.

B) number that describes how two measures are associated with each other.

C) number that shows the strength of the relationship between two measures.

D) one the investigator randomly assigns to represent participant characteristics.

Answer: A

Page Ref: 35

Skill: Remember

Objective: 1.9

102) In an experiment on the effects of music versus acting lessons on intelligence, the independent variable would be

A) the type of lessons (music versus acting).

B) a measure of intelligence.

C) the type of music lessons.

D) the frequency of the acting lessons.

Answer: A

Page Ref: 35

Skill: Apply

Objective: 1.9

103) In an experiment examining whether phonics instruction in preschool increases a child’s reading level in third grade, the dependent variable would be the

A) type of phonics instruction.

B) number of children in the experiment.

C) child’s reading level in third grade.

D) frequency of phonics instruction.

Answer: C

Page Ref: 35

Skill: Apply

Objective: 1.9

104) In experimental studies,

A) the investigator cannot make cause-and-effect inferences.

B) investigators must take special precautions to control for participants’ characteristics that could reduce the accuracy of their findings.

C) the researcher directly controls or manipulates changes in the dependent variable.

D) researchers gather information on participants without altering their experiences.

Answer: B

Page Ref: 35

Skill: Understand

Objective: 1.9

105) By using __________ assignment of participants to treatment conditions, investigators increase the chances that participants’ characteristics will be equally distributed across treatment groups.

A) sequential

B) random

C) systematic

D) correlational

Answer: B

Page Ref: 35

Skill: Remember

Objective: 1.9

106) Professor Martinez wants to know if children who receive one-on-one instruction at school feel more self-confident than children who receive group instruction. To identify a causal relationship between type of instruction and self-confidence, Professor Martinez should

A) compare the number of hours teachers spend on group instruction with the number of hours they spend on individualized instruction.

B) observe a teacher’s one-on-one interactions with several children in a laboratory school.

C) select a group of children who score high on the self-confidence measure and a second group who score low on the self-confidence measure and expose them to both types of instruction.

D) randomly assign half of the participants to group instruction and the other half to one-on-one instruction and compare measures of self-confidence for each group.

Answer: D

Page Ref: 35

Skill: Apply

Objective: 1.9

107) In __________ experiments, investigators capitalize on opportunities to assign participants randomly to treatment conditions in natural settings.

A) field

B) natural

C) structured

D) laboratory

Answer: A

Page Ref: 35

Skill: Remember

Objective: 1.9

108) Researchers randomly assigned adolescents to either a single-grade classroom or a mixed-age classroom. This is an example of a

A) naturalistic observation.

B) case study.

C) natural experiment.

D) field experiment.

Answer: D

Page Ref: 35

Skill: Apply

Objective: 1.9

109) In a longitudinal design, researchers study

A) the same group of participants repeatedly at different ages.

B) groups of participants differing in age at the same point in time.

C) participants over the same ages but in different years.

D) participants of the same age at the same point in time.

Answer: A

Page Ref: 35

Skill: Understand

Objective: 1.10

110) Longitudinal research can identify common patterns as well as individual differences in behavior because the investigator

A) studies groups of participants differing in age at the same point in time.

B) randomly assigns participants to treatment conditions.

C) tracks the performance of each person over time.

D) conducts quasi-experiments, comparing conditions that already exist.

Answer: C

Page Ref: 35–36

Skill: Understand

Objective: 1.10

111) A major strength of the longitudinal design is that researchers can

A) examine relationships between early and later behaviors.

B) collect a large amount of data in a short time span.

C) explore similarities among children of different cohorts.

D) study participants differing in age at the same point in time.

Answer: A

Page Ref: 36

Skill: Understand

Objective: 1.10

112) To examine whether depression is stable or changes with age, Dr. Bleu followed a group of participants from age 8 to age 40. This is an example of a __________ design.

A) cross-sectional

B) sequential

C) correlational

D) longitudinal

Answer: D

Page Ref: 36

Skill: Apply

Objective: 1.10

113) Bernadette, a participant in a longitudinal study, became quite familiar with the test over time and, as a result, her performance improved. This limitation of longitudinal research is known as

A) biased sampling.

B) practice effects.

C) random assignment.

D) cohort effects.

Answer: B

Page Ref: 37

Skill: Apply

Objective: 1.10

114) In a longitudinal study, __________ effects occur when individuals born in the same time period are influenced by a particular set of historical and cultural conditions.

A) practice

B) historical

C) cohort

D) cultural

Answer: C

Page Ref: 37

Skill: Remember

Objective: 1.10

115) In a cross-sectional design, researchers study

A) the same group of participants repeatedly at different ages.

B) groups of participants differing in age at the same point in time.

C) participants over the same ages but in different years.

D) participants of the same age at the same point in time.

Answer: B

Page Ref: 37

Skill: Understand

Objective: 1.10

116) Professor Gimbly wants to investigate how children of different ages characterize their friendships. Professor Gimbly should use a __________ research design.

A) cross-sectional

B) sequential

C) correlational

D) longitudinal

Answer: A

Page Ref: 37

Skill: Apply

Objective: 1.10

117) A major disadvantage of cross-sectional research is that

A) age-related changes cannot be examined.

B) participants often drop out before the study is over.

C) factors affecting individual development cannot be explored.

D) practice effects often cause biased findings.

Answer: C

Page Ref: 37

Skill: Understand

Objective: 1.10

118) Like longitudinal research, cross-sectional studies can be threatened by

A) practice effects.

B) participant dropout.

C) sequential timing.

D) cohort effects.

Answer: D

Page Ref: 37

Skill: Understand

Objective: 1.10

119) In sequential designs, researchers study

A) the same group of participants repeatedly at different ages.

B) groups of participants differing in age at the same point in time.

C) participants over the same ages but in different years.

D) participants of the same age at the same point in time.

Answer: C

Page Ref: 38

Skill: Understand

Objective: 1.10

120) A sequential design

A) does not address diversity in developmental outcomes.

B) permits researchers to check if cohort effects are operating.

C) is less efficient than a longitudinal design.

D) makes cross-sectional, but not longitudinal, comparisons.

Answer: B

Page Ref: 38

Skill: Understand

Objective: 1.10

121) Research that combines __________ and __________ designs is increasingly common because it permits correlational and causal inferences.

A) longitudinal; sequential

B) experimental; developmental

C) cross-sectional; developmental

D) correlational; experimental

Answer: B

Page Ref: 38

Skill: Understand

Objective: 1.10

122) The ethical principle of __________ requires special interpretation when participants cannot fully appreciate the research goals and activities.

A) researchers’ rights

B) informed consent

C) beneficial treatments

D) protection from harm

Answer: B

Page Ref: 40

Skill: Understand

Objective: 1.11

123) Dr. Ramorey wants 90-year-old Mr. Higgins to participate in a research study that involves moderate risks. Mr. Higgins is incapable of consenting. Which of the following would best state your advice regarding Mr. Higgins’s participation in the study?

A) He should not be allowed to participate in the study under any circumstances.

B) He should be allowed to participate in the study regardless of the benefit.

C) He should only be allowed to participate in the study if his participation will benefit others.

D) He should only be allowed to participate in the study if it is likely to benefit him directly.

Answer: D

Page Ref: 40

Skill: Apply

Objective: 1.11

124) One limitation of debriefing is

A) young children often lack the cognitive skills to understand the reasons for deceptive procedures.

B) some individuals may agree to participate simply to engage in rewarding social interaction.

C) the lack of availability of surrogate decision makers.

D) children may be concerned that the information they provide will not be kept confidential.

Answer: A

Page Ref: 40

Skill: Understand

Objective: 1.11

125) Ethical standards permit deception in research studies if

A) the participants are young enough that they would not understand the deception.

B) the benefits to society justify the risks to the participants.

C) researchers can observe participants from behind one-way mirrors.

D) the participants give informed consent and the researchers never reveal the real purpose of the study.

Answer: B

Page Ref: 40

Skill: Understand

Objective: 1.11

Essay

126) Although there are many major theories of human development, your textbook organizes them by looking at the stand they take on what three basic issues? Briefly describe the opposing views taken on each basic issue.

Answer: The three basic issues are: (1) Is the course of development continuous or discontinuous? (2) Does one course of development characterize all people, or are there many possible courses? (3) What are the roles of genetic and environmental factors—nature and nurture—in development?

· If development is continuous—a process of gradually augmenting the same types of skills that were there to begin with—then infants and children respond to the world in much the same way as adults do. The difference between the immature and mature being is simply one of amount or complexity. If it is discontinuous—a process in which new ways of understanding and responding to the world emerge at specific times—then infants and children have unique ways of thinking, feeling, and behaving, ones quite different from adults.

· Theories that accept the discontinuous perspective regard development as taking place in stages. Stage theorists assume that people everywhere follow the same sequence of development. Yet contemporary theorists regard the contexts that shape development as many-layered and complex. Different circumstances foster different capacities.

· Finally, the age-old nature–nurture controversy asks whether genetics or environmental factors are more important in shaping development. Although all theories grant roles to both nature and nurture, they vary in emphasis.

Page Ref: 6–7

127) Describe the role that Charles Darwin played in the study of human development.

Answer: British naturalist Charles Darwin observed the infinite variation among plant and animal species. He also saw that within a species, no two individuals are exactly alike. From these observations, he constructed his famous theory of evolution. The theory emphasized two related principles: natural selection and survival of the fittest. Darwin explained that certain species survive in particular environments because they have characteristics that fit with, or are adapted to, their surroundings. Other species die off because they are less well-suited to their environments. Individuals within a species who best meet the environment’s survival requirements live long enough to reproduce and pass their more beneficial characteristics to future generations. Darwin’s emphasis on the adaptive value of physical characteristics and behavior found its way into important developmental theories.

During his explorations, Darwin discovered that early prenatal growth is strikingly similar in many species. Other scientists concluded from Darwin’s observations that the development of the human child follows the same general plan as the evolution of the human species. Although this belief eventually proved inaccurate, efforts to chart parallels between child growth and human evolution prompted researchers to make careful observations of all aspects of children’s behavior. Out of these first attempts to document an idea about development, scientific child study was born.

Page Ref: 14

128) Describe the contributions and limitations of behaviorism and social learning theory to the scientific study of human development.

Answer: According to behaviorism, directly observable events—stimuli and responses—are the appropriate focus of study. Traditional behaviorists use classical and operant conditioning to mold children’s behavior. The most influential kind of social learning theory emphasizes modeling, also known as imitation or observational learning, as a powerful source of development. The most recent version of the theory places strong emphasis on cognition.

Behaviorism and social learning theory have been helpful in treating a wide range of adjustment problems. Behavior modification consists of procedures that combine conditioning and modeling to eliminate undesirable behaviors and increase desirable responses. It has been used to relieve a wide range of difficulties in children and adults, ranging from poor time management and unwanted habits to serious problems, such as language delays, persistent aggression, and extreme fears.

Nevertheless, many theorists believe that behaviorism and social learning theory offer too narrow a view of important environmental influences, which extend beyond immediate reinforcement, punishment, and modeled behaviors to people’s rich physical and social worlds. Behaviorism and social learning theory have also been criticized for underestimating people’s contributions to their own development.

Page Ref: 17–18

129) Describe the lifespan theory of development, and indicate its stance on the three basic issues of human development .

Answer: According to the lifespan perspective, human development is lifelong, multidimensional, and multidirectional. It involves both continuous gains and declines, and the discontinuous, stagewise emergence of new skills occurs. Development is influenced by multiple, interacting biological, psychological, and social forces, many of which vary from person to person, leading to diverse pathways of change. It also is affected by an intricate blend of hereditary and environmental factors. Both early and later experiences are important. There is plasticity at all ages.

Page Ref: 28

130) Compare and contrast naturalistic and structured observations.

Answer: Observations of the behavior of children and adults can be made in different ways. One approach is to go into the field, or natural environment, and record the behavior of interest—a method called naturalistic observation. The great strength of naturalistic observation is that investigators can see directly the everyday behaviors they hope to explain. Naturalistic observation also has a major limitation: Not all individuals have the same opportunity to display a particular behavior in everyday life. Researchers commonly deal with this difficulty by making structured observations, in which the investigator sets up a laboratory situation that evokes the behavior of interest so that every participant has equal opportunity to display the response. The procedures used to collect systematic observations vary, depending on the research problem posed. Sometimes investigators choose to analyze the entire stream of behavior—everything said and done over a certain time period. Systematic observation provides invaluable information on how children and adults actually behave, but it tells us little about the reasoning behind their responses. For that information, researchers must turn to self-report techniques.

Page Ref: 28–30

131) Describe longitudinal design, and explain its strengths and weaknesses.

Answer: In a longitudinal design, participants are studied repeatedly, and changes are noted as they get older. The time spanned may be relatively short (a few months to several years) or very long (a decade or even a lifetime). The longitudinal approach has two major strengths. First, because it tracks the performance of each person over time, researchers can identify common patterns as well as individual differences in development. Second, longitudinal studies permit investigators to examine relationships between early and later events and behaviors. Despite their strengths, longitudinal investigations pose a number of problems. For example, participants may move away or drop out of the research for other reasons. This biases the sample so that it no longer represents the population to whom researchers would like to generalize their findings. Also, from repeated study, people may become more aware of their own thoughts, feelings, and actions and revise them in ways that have little to do with age-related change. In addition, they may become “test-wise.” Their performance may improve as a result of practice effects—better test-taking skills and increased familiarity with the test—not because of factors commonly associated with development. The most widely discussed threat to longitudinal findings is cohort effects: Individuals born in the same time period are influenced by a particular set of historical and cultural conditions. Results based on one cohort may not apply to people developing at other times. But, cohort effects do not just operate broadly on an entire generation. They also occur when specific experiences influence some groups of individuals but not others in the same generation.

Page Ref: 35–37

#Test Bank Development Through the Lifespan 6th Edition

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Test Bank Development Across the Life Span 7th Edition

For Order This And Any Other Test

Banks And Solutions Manuals, Course,

Assignments, Discussions, Quizzes, Exams,

Chapter 1

An Introduction to Lifespan Development

1-1. _______ development is the field of study that examines patterns of growth, change, and stability in behavior that occurs throughout the entire lifespan.

a) Biological

b) Lifespan

c) Psychological

d) Research

Answer: b Page: 5 Level: Easy LO: 1-1 Type: Factual APA Outcome: 1.2

1-2. In its study of growth, change, and stability, lifespan development takes a(n) ______ approach.

a) intuitive

b) scientific

c) social

d) environmental

Answer: b Page: 5 Level: Medium LO: 1-1 Type: Conceptual APA Outcome: 1.2

1-3. A professor wants to examine the effectiveness of a new teaching approach. Her 9:00 a.m. class will be exposed to the new method of viewing teaching tapes while her 10:00 a.m. class will be exposed to traditional lectures. She will assess the students’ progress after six sessions. What method is the professor using to conduct her experiment?

a) intuitive

b) biological

c) environmental

d) scientific

Answer: d Page: 5 Level: Difficult LO: 1-1 Type: Applied APA Outcome: 2.1

1-4. The vast majority of lifespan development focuses on

a) nonhuman species.

b) test tube babies.

c) biological and environmental development.

d) human development.

Answer: d Page: 5 Level: Medium LO: 1-1 Type: Factual APA Outcome: 1.2

1-5. A lifespan developmentalist whose topical focus is the body’s makeup is interested in _____ development.

a) cognitive

b) physical

c) personality

d) social

Answer: b Page: 6 Level: Medium LO: 1-1 Type: Factual APA Outcome: 1.2

1-6. A developmental researcher who is interested in studying what senses are used most often by a child or what the long-term results of premature birth are would be studying ___________ development.

a) social

b) physical

c) personality

d) cognitive

Answer: b Page: 6 Level: Medium LO: 1-1 Type: Applied APA Outcome: 1.2

1-7. A researcher working with college-age football players is conducting a longitudinal study to examine an athlete’s decline in physical performance as the athlete ages. What type of development would the researcher most likely be studying?

a) cognitive

b) personality

c) physical

d) social

Answer: c Page: 6 Level: Easy LO: 1-1 Type: Applied APA Outcome: 2.2

1-8. ________ development involves the ways that growth and change in intellectual capabilities influence a person’s behavior.

a) Cognitive

b) Physical

c) Personality

d) Social

Answer: a Page: 6 Level: Easy LO: 1-1 Type: Factual APA Outcome: 1.2

1-9. Researchers in the early learning department of a university are conducting a long-term study to see how problem-solving skills change over time as school-age students move from elementary school to high school to college. What type of development are the researchers most likely studying?

a) cognitive

b) personality

c) social

d) physical

Answer: a Page: 6 Level: Medium LO: 1-1 Type: Applied APA Outcome: 2.2

1-10. Researchers who use intelligence quotient (IQ) testing as part of their research project with elementary age students are likely to be researching _________ development.

a) personality

b) cognitive

c) social

d) physical

Answer: b Page: 6 Level: Medium LO: 1-1 Type: Applied APA Outcome: 2.2

1-11. What type of lifespan developmentalist is interested in how a person who experiences a significant or traumatic event early in life would remember that event later in life?

a) physical

b) social

c) cognitive

d) personality

Answer: c Page: 6 Level: Difficult LO: 1-1 Type: Conceptual APA Outcome: 1.2

a) personality

b) social

c) cognitive

d) physical

Answer: c Page: 6 Level: Difficult LO: 1-1 Type: Applied APA Outcome: 1.4

1-13. If a developmental researcher is studying what the earliest memories that can be recalled from infancy are, or what the intellectual consequences of watching television are, in what developmental area is the researcher interested?

a) social

b) physical

c) cognitive

d) personality

Answer: c Page: 6 Level: Medium LO: 1-1 Type: Applied APA Outcome: 1.4

1-14. ________ development involves the ways that the enduring characteristics that differentiate one person from another change over the life span.

a) Cognitive

b) Physical

c) Personality

d) Social

Answer: c Page: 6 Level: Medium LO: 1-1 Type: Factual APA Outcome: 1.4

1-15. A student reads a flyer on the campus bulletin board that says a researcher is searching for students to volunteer for a long-term study. Participation includes completing testing that measures traits such as temperament, attitudes, and adaptability, as well as being available for follow-up for the next 10 years. The researcher who is developing this study is most likely interested in ___________ development.

a) personality

b) social

c) cognitive

d) physical

Answer: a Page: 6 Level: Difficult LO: 1-1 Type: Applied APA Outcome: 2.2

1-16. _________ development involves the way in which individuals’ interactions with others and their social relationships grow, change, and remain stable over the course of life.

a) Cognitive

b) Physical

c) Personality

d) Social

Answer: d Page: 6 Level: Medium LO: 1-1 Type: Factual APA Outcome 1.4

1-17. Lifespan developmentalists typically look at which of the following areas?

a) a particular family

b) a particular age range

c) a particular town/city

d) a particular country

Answer: b Page: 6 Level: Medium LO: 1-2 Type: Factual APA Outcome: 1.4

1-18. A shared notion of reality that is widely accepted but is a function of society and culture at a given time is/are called

a) topical areas of lifespan development.

b) social construction.

c) age ranges.

d) social development.

