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Rio 2016 Women's Rhythmic Gymnastics, A Review

Rhythmic gymnastics, also known as modern gymnastics or modern rhythmic gymnastics, is a form of systematic physical exercise that uses ropes, sticks, balls, clubs, and ribbons as hand equipment. It is closely related to women's artistic gymnastics, which is a discipline involving vaulting, uneven parallel bars, balance beam, and floor exercises. Moreover, like synchronized swimming, is allied with dance. The sport dates back to the 18th century, and although some gymnasts competed in individual and group exercises at the Olympic Games from 1948 to 1956, individual competition did not become an official sporting event until the 1984 Olympics.

In this blog, I will be reviewing the court dimensions, equipment, basic skills, technical and tactical skills of each team, rules of the game, and how to officiate the game of Rio 2016 Women's Rhythmic Gymnastics.

COURT DIMENSIONS

The performance area for single events is 7m x 7m. The competition area is surrounded by a black delimitation strip. Moreover, the border is horizontal, even and at the same height as the performance area. It is 100cm in area. The safety zone is also 100cm.

EQUIPMENT

Gymnastics Ball

Gymnastics Clubs

Gymnastics Hoops

Gymnastics Ribbons

Sportswear

BASIC SKILLS

Locomotor Skills

Walking

- Both feet move alternately, with one foot always touching the ground or floor; when one foot goes down the other foot comes up and moves forward.

Running

- Running is a fast pace motion where both feet briefly leave the ground. Running is performed with the body leaning slightly forward, knees are flexed and lifted, and arms rotate back and forth from the shoulders with a bend at the elbows.

Leaping

- Leaping is an elongated step used to cover larger distances or to move over low obstacles.

Jumping

- Jumping involves taking off and landing on both feet. The arms move forward with an upswing motion and the body movement combined with force of the feet helps lift the weight of the body.

Hopping

- Hopping involves propelling the body up and down on the one foot.

Galloping

- When galloping the body faces forward and one foot leads and the other moves rapidly forward to it.

Sliding

- Sliding is similar to the gallop; however, the body moves sideways in a 1-count movement. The leading foot steps to the side, and the other foot follows quickly.

Skipping

- Skipping is a series of step-hops done with alternate feet.

Non-Locomotor Skills

Bending

- Bending is a movement at a joint

Swaying

- Is a slower controlled movement that occurs when the center of gravity shifts fluidly from side to side.

Swinging

- Involves moving body parts like a swinging rope or pendulum. (Arms and Legs)

Turning

- Is rotating around the long axis of the body.

Twisting

- Is rotating a selected body part around its own long axis.

Stretching

- Moves body parts away from the body’s center or moving a joint through a range of motion.

- Stretching is necessary for increasing and maintaining flexibility.

Manipulating Skills

· Rhythmic gymnastics involves many movement qualities such as balance, poise, grace, flow of body, coordination, rhythm, and kinesthetic sense.

· Fitness qualities such as agility, flexibility, and posture are also major proponents.

· Rhythmic equipment needed: Balls, Hula-hoops, and Ribbon Sticks

Rhythmic Gymnastics Ball skills – Ball must be large enough so that it just rests in the hand and controlled by balance.

· Handling the ball: the fingers should be closed and slightly bent, with the ball resting in the palm of the hand.

· Throwing the ball: the ball can roll from the fingertips.

· Catching the ball: the ball returns immediately to the palm.

Ball skills:

- Roll the ball under the legs and around the back while sitting; around the body; down the legs; down the arm; down the legs, then lift the legs and toss the ball off the toes into the air and catch.

- Combine basketball dribbling skills with various body movements; use locomotor skills combined with rhythmic motions.

- Toss and catch the ball in different positions.

- Combine locomotor movements to each toss and catch.

- Use the balls to perform body waves.

- Throw and or bounce the ball in a different directions or patterns.

- Make swinging or circular movements with the ball.

- Incorporate various balancing movements such as spirals, curls, and other balances related to gymnastics.

Rhythmic Gymnastics Hoop Movements – The hoop may be manipulated by being held, tossed, or caught in one or both hands using a variety of different grips.