Answer: b Page: 6 Level: Difficult LO: 1-2 Type: Factual APA Outcome: 1.2

1-19. The concept of childhood as a special period did not exist during the ________ century.

a) sixteenth

b) seventeenth

c) nineteenth

d) twentieth

Answer: b Page: 7 Level: Difficult LO:1-2 Type: Factual APA Outcome: 1.3

1-20. In Western culture, what age is typically considered to be the beginning of young adulthood?

a) 16

b) 18

c) 21

d) 20

Answer: d Page: 7 Level: Easy LO: 1-2 Type: Factual APA Outcome: 1.3

1-21. Walter is a college student who is about to graduate from college. At what age would he most likely consider that a substantial change is occurring in his life?

a) when he turned 20 years of age

b) when he leaves college and enters the workforce at age 22

c) when he finished his junior year of high school at age 17

d) when he turns 26 years old

Answer: b Page: 7 Level: Difficult LO: 1-2 Type: Applied APA Outcome: 1.3

1-22. When discussing developmental diversity, what characteristic of good parenting do Mayan mothers consider essential?

a) laying their infants down

b) constant contact between themselves and their infant children

c) constant nourishment of their children

d) allowing their infants to cry

Answer: b Page: 8 Level: Difficult LO: 1-2 Type: Conceptual APA Outcome: 1.2

1-23. Race is what kind of a concept?

a) cognitive

b) cultural

c) biological

d) social

Answer: c Page: 8 Level: Medium LO: 1-2 Type: Factual APA Outcome: 1.3

1-24. When Allison was completing her medical forms in the doctor’s office, she was asked to indicate her race. What may be an appropriate reason(s) for the question on the forms?

a) to establish her skin color

b) to establish her ethnic/cultural heritage

c) to establish her religion

d) to establish biological factors

Answer: d Page: 8 Level: Difficult LO: 1-2 Type: Applied APA Outcome: 3.1

1-25. The concept of race is exceedingly imprecise for all of the following reasons EXCEPT

a) depending upon how it is defined, there are between 3 and 300 races.

b) no race is genetically distinct.

c) the question of race seems comparatively insignificant because 99.9 percent of humans’ genetic makeup is identical.

d) names can best reflect different races and ethnic groups.

Answer: d Pages: 8 Level: Difficult LO: 1-2 Type: Conceptual APA Outcome 3.1

1-26. A group of people who are born around the same time in the same place is called a(n)

a) race.

b) cohort.

c) ethnic group.

d) normative group.

Answer: b Page: 9 Level: Medium LO: 1-2 Type: Factual APA Outcome: 3.3

1-27. People who lived in New York City during the 9/11 terrorist attack on the World Trade Center experienced shared challenges due to the attack that are called ________ effects.

a) biological

b) environmental

c) cohort

d) Millennial Generation

Answer: c Page: 9 Level: Medium LO: 1-2 Type: Applied APA Outcome: 3.1

1-28. Biological and environmental influences that are similar for individuals in a particular age group, regardless of where they are raised, are called ______influences.

a) age-graded

b) history-graded

c) biological

d) environmental

Answer: a Page: 9 Level: Medium LO: 1-2 Type: Factual APA Outcome: 3.1

1-29. Biological and environmental factors that are associated with a certain historical event, such as the bombing of Pearl Harbor, can be considered

a) age-graded influences.

b) history-graded influences.

c) sociocultural-graded influences.

d) non-normative life events.

Answer: b Page: 9 Level: Easy LO: 1-2 Type: Applied APA Outcome: 3.1

1-30. A biological universal event that occurs at relatively the same time throughout all societies is an example of

a) young adulthood.

b) puberty.

c) adulthood.

d) death.

Answer: b Page: 9 Level: Easy LO: 1-2 Type: Factual APA Outcome: 3.1

1-31. Alice’s symptoms of menopause include hot flashes and cessation of her monthly menstrual cycle. Alice’s doctor tells her she is experiencing a(n)

a) non-normative life event.

b) age-graded influence.

c) history-graded influence.

d) sociocultural-graded influence.

Answer: b Page: 9 Level: Difficult LO: 1-2 Type: Applied APA Outcome: 1.3

1-32. When social and cultural factors affect an individual at a particular time and include variables as ethnicity, social class, and subcultural membership, these factors are called

a) age-graded influences.

b) non-normative life events.

c) history-graded influences.

d) sociocultural-graded influences.

Answer: d Page: 9 Level: Easy LO: 1-2 Type: Factual APA Outcome: 1.2

1-34. In ___________, development is ________, with achievements at one level building on those of previous levels.

a) discontinuous change; distinct

b) continuous change; gradual

c) discontinuous change; gradual

d) continuous change; distinct

Answer: b Page: 10 Level: Difficult LO: 1-3 Type: Factual APA Outcome: 3.3

1-35. In ____________ development, each stage is ________.

a) discontinuous change; distinct

b) continuous change; distinct

c) distinct change; discontinuous

d) distinct change; gradual

Answer: a Page: 10 Level: Difficult LO: 1-3 Type: Factual APA Outcome: 3.3

1-36. Consider a situation where a woman comes down with a case of rubella (German measles) in the eleventh week of pregnancy, as opposed to the thirtieth week of pregnancy. The difference in the way rubella would affect the unborn child at these two times is an example of

a) continuous change.

b) discontinuous change.

c) a critical period.

d) a sensitive period.

Answer: c Page: 10 Level: Difficult LO: 1-3 Type: Applied APA Outcome: 3.4

1-37. Development that occurs in distinct steps or stages, with each stage bringing about behavior that is assumed to be qualitatively different from behavior at earlier stages is called _________ change.

a) discontinuous

b) continuous

c) critical

d) natural

Answer: a Page: 10 Level: Medium LO: 1-3 Type: Factual APA Outcome: 3.3

1-38. A specific time during development when a particular event has its greatest consequences and the presence of certain kinds of environmental stimuli is necessary for development to proceed normally is called

a) discontinuous change.

b) continuous change.

c) critical period.

d) natural change.

Answer: c Page: 11 Level: Difficult LO: 1-3 Type: Factual APA Outcome: 3.4

1-39. In a ______, organisms are particularly susceptible to certain kinds of stimuli in their environments, but the absence of those stimuli does not always produce irreversible consequences.

a) sensitive period

b) continuous change

c) critical period

d) discontinuous change

Answer: a Page: 11 Level: Difficult LO: 1-3 Type: Factual APA Outcome: 3.1

1-40. Early developmentalists focused their attention on

a) infancy to preschool years.

b) preschool to adolescence.

c) infancy and adolescence.

d) adolescence and adulthood.

Answer: c Page: 11 Level: Medium LO: 1-3 Type: Factual APA Outcome: 1.2

1-41. What issue has dominated much work in lifespan development?

a) Which area(s) of lifespan development are the most important?

b) How much of people’s behavior is due to their genetically determined nature and how much is due to nurture?

c) What are the historical roots of developmentalists and life span development?

d) How are developmental research studies developed?

Answer: b Page: 12 Level: Medium LO: 1-3 Type: Conceptual APA Outcome: 1.2

1-42. “Nature” refers to

a) traits, abilities, and capacities inherited from parents.

b) biological forces within the environment that affect change.

c) how people’s growth and change is affected at the cellular level.

d) socioeconomic surroundings that affect people’s growth and change.

Answer: a Page: 12 Level: Easy LO: 1-3 Type: Factual APA Outcome: 3.1

1-43. The predetermined unfolding of genetic information is known as

a) nurture.

b) influences of the physical and social environment.

c) maturation.

d) conception.

Answer: c Page 12 Level: Easy LO: 1-3 Type: Factual APA Outcome: 3.1

1-44. Environmental influences that shape behavior are referred to as

a) nurture.

b) maturation.

c) nature.

d) social evolution.

Answer: a Page: 12 Level: Medium LO: 1-3 Type: Factual APA Outcome: 3.3

1-45. Genetically determined traits not only directly influence a child’s ______, but also indirectly shape the child’s _________.

a) behavior; environment

b) environment; behavior

c) maturation; circumstances

d) circumstances; maturation

Answer: a Page: 13 Level: Difficult LO: 1-3 Type: Conceptual APA Outcome: 3.3

1-46. Bob and Marion’s high level of responsivity to their baby’s persistent crying demonstrates a(n) _______ influence on the baby’s development.

a) genetic

b) environmental

c) maturation

d) social

Answer: b Page: 13 Level: Medium LO: 1-3 Type: Applied

1-47. Broad, organized explanations and predictions concerning phenomena of interest are called _________________ and provide a framework for understanding the relationships among an organized set of facts or principles.

a) concepts

b) hypotheses

c) theories

d) perspectives

Answer: c Page: 14 Level: Easy LO: 1-4 Type: Factual APA Outcome: 1.2

1-48. Advocates of the __________ perspective believe that much of behavior is motivated by inner forces, memories, and conflicts of which a person has little awareness or control.

a) psychodynamic

b) psychosocial

c) behavioral

d) psychosexual

Answer: a Page: 14 Level: Medium LO: 1-4 Type: Conceptual APA Outcome: 1.2

1-49. Freud proposed a theory that suggests that unconscious forces act to influence personality and behavior. This is called the ______ perspective.

a) psychosocial

b) psychosexual

c) psychoanalytic

d) behavioral

Answer: c Page: 14 Level: Easy LO: 1-4 Type: Factual APA Outcome: 1.2

1-50. The psychodynamic perspective is closely associated with

a) Freud.

b) Erikson.

c) Skinner.

d) Piaget.

Answer: a Page: 14 Level: Easy LO: 1-4 Type: Factual APA Outcome: 1.2

1-51. Sigmund Freud is responsible for revolutionary ideas and the __________ theory.

a) behavioral

b) psychoanalytic

c) phallic

d) reality

Answer: b Page: 14 Level: Easy LO: 1-4 Type: Factual APA Outcome: 1.2

1-52. Which of the following suggests that unconscious forces act to determine personality and behavior?

a) psychosexual development

b) pleasure principle

c) reality principle

d) psychoanalytic theory

Answer: d Page: 14 Level: Medium LO: 1-4 Type: Conceptual APA Outcome: 1.2

1-53. Freud believed that the _________ contains infantile wishes, desires, demands, and needs that are hidden from conscious awareness because they are disturbing.

a) superego

b) id

c) ego

d) unconscious

Answer: d Page: 14 Level: Medium LO: 1-4 Type: Factual APA Outcome: 1.2

1-54. The approach stating that behavior is motivated by inner forces, memories, and conflicts that are generally beyond peoples’ awareness and control is called the

a) clinical approach.

b) investigative approach.

c) psychodynamic perspective.

d) analytical perspective.

Answer: c Page: 14 Level: Medium LO: 1-4 Type: Factual APA Outcome: 1.2

1-55. According to Freud, which part of everyone’s personality operates according to the “pleasure principle”?

a) unconscious

b) ego

c) superego

d) id

Answer: d Page: 15 Level: Medium LO: 1-4 Type: Factual APA Outcome: 1.2

1-56. Freud believed that the goal of the pleasure principle was to

a) reduce satisfaction and maximize tension.

b) maximize satisfaction and reduce tension.

c) reduce inhibition and maximize unconscious awareness.

d) increase inhibition and reduce unconscious awareness.

Answer: b Page: 15 Level: Difficult LO: 1-4 Type: Conceptual APA Outcome: 1.2

1-57. Freud believed that the _____ is the part of the personality that is rational and reasonable.

a) id

b) superego

c) conscious

d) ego

Answer: d Page: 15 Level: Medium LO: 1-4 Type: Conceptual APA Outcome: 1.2

1-58. Freud believed that the ego operates on the

a) unconscious.

b) reality principle.

c) pleasure principle.

d) conscious.

Answer: b Page: 15 Level: Medium LO: 1-4 Type: Factual APA Outcome: 1.2

1-59. If a child develops into a person who integrates into society and maintains a good awareness of safety, Freud may say that person has a well-developed

a) id.

b) superego.

c) consciousness.

d) ego.

Answer: d Page: 15 Level: Medium LO: 1-4 Type: Applied APA Outcome: 1.2

1-60. The ________ is Freud’s representation of incorporating the distinction between right and wrong.

a) conscious

b) id

c) superego

d) unconscious

Answer: c Page: 15 Level: Difficult LO: 1-4 Type: Factual APA Outcome: 1.2

1-61. To Freud, “superego” and ________ would be considered interchangeable terms.

a) conscience

b) ego

c) unconscious

d) conscious

Answer: a Page: 15 Level: Difficult LO: 1-4 Type: Conceptual APA Outcome: 1.2

1-62. Freud believed that the ______ begins to develop around ages five or six and is learned from significant authority figures.

a) id

b) superego

c) conscious

d) ego

Answer: b Page: 15 Level: Medium LO: 1-4 Type: Factual APA Outcome: 1.2

1-63. According to Freud, a series of stages that children pass through in which pleasure, or gratification, is focused on a particular biological function and body part is called

a) psychosexual development.

b) the psychosexual approach.

c) the psychoanalytic theory.

d) the psychoanalytical approach.

Answer: a Page: 15 Level: Easy LO: 1-4 Type: Factual APA Outcome: 1.2

1-64. Adults demonstrating excessive activities such as eating, talking, or chewing gum may be experiencing a(n) __________ fixation.

a) anal

b) oral

c) phallic

d) psychosexual

Answer: b Page: 15 Level: Easy LO: 1-4 Type: Applied APA Outcome: 1.3

1-65. Freud believed that if children are unable to gratify themselves in a particular stage of development, or if they are over-gratified in a particular stage of development, ______ may occur.

a) fixation

b) conflict

c) stages

d) patterns

Answer: a Page: 15 Level: Medium LO: 1-4 Type: Factual APA Outcome: 1.2

1-66. Psychoanalyst ________ provided an alternative psychodynamic view in his theory of psychosocial development.

a) Skinner

b) Freud

c) Erikson

d) Piaget

Answer: c Page: 15 Level: Medium LO: 1-4 Type: Factual APA Outcome: 1.4

1-67. Erikson proposed a ____________ theory, which emphasized that society and culture influence and shape us.

a) psychosocial

b) psychodynamic

c) psychoanalytic

d) behavioral

Answer: a Page: 15 Level: Medium LO: 1-4 Type: Factual APA Outcome: 1.2

1-68. Erikson’s psychosocial theory of development proposes ________ distinct stages.

a) 3

b) 5

c) 8

d) 2

Answer: c Page: 15 Level: Easy LO: 1-4 Type: Factual APA Outcome: 1.2

1-69. Erikson argued that each of his stages presents a(n) ________ that the individual must resolve.

a) crisis

b) fixation

c) dilemma

d) interaction

Answer: a Page: 15 Level: Difficult LO: 1-4 Type: Conceptual APA Outcome: 1.2

1-70. Erikson’s theory differs from Freud’s in that Erikson believed that development

a) is completed in infancy.

b) is completed in early childhood.

c) is completed by adolescence.

d) continues throughout the lifespan.

Answer: d Page: 15 Level: Easy LO: 1-4 Type: Conceptual APA Outcome: 1.4

1-71. The __________ ________ suggests that keys to understanding development are observable actions and outside stimuli in the environment.

a) psychodynamic perspective

b) behavioral perspective

c) psychoanalytic theory

d) psychosocial theory

Answer: b Page: 17 Level: Difficult LO: 1-4 Type: Factual APA Outcome: 1.2

1-72. Thom is an adolescent who has an awareness of uniqueness of self and knowledge of roles to be followed. He can be said to have passed through Erikson’s ________ stage of psychosocial development.

a) trust vs. mistrust

b) initiative vs. guilt

c) industry vs. inferiority

d) identity vs. role diffusion

Answer: d Page: 16 Level: Difficult LO: 1-4 Type: Applied APA Outcome: 1.3

1-73. Kimberly is a young woman who has a fear of relationships with others. She can be said to have had a negative outcome in Erikson’s ________ stage of psychosocial development.

a) initiative vs. guilt

b) autonomy vs. shame and doubt

c) intimacy vs. isolation

d) generativity vs. isolation

Answer: c Page: 16 Level: Easy LO: 1-4 Type: Applied APA Outcome: 1.3

1-74. As Warren looks back over his long life, he feels a sense of unity in his life’s accomplishments. He can be said to be in Erikson’s ________ stage of psychosocial development.

a) industry vs. inferiority

b) ego-integrity vs. despair

c) identity vs. role diffusion

d) generativity vs. stagnation

Answer: b Page: 16 Level: Medium LO: 1-4 Type: Applied APA Outcome: 1.3

1-75. Suri identifies with her mother as a role model. She has passed through Freud’s _______

stage of psychosexual development.

a) anal

b) oral

c) phallic

d) latent

Answer: c Page: 16 Level: Difficult LO: 1-4 Type: Applied APA Outcome: 1.3

1-76. ________ theories assume that people are affected by the environmental stimuli to which they are exposed, and developmental change is

a) Psychodynamic; qualitative.

b) Psychosocial; quantitative.

c) Developmental; qualitative.

d) Behavioral; quantitative.

Answer: d Page: 17 Level: Difficult LO: 1-4 Type: Conceptual APA Outcome: 1.2

1-77. A type of learning in which an organism responds in a particular way to a neutral stimulus that normally does not bring about that type of response is called

a) classical conditioning.

b) behavioral perspective.

c) operant conditioning.

d) psychodynamic approach.

Answer: a Page: 17 Level: Difficult LO: 1-4 Type: Factual APA Outcome: 1.2

1-78. Who was one of the first American psychologists to advocate a behavioral approach to development?

a) Skinner

b) Watson

c) Piaget

d) Erikson

Answer: b Page: 17 Level: Medium LO: 1-4 Type: Factual APA Outcome: 1.4

1-79. Judy was bitten by a small brown and white dog when she was a little girl, and now every time she sees a small dog approaching her, she is fearful. Watson would say that Judy’s reaction is a result of _________ conditioning.

a) behavioral

b) classical

c) reinforcement

d) psychosocial

Answer: b Page: 17 Level: Difficult LO: 1-4 Type: Applied APA Outcome: 1.3

1-80. _________ conditioning, in which the response being conditioned is voluntary and purposeful, differs from _________ conditioning, where the response is automatic.

a) Social-cognitive; operant

b) Operant; classical

c) Classical; operant

d) Operant; social-cognitive

Answer: b Page: 17-18 Level: Difficult LO: 1-4 Type: Conceptual APA Outcome: 1.4

1-81. A form of learning in which a voluntary response is strengthened or weakened by its association with positive or negative consequences is called

a) behavioral perspective.

b) psychodynamic perspective.

c) operant conditioning.

d) classical conditioning.

Answer: c Page: 18 Level: Difficult LO: 1-4 Type: Factual APA Outcome: 1.3

1-82. Operant conditioning was formulated and championed by

a) Freud.

b) Skinner.

c) Bandura.

d) Rogers.

Answer: b Page: 18 Level: Easy LO: 1-4 Type: Factual APA Outcome: 1.4

1-83. Behavior modification depends upon what principle?

a) operant conditioning

b) social-cognitive conditioning

c) classical conditioning

d) stimulus conditioning

Answer: a Page: 18 Level: Difficult LO: 1-4 Type: Conceptual APA Outcome: 1.2

1-84. Susan learned at a young age that developing good study habits, such as doing her homework, brought about good grades, and made her want to work harder in school. This sort of encouraging outcome of an action is called

a) learning.

b) classical conditioning.

c) reinforcement.

d) social-cognition.

Answer: c Page: 18 Level: Difficult LO: 1-4 Type: Applied APA Outcome: 1.3

1-85. The introduction of an unpleasant or painful stimulus or the removal of a desirable stimulus that decreases the probability that a preceding behavior will occur in the future is considered ________.

a) classical conditioning

b) punishment

c) social-cognitive affecting

d) reinforcement

Answer: b Page: 18 Level: Easy LO: 1-4 Type: Factual APA Outcome: 1.2

1-86. Alice used to do her math homework regularly and studied hard for tests although she continued to have difficulty getting passing grades; disheartened, Alice began to put less effort into her math homework, and eventually she failed math. This is an example of what type of behavior?

a) reinforcement

b) classical

c) social-cognition

d) punishment

Answer: d Page: 18 Level: Difficult LO: 1-4 Type: Applied APA Outcome: 1.3

1-87. Behavior that receives no reinforcement or is punished is likely to be

a) continued.

b) intermittent.

c) extinguished.

d) accelerated.