Hoop Skills:

· Swinging Movements – requires good alignment between the body and the hula-hoop. Hoops can be swung by the students in a frontal, sagittal, or horizontal plane.

o Swing across the body

o Swing with a body lean

o Swing around the body, switching hands

o Swing at a high level overhead then at a low level by the floor

· Spinning Movements – turning the hoop with both hands or one.

o Spin in front of the body

o Spin high; spin low

o Spin and kick one leg over the hoop

· Circling Movements – hoops can be twirled by hand, wrist, arm, leg, or full body.

o Extend the arm in front of the body. Circle on the hand between the thumb and first finger in the frontal plane

o Circle the hoop while swaying in various directions

o Circle the hoop over head

o Circle the hoop around different parts of the body

· Tossing and Catching Movements – toss the hoop in the air with one or both hands, then catch it with one hand between the thumb and index finger.

o Try with one-and two-handed catches

o Toss the hoop at different levels

o Toss the hoop in various directions

o Toss from hand to hand

· Rolling Movements – roll the hoop on the floor, in either a forward or backward direction. Or roll it on the body in different ways.

o Roll the hoop and run alongside it trying to keep up

o Roll the hoop and move through it to get to the other side

Rhythmic Gymnastics Ribbon Movements – Ribbons are used to display rhythmic flow of movement featuring circular, oval, spiral, and wavelike motions. The goal is to gain total body involvement.

Ribbon Skills:

· Swinging Movements – involves large swinging motions that require the entire body coordination.

o Swing the ribbon forward and backward

o Swing the ribbon across and in front of the body

o Swing ribbon overhead from side to side

o Swing the ribbon upward and catch the end of it

· Circling Movements – large circles involve the strength and movement of the whole arm; smaller circles involve movement of the wrist.

o Circle the ribbon at different levels

o Circle the ribbon horizontally, vertically, or diagonally

o Circle the ribbon around various body parts

o Combine dance steps and turns while circling the ribbon

· Zigzag Movements – zigzags can be made in the air or on the floor. Use movement of the wrist.

o Execute the zigzag in the air in front of the body, around, and behind

o Run backward while zigzagging the ribbon in front of the body

o Run forward dragging the ribbon behind the body while zigzagging

· Spiral Movements – make spirals either from left to right or right to left.

o Execute spirals around, in front of, or beside the body while performing locomotor dance steps

o Execute spirals while combining various non-locomotor skills

TECHNICAL AND TACTICAL SKILLS

Balance

Flexibility

Artistry

Leaps

Apparatus control

Precision

TECHNICAL AND TACTICAL SKILLS ANALYSIS

Hoops

The first performance was with hoops. All the gymnasts showed full control over their hoops. Almost none of them had a mistake. They all showed definition and precise movements with their choreography that completely compliments the music that they all chose. Watching all those difficult combinations of turns, pivots, and throws was just amazing. Some of them may have appeared nervous when they stand on the performance area but as soon as their music starts, they become absorbed with the music and showed overall success with their incredible routines.

Ball

I was most amazed by their performance with the ball apparatus coming from watching them perform with the hoop. All the athletes managed to show to the crowd that the ball was like a magnet to their bodies. They showed great balance which made them successfully control the ball all throughout. The way they treat the ball demonstrates that they have a strong grasp on it; they were careful with it in the performance, including when catching it. They made sure their grip was not too hard nor too light until the very end of their performance, which is admirable. Finally, amid the fast pace of other shows, they were still able to demonstrate magnificent precision, strength, and gracefulness.

Clubs

While watching them perform with clubs I was scared for all of them thinking about the consequences when they miss a beat when they throw the club in the air might result to them getting a hit from the club. However, many of the athletes in this area have excellent grips and club handling. They were very precise in their motions, and despite the rapid pace, their pacing and timing were in sync. Even, the way they treat the clubs demonstrates that they have a powerful and flexible elbow, so the clubs would not appear as graceful if they lacked power and versatility. No one could have done is as beautifully graceful than them.

Ribbon

During this part, I was having a little hard time to focus on both the ribbon and the athlete because of how exceptionally well they make the ribbon seem as though it was the one performing not them. But this is due to the way they treated it; they have strong arms and good coordination, which caused the ribbon to seem to shape tiny triangles, swirls, and other patterns on its own. For an average human, their catching and pacing skills are unrivaled.

During this time, I can already feel their fatigue as they have already performed thrice and will be having a last performance with the ribbon. However, the handling the ribbon and maintaining body gestures and expressions, they managed to retain their grace and strength throughout the show. They have an excellent eye for their ribbon and were able to put on an enthralling presentation considering the challenges they were experiencing at the time.

RULES OF THE GAME

Rhythmic gymnastics combines ballet, dance and acrobatics with expressive movement and the manipulation of apparatuses such as the ball, clubs, hoop, ribbon, and rope. This sport is ideal for developing flexibility, strength, as well as body coordination. It stems from various dance styles and exercise regimes that share the common idea of expressive movement as a tool for exercise.

· Individual Programme

o During the individual programme, an athlete will manipulate only one of these five apparatuses at a time - rope, hoop, ball, clubs, and ribbon. One apparatus is rotated out of contention every two years, with the gymnast required to compete on the remaining four events.

· Music and Choreography

o All routines must be performed with music, with only short pauses of music allowed. The choreography must center around a theme that is developed from beginning to end using a variety of body movements and the handling of apparatuses.

· Leaps and jumps

o All leaps and jumps must be of a good height, have a clear shape and good amplitude.

o All leaps with the back arched must have the head in contact with the leg.

· Balances

o All balances must be performed on the toes or the knee. These must be held clearly and have a good, fixed shape.

· Pivots

o All pivot combinations must be performed entirely on the toes without heel support.

HOW TO OFFICIATE THE SPORT

Judge

· Responsible for instructional course and judges meeting preceding the competition

· Assigns individual(s) to say the Oath in English and French.

· Makes the panel assignments or conducts a draw Liaises between the Meet Director and the judges

· Requests JA to hold panel judge meeting input when scores are not within range

· At random, chooses and judges routines

· Can change “Order of Competition”, in consultation with the Judge Administrator and Meet Director, due to unusual circumstances

· Can allow for repetition of a routine if obstruction by something beyond the gymnasts control

· Can give warning / card to any judge who is not conscientiously fulfilling her duties and following all rules and regulations

· Can expel any coach, gymnast, or judge who hampers the competition by disobeying the rules and regulations (if JA or Meet Director not available or in other urgent situation)

· Checks and approves computer scores before they are published

· Maintains a record of “impossible scores” as per FIG

Judge Administrator

· Ensure all GCG Judge Rules and Technical Rules are followed

· Holds meeting with timer, line judges and volunteer secretaries to ensure they are knowledgeable about the rules and their function

· Attends the judge meetings and educations sessions

· Records the draw / judge panel assignments and informs the computer scoring team

· Ensures the judge tables are set up with the correct chits, scripts, judge place “cards”

· Organizes routine review sessions with the judge responsible and meet director when score inquiry received.

· Advises JR of out of range scores when advised by the volunteer secretaries and hold panel judge meetings as requested by JR.

· Ensures judge meetings resolved within 60 seconds

· Ensures original score and changed score recorded for entry by the computer scoring team

· Keeps track of the time as compared to the schedule of the competition, informs the JR and Meet Director, and coordinates adjustments as needed

· Records any misconduct warnings / cards and advises GCG who will advise the appropriate PTO

· Ensure the correct score reports are produced and signed by the JR before publication

· Can expel any coach, gymnast, or judge who hampers the competition by disobeying the rules and regulations

Line Judge

· A Line Judge determines if the athlete and the apparatus are within the boundaries of the field of play.

· There are two line judges for each individual routine, and you will be responsible for the two lines that are in your “corner” of the carpet.

· For national level group routines there may be four line judges. Each judge is responsible for the line to their right. The red line denotes the warning area, and if the athlete or their apparatus touches the line they are still in bounds.

· If any part of the athlete’s body and / or apparatus touches the floor outside of the red line, then she is out-of-bounds, and you immediately hold up one flag high in the air for a few seconds.

· If both the apparatus and gymnast touches the floor outside of the red line, then immediately hold up both flags high in the air for a couple of seconds. Never attempt to touch or retrieve an apparatus for a gymnast.

Timer Judge

· Two timers are required for Elite Canada and Canadian Championships. These should be provincial or national judges; where this is not possible, must be 16 years or older. Each timer requires a stop watch that indicates the minutes, seconds and milliseconds, a rotation order, timer judge chits and a pen.

Apparatus Judge

· Every apparatus will be checked during the Warm-Up prior to the start of the competition rotation.

· For Elite Canada and Canadian Championships, the apparatus measuring equipment must be placed in the warm up gym very close to where the gymnast will enter the competition floor.

· If there is a fault with the apparatus measurement, the apparatus judge will show the coach, so the athlete has time to change apparatus.

· If a coach/athlete refuses to change apparatus, the Apparatus Judge will retain the piece of apparatus, complete the judge chit, and send it to the JA immediately.

· The JA will come to verify the concern as soon as is possible, but it may not be until a break in the competition.