Answer: c Page: 18 Level: Medium LO: 1-4 Type: Conceptual APA Outcome: 1.2

1-88. ______ _______ is a formal technique for promoting the frequency of desirable behaviors and decreasing the incidence of unwanted ones.

a) Punishment modification

b) Reinforcement modification

c) Classical modification

d) Behavior modification

Answer: d Page: 18 Level: Medium LO: 1-4 Type: Factual APA Outcome: 1.2

1-89. What is the learning approach that emphasizes learning by observing the behavior of another person, called modeling?

a) classical conditioning

b) behavior modification

c) social-cognitive learning

d) operant conditioning

Answer: c Page: 18 Level: Easy LO: 1-4 Type: Factual APA Outcome: 1.2

1-90. Ralph watches the other kindergarten students receive stickers and other rewards from the teacher for sitting at their desks and completing their work. Soon, Ralph begins to behave like the other kindergarten students. This is what type of learning?

a) modeling

b) reinforcement

c) extinction

d) schematizing

Answer: a Page: 18 Level: Easy LO: 1-4 Type: Applied APA Outcome: 1.3

1-91. Which developmental psychologist developed an approach that emphasizes learning by observing the behavior of another person, called a model?

a) Skinner

b) Freud

c) Bandura

d) Watson

Answer: c Page: 18 Level: Easy LO: 1-4 Type: Factual APA Outcome: 1.4

1-92. According to classical and operant conditioning, with their “black box” analyses, people and other organisms’ behavior and learning are understood in terms of ________, _______ stimuli.

a) insignificant; external

b) observable; external

c) significant; internal

d) unobservable; internal

Answer: b Page: 19 Level: Difficult LO: 1-4 Type: Conceptual APA Outcome: 1.2

1-93. Social-cognitive learning theorists argue that the difference between people and animals is the occurrence of

a) classical conditioning.

b) operant conditioning.

c) mental activity.

d) reinforcement/punishment.

Answer: c Page: 19 Level: Difficult LO: 1-4 Type: Conceptual APA Outcome: 1.2

1-94. Which form of the behavioral perspective learning styles has come to a predominant position in recent decades and is based on learning through imitation?

a) classical

b) social-learning theory

c) operant

d) reinforcement

Answer: b Page: 19 Level: Medium LO: 1-4 Type: Factual APA Outcome: 1.2

1-95. __________ focuses on the processes that allow people to know, understand, and think about the world.

a) Classical conditioning

b) The behavioral perspective

c) Operant conditioning

d) The cognitive perspective

Answer: d Page: 19 Level: Medium LO: 1-4 Type: Conceptual APA Outcome: 1.2

1-96. Who is considered the predominant theorist in cognitive development?

a) Piaget

b) Skinner

c) Bandura

d) Freud

Answer: a Page: 19 Level: Easy LO: 1-4 Type: Factual APA Outcome: 1.2

1-97. _________ is(are) a theory of how human thinking is organized into mental patterns that represent behaviors and actions.

a) Assimilation

b) Schemes

c) Accommodation

d) Assessments

Answer: b Page: 19 Level: Medium LO: 1-4 Type: Factual APA Outcome: 1.2

1-98. Piaget’s two basic principles of growth in children’s understanding of the world are

a) reward and punishment.

b) schemas and assessment.

c) assimilation and accommodation.

d) cognitive and behavior.

Answer: c Page: 20 Level: Difficult LO: 1-4 Type: Conceptual APA Outcome: 1.2

1-99. What did Piaget call the process in which people understand an experience in terms of their current stage of cognitive development and way of thinking?

a) cognition

b) accommodation

c) schemes

d) assimilation

Answer: d Page: 20 Level: Difficult LO: 1-4 Type: Factual APA Outcome: 1.2

1-100. What did Piaget call the process in which changes occur in the existing way a child thinks in response to encounters with new stimuli or events?

a) assimilation

b) accommodation

c) cognition

d) schemes

Answer: b Page: 20 Level: Difficult LO: 1-4 Type: Factual APA Outcome: 1.2

1-101. What has become an important alternative to Piagetian approaches?

a) behavioral modification

b) classical conditioning

c) information processing

d) social-cognitive learning

Answer: c Page: 20 Level: Medium LO: 1-4 Type: Factual APA Outcome: 1.2

1-102. Which type of approach grew out of the development of electronic processing of information, where even complex behavior such as learning, remembering, categorizing, and thinking can be broken down into a series of individual, specific steps?

a) information processing

b) social-cognitive learning

c) classical conditioning

d) behavioral modification

Answer: a Page: 20 Level: Easy LO: 1-4 Type: Factual APA Outcome: 1.2

1-103. What learning model seeks to identify the ways individuals take in, use, and store information?

a) Piaget

b) neo-Piaget

c) information processing

d) social-cognitive

Answer: c Page: 20 Level: Medium LO: 1-4 Type: Factual APA Outcome: 1.2

1-104. Piaget’s view assumes that thinking undergoes ________ advances, but the information-processing approach assumes that development is marked by ________ advantages.

a) quantitative; qualitative

b) quantitative; discontinuous

c) qualitative; quantitative

d) continuous; discontinuous

Answer: c Page: 20 Level: Difficult LO: 1-4 Type: Conceptual APA Outcome: 1.2

1-105. An information-processing approach that builds on Piaget’s research is known as _______ theory because it considers cognition as made up of different types of individual skills.

a) behavioral

b) operant

c) classical

d) neo-Piagetian

Answer: d Page: 20 Level: Medium LO: 1-4 Type: Conceptual APA Outcome: 1.2

1-106. What approach builds on Piaget’s research, and views cognition as made up of different types of individual skills, while using terminology from information-processing approaches?

a) neo-Piagetian

b) information processing

c) social-cognitive learning theory

d) cognitive perspective

Answer: a Page: 20 Level: Difficult LO: 1-4 Type: Factual APA Outcome: 1.2

1-107. What type of developmental approach is cutting edge and at the forefront of research when working with genes associated with mental health disorders such as autism and schizophrenia?

a) behavior modification

b) social-cognitive

c) cognitive neuroscience

d) neo-Piagetian

Answer: c Page: 21 Level: Difficult LO: 1-4 Type: Factual APA Outcome: 1.2

1-108. Which developmental approach looks at cognitive development through the lens of brain processes by considering internal mental processes focused on the neurological activity that underlies thinking, problem solving, and cognitive behavior?

a) neo-Piagetian

b) behavioral

c) information processing

d) cognitive neuroscience

Answer: d Page: 21 Level: Medium LO: 1-4 Type: Factual APA Outcome: 1.2

1-109. What approach examines cognitive development through the lens of brain processes?

a) humanistic

b) cognitive neuroscience

c) neo-Piaget

d) Piaget

Answer: b Page: 21 Level: Easy LO: 1-4 Type: Factual APA Outcome: 1.2

1-110. What theory contends that people have a natural capacity to make decisions about their lives?

a) psychoanalytic

b) behavioral

c) humanistic

d) social-cognitive learning theory

Answer: c Page: 22 Level: Medium LO: 1-4 Type: Conceptual APA Outcome: 1.2

1-111. The ________ perspective contends that people have a natural capacity to control their behavior.

a) behavioral

�� b) social-cognitive

c) cognitive neuroscience

d) humanistic

Answer: d Page: 22 Level: Medium LO: 1-4 Type: Conceptual APA Outcome: 1.2

1-112. According to this perspective, the ability of humans to make choices and come to decisions about their lives is called

a) free will.

b) societal standards.

c) positive regard.

d) self-actualization.

Answer: a Page: 22 Level: Medium LO: 1-4 Type: Factual APA Outcome: 1.2

1-113. Who was a major proponent of the humanistic perspective and suggested that all people need positive regard that results from an underlying wish to be loved and respected?

a) Bandura

b) Rogers

c) Maslow

d) Freud

Answer: b Page: 22 Level: Medium LO: 1-4 Type: Factual APA Outcome: 1.2

1-114. Which theorist(s) championed the idea of self-actualization?

a) Freud and Erikson

b) Skinner and Piaget

c) Rogers and Maslow

d) Bandura

Answer: c Page: 22 Level: Medium LO: 1-4 Type: Factual APA Outcome: 1.4

1-115. Eleanor Roosevelt, Abraham Lincoln, and Albert Einstein are used as examples of

a) self-actualization.

b) social role.

c) social causation.

d) self-efficacy.

Answer: a Page: 22 Level: Difficult LO: 1-4 Type: Applied APA Outcome: 1.2

1-116. Which perspective contains the two major theories of Bronfenbrenner’s bioecological approach and Vygotsky’s sociocultural theory?

a) cognitive

b) humanistic

c) behavioral

d) contextual

Answer: d Page: 22 Level: Difficult LO: 1-4 Type: Conceptual APA Outcome: 1.4

1-117. Which perspective considers the relationship between individuals and their physical, cognitive, personality, and social worlds?

a) humanistic

b) contextual

c) cognitive

d) behavioral

Answer: b Page: 22 Level: Difficult LO: 1-4 Type: Conceptual APA Outcome: 1.4

1-118. What is the perspective that suggests that different levels of the environment simultaneously influence individuals?

a) cognitive neuroscience

b) humanistic perspective

c) contextual perspective

d) bioecological approach

Answer: d Page: 23 Level: Difficult LO: 1-4 Type: Conceptual APA Outcome: 1.4

1-119. Which of Bronfenbrenner’s levels addresses the everyday, immediate environment in which children lead their daily lives?

a) mesosystem

b) exosystem

c) microsystem

d) macrosystem

Answer: c Page: 23 Level: Difficult LO: 1-4 Type: Factual APA Outcome: 1.2

1-120. Which approach to development suggests that there are five levels of the environment that simultaneously influence individuals?

a) Piaget’s cognitive approach

b) Bronfenbrenner’s bioecological approach

c) Skinner’s behavioral approach

d) Freud’s psychoanalytical approach

Answer: b Page: 23 Level: Difficult LO: 1-4 Type: Conceptual APA Outcome: 1.4

1-121. Which of the Bronfenbrenner’s five levels provides the connections between the various aspects of the person’s life, like links in a chain, to bind children to parents, students to teachers, employees to bosses, and friends to friends?

a) exosystem

b) mesosystem

c) microsystem

d) macrosystem

Answer: b Page: 23 Level: Difficult LO: 1-4 Type: Factual APA Outcome: 1.2

1-122. Which of the Bronfenbrenner’s five levels represents broader influences, including societal institutions such as local government, community, schools, places of worship, and the local media?

a) microsystem

b) macrosystem

c) mesosystem

d) exosystem

Answer: d Page: 22-23 Level: Difficult LO: 1-4 Type: Factual APA Outcome: 1.2

1-123. Jose and Maria are preparing for the arrival of their first child, and are considering moving from their small rural town to a larger city to gain access to more social services, better schools, and a greater variety of local newspapers and television stations. This is an example of which of Bronfenbrenner’s five levels?

a) macrosystem

b) exosystem

c) microsystem

d) mesosystem

Answer: b Page: 23 Level: Difficult LO: 1-4 Type: Applied APA Outcome: 1.3

1-124. Which of the Bronfenbrenner’s five levels represents the larger cultural influences on an individual?

a) macrosystem

b) microsystem

c) exosystem

d) mesosystem

Answer: a Page: 23 Level: Difficult LO: 1-4 Type: Factual APA Outcome: 1.2

1-125. Bronfenbrenner’s bioecological approach suggests that society, types of governments, religious value systems, political value systems, and other broad factors are parts of what system?

a) mesosystem

b) microsystem

c) exosystem

d) macrosystem

Answer: d Page: 23 Level: Difficult LO: 1-4 Type: Factual APA Outcome: 1.2

1-126. Within Bronfenbrenner’s bioecological approach, which system underlies each of his system levels and involves the way the passage of time, including historical events, affects children’s development?

a) macrosystem

b) microsystem

c) chronosystem

d) exosystem

Answer: c Page: 24 Level: Difficult LO: 1-4 Type: Factual APA Outcome: 1.2

1-127. A historical event, such as the terrorist attacks in New York in September of 2001, would be considered by Bronfenbrenner to fall within which system?

a) macrosystem

b) mesosystem

c) exosystem

d) chronosystem

Answer: d Page: 23 Level: Difficult LO: 1-4 Type: Applied APA Outcome: 1.3

1-128. What term refers to the notion that the well-being of the group is more important than that of the individual?

a) individualism

b) humanistic

c) collectivism

d) bioecological approach

Answer: c Page: 24 Level: Easy LO: 1-4 Type: Factual APA Outcome: 1.2

1-129. Which theory emphasizes how cognitive development proceeds as a result of social interactions between members of a culture?

a) interconnectedness

b) sociocultural

c) bioecological

d) contextual

Answer: b Page: 25 Level: Difficult LO: 1-4 Type: Conceptual APA Outcome: 1.4

1-130. Who was one of the first to recognize, acknowledge the importance of, and help us understand the importance of culture’s influence on development?

a) Rogers

b) Bandura

c) Vygotsky

d) Bronfenbrenner

Answer: c Pages: 25 Level: Difficult LO: 1-4 Type: Factual APA Outcome: 1.4

1-131. The concept of “reciprocal transaction” is attributed to which developmentalist and theory?

a) Vygotsky; sociocultural

b) Freud; psychoanalytic

c) Skinner: behavioral

d) Rogers; humanistic

Answer: a Page: 25 Level: Difficult LO: 1-4 Type: Factual APA Outcome: 1.4

1-132. Which perspective seeks to identify behavior that is the result of our genetic inheritance from our ancestors?

a) evolutionary

b) cognitive neuroscience

c) bioecological

d) humanistic

Answer: a Page: 26 Level: Medium LO: 1-4 Type: Conceptual APA Outcome: 1.4

1-133. Who wrote the groundbreaking work titled On the Origin of Species and is responsible for the birth of the evolutionary perspective?

a) Bronfenbrenner

b) Vygotsky

c) Darwin

d) Lorenz

Answer: c Page: 26 Level: Easy LO: 1-4 Type: Factual APA Outcome: 1.4

1-134. The evolutionary perspective draws from the field of ethology, which examines the ways in which our biological makeup can influence our behavior. Who is/was a primary proponent of ethology?

a) Darwin

b) Vygotsky

c) Bronfenbrenner

d) Lorenz

Answer: d Page: 26 Level: Difficult LO: 1-4 Type: Factual APA Outcome: 1.4

1-135. What is the name of the process of posing and answering questions using careful, controlled techniques that include systematic, orderly observation and the collection of data?

a) theories

b) hypotheses

c) scientific method

d) research

Answer: c Page: 30 Level: Easy LO: 1-6 Type: Factual APA Outcome: 1.2

1-136. A _______ is a prediction stated in a way that permits it to be tested.

a) hypothesis

b) theory

c) conclusion

d) scientific method

Answer: a Page: 30 Level: Medium LO: 1-6 Type: Factual APA Outcome: 1.2

1-137. What type of evidence is based on careful, systematic procedures?

a) scientific

b) experimental

c) anecdotal

d) unethical

Answer: a Page: 30 Level: Easy LO: 1-6 Type: Factual APA Outcome: 2.2

1-138. In _________ research, the researcher can tell if an association or relationship between two factors exists.

a) scientific

b) correlational

c) hypothetical

d) experimental

Answer: b Page: 30 Level: Medium LO: 1-6 Type: Factual APA Outcome: 2.2

1-139. ________ research is designed to discover causal relationships between various factors.

a) Correlational

b) Hypothetical

c) Experimental

d) Scientific

Answer: c Page: 30 Level: Difficult LO: 1-6 Type: Factual APA Outcome: 2.2

1-140. Researchers who are interested in the relationship between televised aggression and subsequent behavior have found that children who watch a good deal of televised aggression (murders, crime shows, shootings, etc.) tend to be more aggressive than those who watch little of this type of television programming. This is an example of a(n) ____________ study.

a) scientific

b) experimental

c) theoretical

d) correlational

Answer: d Page: 30 Level: Difficult LO: 1-6 Type: Applied APA Outcome: 2.2

1-141. What is the observation of a naturally occurring behavior, without intervention in the situation?

a) correlational

b) ethnography

c) naturalistic observation

d) experimental

Answer: c Page: 32 Level: Easy LO: 1-6 Type: Factual APA Outcome: 2.2

1-142. What is the method of research borrowed from the field of anthropology and used to investigate cultural questions?

a) ethnography

b) case study

c) natural observation

d) experimentation

Answer: a Page: 33 Level: Difficult LO: 1-6 Type: Factual APA Outcome: 2.2

1-143. Mary is researching the factors related to alcohol use among college students, so she goes to live in a college dorm for a month to observe students and conduct in-depth interviews. This is an example of what type of research?

a) experimental

b) ethnography

c) case study

d) survey research

Answer: b Page: 33 Level: Medium LO: 1-6 Type: Applied APA Outcome: 2.4

1-144. What is the method of research that involves extensive, in-depth interviews with a particular individual or small group of individuals?

a) experimentation

b) case study

c) natural observation

d) ethnography

Answer: b Page: 33 Level: Medium LO: 1-6 Type: Factual APA Outcome: 2.2

1-145. William is participating along with a group of adolescents trying to lose weight. One of his assignments is to keep a diary of his food intake and the times that he eats daily. This can be considered an example of what type of research?

a) experimental

b) ethnography

c) case study

d) survey research

Answer: c Page: 33 Level: Difficult LO: 1-6 Type: Applied APA Outcome: 2.4

1-146. Professor Smythe wants to conduct a study in a virtual charter school. She wants to examine and describe the comparative differences on cognitive development in students attending the charter school with students attending more traditional schools. Ultimately, she plans to describe what, if any, changes are occurring, and why the changes create social difficulty. This is an example of what type of research?

a) quantitative

b) survey

c) naturalistic observation

d) qualitative

Answer: d Page: 33 Level: Difficult LO: 1-6 Type: Applied APA Outcome: 2.2

1-147. In order to learn about children’s toy preferences, researchers interview children at a local preschool and base their inferences on the children’s responses. This is an example of _______ research.

a) experimental

b) ethnography

c) case study

d) survey

Answer: d Page: 33 Level: Medium LO: 1-6 Type: Applied APA Outcome: 2.2

1-148. When a group of people are chosen to represent a larger population and are asked about their attitudes, behaviors, or thinking on a given topic, this is considered _________ research.

a) ethnography

b) case study

c) experimental

d) survey

Answer: d Page: 33 Level: Easy LO: 1-6 Type: Factual APA Outcome: 2.2

1-149. The device that uses electrodes placed on the outside of the skull to record electrical activity within the brain, and is used in psychophysiological research, is called a(n) __________.

a) CAT scan

b) fMRI scan

c) EEG

d) experience

Answer: c Page: 34 Level: Medium LO: 1-6 Type: Factual APA Outcome: 2.2

1-150. The device where a computer constructs an image of the brain by combining thousands of individual x-rays taken at slightly different angles is called a(n) _________.

a) CAT scan

b) EEG

c) psychophysiological

d) fMRI scan

Answer: a Page: 34 Level: Medium LO: 1-6 Type: Factual APA Outcome: 2.2

1-151. The device that provides a detailed, three-dimensional computer-generated image of brain activity by aiming a powerful magnetic field at the brain is called a(n) ______.

a) EEG

b) psychophysiological

c) CAT scan

d) fMRI scan

Answer: d Page: 34 Level: Difficult LO: 1-6 Type: Factual APA Outcome: 2.2

1-152. What is the type of research method that focuses on the relationship between physiological processes and behavior?

a) psychophysiological

b) ethnography

c) experimental

d) case study

Answer: a Page: 34 Level: Easy LO: 1-6 Type: Factual APA Outcome: 2.2

1-153. When an investigator typically devises two different conditions and then studies and compares the outcomes of the participants exposed to those two different conditions in order to see how behavior is affected, this is called a(n)

a) hypothesis.

b) experiment.

c) theory.

d) treatment.