· The apparatus must be retained until the JA has completed the verification.

__________________________

Bibliography:

Britannica, T. E. (n.d.). Rhythmic gymnastics. Retrieved from Britannica: https://www.britannica.com/sports/rhythmic-gymnastics

Bush, B. (2011, March 15). Rhythmic Gymnastics: Manipulating Balls, Hula-Hoops, and Ribbons (1-3). Retrieved from Users Manchester: https://users.manchester.edu/Student/bcbush/ProfWeb/PDF/rhythmic%20Activities%20Unit%20Plan%20(Repaired).pdf

Gymnastics. (n.d.). Retrieved from Department of Local Government, Sport, and Cultural Industries: https://www.dlgsc.wa.gov.au/sport-and-recreation/sports-dimensions-guide/gymnastics

Rhythmic gymnastics apparatuses and rules. (n.d.). Retrieved from Active SG: https://www.myactivesg.com/Sports/Gymnastics/How-To-Play/Gymnastics-for-Beginners/Rhythmic-gymnastics-apparatuses-and-rules

Rhythmic Gymnastics Equipment List. (n.d.). Retrieved from Rookie Road: https://www.rookieroad.com/gymnastics/rhythmic-gymnastics-equipment-list/

Rhythmic Gymnastics Judges Rules and Regulations. (2018, February). Retrieved from GymCan: http://gymcan.org/uploads/files_files/GCG_Judges%20Rules%20and%20Regulations_EN_FINAL.pdf

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feelineuphoric · 4 years ago

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PyeongChang 2018 | Women's Figure Skating Short Program, A Review

COURT DIMENSION

A rectangular rink which measures at least 26 x 56 meters is required.

EQUIPMENT

Ice skates with good fit

Appropriate socks

Ice skating bag

Skate guards

Absorbent cloth or Towel

Skate soakers

Appropriate clothing

Water bottle

Boot covers

BASIC SKILLS

Turns - Figure skating turns are an important part of the sport. Some turns are part of the basics and others are advanced and difficult to perform. Figure skating turns are important because they are part of the advanced figure skating moves. For example, the entrance to certain jumps includes a three turn or a mohawk.

Steps - Figure skating steps a skills that when put together form what is called a footwork sequence. Some figure skating steps are variations on or combinations of turns. Power three turns, twizzles, and running threes are examples.

Spins - Spins in figure skating are often the most fun for the skater and most appealing to the figure skating audience.

Upright spin — This is one of the easiest spins to master in the early days of your ice-skating tuition. Upright spins see the skater position their body in a straight, upwardly position with one or both of their feet remaining on the ice throughout the maneuver (Team).

Sit spin — This spin is self-explanatory really! It’s carried out when the performer skates on one leg only, whilst stretching the other limb straight out in front of them. Whilst spinning, the performer bends their skating leg as far as they can — essentially sitting down as low as possible without toppling over. In competition, judges award points based on how close to the ice a performer can bend whilst still maintaining their rhythm. It really is a case of ‘how low can you go?’

Camel spin — This popular move sees the performer position his or her body into a ‘T’ shape. The performer’s stronger leg is used for skating, whilst the other limb is stretched backwards, straight behind the skater’s head. During this spin, the performer leans their neck forward, bringing their head in line with the straightened rear leg. This maneuver may sound rather daunting, nevertheless, with practice and patience, the balance and suppleness that the camel spin requires will come to you in time.

Jumps - Jumps are spins in the air. Actually a jump is a back spin in the air. These figure skating skills have become one of the most important aspects of the sport since the creation of the international judging system. Triple and quad jumps receive so many points that they overshadow most of the other skills when competing. Some of the most elegant skaters have lost in competitions because another skater executes a series of point grabbing jumps.

Toe jumps:

Toe loops — When attempting a toe loop, the figure skater jumps in a counter-clockwise motion. He (or she) quickly glides backwards over the ice rink before using the outside edge of their back skate — and the toe-pick of their front skate — to launch into the air. The performer spins half a revolution in mid-air before landing, once more, onto the outside edge of their back skate.

Flips — When attempting a flip jump, the figure skater glides backwards across the ice rink before launching into the air by pushing on the inside edge of their back foot and the toe-pick of their front skate. The performer then spins a full revolution in mid-air before landing smoothly onto the ice and continuing to skate.

Lutzs — The lutz jump is exactly like the flip; only here the skater launches into the jump from the outside edge of their back foot rather than the inside edge. It’s very difficult to stay balanced when launching into a full, mid-air revolution from the outside edge of the skate. As a result, the lutz is a tricky move to master, requiring hours of hard work, pain, and frustration.