Answer: b Page: 34 Level: Easy LO: 1-6 Type: Factual APA Outcome: 2.2

1-154. Researchers conduct an experiment in which group A is exposed to a particular treatment and group B is given no treatment. If group A is designated as the treatment group, then group B is the

a) independent variable.

b) dependent variable.

c) control group.

d) treatment group.

Answer: c Page: 34 Level: Difficult LO: 1-6 Type: Applied APA Outcome: 2.2

1-155. The group of participants chosen to receive the independent variable is called a(n)

a) control group.

b) experimental group.

c) statistical group.

d) sample.

Answer: b Page: 34 Level: Medium LO: 1-6 Type: Factual APA Outcome: 2.2

1-156. In an experiment, the ______ _____ is what researchers manipulate.

a) experimental control

b) independent variable

c) control group

d) dependent variable

Answer: b Page: 35 Level: Medium LO: 1-6 Type: Factual APA Outcome: 2.2

1-157. Researchers conduct an experiment in which one group is exposed to Treatment A and the other group is exposed to Treatment B. The treatments are the

a) independent variable.

b) dependent variable.

c) control group.

d) treatment group.

Answer: a Page: 35 Level: Medium LO: 1-6 Type: Applied APA Outcome: 2.2

1-158. In an experiment, researchers manipulate the ______, and the variable that the researchers measure to see if it changes is the ______.

a) dependent variable; independent variable

b) independent variable; dependent variable

c) control group; treatment group

d) treatment group; control group

Answer: b Page: 35 Level: Medium LO: 1-6 Type: Factual APA Outcome: 2.2

1-159. In an experiment, the ________ is what researchers measure and expect to change as a result of manipulation.

a) treatment group

b) independent variable

c) control group

d) dependent variable

Answer: d Page: 35 Level: Medium LO: 1-6 Type: Factual APA Outcome: 2.2

1-160. The procedure that experimenters need to use to make sure that participants in both the treatment and control groups are not aware of the purpose of the experiment is known as the

a) independent variable.

b) dependent variable.

c) random assignment.

d) statistical law.

Answer: c Page: 35 Level: Difficult LO: 1-6 Type: Factual APA Outcome: 2.2

1-161. What technique ensures that personal characteristics that might affect the outcome of the experiment are divided proportionally among the participants in the different groups, making groups equivalent?

a) dependent variables

b) random assignment

c) independent variables

d) statistics

Answer: b Page: 35 Level: Difficult LO: 1-6 Type: Conceptual APA Outcome: 2.2

1-162. Using a real-world setting for an experiment is the hallmark of a(n)

a) field study.

b) control group.

c) experimental group.

d) sample group.

Answer: a Page: 36 Level: Medium LO: 1-6 Type: Factual APA Outcome: 2.2

1-163. What kind of research investigation is conducted in a controlled setting explicitly designed to hold events constant?

a) control group

b) experimental group

c) field study

d) laboratory study

Answer: d Pages: 36 Level: Medium LO: 1-6 Type: Factual APA Outcome: 2.2

1-164. What type of research is designed specifically to test some developmental explanation and expand scientific knowledge?

a) experimental

b) hypothetical

c) theoretical

d) applied

Answer: c Page: 37 Level: Medium LO: 1-6 Type: Factual APA Outcome: 2.2

1-165. What type of research is designed to provide practical solutions to immediate problems?

a) hypothetical

b) applied

c) experimental

d) theoretical

Answer: b Page: 37 Level: Medium LO: 1-6 Type: Factual APA Outcome: 2.2

1-166. If the focus of a research study is to examine the ways in which college professors can help students to remember information more easily, such as a study would represent ________ research.

a) applied

b) experimental

c) theoretical

d) hypothetical

Answer: a Page: 37 Level: Difficult LO: 1-6 Type: Applied APA Outcome: 2.2

1-167. If a researcher was interested in learning how children’s moral development changes between the ages of 3 and 15, the researcher may follow them until they are 15, testing them periodically. This research strategy is known as _________ research.

a) developmental

b) longitudinal

c) sequential

d) cross-sectional

Answer: b Page: 37 Level: Difficult LO: 1-6 Type: Applied APA Outcome: 2.2

1-168. When the behavior of one or more study participants is measured as they age, this is called ________ research.

a) longitudinal

b) developmental

c) cross-sectional

d) sequential

Answer: a Page: 37 Level: Difficult LO: 1-6 Type: Factual APA Outcome: 2.2

1-169. In a study of the behavioral adjustment of a group of children placed in foster care, the children were assessed once a year over a period of 10 years. This is an example of a ______ study.

a) cross-sectional

b) developmental

c) longitudinal

d) sequential

Answer: c Page: 37 Level: Difficult LO: 1-6 Type: Applied APA Outcome: 2.2

1-170. What is the type of research in which people of different ages are compared at the same point in time?

a) longitudinal

b) sequential

c) developmental

d) cross-sectional

Answer: d Page: 39 Level: Medium LO: 1-6 Type: Factual APA Outcome: 2.2

1-171. Which type of research study is a compromise technique that essentially examines a number of different age groups at several points in time, and permits developmental researchers to tease out the consequences of age change versus age difference?

a) longitudinal

b) sequential

c) cross-sectional

d) experimental

Answer: b Page: 40 Level: Difficult LO: 1-6 Type: Factual APA Outcome: 2.2

1-172. What kind of evidence is based on one or two instances of a phenomenon, haphazardly discovered or encountered?

a) scientific

b) experimental

c) anecdotal

d) unethical

Answer: c Page: 41 Level: Medium LO: 1-6 Type: Conceptual APA Outcome: 2.2

ESSAY QUESTIONS

1-173. For which issues do lifespan developmental experts seek information?

Answer: Lifespan development experts study the way human beings change and grow, and how this process continues through the lifetime. Lifespan developmental experts seek to understand universal principals of development, and cultural, racial, and ethnic differences that affect the course of human development. They seek to understand the unique aspects of individuals, looking at traits and characteristics that differentiate one person from another.

Page: 5 Level: Medium LO: 1-1 Type: Conceptual APA Outcome: 1.2

1-174. Explain the differences between how a developmentalist who is specializing in personality and a developmentalist who is specializing in social development go about their work.

Answer: A developmentalist interested in personality development might ask whether there are stable, enduring personality traits throughout the lifespan, while a specialist in social development might examine the effects of marriage or divorce on development.

Page: 6 Level: Medium LO: 1-1 Type: Conceptual APA Outcome: 1.2

1-175. Lifespan is usually divided into which specific broad-age ranges?

Answer: Prenatal Period (conception to birth); Infancy and toddlerhood (birth to age 3); Preschool Period (ages 3-6) Middle Childhood (ages 6-12); Adolescence (ages 12-20); Young Adulthood (ages 20-40); Middle Adulthood (ages 40-60); and Late Adulthood (age 60 to death).

Pages: 6 Level: Medium LO: 1-1 Type: Factual APA Outcome: 1.3

1-176. Briefly explain the differences between the terms “race” and “ethnic group.”

Answer: Race is a biological concept, which should be employed to refer to classifications based on physical and structural characteristics of species. In contrast, ethnic group and ethnicity are broader terms, referring to cultural background, nationality, religion, and language.

Page: 8 Level: Medium LO: 1-2 Type: Conceptual APA Outcome: 1.3

1-177. Explain the three different types of cohort effects.

Answer: History-graded influences are biological and environmental influences associated with a particular historical moment in time. Age-graded influences are biological and environmental influences that are similar for individuals in a particular age group, regardless of when or where they are raised (ex., puberty and menopause). Sociocultural-graded influences are the social and cultural factors present at a particular time for a particular individual dependent upon such variables as ethnicity, social class, and subcultural membership.

Pages: 9 Level: Medium LO: 1-2 Type: Conceptual APA Outcome: 1.3

1-178. Identify the four important issues of lifespan development that have been debated since lifespan development became established as a separate field.

Answer: 1) Continuity versus discontinuity; 2) The importance of critical periods; 3) Whether to focus on certain periods or on the entire life span; and 4) The nature versus nurture controversy.

Pages: 10-12 Level: Difficult LO: 1-2 Type: Conceptual APA Outcome: 1.4

1-179. Provide reasons why today’s developmentalists believe the entire life span is important.

Answer: 1) The discovery that developmental growth and change continue during every part of life. 2) A person’s social environment is affected by the influences on his/her social environments. 3) Paul Baltes points out that development across the lifespan involves both gains and losses. People also change how they invest their resources (motivation, energy, and time) at different points during the life span.

Pages: 11 Level: Medium LO: 1-2 Type: Conceptual APA Outcome: 1.2

1-180. Provide reason(s) why Freud’s principles of psychoanalytic theory have been called into question.

Answer: 1) Lack of validation by subsequent research, in particular, the idea that people pass through stages in childhood that determine adult personality; 2) Freud’s theory was based on a limited population of upper-middle-class Austrians living in a strict, puritanical era, and the application of Freud’s theory to a broad, multicultural population is questionable; 3) Freud’s theory focuses primarily on male development, has been criticized as sexist, and may be interpreted as devaluing women.

Pages: 16 Level: Difficult LO: 1-4 Type: Conceptual APA Outcome: 1.3

1-181. Provide reasons why Erikson’s principles of psychosocial theory have been called into question.

Answer: 1) Erikson’s theory focuses more on men than women’s development; 2) The theory is vague, in some aspects making it difficult for researchers to test; and 3) This theory makes it difficult to make predictions about an individual’s behavior.

Page: 16-17 Level: Difficult LO: 1-4 Type: Conceptual APA Outcome: 1.3

1-182. List and briefly explain three types of learning derived from the behavioral perspective.

Answer: 1) Classical conditioning occurs when an organism learns to respond to a neutral stimulus that normally does not evoke that type of response; 2) Operant conditioning is learning in which a voluntary response is strengthened or weakened by its association with positive or negative consequences; 3) Social-cognitive learning theory is an approach that emphasizes learning by observing the behavior of another person called a model.

Pages: 17-18 Level: Medium LO: 1-4 Type: Factual APA Outcome: 1.2

1-183. Briefly explain why developmental researchers would employ the cognitive perspective.

Answer: The cognitive perspective emphasizes how people internally represent and think about their world. The cognitive perspective would help researchers understand how people process information and how thinking and understanding affect their behavior. It also gives insight into how people’s cognitive abilities change, both quantitatively and qualitatively, as people develop, and sheds light on how cognitive abilities are related to one another.

Page: 19-20 Level: Difficult LO: 1-4 Type: Conceptual APA Outcome: 1.3

1-184. What is the greatest criticism of the Piagetian perspective?

Answer: The greatest criticism is that cognitive development is not as discontinuous as represented in Piaget’s four distinct stages theory. Other researchers argue that growth is more continuous, e.g., as in the information-processing approach that focuses on learning, memory, and thinking throughout a life span.

Page: 20 Level: Medium LO: 1-4 Type: Conceptual APA Outcome: 1.4

1-185. Provide insight as to why the humanistic perspective has not had a major impact upon the field of lifespan development.

Answer: The lack of influence by the humanistic perspective is primarily due to its inability to identify a broad developmental change that is the result of increasing age or experience.

Page: 22 Level: Medium LO: 1-4 Type: Conceptual APA Outcome: 1.2

1-186. Briefly explain Bronfenbrenner’s first level of his bioecological approach.

Answer: The first level of Bronfenbrenner’s bioecological approach is the microsystem, which includes the home, caregivers, friends, and teachers who all influence the child’s microsystem.

Page: 23 Level: Medium LO: 1-4 Type: Factual APA Outcome: 1.2

1-187. Briefly explain why Bronfenbrenner’s bioecological approach emphasizes the interconnectedness of the influences on development. Give an example.

Answer: Because the levels of the bioecological approach are related to one another, a change in one part of the system affects other part of the system. Example: A parent’s loss of employment can impact a child’s microsystem.

Page: 23-24 Level: Difficult LO: 1-4 Type: Conceptual APA Outcome: 1.3

1-188. Why has Vygotsky’s sociocultural theory become increasingly influential?

Pages: 25 Level: Medium LO: 1-4 Type: Conceptual APA Outcome: 1.3

1-189. Provide some criticism of the evolutionary perspectives.

Answer: 1) The evolutionary perspective pays insufficient attention to the environmental and social factors affecting people’s behavior; and 2) There is no good way experimentally to test theories derived from the evolutionary approach because they happened a long time ago.

Page: 26-27 Level: Medium LO: 1-4 Type: Conceptual APA Outcome: 1.2

1-190. Briefly list and describe the 3 major steps of the scientific method.

Answer: 1) identifying questions of interest; 2) formulating an explanation; and 3) carrying out research that either lends support to the explanation or refutes it.

Page: 30 Level: Medium LO: 1-6 Type: Factual APA Outcome: 1.3

1-191. Briefly describe some of the hallmarks that distinguish a field study.

Answer: 1) A field study is research carried out in a naturally occurring setting; 2) Field studies capture behavior in real-life settings where participants may behave more naturally than they would if they were brought into a laboratory; 3) Field studies may be used in both correlational studies and experiments; 4) It is often difficult to run an experiment in real-world settings where it is hard to exert control over the situation and environment; 5) Field studies are more typical of correlational designs than experimental designs.

Page: 36 Level: Difficult LO: 1-6 Type: Factual APA Outcome: 2.2

1-192. Briefly describe some drawbacks of utilizing longitudinal research studies.

Answer: 1) Longitudinal research requires a tremendous investment of time as researchers wait for participants to grow older; 2) Participants drop out over the course of the research because they may move away, become ill, or die as the research proceeds; 3) Participants may become “test wise” and perform better each time they are assessed as they become more familiar with the procedure; 4) Experimental participants may be affected by the repeated presence of an experimenter or observer.

Page: 37 Level: Difficult LO: 1-6 Type: Conceptual APA Outcome: 2.2

TRUE/FALSE

1-193. Despite individual and specific differences, each and every one of us is traversing the territory known as lifespan development.

Answer: True Page: 4 Level: Easy LO: Introduction Type: Factual APA Outcome: 1.2

1-194. Louise Brown’s conception in the lab is not one of the brave new worlds of the twenty-first century.

Answer: False Page: 4 Level: Easy LO: Introduction Type: Conceptual APA Outcome: 1.3

1-195. Specialists in lifespan development share one concern: understanding the growth and change that occur during the course of life.

Answer: True Page: 4 Level: Easy LO: Introduction Type: Conceptual APA Outcome: 1.2

1-196. Developmentalists study how both our biological inheritance and the environment in which we live jointly affect our behavior.

Answer: True Page: 4 Level: Easy LO: Introduction Type: Factual APA Outcome: 1.2

1-197. All developmental specialists acknowledge that neither heredity nor environment alone can account for the full range of human development and change.

Answer: True Page: 5 Level: Easy LO: Introduction Type: Factual APA Outcome: 1.3

1-198. Lifespan development is the field of study that examines patterns of growth, change, and stability in behavior that occurs throughout the entire lifespan.

Answer: True Page: 5 Level: Easy LO: 1-1 Type: Factual APA Outcome: 1.2

1-199. Lifespan developmentalists believe that people continue to grow and change in every aspect of their lives up to the end of their lives.

Answer: False Pages: 5-6 Level: Medium LO: 1-1 Type: Conceptual APA Outcome: 1.2

1-200. The age ranges within a period – and even the periods themselves – are steadfast and unchanging.

Answer: False Pages: 6-7 Level: Medium LO: 1-1 Type: Factual APA Outcome: 1.2

1-201. All age ranges have clear-cut boundaries.

Answer: False Pages: 6-7 Level: Easy LO: 1-1 Type: Factual APA Outcome: 1.2

1-201. All people reach their developmental milestones at the exact same time.

Answer: False Pages: 7 Level: Easy LO: 1-1 Type: Factual APA Outcome: 1.2

1-202. Different cultures and subcultures have their own views of appropriate and inappropriate childrearing just as they have different developmental goals for their children.

Answer: True Page: 8 Level: Easy LO: 1-2 Type: Factual APA Outcome: 1.2

1-203. The terms “race” and “ethnic group” are interchangeable.

Answer: False Page: 8 Level: Easy LO: 1-2 Type: Factual APA Outcome: 1.2

1-204. In the years ahead, it is likely that lifespan development will move from a discipline primarily focused on North American and Europe to encompass development around the globe.

Answer: True Page: 8 Level: Easy LO: 1-2 Type: Factual APA Outcome: 1.2

1-205. Developmentalists reject the notion that behavior is the sole result of either nature or nurture.

Answer: True Page: 12 Level: Easy LO: 1-3 Type: Factual APA Outcome: 1.2

1-206. Intelligence is solely determined by inherited, genetic factors.

Answer: False Page: 12 Level: Difficult LO: 1-3 Type: Factual APA Outcome: 1.2

1-207. Erikson believed that each of the 8 stages of psychosocial development must be addressed in order to move on to the next stage.

Answer: True Page: 15 Level: Medium LO: 1-4 Type: Factual APA Outcome: 1.2

1-208. Freud and Erikson agreed that development is relatively complete by adolescence.

Answer: False Page: 15 Level: Medium LO: 1-4 Type: Factual APA Outcome: 1.4

1-209. Classical conditioning is the only type of learning derived from the behavioral perspective.

Answer: False Page: 17 Level: Easy LO: 1-4 Type: Factual APA Outcome: 1.2

1-210. By and large, based upon thousands of investigations, Piaget’s broad view of the sequence of cognitive development is accurate.

Answer: True Page: 20 Level: Easy LO: 1-4 Type: Factual APA Outcome: 1.2

1-211. Using information-processing terminology, neo-Piagetian theory suggests that cognitive development proceeds at the same rate for all areas (i.e., reading vs. abstract computational abilities).

Answer: False Page: 20 Level: Medium LO: 1-4 Type: Factual APA Outcome: 1.4

1-212. The humanistic perspective has had a major impact upon the field of lifespan development.

Answer: False Pages: 22 Level: Medium LO: 1-4 Type: Factual APA Outcome: 1.2

1-213. In Bronfenbrenner’s first of his five levels of bioecological approach, the child has an active role in shaping his/her environment.

Answer: True Page: 23 Level: Medium LO: 1-4 Type: Factual APA Outcome: 1.2

1-214. Some evolutionary developmentalists suggest that behaviors such as shyness and jealousy are produced in part by genetic causes because they helped increase the survival rates of humans’ ancient relatives.

Answer: True Page: 26 Level: Medium LO: 1-4 Type: Conceptual APA Outcome: 1.3

1-215. All claims and theories derived from the various perspectives are accurate.

Answer: False Page: 28 Level: Medium LO: 1-5 Type: Factual APA Outcome: 1.2

1-216. A correlational study can conclude that the viewing of television aggression causes more aggressive behavior in children.

Answer: False Page: 31 Level: Medium LO: 1-6 Type: Factual APA Outcome: 2.2

1-217. In an experiment, one group, the treatment or experimental group, is exposed to the treatment variable being studied; and the other, the control group, is not.

Answer: True Page: 34 Level: Easy LO: 1-6 Type: Factual APA Outcome: 2.2

#Test Bank Development Across the Life Span 7th Edition

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Test Bank Development Across the Life Span 6th Edition

For Order This And Any Other Test

Banks And Solutions Manuals, Course,

Assignments, Discussions, Quizzes, Exams,

Chapter 1

An Introduction to Lifespan Development

1-1. In May 2009, 66-year-old ________ gave birth to a 5-pound, 3-ounce infant.

a) Elizabeth Ardant

b) Elizabeth Amino

c) Elizabeth Adeney

d) Elizabeth Adios

Answer: c Page: 3 Level: Easy Type: Factual

1-2. Lifespan development spans a range of interests that specialists in development can consider. A researcher wants to examine the effects of the 66-year-old woman’s son’s birth on long-range development. Which of the following could possibly be an area of interest?

a) Investigating behavior at the level of biological processes to determine whether the infant’s functioning was affected by the advanced age of his mother.

b) Investigating DNA structure’s influence on academic performance.

c) Completing a cross-sectional study comparing males and females.

d) Examining how exposure to music in utero would interfere with long-range personality structures.

Answer: a Page: 4 Level: Difficult Type: Conceptual

1-3. _______ development is the field of study that examines patterns of growth, change, and stability in behavior that occur throughout the entire lifespan.

a) Biological

b) Lifespan

c) Psychological

d) Research

Answer: b Page: 5 Level: Medium Type: Factual

1-4. In its study of growth, change, and stability, lifespan development takes a(n) ______ approach.

a) intuitive

b) scientific

c) social

d) environmental

Answer: b Page: 5 Level: Medium Type: Factual

1-5. A professor wants to examine the effectiveness of a new teaching approach. Her 9:00 a.m. class will be exposed to the new method of viewing teaching tapes while her 10:00 a.m. class will be exposed to traditional lectures. She will assess the students’ progress after six sessions. What method is the professor using to conduct her experiment?

a) intuitive

b) biological

c) environmental

d) scientific

Answer: d Page: 5 Level: Medium Type: Applied

1-6. The vast majority of lifespan development focuses on

a) nonhuman species.

b) test tube babies.

c) biological and environmental development.

d) human development.

Answer: d Page: 5 Level: Medium Type: Factual

1-7. A lifespan developmentalist whose topical focus is the body’s makeup is interested in _____ development.

a) cognitive

b) physical

c) personality

d) social

Answer: b Page: 6 Level: Medium Type: Conceptual

1-8. A researcher working with college-age football players is conducting a longitudinal study to examine an athlete’s decline in physical performance as the athlete ages. What type of development would the researcher most likely be studying?

a) cognitive

b) personality

c) physical

d) social

Answer: c Page: 6 Level: Medium Type: Applied

1-9. ________ development involves the ways that growth and change in intellectual capabilities influence a person’s behavior.

a) Cognitive

b) Physical

c) Personality

d) Social

Answer: a Page: 6 Level: Medium Type: Conceptual

1-10. Researchers in the early learning department of a university are conducting a long-term study to see how problem-solving skills change over time as school-age students move from elementary school to high school to college. What type of development are the researchers most likely studying?

a) cognitive

b) personality

c) social

d) physical

Answer: a Page: 6 Level: Medium Type: Applied

1-11. Researchers who use intellectual testing (IQ) as part of their research project with elementary age students are likely to be researching _________ development.

a) personality

b) cognitive

c) social

d) physical

Answer: b Page: 6 Level: Medium Type: Conceptual

1-12. ________ development involves the ways that the enduring characteristics that differentiate one person from another change over the life span.

a) Cognitive

b) Physical

c) Personality

d) Social

Answer: c Page: 6 Level: Medium Type: Conceptual

1-13. A student reads a flyer on the campus bulletin board that says a researcher is searching for students to volunteer for a long-term study. Participation includes completing testing that measures traits such as temperament, attitudes, and adaptability, as well as being available for follow-up for the next 10 years. The researcher who is developing this study is most likely interested in ___________ development.

a) personality

b) social

c) cognitive

d) physical

Answer: a Page: 6 Level: Medium Type: Applied

1-14. _________ development involves the way in which individuals’ interactions with others and their social relationships grow, change and remain stable over the course of life.

a) Cognitive

b) Physical

c) Personality

d) Social

Answer: d Page: 6 Level: Medium Type: Conceptual

1-15. What type of lifespan developmentalist is interested in how a person who experiences a significant or traumatic event early in life would remember that event later in life?

a) physical

b) social

c) cognitive

d) personality

Answer: c Page: 6 Level: Medium Type: Conceptual

1-16. A researcher is interested in conducting a study to determine whether people who experienced a devastating event, such as a house fire where the family lost everything, suffer lasting effects from such devastation early in life. This researcher is interested in the ________ development of the subject(s).

a) personality

b) social

c) cognitive

d) physical

Answer: c Page: 6 Level: Medium Type: Applied

1-17. Lifespan developmentalists typically look at which of the following areas?

a) a particular family

b) a particular age range

c) a particular town/city

d) a particular country

Answer: b Page: 6 Level: Medium Type: Conceptual

1-18. A developmental researcher who is interested in studying what senses are used most often by a child or what the long-term results of premature birth are would be studying ___________ development.

a) social

b) physical

c) personality

d) cognitive

Answer: b Page: 6 Level: Medium Type: Conceptual

1-19. If a developmental researcher is studying what the earliest memories that can be recalled from infancy are, or what the intellectual consequences of watching television are, in what developmental area is the researcher interested?

a) social

b) physical

c) cognitive

d) personality

Answer: c Page: 6 Level: Medium Type: Applied

1-20. A shared notion of reality that is widely accepted but is a function of society and culture at a given time is/are called

a) topical areas of lifespan development.

b) social construction.

c) age ranges.

d) social development.

Answer: b Page: 6 Level: Difficult Type: Factual

1-21. The concept of childhood as a special period did not exist during the ________ century.

a) sixteenth

b) seventeenth

c) nineteenth

d) twentieth

Answer: b Page: 7 Level: Medium Type: Factual

1-22. Which age range is considered a social construction and does not have a clear-cut boundary?

a) infancy begins with birth

b) adolescence starts with sexual maturity

c) middle adulthood ends with retirement

d) preschool period ends with entry into public school

Answer: c Page: 7 Level: Medium Type: Conceptual

1-23. In Western culture, what age is considered young adulthood?

a) 16

b) 18

c) 21

d) 20

Answer: d Page: 7 Level: Medium Type: Factual

1-24. Walter is a college student who is about to graduate from college. At what age would he most likely consider that a substantial change is occurring in his life?

a) when he turned 20 years of age

b) when he leaves college and enters the workforce at age 22

c) when he finished his junior year of high school at age 17

d) when he turns 26 years old

Answer: b Page: 7 Level: Medium Type: Conceptual

1-25. To gain a clearer understanding, developmentalists must consider all of the following broad cultural factors except

a) orientation toward individualism and collectivism.

b) ethnic, racial, socioeconomic, and gender differences.

c) how progress in the domain of human diversity has actually regressed.

d) how subcultures are exactly like cultures in their views and attitudes.

Answer: d Page: 8 Level: Medium Type: Conceptual

1-26. When discussing developmental diversity, what characteristic of good parenting do Mayan mothers consider essential?

a) laying their infants down

b) constant contact between themselves and their infant children

c) constant nourishment of their children

d) allowing their infants to cry

Answer: b Page: 8 Level: Medium Type: Factual

1-27. Race is what kind of a concept?

a) cognitive

b) cultural

c) biological

d) social

Answer: c Page: 8 Level: Medium Type: Conceptual

1-28. When Allison was completing her medical forms in the doctor’s office, she was asked to indicate her race. What may be an appropriate reason(s) for the question on the forms?

a) to establish her skin color

b) to establish her ethnic/cultural heritage

c) to establish her religion

d) to establish biological factors

Answer: d Page: 8 Level: Medium Type: Applied

1-29. A group of people who are born around the same time in the same place is called a(n)

a) race.

b) cohort.

c) ethnic group.

d) normative group.

Answer: b Page: 9 Level: Medium Type: Factual

1-30. The concept of race is exceedingly imprecise for all of the following reasons EXCEPT

a) depending upon how it is defined, there are between 3 and 300 races.

b) no race is genetically distinct.

c) the question of race seems comparatively insignificant because 99.9 percent of humans’ genetic makeup is identical.

d) names can best reflect different races and ethnic groups.

Answer: d Pages: 8-9 Level: Medium Type: Conceptual

1-31. People who lived in New York City during the 9/11 terrorist attack on the World Trade Center experienced shared challenges due to the attack that are called ________ effects.

a) biological

b) environmental

c) cohort

d) Millennial Generation

Answer: c Page: 9 Level: Medium Type: Applied

1-32. Biological and environmental influences that are similar for individuals in a particular age group, regardless of where they are raised, are called ______influences.

a) age-graded

b) history-graded

c) biological

d) environmental

Answer: a Page: 9 Level: Medium Type: Factual

1-33. Biological and environmental factors that are associated with a certain historical event, such as the bombing of Pearl Harbor, can be considered

a) age-graded influences.

b) history-graded influences.

c) sociocultural-graded influences.

d) non-normative life events.

Answer: b Page: 9 Level: Medium Type: Applied

1-34. A biological universal event that occurs at relatively the same time throughout all societies is an example of

a) young adulthood.

b) puberty.

c) adulthood.

d) death.

Answer: b Page: 9 Level: Medium Type: Factual

1-35. Alice’s symptoms of menopause include hot flashes and cessation of her monthly menstrual cycle. Alice’s doctor tells her she is experiencing a(n)

a) non-normative life event.

b) age-graded influence.

c) history-graded influence.

d) sociocultural-graded influence.

Answer: b Page: 9 Level: Medium Type: Applied

1-36. When social and cultural factors affect an individual at a particular time and include variables as ethnicity, social class, and subcultural membership, these factors are called

a) age-graded influences.

b) non-normative life events.

c) history-graded influences.

d) sociocultural-graded influences.

Answer: d Page: 9 Level: Medium Type: Conceptual

1-37. In ___________, development is ________, with achievements at one level building on those of previous levels.

a) discontinuous change; distinct

b) continuous change; gradual

c) discontinuous change; gradual

d) continuous change; distinct

Answer: b Page: 10 Level: Difficult Type: Factual

1-38. In ____________ development, each stage is

a) discontinuous change; distinct.

b) continuous change; distinct.

c) distinct change; discontinuous.

d) distinct change; gradual.

Answer: a Page: 11 Level: Difficult Type: Factual

1-39. Consider a situation where a woman comes down with a case of rubella (German measles) in the eleventh week of pregnancy, as opposed to the thirtieth week of pregnancy. The difference in the way rubella would affect the unborn child at these two times is an example of

a) continuous change.

b) discontinuous change.

c) critical period.

d) sensitive period.

Answer: c Page: 11 Level: Medium Type: Applied

1-40. Development that occurs in distinct steps or stages, with each stage bringing about behavior that is assumed to be qualitatively different from behavior at earlier stages is called _________ change.

a) discontinuous

b) continuous

c) critical

d) natural

Answer: a Page: 11 Level: Medium Type: Factual

1-41. A specific time during development when a particular event has its greatest consequences and the presence of certain kinds of environmental stimuli is necessary for development to proceed normally is called

a) discontinuous change.

b) continuous change.

c) critical period.

d) natural change.

Answer: c Page: 11 Level: Difficult Type: Factual

1-42. Early developmentalists focused their attention on

a) infancy to preschool years.

b) preschool to adolescence.

c) infancy and adolescence.

d) adolescence and adulthood.

Answer: c Page: 11 Level: Medium Type: Factual

1-43. In a ______, organisms are particularly susceptible to certain kinds of stimuli in their environments, but the absence of those stimuli does not always produce irreversible consequences.

a) sensitive period

b) continuous change

c) critical period

d) discontinuous change

Answer: a Page: 11 Level: Difficult Type: Factual

1-44. What issue has dominated much work in lifespan development?

a) Which area(s) of lifespan development are the most important?

b) How much of people’s behavior is due to their genetically-determined nature and how much is due to nurture?

c) What are the historical roots of developmentalists and life span development?

d) How are developmental research studies developed?

Answer: b Page: 12 Level: Medium Type: Conceptual

1-45. “Nature” refers to

a) traits, abilities and capacities inherited from parents.

b) biological forces within the environment that affect change.

c) how people’s growth and change is affected at the cellular level.

d) socioeconomic surroundings that affect people’s growth and change.

Answer: a Page: 12 Level: Medium Type: Factual

1-46. The predetermined unfolding of genetic information is known as

a) nurture.

b) influences of the physical and social environment.

c) maturation.

d) conception.

Answer: c Page 12 Level: Medium Type: Factual

1-47. Environmental influences that shape behavior are referred to as

a) nurture.

b) maturation.

c) nature.

d) social evolution.

Answer: a Page: 12 Level: Medium Type: Factual

1-48. Wilma used both cocaine and alcohol during her pregnancy, and this considered a ___________ impact upon environmental influences known as ________.

a) biological; nurture

b) biological; nature

c) biological; maturation

d) social; nature

Answer: a Page: 12 - 13 Level: Medium Type: Applied

1-49. Genetically-determined traits not only directly influence a child’s ______, but also indirectly shape the child’s _________.

a) behavior; environment

b) environment; behavior

c) maturation; circumstances

d) circumstances; maturation

Answer: a Page: 13 Level: Medium Type: Factual

1-50. Bob and Marion’s high level of responsivity to their baby’s persistent crying demonstrates a(n) _______ influence on the baby’s development.

a) genetic

b) environmental

c) maturation

d) social

Answer: b Page: 13 Level: Medium Type: Applied

1-51. Broad, organized explanations and predictions concerning phenomena of interest are called _________________ and provide a framework for understanding the relationships among an organized set of facts or principles.

a) concepts

b) hypotheses

c) theories

d) perspectives

Answer: c Page: 14 Level: Medium Type: Factual

1-52. Advocates of the __________ perspective believe that much of behavior is motivated by inner forces, memories, and conflicts of which a person has little awareness or control.

a) psychodynamic

b) psychosocial

c) behavioral

d) psychosexual

Answer: a Page: 14 Level: Medium Type: Factual

1-53. Freud proposed a theory that suggests that unconscious forces act to influence personality and behavior. This is called the ______ perspective.

a) psychosocial

b) psychosexual

c) psychoanalytic

d) behavioral

Answer: c Page: 14 Level: Medium Type: Factual

1-54. The psychodynamic perspective is closely associated with

a) Freud.

b) Erikson.

c) Skinner.

d) Piaget.

Answer: a Page: 14 Level: Medium Type: Factual

1-55. Sigmund Freud is responsible for revolutionary ideas and the __________ theory.

a) behavioral

b) psychoanalytic

c) phallic

d) reality

Answer: b Page: 14 Level: Medium Type: Factual

1-56. Which of the following suggests that unconscious forces act to determine personality and behavior?

a) psychosexual development

b) pleasure principle

c) reality principle

d) psychoanalytic theory

Answer: d Page: 14 Level: Medium Type: Factual

1-57. Freud believed that the _________ contains infantile wishes, desires, demands, and needs that are hidden from conscious awareness because they are disturbing.

a) superego

b) id

c) ego

d) unconscious

Answer: d Page: 14 Level: Medium Type: Factual

1-58. The approach stating that behavior is motivated by inner forces, memories, and conflicts that are generally beyond peoples’ awareness and control is called the

a) clinical approach.

b) investigative approach.

c) psychodynamic perspective.

d) analytical perspective.

Answer: c Page: 14 Level: Medium Type: Factual

1-59. According to Freud, which part of everyone’s personality operates according to the “pleasure principle”?

a) unconscious

b) ego

c) superego

d) id

Answer: d Page: 15 Level: Medium Type: Factual

1-60. Freud believed that the goal of the pleasure principle was to

a) reduce satisfaction and maximize tension.

b) maximize satisfaction and reduce tension.

c) reduce inhibition and maximize unconscious awareness.

d) increase inhibition and reduce unconscious awareness.

Answer: b Page: 15 Level: Difficult Type: Factual

1-61. Freud believed that the _____ is the part of the personality that is rational and reasonable.

a) id

b) superego

c) conscious

d) ego

Answer: d Page: 15 Level: Medium Type: Factual

1-62. Freud believed that the ego operates on the

a) unconscious.

b) reality principle.

c) pleasure principle.

d) conscious.

Answer: b Page: 15 Level: Medium Type: Factual

1-63. If a child develops into a person who integrates into society and maintains a good awareness of safety, Freud may say that person has a well-developed

a) id.

b) superego.

c) consciousness.

d) ego.

Answer: d Page: 15 Level: Medium Type: Conceptual

1-64. The ________ is Freud’s representation of incorporating the distinction between right and wrong.

a) ego

b) id

c) superego

d) unconscious

Answer: c Page: 15 Level: Medium Type: Factual

1-65. To Freud, “superego” and ________ are interchangeable terms.

a) conscience

b) ego

c) unconscious

d) conscious

Answer: a Page: 15 Level: Medium Type: Conceptual

1-66. Freud believed that the ______ begins to develop around ages five or six and is learned from significant authority figures.

a) id

b) superego

c) conscious

d) ego

Answer: b Page: 15 Level: Medium Type: Factual

1-67. According to Freud, a series of stages that children pass through in which pleasure, or gratification, is focused on a particular biological function and body part is called

a) psychosexual development.

b) the psychosexual approach.

c) the psychoanalytic theory.

d) the psychoanalytical approach.

Answer: a Page: 15 Level: Medium Type: Factual

1-68. Adults demonstrating excessive activities such as eating, talking, or chewing gum may be experiencing a(n) __________ fixation.

a) anal

b) oral

c) phallic

d) psychosexual

Answer: b Page: 15 Level: Medium Type: Applied

1-69. Thom is an adolescent who has an awareness of uniqueness of self and knowledge of roles to be followed. He can be said to have passed through Erikson’s ________ stage of psychosocial development.

a) trust vs. mistrust

b) initiative vs. guilt

c) industry vs. inferiority

d) identity vs. role diffusion

Answer: d Page: 15 Level: Medium Type: Applied

1-70. Kimberly is a young woman who has a fear of relationships with others. She can be said to have had a negative outcome in Erikson’s ________ stage of psychosocial development.

a) initiative vs. guilt

b) autonomy vs. shame and doubt

c) intimacy vs. isolation

d) generativity vs. isolation

Answer: c Page: 15 Level: Medium Type: Applied

1-71. As Warren looks back over his long life, he feels a sense of unity in his life’s accomplishments. He can be said to be in Erikson’s ________ stage of psychosocial development.

a) industry vs. inferiority

b) ego-integrity vs. despair

c) identity vs. role diffusion

d) generativity vs. stagnation

Answer: b Page: 15 Level: Medium Type: Applied

1-72. Suri identifies with her mother as a role model. She has passed through Freud’s _______

stage of psychosexual development.

a) anal

b) oral

c) phallic

d) latent

Answer: c Page: 15 Level: Medium Type: Applied

1-73. Freud believed that if children are unable to gratify themselves in a particular stage of development, or if they are over-gratified in a particular stage of development, ______ may occur.

a) fixation

b) conflict

c) stages

d) patterns

Answer: a Page: 16 Level: Medium Type: Factual

1-74. Psychoanalyst ________ provided an alternative psychodynamic view in his theory of psychosocial development.

a) Skinner

b) Freud

c) Erikson

d) Piaget

Answer: c Page: 16 Level: Medium Type: Factual

1-75. Erikson proposed a ____________ theory, which emphasized that society and culture influence and shape us.

a) psychosocial

b) psychodynamic

c) psychoanalytic

d) behavioral

Answer: a Page: 16 Level: Medium Type: Factual

1-76. Erikson’s psychosocial theory of development proposes ________ distinct stages.

a) 3

b) 5

c) 8

d) 2

Answer: c Page: 16 Level: Easy Type: Factual

1-77. Erikson argued that each of his stages presents a(n) ________ that the individual must resolve.

a) crisis

b) fixation

c) dilemma

d) interaction

Answer: a Page: 16 Level: Medium Type: Factual

1-78. Erikson’s theory differs from Freud’s in that Erikson believed that development

a) is completed in infancy.

b) is completed in early childhood.

c) is completed by adolescence.

d) continues throughout the lifespan.