Edge jumps:

Salchows — The salchow jump sees the performer launch into the air by pushing on the inside edge of their strongest foot. After performing a half-revolution in mid-air, the skater then lands smoothly onto the outside edge of their weaker foot, before continuing to skate their way across the ice.

Loop jumps — When attempting a loop jump, the figure skater takes off from the outside edge of their strongest foot before spinning a full-revolution in the air. The performer then lands backwards onto the same foot and either carries on skating across the ice or prepares to launch into another spin.

Axels — The axel is a key ice-skating technique for all beginner skaters. Here, the performer gathers momentum before launching forwards into the air by springing from the outside edge of their strongest foot. The skater spins one-and-a-half revolutions in mid-air before landing onto the outside edge of their weaker foot.

Spirals - Spirals are glides with one leg way up in the air. There are many variations of these figure skating skills. The first figure skating spiral learned is usually the arabesque. Skaters will then learn a catch foot variation. Important aspects for figure skating spirals are good extension, get the free leg extended high in the air, and moving steadily across the ice. A change of edge during a spiral will receive extra points.

Moves in the field - They are in some ways a replacement for "figures". The moves tests are intended teach the skater the skills they need to excel in the sport.

TECHNICAL AND TACTICAL SKILLS

USA – BRADIE TENNELL

Since when she was introduced, they said that she was a powerful jumper making me expect that her performance be grand. She started off her routine elegantly as she glides through the ice going for a jump combination of triple jumps, but she made a mistake. However, she still stood up as the show must go on. She made a turn and jumped into a camel spin. Then, she made a spin again from a layback to a catch foot spin which looked amazing. Her footwork looked so hard especially since after performing footwork she moves on with a triple loop which at first worried me, but she pulled through. She performed a lot of turns and figures. Even through she made a mistake at first, her spins are still beautiful and elegant.

BRAZIL – ISADORA WILLIAMS

Her performance was amazing and elegant. She performed a double toe perfectly without mistakes and then moved with a loop to a camel spin, sit spin, and an upright spin. Her body moved fluidly together with the song as she jumped into a sit spin, then slowly jumping up, and ending it with a sit spin. Her footwork is also great. She performed a layback spin with a catch foot as her ending. I was amazed especially by her axels to a double toe loop to a triple loop.

UKRAINE – ANNA KHNYCHENKOVA

She started off with a double axel and as she glided and performed a triple loop. The first one was a success, but the second one was not as she made a mistake. Her moves in the field were good, also her footwork. She did a lot of spins such as a sit and upright spins. Her performance was more on the foot work. Approaching her ending, she started it off with a layback and into a catch foot.

LATVIA – DIANA NIKITINA 32 39

I love the music she picked which was Shoulder of Love by Sade. She started of with performing in figures mainly more on choreographed moves. I was amazed of her combination of a triple lutz and triple toe at the start as she performed it flawlessly. Her sit spins were so fast too. She moves freely on ice in spins and glides. It was interesting and captivating to watch her choreography. I thought of it a bit dull, but she surprised me with a double axel into a bit of foot work into an entry of camel spin to an upward spin.

KOREA – KIM HANUL

She started off with an amazing triple lutz and a triple toe. Her spins are just beautiful from sit spin to an upright one. She took some steps into a jump sit spin which was performed with no mistakes. Her foot work and turns into those turns are so beautiful. She also performed double axel. Her choreography is both cute and elegant.

SWEDEN – ANITA OESTLUND

Her picked song was Carmen Fantasie by David Garrett which happened to be my go-to stress relief music during this quarantine. Her footwork was great at the beginning. She did a jump sit into a broken leg position perfectly and danced with the ice. She did some spins and jumps here and there. She did two triple toes but the second one she almost made a mistake but pulled through. She performed a camel spin to a sit spin.

CHINA – LI XIANGNING

Her footwork from the start was great as she comes for a triple spin, but she was not able to do it. She performed a combination spin from a sit spin to an upright one. She also did a camel spin. She did a triple lutz two times into a double axel with no mistakes.

SWITZERLAND – ALEXIA PAGANINI

With the song Forbidden Love, Paganini gave an elegant score (From Romeo and Juliet). The music and her outfit are in perfect harmony, making an example. She also had decent pace and footwork, allowing her to get off to a great start with a triple toe.