Answer: d Page: 16 Level: Easy Type: Conceptual

1-79. The __________ ________ suggests that keys to understanding development are observable actions and outside stimuli in the environment.

a) psychodynamic perspective

b) behavioral perspective

c) psychoanalytic theory

d) psychosocial theory

Answer: b Page: 17 Level: Difficult Type: Factual

1-80. ________ theories assume that people are affected by the environmental stimuli to which they are exposed, and developmental change is

a) Psychodynamic; qualitative.

b) Psychosocial; quantitative.

c) Developmental; qualitative.

d) Behavioral; quantitative.

Answer: d Page: 17 Level: Difficult Type: Factual

1-81. A type of learning in which an organism responds in a particular way to a neutral stimulus that normally does not bring about that type of response is called

a) classical conditioning.

b) behavioral perspective.

c) operant conditioning.

d) psychodynamic approach.

Answer: a Page: 17 Level: Difficult Type: Factual

1-82. A form of learning in which a voluntary response is strengthened or weakened by its association with positive or negative consequences is called

a) behavioral perspective.

b) psychodynamic perspective.

c) operant conditioning.

d) classical conditioning.

Answer: c Page: 17 Level: Difficult Type: Factual

1-83. Who was one of the first American psychologists to advocate a behavioral approach to development?

a) Skinner

b) Watson

c) Piaget

d) Erikson

Answer: b Page: 17 Level: Medium Type: Factual

1-84. Judy was bitten by a small brown and white dog when she was a little girl, and now every time she sees a small dog approaching her, she is fearful. Watson would say that Judy’s reaction is a result of _________ conditioning.

a) behavioral

b) classical

c) reinforcement

d) psychosocial

Answer: b Page: 17 Level: Medium Type: Applied

1-85. ________ ________ is a form of learning in which a voluntary response is strengthened or weakened by its association with positive or negative consequences.

a) Classical conditioning

b) Social-cognitive learning

c) Operant conditioning

d) Psychodynamic learning

Answer: c Page: 17 Level: Difficult Type: Conceptual

1-86. _________ conditioning, in which the response being conditioned is voluntary and purposeful, differs from _________ conditioning, where the response is automatic.

a) Social-cognitive; operant

b) Operant; classical

c) Classical; operant

d) Operant; social-cognitive

Answer: b Page: 17 Level: Difficult Type: Conceptual

1-87. Operant conditioning was formulated and championed by

a) Freud.

b) Skinner.

c) Bandura.

d) Rogers.

Answer: b Page: 17 Level: Medium Type: Factual

1-88. Behavior modification depends upon what principle?

a) operant conditioning

b) social-cognitive conditioning

c) classical conditioning

d) stimulus conditioning

Answer: a Page: 17 Level: Medium Type: Factual

1-89. Susan learned at a young age that developing good study habits, such as doing her homework, brought about good grades, and made her want to work harder in school. This type of behavior is called

a) learning theory.

b) classical conditioning.

c) reinforcement.

d) social-cognitive.

Answer: c Page: 18 Level: Difficult Type: Applied

1-90. Roger likes to buy lottery tickets regularly because he occasionally wins. This is an example of ________ behavior.

a) reinforcement

b) classical conditioning

c) operant conditioning

d) social-cognitive

Answer: a Page: 18 Level: Difficult Type: Applied

1-91. The introduction of an unpleasant or painful stimulus, or the removal of a desirable stimulus that decreases the probability that a preceding behavior will occur in the future is considered ________ learning.

a) classical

b) punishment

c) social-cognitive

d) reinforcement

Answer: b Page: 18 Level: Difficult Type: Conceptual

1-92. Alice used to do her math homework regularly and studied hard for tests although she continued to have difficulty getting passing grades; disheartened, Alice began to put less effort into her math homework, and eventually she failed math. This is an example of what type of behavior?

a) reinforcement

b) classical

c) social-cognitive

d) punishment

Answer: d Page: 18 Level: Difficult Type: Applied

1-93. Behavior that receives no reinforcement or is punished is likely to be

a) continued.

b) intermittent.

c) extinguished.

d) accelerated.

Answer: c Page: 18 Level: Medium Type: Conceptual

1-94. ______ _______ is a formal technique for promoting the frequency of desirable behaviors and decreasing the incidence of unwanted ones.

a) Punishment modification

b) Reinforcement modification

c) Classical modification

d) Behavior modification

Answer: d Page: 18 Level: Easy Type: Conceptual

1-95. What is the learning approach that emphasizes learning by observing the behavior of another person, called modeling?

a) classical conditioning

b) behavior modification

c) social-cognitive learning

d) operant conditioning

Answer: c Page: 18 Level: Easy Type: Conceptual

1-96. Ralph watches the other kindergarten students receive stickers and other rewards from the teacher for sitting at their desks and completing their work. Soon, Ralph begins to behave like the other kindergarten students. This is what type of learning?

a) modeling

b) reinforcement

c) extinction

d) imitation

Answer: a Page: 18 Level: Easy Type: Applied

1-97. Which developmental psychologist developed an approach that emphasizes learning by observing the behavior of another person, called a model?

a) Skinner

b) Freud

c) Bandura

d) Watson

Answer: c Page: 18 Level: Medium Type: Factual

1-98. According to classical and operant conditioning, with their “black box” analyses, people and other organisms’ behavior and learning are understood in terms of ________, _______ stimuli.

a) insignificant; external

b) observable; external

c) significant; internal

d) unobservable; internal

Answer: b Page: 18 Level: Difficult Type: Conceptual

1-99. Social-cognitive learning theorists argue that the difference between people and animals is the occurrence of

a) classical conditioning.

b) operant conditioning.

c) mental activity.

d) reinforcement/punishment.

Answer: c Page: 18 Level: Difficult Type: Factual

1-100. Which form of the behavioral perspective learning styles has come to a predominant position in recent decades and is based on learning through imitation?

a) classical

b) social-cognitive theory

c) operant

d) reinforcement

Answer: b Page: 18 Level: Medium Type: Factual

1-101. __________ focuses on the processes that allow people to know, understand, and think about the world.

a) Classical conditioning

b) The behavioral perspective

c) Operant conditioning

d) The cognitive perspective

Answer: d Page: 19 Level: Medium Type: Conceptual

1-102. The approach that focuses on the processes that allow people to know, understand, and think about the world is called the

a) psychoanalytic approach.

b) theoretical approach.

c) cognitive perspective.

d) analytical perspective.

Answer: c Page: 19 Level: Difficult Type: Conceptual

1-103. Who is considered the predominant theorist in cognitive development?

a) Piaget

b) Skinner

c) Bandura

d) Freud

Answer: a Page: 19 Level: Easy Type: Factual

1-104. _________ is(are) a theory of how human thinking is organized into mental patterns that represent behaviors and actions.

a) Assimilation

b) Schemes

c) Accommodation

d) Assessments

Answer: b Page: 19 Level: Medium Type: Factual

1-105. Piaget’s two basic principles of growth in children’s understanding of the world are

a) reward and punishment.

b) schemas and assessment.

c) assimilation and accommodation.

d) cognitive and behavior.

Answer: c Page: 19 Level: Difficult Type: Conceptual

1-106. What did Piaget call the process in which people understand an experience in terms of their current stage of cognitive development and way of thinking?

a) cognition

b) accommodation

c) schemes

d) assimilation

Answer: d Page: 19 Level: Difficult Type: Conceptual

1-107. What did Piaget call the process in which changes occur in the existing way a child thinks in response to encounters with new stimuli or events?

a) assimilation

b) accommodation

c) cognition

d) schemes

Answer: b Page: 19 Level: Difficult Type: Conceptual

1-108. What has become an important alternative to Piagetian approaches?

a) behavioral modification

b) classical conditioning

c) information processing

d) social-cognitive learning

Answer: c Page: 20 Level: Medium Type: Factual

1-109. Which type of approach grew out of the development of electronic processing of information, where even complex behavior such as learning, remembering, categorizing, and thinking can be broken down into a series of individual, specific steps?

a) information processing

b) social-cognitive learning

c) classical conditioning

d) behavioral modification

Answer: a Page: 20 Level: Medium Type: Factual

1-110. Piaget’s view assumes that thinking undergoes ________ advances, but the information-processing approach assumes that development is marked by ________ advantages.

a) quantitative; qualitative

b) quantitative; discontinuous

c) qualitative; quantitative

d) continuous; discontinuous

Answer: c Page: 20 Level: Difficult Type: Conceptual

1-111. An information processing approach that builds on Piaget’s research is known as _______ theory because it considers cognition as made up of different types of individual skills.

a) behavioral

b) operant

c) classical

d) neo-Piagetian

Answer: d Page: 20 Level: Medium Type: Conceptual

1-112. What learning model seeks to identify the ways individuals take in, use, and store information?

a) Piaget

b) neo-Piaget

c) information processing

d) social-cognitive

Answer: c Page: 20 Level: Medium Type: Factual

1-113. What approach builds on Piaget’s research, and views cognition as made up of different types of individual skills, while using terminology from information processing approaches?

a) neo-Piagetian

b) information processing

c) social-cognitive learning theory

d) cognitive perspective

Answer: a Page: 20 Level: Difficult Type: Conceptual

1-114. What aspect(s) of development are NOT adequately addressed by the information-processing approach?

a) creativity and social/cultural development

b) continuous and discontinuous growth

c) qualitative vs. quantitative development

d) Piagetian vs. neo-Piagetian theory

Answer: a Page: 20 Level: Difficult Type: Conceptual

1-115. What type of developmental approach is cutting edge and at the forefront of research when working with genes associated with mental health disorders such as autism and schizophrenia?

a) behavior modification

b) social-cognitive

c) cognitive neuroscience

d) neo-Piagetian

Answer: c Page: 21 Level: Medium Type: Conceptual

1-116. Which developmental approach looks at cognitive development through the lens of brain processes by considering internal mental processes focused on the neurological activity that underlies thinking, problem solving, and cognitive behavior?

a) neo-Piagetian

b) behavioral

c) information-processing

d) cognitive neuroscience

Answer: d Page: 21 Level: Medium Type: Conceptual

1-117. What approach examines cognitive development through the lens of brain processes?

a) humanistic

b) cognitive neuroscience

c) neo-Piaget

d) Piaget

Answer: b Page: 21 Level: Easy Type: Conceptual

1-118. What theory contends that people have a natural capacity to make decisions about their lives?

a) psychoanalytic

b) behavioral

c) humanistic

d) social-cognitive learning theory

Answer: c Page: 21 Level: Medium Type: Conceptual

1-119. The ________ perspective contends that people have a natural capacity to control their behavior.

a) behavioral

b) social-cognitive

c) cognitive neuroscience

d) humanistic

Answer: d Page: 21 Level: Medium Type: Factual

1-120. According to this perspective, the ability of humans to make choices and come to decisions about their lives is called

a) free will.

b) societal standards.

c) positive regard.

d) self-actualization.

Answer: a Page: 21 Level: Medium Type: Factual

1-121. Who was a major proponent of the humanistic perspective and suggested that all people need positive regard that results from an underlying wish to be loved and respected?

a) Bandura

b) Rogers

c) Maslow

d) Freud

Answer: b Page: 22 Level: Medium Type: Factual

1-122. Which theorist(s) championed the idea of self-actualization?

a) Freud and Erikson

b) Skinner and Piaget

c) Rogers and Maslow

d) Bandura

Answer: c Page: 22 Level: Medium Type: Factual

1-123. Eleanor Roosevelt, Abraham Lincoln, and Albert Einstein are used as examples of

a) self-actualization.

b) social role.

c) social causation.

d) self-efficacy.

Answer: a Page: 22 Level: Medium Type: Conceptual

1-124. Which perspective considers the relationship between individuals and their physical, cognitive, personality, and social worlds?

a) humanistic

b) contextual

c) cognitive

d) behavioral

Answer: b Page: 22 Level: Difficult Type: Conceptual

1-125. What is the theory that considers the relationship between individuals and their physical, cognitive, personality, and social worlds?

a) social-cognitive learning theory

b) cognitive neuroscience

c) contextual perspective

d) bioecological perspective

Answer: c Page: 22 Level: Difficult Type: Conceptual

1-126. What is the perspective that suggests that different levels of the environment simultaneously influence individuals?

a) cognitive neuroscience

b) humanistic perspective

c) contextual perspective

d) bioecological approach

Answer: d Page: 22 Level: Difficult Type: Conceptual

1-127. Which perspective contains the two major theories of Bronfenbrenner’s bioecological approach and Vygotsky’s sociocultural theory?

a) cognitive

b) humanistic

c) behavioral

d) contextual

Answer: d Page: 22 Level: Difficult Type: Conceptual

1-128. Which of Bronfenbrenner’s levels addresses the everyday, immediate environment in which children lead their daily lives?

a) mesosystem

b) exosystem

c) microsystem

d) macrosystem

Answer: c Page: 22 Level: Difficult Type: Conceptual

1-129. Which approach to development suggests that there are five levels of the environment that simultaneously influence individuals?

a) Piaget’s cognitive approach

b) Bronfenbrenner’s bioecological approach

c) Skinner’s behavioral approach

d) Freud’s psychoanalytical approach

Answer: b Page: 22 Level: Difficult Type: Conceptual

1-130. Which of the Bronfenbrenner’s five levels provides the connections between the various aspects of the person’s life, like links in a chain, to bind children to parents, students to teachers, employees to bosses, and friends to friends?

a) exosystem

b) mesosystem

c) microsystem

d) macrosystem

Answer: b Page: 22 - 23 Level: Difficult Type: Conceptual

1-131. Which of the Bronfenbrenner’s five levels represents broader influences, including societal institutions such as local government, community, schools, places of worship, and the local media?

a) microsystem

b) macrosystem

c) mesosystem

d) exosystem

Answer: d Page: 22 - 23 Level: Difficult Type: Conceptual

1-132. Jose and Maria are preparing for the arrival of their first child, and are considering moving from their small rural town to a larger city to gain access to more social services, better schools, and a greater variety of local newspapers and television stations. This is an example of which of Bronfenbrenner’s five levels?

a) macrosystem

b) exosystem

c) microsystem

d) mesosystem

Answer: b Page: 22 - 23 Level: Difficult Type: Applied

1-133. Which of the Bronfenbrenner’s five levels represents the larger cultural influences on an individual?

a) macrosystem

b) microsystem

c) exosystem

d) mesosystem

Answer: a Page: 23 Level: Difficult Type: Conceptual

1-134. Bronfenbrenner’s bioecological approach suggests that society, types of governments, religious value systems, political value systems, and other broad factors are parts of what system?

a) mesosystem

b) microsystem

c) exosystem

d) macrosystem

Answer: d Page: 23 Level: Difficult Type: Conceptual

1-135. Within Bronfenbrenner’s bioecological approach, which system underlies each of his system levels and involves the way the passage of time, including historical events, affects children’s development?

a) macrosystem

b) microsystem

c) chronosystem

d) exosystem

Answer: c Page: 23 Level: Difficult Type: Conceptual

1-136. A historical event, such as the terrorist attacks in New York in September of 2001, would be considered by Bronfenbrenner to fall within which system?

a) macrosystem

b) mesosystem

c) exosystem

d) chronosystem

Answer: d Page: 23 Level: Difficult Type: Conceptual

1-137. What term refers to the notion that the well-being of the group is more important than that of the individual?

a) individualism

b) humanistic

c) collectivism

d) bioecological approach

Answer: c Page: 24 Level: Easy Type: Conceptual

1-138. The development of the sociocultural theory is attributed to

a) Skinner.

b) Bandura.

c) Vygotsky

d) Bronfenbrenner.

Answer: c Page: 24 Level: Medium Type: Factual

1-139. Which theory emphasizes how cognitive development proceeds as a result of social interactions between members of a culture?

a) interconnectedness

b) sociocultural

c) bioecological

d) contextual

Answer: b Page: 24 Level: Difficult Type: Conceptual

1-140. Who was one of the first to recognize, acknowledge the importance of, and help us understand the importance of culture’s influence on development?

a) Rogers

b) Bandura

c) Vygotsky

d) Bronfenbrenner

Answer: c Pages: 24-25 Level: Difficult Type: Factual

1-141. The concept of “reciprocal transaction” is attributed to which developmentalist and theory?

a) Vygotsky; sociocultural

b) Freud; psychoanalytic

c) Skinner: behavioral

d) Rogers; humanistic

Answer: a Page: 24 Level: Difficult Type: Factual

1-142. Which perspective seeks to identify behavior that is the result of our genetic inheritance from our ancestors?

a) evolutionary

b) cognitive neuroscience

c) bioecological

d) humanistic

Answer: a Page: 25 Level: Medium Type: Conceptual

1-143. Who wrote the groundbreaking work titled On the Origin of Species and is responsible for the birth of the evolutionary perspective?

a) Bronfenbrenner

b) Vygotsky

c) Darwin

d) Lorenz

Answer: c Page: 25 Level: Easy Type: Factual

1-144. The evolutionary perspective draws from the field of ethology, which examines the ways in which our biological makeup can influence our behavior. Who is/was a primary proponent of ethology?

a) Darwin

b) Vygotsky

c) Bronfenbrenner

d) Lorenz

Answer: d Page: 25 Level: Difficult Type: Factual

1-145. What is one of the fastest growing areas within the field of lifespan development, and studies the effects of heredity on behavior?

a) ethology

b) evolutionary perspective

c) behavioral genetics

d) sociocultural theory

Answer: c Page: 25 Level: Medium Type: Conceptual

1-146. What is the name of the process of posing and answering questions using careful, controlled techniques that include systematic, orderly observation and the collection of data?

a) theories

b) hypotheses

c) scientific method

d) research

Answer: c Page: 28 Level: Easy Type: Conceptual

1-147. What is the term that means a broad explanation and prediction about phenomena of interest?

a) scientific method

b) theory

c) hypothesis

d) research

Answer: b Page: 28 Level: Easy Type: Conceptual

1-148. A _______ is a prediction stated in a way that permits it to be tested.

a) hypothesis

b) theory

c) conclusion

d) scientific method

Answer: a Page: 28 Level: Medium Type: Factual

1-149. What type of evidence is based on careful, systematic procedures?

a) scientific

b) experimental

c) anecdotal

d) unethical

Answer: a Page: 28 Level: Easy Type: Conceptual

1-150. In _________ research, the researcher can tell if an association or relationship between two factors exists.

a) scientific

b) correlational

c) hypothetical

d) experimental

Answer: b Page: 29 Level: Medium Type: Factual

1-151. ________ research is designed to discover causal relationships between various factors.

a) Correlational

b) Hypothetical

c) Experimental

d) Scientific

Answer: c Page: 29 Level: Medium Type: Factual

1-152. Researchers who are interested in the relationship between televised aggression and subsequent behavior have found that children who watch a good deal of televised aggression (murders, crime shows, shootings, etc.) tend to be more aggressive than those who watch little of this type of television programming. This is an example of a(n) ____________ study.

a) scientific

b) experimental

c) theoretical

d) correlational

Answer: d Page: 29 Level: Difficult Type: Applied

1-153. What is the observation of a naturally occurring behavior, without intervention in the situation?

a) correlational

b) ethnography

c) naturalistic observation

d) experimental

Answer: c Page: 31 Level: Easy Type: Conceptual

1-154. What is the method of research borrowed from the field of anthropology and used to investigate cultural questions?

a) ethnography

b) case study

c) natural observation

d) experimentation

Answer: a Page: 31 Level: Medium Type: Conceptual

1-155. Mary is researching the causes of alcohol use among college students, so she goes to live in a college dorm for a month to observe students and conduct in-depth interviews. This is an example of what type of research?

a) experimental

b) ethnography

c) case study

d) survey research

Answer: b Page: 31 Level: Medium Type: Applied

1-156. What is the method of research that involves extensive, in-depth interviews with a particular individual or small group of individuals?

a) experimentation

b) case study

c) natural observation

d) ethnography

Answer: b Page: 31 Level: Medium Type: Conceptual

1-157. William is participating along with a group of adolescents trying to lose weight. One of his assignments is to keep a diary of his food intake and the times that he eats daily. This can be considered an example of what type of research?

a) experimental

b) ethnography

c) case study

d) survey research

Answer: c Page: 31 Level: Medium Type: Applied

1-158. Professor Smythe wants to conduct a study in a virtual charter school. She wants to examine and describe the comparative differences on cognitive development in students attending the charter school with students attending more traditional schools. Ultimately, she plans to describe what, if any, changes are occurring, and why the changes create social difficulty. This is an example of what type of research?

a) quantitative

b) survey

c) naturalistic observation

d) qualitative

Answer: d Page: 31 Level: Difficult Type: Applied

1-159. In order to learn about children’s toy preferences, researchers interview children at a local preschool and base their inferences on the children’s responses. This is an example of _______ research.

a) experimental

b) ethnography

c) case study

d) survey

Answer: d Page: 32 Level: Medium Type: Applied

1-160. When a group of people are chosen to represent a larger population and are asked about their attitudes, behaviors, or thinking on a given topic, this is considered _________ research.

a) ethnography

b) case study

c) experimental

d) survey

Answer: d Page: 32 Level: Medium Type: Factual

1-161. The device that uses electrodes placed on the outside of the skull to record electrical activity within the brain, and is used in psychophysiological research, is called a(n) __________.

a) CAT scan

b) fMRI scan

c) EEG

d) experience

Answer: c Page: 32 Level: Medium Type: Factual

1-162. The device where a computer constructs an image of the brain by combining thousands of individual x-rays taken at slightly different angles is called a(n) _________.

a) CAT scan

b) EEG

c) psychophysiological

d) fMRI scan

Answer: a Page: 32 Level: Medium Type: Factual

1-163. The device that provides a detailed, three-dimensional computer-generated image of brain activity by aiming a powerful magnetic field at the brain is called a(n) ______.

a) EEG

b) psychophysiological

c) CAT scan

d) fMRI scan

Answer: d Page: 32 Level: Medium Type: Factual

1-164. When an investigator typically devises two different conditions and then studies and compares the outcomes of the participants exposed to those two different conditions in order to see how behavior is affected, this is called a(n)

a) hypothesis.

b) experiment.

c) theory.

d) treatment.

Answer: b Page: 32 Level: Medium Type: Conceptual

1-165. Researchers conduct an experiment in which one group is exposed to Treatment A and the other group is exposed to Treatment B. If the group exposed to Treatment A is designated as the treatment group, the group exposed to Treatment B is the

a) independent variable.

b) dependent variable.

c) control group.

d) treatment group.

Answer: c Page: 32 Level: Difficult Type: Applied

1-166. What is the type of research method that focuses on the relationship between physiological processes and behavior?

a) psychophysiological

b) ethnography

c) experimental

d) case study

Answer: a Page: 32 Level: Medium Type: Conceptual

1-167. The group of participants chosen to receive the independent variable is called a(n)

a) control group.

b) experimental group.

c) statistical group.

d) sample.

Answer: d Page: 32 Level: Medium Type: Factual

1-168. In an experiment, the ______ _____ is what researchers manipulate.

a) experimental control

b) independent variable

c) control group

d) dependent variable

Answer: b Page: 33 Level: Medium Type: Factual

1-169. Researchers conduct an experiment in which one group is exposed to Treatment A and the other group is exposed to Treatment B. The treatments are the

a) independent variable.

b) dependent variable.

c) control group.

d) treatment group.

Answer: a Page: 33 Level: Medium Type: Applied

1-170. In an experiment where researchers manipulate the ______, the variable that the researchers measure to see if it changes is the ______.

a) dependent variable; independent variable

b) independent variable; dependent variable

c) control group; treatment group

d) treatment group; control group

Answer: b Page: 33 Level: Medium Type: Applied

1-171. In an experiment, the ________ is what researchers measure and expect to change as a result of manipulation.

a) treatment group

b) independent variable

c) control group

d) dependent variable

Answer: d Page: 33 Level: Medium Type: Applied

1-172. The procedure that experimenters need to use to make sure that participants in both the treatment and control groups are not aware of the purpose of the experiment is known as the

a) independent variable.

b) dependent variable.

c) random assignment.

d) statistical law.

Answer: c Page: 33 Level: Difficult Type: Factual

1-173. What technique ensures that personal characteristics that might affect the outcome of the experiment are divided proportionally among the participants in the different groups, making groups equivalent?

a) dependent variables

b) random assignment

c) independent variables

d) statistics

Answer: b Page: 33 Level: Difficult Type: Conceptual

1-174. Using a real-world setting for an experiment is the hallmark of a(n)

a) field study.

b) control group.

c) experimental group.

d) sample group.

Answer: a Page: 34 Level: Medium Type: Factual

1-175. What kind of research investigation is conducted in a controlled setting explicitly designed to hold events constant?

a) control group

b) experimental group

c) field study

d) laboratory study

Answer: d Pages: 34-35 Level: Medium Type: Conceptual

1-176. What type of research is designed specifically to test some developmental explanation and expand scientific knowledge?

a) experimental

b) hypothetical

c) theoretical

d) applied

Answer: c Page: 35 Level: Medium Type: Conceptual

1-177. What type of research is designed to provide practical solutions to immediate problems?

a) hypothetical

b) applied

c) experimental

d) theoretical

Answer: b Page: 35 Level: Medium Type: Conceptual

1-178. If the focus of a research study is to examine the ways in which college professors can help students to remember information more easily, such as a study would represent ________ research.

a) applied

b) experimental

c) theoretical

d) hypothetical

Answer: a Page: 35 Level: Medium Type: Applied

1-179. If a researcher was interested in learning how children’s moral development changes between the ages of 3 and 5, the researcher may follow them until they are 5, testing them periodically. This research strategy is known as _________ research.

a) developmental

b) longitudinal

c) sequential

d) cross-sectional

Answer: b Page: 35 Level: Medium Type: Factual

1-180. When the behavior of one or more study participants is measured as they age, this is called ________ research.

a) longitudinal

b) developmental

c) cross-sectional

d) sequential

Answer: a Page: 35 Level: Medium Type: Factual

1-181. In a study of the behavioral adjustment of a group of children placed in foster care, the children were assessed once a year over a period of 10 years. This is an example of a ______ study.

a) cross-sectional

b) developmental

c) longitudinal

d) sequential

Answer: c Page: 35 Level: Medium Type: Applied

1-182. If the focus of a research study is to examine the ways in which elementary school teachers can help children to remember information more easily, such as a study would represent ________ research.

a) applied

b) experimental

c) theoretical

d) hypothetical

Answer: a Page: 35 Level: Medium Type: Applied

1-183. What is the type of research in which people of different ages are compared at the same point in time?

a) longitudinal

b) sequential

c) developmental

d) cross-sectional

Answer: d Page: 37 Level: Medium Type: Conceptual

1-184. Which type of research study is a compromise technique that essentially examines a number of different age groups at several points in time, and permits developmental researchers to tease out the consequences of age change versus age difference?

a) longitudinal

b) sequential

c) cross-sectional

d) experimental

Answer: b Page: 37 Level: Difficult Type: Conceptual

1-185. What kind of evidence is based on one or two instances of a phenomenon, haphazardly discovered or encountered?

a) scientific

b) experimental

c) anecdotal

d) unethical

Answer: c Page: 39 Level: Medium Type: Conceptual

ESSAY QUESTIONS

1-186. For which issues do lifespan developmental experts seek information?

Page: 4 Level: Medium Type: Conceptual

1-187. Explain the differences between how a developmentalist who is specializing in personality and a developmentalist who is specializing in social development go about their work.

Answer: A developmentalist interested in personality development might ask whether there are stable, enduring personality traits throughout the lifespan, while a specialist in social development might examine the effects of marriage or divorce on development.

Page: 6 Level: Medium Type: Conceptual

1-188. Lifespan is usually divided into which specific broad-age ranges?

Pages: 6 - 7 Level: Medium Type: Factual

1-189. Briefly explain the differences between the terms “race” and “ethnic group.”

Page: 8 Level: Medium Type: Conceptual

1-190. Explain the three different types of cohort effects.

Answer: History-graded influences are biological and environmental influences associated with a particular historical moment in time. Age-graded influences are biological and environmental influences that are similar for individuals in a particular age group, regardless of when or where they are raised (ex., puberty and menopause). Sociocultural-graded influences are the social and cultural factors present at a particular time for a particular individual dependent upon such variables as ethnicity, social class, and subcultural membership.

Pages: 9 - 10 Level: Medium Type: Conceptual

1-191. Identify the four important issues of lifespan development that have been debated since lifespan development became established as a separate field.

Answer: 1) Continuity versus discontinuity; 2) The importance of critical periods; 3) Whether to focus on certain periods or on the entire life span; and 4) The nature versus nurture controversy.

Pages: 10 - 13 Level: Difficult Type: Conceptual

1-192. Provide reasons why today’s developmentalists believe the entire life span is important.

Pages: 10 - 12 Level: Medium Type: Conceptual

1-193. Provide reason(s) why Freud’s principles of psychoanalytic theory have been called into question.

Pages: 14 - 16 Level: Difficult Type: Conceptual

1-194. Provide reasons why Erikson’s principles of psychosocial theory have been called into question.

Page: 16 Level: Difficult Type: Conceptual

1-195. List and briefly explain three types of learning derived from the behavioral perspective.

Pages: 17 - 18 Level: Medium Type: Factual

1-196. Briefly explain why developmental researchers would employ the cognitive perspective.

Page: 19 Level: Difficult Type: Conceptual

1-197. What is the greatest criticism of the Piagetian perspective?

Answer: The greatest criticism is that cognitive development is not as discontinuous as represented in Piaget’s four distinct stage theory. Other researchers argue that growth is more continuous, e.g., as in the information processing approach that focuses on learning, memory, and thinking throughout a life span.

Page: 20 Level: Medium Type: Conceptual

1-198. Provide insight as to why the humanistic perspective has not had a major impact upon the field of lifespan development.

Answer: The lack of influence by the humanistic perspective is primarily due to its inability to identify a broad developmental change that is the result of increasing age or experience.

Page: 22 Level: Medium Type: Conceptual

1-199. Briefly explain Bronfenbrenner’s first level of his bioecological approach.

Answer: The first level of Bronfenbrenner’s bioecological approach is the microsystem, which includes the home, caregivers, friends, and teachers who all influence the child’s microsystem.

Page: 22 Level: Medium Type: Factual

1-200. Briefly explain why Bronfenbrenner’s bioecological approach emphasizes the interconnectedness of the influences on development. Give an example.

Page: 23 Level: Medium Type: Conceptual

1-201. Why has Vygotsky’s sociocultural theory become increasingly influential?

Pages: 24 - 25 Level: Medium Type: Conceptual

1-202. Provide some criticism of the evolutionary perspectives.

Page: 25 Level: Medium Type: Conceptual

1-203. Briefly list and describe the 3 major steps of the scientific method.

Answer: 1) identifying questions of interest; 2) formulating an explanation; and 3) carrying out research that either lends support to the explanation or refutes it.

Page: 28 Level: Medium Type: Factual

1-204. Briefly describe some of the hallmarks that distinguish a field study.

Answer: 1) A field study is research carried out in a naturally-occurring setting; 2) Field studies capture behavior in real-life settings where participants may behave more naturally than they would if they were brought into a laboratory; 3) Field studies may be used in both correlational studies and experiments; 4) It is often difficult to run an experiment in real-world settings where it is hard to exert control over the situation and environment; 5) Field studies are more typical of correlational designs than experimental designs.

Page: 34 Level: Difficult Type: Conceptual

1-205. Briefly describe some drawbacks of utilizing longitudinal research studies.

Page: 36 Level: Difficult Type: Conceptual

TRUE/FALSE

1-206. Despite individual and specific differences, each and every one of us is traversing the territory known as lifespan development.

Answer: True Page: 4 Level: Easy Type: Factual

1-207. Louise Brown’s conception in the lab is not one of the brave new worlds of the twenty-first century.

Answer: False Page: 4 Level: Easy Type: Conceptual

1-208. Specialists in lifespan development share one concern: understanding the growth and change that occur during the course of life.

Answer: True Page: 5 Level: Easy Type: Factual

1-209. Developmentalists study how both our biological inheritance and the environment in which we live jointly affect our behavior.

Answer: True Page: 5 Level: Easy Type: Factual

1-210. All developmental specialists acknowledge that neither heredity nor environment alone can account for the full range of human development and change.

Answer: True Page: 5 Level: Easy Type: Factual

1-211. Lifespan development is the field of study that examines patterns of growth, change, and stability in behavior that occurs throughout the entire lifespan.

Answer: True Page: 5 Level: Easy Type: Factual

1-212. Lifespan developmentalists believe that people continue to grow and change in every aspect of their lives up to the end of their lives.

Answer: False Pages: 5 - 6 Level: Medium Type: Conceptual

1-213. The age ranges within a period – and even the periods themselves – are steadfast and unchanging.

Answer: False Pages: 6 - 7 Level: Medium Type: Factual

1-214. All age ranges have clear-cut boundaries.

Answer: False Pages: 6 - 7 Level: Easy Type: Factual

1-215. All people reach their developmental milestones at the exact same time.

Answer: False Pages: 6 - 7 Level: Easy Type: Factual

1-216. Different cultures and subcultures have their own views of appropriate and inappropriate childrearing just as they have different developmental goals for their children.

Answer: True Page: 8 Level: Easy Type: Factual

1-217. The terms “race” and “ethnic group” are interchangeable.

Answer: False Page: 8 Level: Easy Type: Factual

1-218. In the years ahead, it is likely that lifespan development will move from a discipline primarily focused on North American and Europe to encompass development around the globe.

Answer: True Page: 9 Level: Easy Type: Factual

1-219. None of the nurture influences may be biological.

Answer: False Page: 12 Level: Difficult Type: Factual

1-220. Developmentalists reject the notion that behavior is the sole result of either nature or nurture.

Answer: True Page: 12 Level: Easy Type: Factual

1-221. Intelligence is solely determined by inherited, genetic factors.

Answer: False Page: 13 Level: Difficult Type: Factual

1-222. Erikson believed that each of the 8 stages of psychosocial development must be addressed in order to move on to the next stage.

Answer: True Page: 16 Level: Medium Type: Factual

1-223. Freud and Erikson agreed that development is relatively complete by adolescence.

Answer: False Page: 16 Level: Medium Type: Factual

1-224. Classical conditioning is the only type of learning derived from the behavioral perspective.

Answer: False Page: 17 Level: Easy Type: Factual

1-225. By and large, based upon thousands of investigations, Piaget’s broad view of the sequence of cognitive development is accurate.

Answer: True Page: 19 Level: Easy Type: Factual

1-226. Using information-processing terminology, neo-Piagetian theory suggests that cognitive development proceeds at the same rate for all areas (i.e., reading vs. abstract computational abilities).

Answer: False Page: 20 Level: Medium Type: Factual

1-227. The humanistic perspective has had a major impact upon the field of lifespan development.

Answer: False Pages: 21 - 22 Level: Medium Type: Factual

1-228. In Bronfenbrenner’s first of his five levels of bioecological approach, the child has an active role in shaping his/her environment.

Answer: True Page: 22 Level: Medium Type: Factual

1-229. Some evolutionary developmentalists suggest that behaviors such as shyness and jealousy are produced in part by genetic causes because they helped increase the survival rates of humans’ ancient relatives.

Answer: True Page: 25 Level: Medium Type: Factual

1-230. All claims and theories derived from the various perspectives are accurate.

Answer: False Page: 28 Level: Medium Type: Factual

1-231. A correlational study can conclude that the viewing of television aggression causes more aggressive behavior in children.

Answer: False Page: 29 Level: Medium Type: Factual

1-232. In an experiment, one group, the treatment or experimental group, is exposed to the treatment variable being studied; and the other, the control group, is not.

Answer: True Page: 32 Level: Easy Type: Factual

#Test Bank Development Across the Life Span 6th Edition

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Text

Test Bank Developing Person Through Childhood and Adolescence 10th Edition - True - False

For Order This And Any Other Test

Banks And Solutions Manuals, Course,

Assignments, Discussions, Quizzes, Exams,

The science of human development examines how, but not why, people change over time.

True

False

The purpose of the scientific method is to conduct research that will only support researchers' hypotheses.

True

False

A research question becomes a hypothesis when it is stated as a prediction that can be tested.

True

False

The conclusions of a scientific study are based on whether the evidence supports or refutes the hypothesis.

True

False

If Dr. Hall conducts a study in the exact same way that Dr. Jeeves did but uses different participants than Dr. Jeeves, Dr. Hall is demonstrating replication.

True

False

Nature is more important than nurture in how a trait or behavior is expressed.

True

False

The influence of “nurture” begins at conception.

True

False

Since starting school Sam had struggled with math. His teacher offered to help him with math after school. Now Sam does well on his math assignments. The example of Sam's teacher helping Sam with math to improve his math ability is an example of how nature can influence development.

True

False

Today, developmental science studies mostly young children and adolescents.

True

False

10.

The term “plasticity” refers to how a person's development is completely determined by the environment.

True

False

11.

Most periods of development are critical periods.

True

False

12.

Within the context of Bronfenbrenner's ecological-systems approach, a person's immediate surroundings, such as family or peer group, are part of the macrosystems level.

True

False

13.

Individuals in the same cohort are exposed to the same values, events, technologies, and culture of the era.

True

False

14.

The cohort born between 1946 and 1964 is called the baby boom generation.

True

False

15.

The term cohort refers to individuals born in the same geographical region and within the same social class.

True

False

16.

Socioeconomic status is also called social class.

True

False

17.

Low socioeconomic status can shorten a person's life expectancy.

True

False

18.

Culture refers to a system of shared beliefs, conventions, norms, behaviors, and expectations.

True

False

19.

The difference-equals-deficit error may lead people to believe that their nation or culture is better than others.

True

False

20.

Race and ethnicity are the same thing.

True

False

21.

Scientists believe that race is genetic.

True

False

22.

Miguel worked in the fields and did not learn how to read or write until he entered school at age 13. It will take him longer to learn to read at age 13 than it would have when he was younger.

True

False

23.

A positive correlation between how long parents stay when dropping off their children at daycare and how long it takes their children to become engaged in the toys and their friends means that longer parental lingering is associated with longer delay in engagement by the children.

True

False

24.

Developmental researchers agree that nature is much more important than nurture in determining psychological outcomes such as intelligence and personality.

True

False

25.

According to the dynamic-systems approach, human development is a static process.

True

False

26.

Friends Jill and Susan both experienced poverty as children. In addition, they were raised by single parents and went to a poor quality school. By the time they were in late adolescence Jill had dropped out of school and had two children. Susan, in contrast, was academically ranked number one in her graduating class and had a full academic scholarship to Harvard. This example illustrates the concept of differential susceptibility.

True

False

27.