KAZAKHSTAN – AIZA MAMBEKOVA

Mambekova drew the audience's attention with her hand gestures and a launch of music, incorporating music into her step series. Her height is fine, but her rotation isn't fast enough. She had an impressive finish, unlike other artists who did not sync with their final portion of the music.

FINLAND – EMMI PELTONEN

Peltonen’s pace was an advantage. She ran at a fast rate, resulting in a clumsy and large leap from the start, which was considered a high-quality jump. With her body motions and series, she also gave a wonderful boost. Her engagement was admirable, and she has a knack for transformations.

CANADA – LARKYN AUSTMAN

Austman had selected the joyful and energetic song Mein Herr (from Cabaret). In terms of interpreting her songs, she was more like dancing than skating. Her hop, on the other hand, was difficult for her, probably due to her movements. Still love her spins, nonetheless.

FRANCE – MAE BERENCE MEITE

Meite’s performance was quite similar with Austman, who focused more on dancing and figures than skating. She began with a series of exaggerated hand gestures however it was a lively performance, and with her high jumps.

RULES OF THE GAME

Badge 1

Stand unassisted for 5 seconds

Fall and stand up unassisted

Knee dip standing still unassisted

March forward 10 steps assisted

Badge 2

March forward 10 steps unassisted

Swizzles, standing still (3 repetitions)

Backward wiggle or march assisted

2-foot glide forward for distance at least length of body

Badge 3

Backward wiggle or march

5 forward swizzles covering at least 10 feet

Forward skating across the rink

Forward gliding dip covering at least length of body

Badge 4

Backward 2-foot glide covering at least length of body

2-foot jump in place1-foot snowplow stop (left or right)

Forward 1-foot glide covering at least length of body (left and right)

Badge 5

Forward stroking across the rink

5 backward swizzles covering at least 10 feet

Forward 2-foot curves left and right across the rink

2-foot turn front-to-back, on the spot

Badge 6

Gliding forward-to-backward 2-foot turn

5 consecutive forward 1-foot swizzles on circle (left and right)

Backward 1-foot glide length of body (left and right)

Forward pivot

Badge 7

Backward stroking across the rink

Gliding backward-to-forward 2-foot turn

T-Stop left or right

Forward 2-foot turn on a circle (left and right)

Badge 8

5 consecutive forward crossovers (left and right)

Forward outside edge (left and right)

5 consecutive backward 1-foot swizzles on a circle (left and right)

2-foot spin

Badge 9

Forward outside 3-turn (left and right)

Forward inside edge (left and right)

Forward lunge or shoot the duck, at any depth

Bunny hop

Badge 10

Forward inside 3-turn (left and right)

5 consecutive backward crossovers (left and right)

Hockey stop

Forward spiral 3 times length of body

Badge 11

Consecutive forward outside edges (minimum 2 on each foot)

Consecutive forward inside edges (minimum 2 on each foot)

Forward inside Mohawk (left and right)

Consecutive backward outside edges (minimum 2 on each foot)

Consecutive backward inside edges (minimum 2 on each foot)

Badge 12

Waltz jump1-foot spin (minimum of 3 revolutions)

Forward crossover, inside Mohawk, backward crossover, step forward (step sequence should be repeated clockwise and counter clockwise)

Combination of three moves chosen from badges 9 – 12

Level I = Badges 1 – 5

Level II = Badges 1 – 9

Level III = Badges 1 – 12

Level IV, V, VI = Badges 1 – 12 and Footwork and difficult jumps and spins and spirals

HOW TO OFFICIATE THE GAME

Accounts

The accountant's role begins weeks, sometimes months, before a competition. Working with the Local Organizing Committee and chief referee, accountants are responsible for preparing the paperwork that communicates the following information:

When each event of a competition will begin

Where it will be held

Which skaters will be in each event

In what order they will skate

Accountants are also responsible for providing the judges, referees, and technical panel officials with documents for recording their decisions. Finally, the accountants are responsible for ensuring that the scoring software is set up properly, the scores are entered accurately, and the results are calculated correctly.

Technical accountants are a subset of accountants who specialize in the setup and operation of the rink side computer equipment utilized for automated scoring under the International Judging System (IJS).

Announcers

Announcers are responsible for announcing competitors before they perform at a competition. Announcers might also be asked to announce scores, names of officials and other general competition information, as necessary.

As the voice of an event, announcers need to be able to work as part of a team and have the ability to communicate effectively with competition hosts, referees, and other officials.

Ice Technicians

Ice technicians are utilized at certain qualifying and international competitions to ensure the safety and quality of the ice surface. Primarily utilized at large competitions, the ice technician is the go-between for the event referee and arena personnel, and ensures each event runs safely and smoothly.

Judges

Judges are likely the most well-known type of figure skating official. Though the days of score cards are long behind us, U.S. Figure Skating still relies on judges to adjudicate competitions and interpret rules and regulations. Currently, judges work in all four skating disciplines and every competitive opportunity U.S. Figure Skating offers.

There are also two different classifications of judges:

Test Judges: who can judge test sessions and nonqualifying competitions

Competition Judges: who can judge nonqualifying and qualifying competitions

Referees

Referees are the designated leaders and spokespeople for an event. They also manage the panel of judges and, depending on the size of the competition, may serve as one of the event's judges as well. Before becoming a referee, one must be certified as a judge.

The event referee’s responsibilities include timing the programs, taking certain deductions (in IJS), deciding on all protests with respect to their event, conducting pre-event meetings (usually held at qualifying competitions) and allowing a skater/team to restart a program that has been stopped in accordance with U.S. Figure Skating rules.

Chief referees are responsible for setting up the competition schedule, assigning officials, overseeing seeding and draws for events, interpreting rules, deciding on protests and any breaches that occur without protests and determining if the condition of the ice will permit conducting the competition.

Technical Panel Officials

Technical panel officials are required for any events using the International Judging System (IJS). There are four different types of technical panel officials certified by U.S. Figure Skating:

Technical Controller

Technical Specialist

Data Operator

Video Replay Operator

REFERENCES

Figure skating equipment (10 Essentials). (2021, February 16). Retrieved from Ice Skating Passion: https://iceskatingpassion.com/figure-skating-equipment/

Figure Skating Rules. (n.d.). Retrieved from Rules of Sport: https://www.rulesofsport.com/sports/figure-skating.html

Figure Skating Sport Rules. (2016, June). Retrieved from Special Olympics: https://media.specialolympics.org/resources/sports-essentials/sport-rules/Figure-Skating-Sports-Rules.pdf

Team, R. (n.d.). Key Ice Skating Techniques. Retrieved from realbuzz.com: https://www.realbuzz.com/articles-interests/sports-activities/article/key-ice-skating-techniques/

TYPES OF OFFICIALS. (n.d.). Retrieved from US Figure Skating: https://www.usfigureskating.org/support/officiate

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feelineuphoric · 4 years ago

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Rio 2016 Olympics: Artistic Swimming, A Review

Synchronized Swimming used to be known as 'water ballet'. This is because the routines are essentially a series of athletic movements choreographed to a piece of chosen music. Not unlike staged ballet, except that it is performed in the water. Synchronized Swimming is highly challenging, requiring ease of movements and the ability to stay upside down in water. it is said to be as hard to practice as it is beautiful to watch. A test even for strong swimmers, the sport requires advanced water skills, strength, flexibility, endurance, grace, precise timing, artistry, and exceptional breath control.

In this blog, I will be reviewing the court dimensions, equipment, basic skills, technical and tactical skills of each team, rules of the game, and how to officiate artistic swimming in the 2016 Olympics, officially known as the Games of the XXXI Olympiad and commonly known as Rio 2016, was an international multi-sport event held from the 5th to the 21st of August 2016 in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil.

COURT DIMENSIONS

The pool must be at least 20m wide x 30m long, and at least 2.5m deep. One area, 12x12m or larger, must be at least 3m deep and the slope between the change in depths has to be completed over a distance of 8m or less.

The pool's water must be clear enough so that the bottom of the pool is visible from above and at least 27°C (80.6°F,) plus or minus one degree. The amount of light underwater is also very important, since goggles aren't worn in competition, so there is a required minimum brightness of 1500 lux.

EQUIPMENT

Hair gel or gelatin

Nose Clip

Underwater Speaker

Costume

BASIC SKILLS

The basic skills you will need in synchronized swimming is sculling and treading water with a kick called the "eggbeater". There are also many positions that you can learn to combine into a routine. Additionally, there is an element known as “lifts” in synchronized swimming, where swimmers create a structure of sorts with their bodies and lift themselves from the water in the same formation they created underwater.

Sculls

Sculls are hand movements used to propel the body and are essential to synchronized swimming. Some commonly used sculls are support, standard, torpedo, split-arm, barrel and paddle scull. The support scull is most often used and is made up of two repeated movements. You need to hold your upper arms against your body and your forearms at 90-degree angles. Then, you move your forearms back and forth to create enough water pressure to hold your legs above the water.