The main advantage of scientific observation as a research method is that it allows the scientist to determine cause and effect.

True

False

28.

In an experiment, the group receiving the special treatment is referred to as the comparison group.

True

False

29.

The purpose of a survey is to allow a researcher to collect data quickly from a large population.

True

False

30.

One problem with the data from surveys is that participants may not tell the truth.

True

False

31.

Dr. Tucker wanted to learn how aggression changed across development. He designed a study in which he assessed aggression among 100 3-year-olds and then reassessed aggression among these individuals every three years until the participants were 21-year-olds. Dr. Tucker's research design was cross-sectional.

True

False

32.

In longitudinal research, the same people are measured at multiple assessment points over a period of time.

True

False

33.

Cross-sequential research is a combination of a cross-sectional approach and a longitudinal approach.

True

False

34.

When two variables are not connected, the correlation between them is zero.

True

False

35.

Most research conducted on humans cannot begin without the approval of the Institutional Review Board.

True

False

36.

A volunteer showed up to participate in Dr. Allen's research study. Dr. Allen failed to inform the volunteer that her participation was voluntary. Dr. Allen was being ethical in conducting the study, as sharing with the volunteer that research participation is voluntary is not part of informed consent.

True

False

Answer Key

10.

11.

12.

13.

14.

15.

16.

17.

18.

19.

20.

21.

22.

23.

24.

25.

26.

27.

28.

29.

30.

31.

32.

33.

34.

35.

36.

#Test Bank Developing Person Through Childhood and Adolescence 10th Edition - True - False

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Text

Test Bank Developing Person Through Childhood and Adolescence 10th Edition - Multiple Choice

For Order This And Any Other Test

Banks And Solutions Manuals, Course,

Assignments, Discussions, Quizzes, Exams,

What does the science of human development seek to understand?

the meaning of life

theories that have not been subjected to scientific testing

the works of Freud, Piaget, and Erikson

how and why people change over time

Dr. Furth wonders if a specific brain chemical can be suppressed if a patient is given a large dose of vitamin E. Dr. Furth's question demonstrates the _____ step in the scientific method.

first

second

third

fourth

Dr. Hernandez predicts that a certain drug will help patients with schizophrenia. Her prediction is called _____.

a conclusion

empirical evidence

a hypothesis

a result

A researcher designed and conducted an experiment to determine whether 350 mg of a certain drug would help patients with bipolar disorder. By designing and conducting this experiment, the researcher was able to _____.

draw conclusions

demonstrate proof

test the hypothesis

confirm the results

Dr. Henderson is curious to know more about how children develop over time. To avoid relying on opinion or personal bias, Dr. Henderson should _____.

use the scientific method to collect data and establish facts

have the children undergo psychoanalysis

talk with many children's parents

read Dr. Spock's book, Baby and Child Care

The first step in the scientific method involves _____.

posing a question

conducting research

supporting or refuting a hypothesis

developing a hypothesis

The second step in the scientific method involves _____.

posing a question

conducting research

developing a hypothesis

sharing the results

The third step in the scientific method involves _____.

posing a question

conducting research

sharing the results

developing a hypothesis

The fourth step in the scientific method involves _____.

posing a question

conducting research

developing a hypothesis

supporting or refuting a hypothesis

10.

Empirical evidence is based on _____.

theories and speculation

observation, experience, or experiment

inferences based on personal biases

opinions generated by several groups of people

11.

After posing a question, a researcher using the scientific method _____.

draws conclusions

runs an experiment

selects a group of participants

develops a hypothesis

12.

The final step in the five steps of the scientific method is to _____.

test a hypothesis

pose a question

conduct research

report the results

13.

What is a researcher's first step when designing a research study on children's language acquisition?

recruit children and their parents as participants in the study

develop a hypothesis on the way language is acquired in children

pose a research question about language acquisition

draw conclusions on the way children acquire language

14.

A hypothesis is a(n) _____.

experiment

prediction that can be tested

conclusion drawn from research

replication of a scientific study

15.

What is replication of a study?

the repetition of a study using different participants

the repetition of a study using the same participants

designing a new study based on information from a previous study

designing a new study using new ideas and information

16.

Dr. Kong does a study in which he finds that smoking is correlated with an increased risk of high blood pressure. He publishes his results, and Dr. Meco reads the report about the study. Then Dr. Meco does the same study using different participants in another city. Dr. Meco's work is an example of _____.

scientific controversy

replication

ethics

observation

17.

Dr. Seldor does a study in which she finds that alcohol consumption is correlated with an increased risk of diabetes. She publishes her results, and Dr. Al-Jaher reads the report about the study. Then Dr. Al-Jaher does the same study using different participants in another nation. Dr. Al-Jaher's work is an example of _____.

scientific controversy

replication

empirical evidence

a hypothesis

18.

Parents who spend a great deal of time and money trying to find the best school for their children believe in the importance of _____ as it relates to development.

nurture

replication

nature

classical conditioning

19.

The term for all the environmental influences that affect development after conception is _____.

proteins

nurture

nature

amino acids

20.

In the science of human development, “nature” refers to _____.

the genes that people inherit

environmental influences

patterns of development

developmental differences

21.

In the science of human development, “nurture” refers to _____.

universal traits

biological traits

environmental influences

unique traits

22.

Most developmental psychologists believe that development is the result of _____.

nature and nurture acting separately

primarily nature

nature and nurture acting together

primarily nurture

23.

Dr. Towne believes that heredity is primarily responsible for personality traits. Dr. West believes that environmental influences are primarily responsible for personality traits. They are on different sides of the _____ debate.

nature versus nurture

intelligent design versus evolution

genes versus development

traits versus conditioning

24.

Susie, who is 5 years old, is the tallest person in her kindergarten class. When her teacher asked her how she got so tall she said proudly, “My mom and dad are tall and I eat good food!” Susie's statement reflects that she understands that human development comes from _____.

heredity

the environment

learning

environment and heredity combined

25.

Which is an example of the influence of nature?

having a mother who smoked during pregnancy

having the gene for epilepsy

eating a healthy diet

living in a loud neighborhood

26.

Dr. Janney recognizes that developmental milestones rely on factors from all three domains of human development. Dr. Janney most clearly follows the _____ perspective.

biosocial

cognitive

psychosocial

biopsychosocial

27.

The _____ domain includes development of emotions, temperament, and social skills.

biosocial

cognitive

psychosocial

biopsychosocial

28.

The _____ domain includes all the mental processes that a person uses to obtain knowledge or to think about the environment.

biosocial

cognitive

psychosocial

biopsychosocial

29.

The _____ domain includes all the growth and change that occur in a person's body and the genetic, nutritional, and health factors that affect that growth and change.

biosocial

cognitive

psychosocial

biopsychosocial

30.

The human fetus develops fingers and toes between 28 and 54 days after conception but cannot develop fingers and toes before or after that time. This is an example of _____.

a sensitive period

a critical period

discontinuity

continuity

31.

Which example clearly illustrates a critical period?

a child learning to walk

a child learning a second language before age 4

a fetus developing fingers and toes between 28 and 54 days in utero

a child learning to ride a bike between 5 and 6 years of age

32.

Which example clearly illustrates a sensitive period?

a child being born blind

an egg being fertilized

a fetus developing fingers and toes

a child learning to speak a second language

33.

Between 1957 and 1961, many pregnant women took thalidomide to alleviate morning sickness; this drug disrupted a(n) _____ period of prenatal development.

sensitive

critical

early

late

34.

A woman in Honduras worked in a field treated with pesticides during her pregnancy. When her son was born, she was horrified to find that he had no limbs. Her pesticide exposure must have occurred during a(n) _____ period of prenatal development.

critical

early

late

sensitive

35.

Bobby was not taught to read until he was an adolescent. When he did learn to read it was much harder for him to learn and it took him longer to learn to read than it would have during his early- to middle-childhood years. Bobby had a hard time learning to read because he did not learn to do so during the _____ period.

critical

early

late

sensitive

36.

Which term is associated with Urie Bronfenbrenner's ecological-systems approach?

mastosystems

microsystems

extrasystems

intrasystems

37.

In Bronfenbrenner's ecological-systems approach, the _____ refers to the interactions among systems.

macrosystem

exosystem

microsystem

mesosystem

38.

What term did Bronfenbrenner use to describe the impact of the specific time in history on a person's development?

macrosystem

exosystem

microsystem

chronosystem

39.

Dorothy was born during the Great Depression. Within the context of the ecological-systems approach, knowing this fact allows one to know about her _____.

chronosystem

exosystem

microsystem

macrosystem

40.

Dwayne was born to a single mother living in Chicago. Within the context of the ecological-systems approach, knowing this fact allows one to know something about his _____.

chronosystem

exosystem

microsystem

macrosystem

41.

Dr. Kilbey is studying the impact of exosystems on human development. Which of these would she be most interested in examining?

cultural values and economic processes

family and peer groups

medical centers and religious institutions

the development of the skeletal structure in children

42.

The ecological-systems approach was proposed by _____.

Maslow

Baltes and Baltes

Bronfenbrenner

Skinner

43.

In Bronfenbrenner's ecological-systems model, a hospital in the community is an example of which system?

the ecosystem

the microsystem

the health-care system

the exosystem

44.

In Bronfenbrenner's ecological-systems model, family and peers are part of a person's _____.

microsystem

exosystem

macrosystem

social system

45.

A person's macrosystem includes _____.

political processes

the peer group

school and church

historical setting

46.

Within Bronfenbrenner's ecological-systems approach, he called the historical context that affects other systems the _____.

ecosystem

chronosystem

mesosystem

macrosystem

47.

Bettie belongs to one cohort; Zahara belongs to another. The only required difference between these two women is _____.

membership in community groups

socioeconomic status

age

ethnic or racial group

48.

High school classmates are part of the same _____.

social construction

network

socioeconomic status

cohort

49.

The people in which of the following groups are DEFINITELY members of the same cohort?

women who are pilots

men with learning disabilities

citizens of the United States

current middle school students

50.

Socioeconomic status refers to an individual's _____.

culture

ethnicity

social class

race

51.

An individual's socioeconomic status includes, among other things, his or her _____.

ethnicity

education level

political beliefs

religion

52.

An individual's socioeconomic status includes, among other things, his or her _____.

ethnicity

political beliefs

neighborhood

religion

53.

An individual's socioeconomic status includes, among other things, his or her _____.

occupation

political beliefs

race

religion

54.

Jameel has a college degree, lives in a nice neighborhood, and earns more than $50,000 a year. This information defines his _____.

economic potential

socioeconomic status

cohort

microsystem

55.

A system of shared beliefs, conventions, norms, behaviors, expectations, and symbolic representations is the definition of _____.

a cohort

culture

nature

nurture

56.

The general term for a concept that is created by society is _____.

culture

a cohort

a social construction

socioeconomic status

57.

The Johnson family always eats dinner together, because they really value family time. The Smith family, however, never eats dinner together, because they all value their independence. The fact that the families have different values is due to _____. This has affected how the Johnson and Smith families act.

status

education

social construction

physical characteristics

58.

One historical example of the “difference-equals-deficit error” is _____.

men perceiving women as intellectually inferior

European immigrants crossing the ocean to settle in America

how people's IQ scores have been steadily rising for more than 100 years

women taking factory jobs during World War II

59.

An example of the “difference-equals-deficit error” is _____.

assuming that children who are hearing impaired cannot communicate as well as children who can hear

failing to compare typical and atypical behavior

ignoring inconsistencies in a child's language development

the identification of flaws within the application of the scientific method

60.

Which developmentalist was the first to emphasize the role of context on development?

Vygotsky

Piaget

Bronfenbrenner

Skinner

61.

People whose ancestors were born in the same region and who usually share the same language and religion are called a(n) _____.

race

ethnic group

socioeconomic group

exosystem

62.

According to the text, race is _____.

part of the microsystem

a social construction

defined by heritage

multidirectional

63.

Some social scientists believe that _____ terms exaggerate minor differences between people.

skin color

diversity

genetic analysis

culture

64.

Social scientists are convinced, based on genetic analysis, that race is a(n) _____.

biological difference

culture

social construction

ethnicity

65.

Jack observed his co-worker, Jane, crying when she was called into the boss's office. Jack thinks that crying at work is a sign of weakness that makes women unfit for employment in his industry. Jack is displaying _____.

critical thinking

a social construction

work culture orientation

the difference-equals-deficit error

66.

Genes alone do not determine development, but rather environmental forces also shape development, which has led to the understanding that many human characteristics are _____.

plastic

epigenetic

static

diverse

67.

Jamal, Wei, Liam, and Vladimir were all born and raised in England. Which statement is true?

They share the same ethnicity.

They come from different ethnic groups.

They share the same culture.

They come from different cultures.

68.

Even though Aaron eats well and exercises regularly, by age 70 he developed Type II diabetes. Clement, on the other hand, eats fast food regularly and rarely exercises. At 70 years of age, his blood sugar levels remain in the normal range. What might account for the differences in their outcomes?

differential susceptibility

cultural differences

sex differences

cohort differences

69.

Plasticity refers to the _____.

fact that many academic fields contribute data to the science of development

universals and specifics of human development in many cultural settings

vast array of contexts in which development occurs

potential for human traits to be molded during development but also to remain durable

70.

What is plasticity?

a time in development when it is optimum to develop certain traits or abilities

the amount of flexibility a human possesses at birth

the idea that human traits may change or stay the same over time

the idea that human traits are mostly inborn

71.

The idea that human development is an ongoing, ever-changing interaction between the body, mind, and every aspect of the environment is known as the _____.

dynamic-systems approach

theory of evolution

concept of universality

domino effect

72.

Which of these is an example of plasticity?

a man who consistently drives his car too fast

a teenager who spends a summer in Chile and learns to speak Spanish

a woman who leaves her job to stay home with her newborn

a person who is in a coma

73.

Differential susceptibility means that certain people have genes that _____.

make them more vulnerable to particular experiences

contribute similarly to a specific developmental outcome

do not impact development within the context of particular experiences

have an unknown impact on individuals

74.

If a researcher watches 1-week-old babies and records how many times they open and close their eyes while lying in their cribs, he is most likely using _____.

the case-study method

a controlled experiment

cross-sectional research

scientific observation

75.

Scientific observation allows for the _____.

study of individuals' behaviors in a systematic and objective manner

determination of cause-and-effect relationships

precise control of the environment so that a cause-and-effect relationship can be assessed

systematic manipulation of variables

76.

Which statement about scientific observation is true?

It requires a large number of participants.

It requires specialized equipment such as video recorders.

It involves recording behavior systematically and objectively.

It must take place in a lab setting.

77.

Experiments allow researchers to _____.

study the natural environment

study the complexity of an individual

use the scientific method in a cost-effective way

determine a cause-and-effect relationship

78.

When a researcher wants to determine the cause of a particular behavior, the appropriate research method to use is a(n) _____.

case study

scientific observation

experiment

survey

79.

What is a dependent variable?

It is the measured variable that may change depending on manipulation of an independent variable.

It is any unmeasured variable that is uncontrolled within the context of the experiment.

It is the variable that is intentionally manipulated by the researcher.

It is an external variable that cannot be controlled by the researcher.

80.

What is an independent variable?

It is the measured variable that may change depending upon manipulation of an independent variable.

It is any unmeasured variable that is uncontrolled within the context of the experiment.

It is the variable that is intentionally manipulated by the researcher.

It is an external variable that cannot be controlled by the researcher.

81.

What is the only research method that can establish a cause-and-effect relationship?

a case study

a survey

an experiment

scientific observation

82.

An example of a dependent variable in an experiment might be _____.

gender

blood type

eye color

level of depression

83.

In an experiment, the group of participants who receive the imposed treatment or special condition is referred to as the _____ group.

independent

dependent

experimental

comparison

84.

To determine if vitamin D consumption causes the progress of multiple sclerosis to slow, a researcher would most likely use _____.

a laboratory experiment

a survey

naturalistic observation

the case-study method

85.

Dr. Devalle is conducting interviews, collecting background information, and running a series of tests on a single individual over several years. She is conducting a(n) _____.

survey

experiment

case study

observation

86.

_____ is a quick way to study the development of a large group of people.

A case study

Survey research

A cohort-sequential study

Longitudinal research

87.

Dr. Bloom wanted to learn if ice cream preferences are different at different stages of development. For her study, she conducted a one-time assessment in which she asked a group of 5-year-olds, a group of 15-year-olds, and a group of 30-year-olds to identify their favorite ice cream. Dr. Bloom conducted a _____.

case study

cross-sectional study

longitudinal study

cross-sequential study

88.

Which factor is a problem with longitudinal research?

the aging of the participants

finding new participants for each time measurement

changing historical context

participants failing to change their behavior despite repeated tests

89.

Which type of research design combines the cross-sectional design with the longitudinal research design?

cross-sequential

cross-sectional

meta-sequential

cross-longitudinal

90.

A correlation does not indicate that one variable causes the other to occur; rather, it indicates that there is a _____ between the two variables.

proof

validity

reliability

relationship

91.

A correlation is considered to be negative if _____.

both variables decrease

both variables increase

one variable increases while the other variable decreases

change in one variable is unrelated to change in the other variable

92.

A correlation is considered to be zero if _____.

one variable increases while the other decreases

both variables decrease

both variables increase

there is no connection between the variables

93.

The more Hank eats, the less hungry he feels. The correlation that exists between Hank's food intake and his hunger is _____.

positive

negative

zero

causal

94.

If a researcher finds a positive correlation between school grades and school attendance, one can conclude that _____.

high attendance and high grades occur together

high attendance causes high grades

high attendance rarely means high grades

high grades cause high attendance

95.

If a researcher finds that there is a correlation between secondhand smoke and children's asthma, he knows for SURE that _____.

secondhand smoke causes children's asthma

secondhand smoke does not cause children's asthma

children exposed to smoke in utero often get asthma

asthma and secondhand smoke have some connection

96.

IRB stands for _____.

Institutional Review Board

International Research Board

Internal Review Board

Intelligence Research Board

97.

Participants in a research study must understand and agree to the research procedures and also be made aware of any potential risks associated with the research participation. This process is known as _____.

holding harmless

informed consent

release of liability

rite of research

98.

When doing research with anyone under the age of 18, which of the following must be obtained?

the children's birth records

the names of the children's biological parents if the children are adopted

consent from the parents and children (if children are able to consent)

the names of the children's peers

99.

An example of a behavior by a researcher that would be considered unethical is _____.

stopping the study if a participant is suspected of being harmed

falsifying the data to support the hypothesis

obtaining informed consent before a participant is able to participate in the study

maintaining participant confidentiality

100.

When children are involved in research participation, the ethical standard is for _____.

children to consent to the research participation (when they are able to consent)

the results to be shared with the parents

the study to be published if the children agree to the study being published

the study to be replicated before being published

101.

From an ethical stance, researchers should choose topics of study that _____.

may be researched quickly

may be researched inexpensively

can help all people live better lives

are politically correct

Answer Key

10.

11.

12.

13.

14.

15.

16.

17.

18.

19.

20.

21.

22.

23.

24.

25.

26.

27.

28.

29.

30.

31.

32.

33.

34.

35.

36.

37.

38.

39.

40.

41.

42.

43.

44.

45.

46.

47.

48.

49.

50.

51.

52.

53.

54.

55.

56.

57.

58.

59.

60.

61.

62.

63.

64.

65.

66.

67.

68.

69.

70.

71.

72.

73.

74.

75.

76.

77.

78.

79.

80.

81.

82.

83.

84.

85.

86.

87.

88.

89.

90.

91.

92.

93.

94.

95.

96.

97.

98.

99.

100.

101.

#Test Bank Developing Person Through Childhood and Adolescence 10th Edition - Multiple Choice

0 notes