Eggbeater

This move is much like how a manual eggbeater works, with one leg rotating in a clockwise manner and rotating the other leg in an anti-clockwise manner. Synchronized swimmers use this kick because it leaves their hands free to perform strokes. Due to the opposite motion of the kick, it is a stable and efficient way for swimmers to attain the necessary height to perform moves above the water.

Positions

There are hundreds of positions that can be used to create infinite combinations. The six most common positions are illustrated below.

Crane Position - Hold your body in a vertical position with one leg held vertically above the water surface, while the other leg is held parallel under the surface in a 90-degree angle or "L" shape.

Ballet Leg Double Position - From lying flat on the water surface, draw your knees towards your chest with shins parallel to the water surface. Straighten your legs above the water surface to assume a Surface Ballet Leg Double position.

Side Fishtail Position - This is a position similar to the crane. One leg remains vertical, while the other is extended to the side parallel to the water, creating a side "Y" position.

Knight Position -The body is held vertically with your head in line with the hips and pointed to the bottom of the pool. One leg is lowered to create a vertical line perpendicular to the surface.

Flamingo Position - Similar to the ballet leg position where the bottom leg is pulled into the chest so that the shin of the bottom leg is touching the knee of the vertical leg.

Split Position - With the body vertical, one leg is stretched forward along the surface and the other leg is extended back along the surface.

Lifts

Lifts are formations that are formed underwater and as swimmers propel themselves towards the surface, they stay in formation and add more elements like acrobatics. There are three parts to a lift in synchronized swimming: The Flyer, the Base and the Pushers.

The Flyer - Flyers are agile and flexible and are usually the smallest member of the team. It is preferable that they have a gymnastics background as they need to perform complicated moves while on the top of the formation.

The Base - Base swimmers tends to be small in size, but should have good leg strength and a solid core as they make up the structure of the formation.

The Pushers - Pushers are the bigger and stronger swimmers because they need the strength to propel the formation to the water surface.

Types of Lifts

The Platform Lift - The base lays out in a back layout position underwater, where they lie on their back to form a platform of interlinked bodies. The Flyer sets in a squatting position and stands once the lift reaches the surface. The remaining teammates use the eggbeater kicks to hold the platform and the flyer out of the water.

The Stack Lift - Considered to be an updated version of the Platform, the Stack Lift begins with the base squatting while underwater, supported by the pushers. The flyer then stands on the shoulders of the base. The pushers and base gradually stretch out their limbs, elevating the flyer. A rotating descent is usually added to this lift.

TECHNICAL AND TACTICA; SKILLS OF EACH TEAM

EGYPT

Execution: 23.5000; Artistic Expression: 31.4667; Difficulty: 23.6000; Penalty: 0.0; Technical Routine: 76. 9838; Free Routine: 78.5667 Total Score: 155.5505

They were the first performer and at first I wasn’t sure whether or not I will be enjoying while watching the video but their intro stunned me. It was my first time watching synchronized swimming and I did not know they would walk in sync and dive in different times and their dive was very beautiful. They did uniquely beautiful lifts while executing various leg choreographies and positions.

AUSTRALIA

Execution: 22.6000; Artistic Expression: 20.1333; Difficulty: 22.7000; Penalty: 0.0; Technical Routine: 74.0667; Free Routine: 75.4333 Total Score: 149.50

Their synchronization and timing is very nice. Their performance was unique and it was a fun routine. I was amazed by their hand movements in their choreography because it was very fun to look at. From what I’ve seen they used a variety of sculls in order for them to perform the different kinds of positions such as the flamingo position and the split position.

ITALY

Execution: 27.5000; Artistic Expression: 37.0667; Difficulty: 27.7000; Penalty: 0.0; Technical Routine: 91.1142; Free Routine: 92.2667 Total Score: 183.3809

With their theme which was seasons of earth, I was amazed by how elegant, and sweet their performance were. It was almost like a fairytale. They were able to maintained balance, fantastic synchronization, and unique formation of lifts. Their synchronization was very intense especially during their feet formations in their choreography. I was awed by all of their fantastic formations.

BRAZIL

Execution: 26.1000; Artistic Expression: 34.8000; Difficulty: 26.3000; Penalty: 0.0; Technical Routine: 84.7985; Free Routine: 87.2000 Total Score: 171.9985

When the song started, I was kind of hesitant in watching their routine because I thought it wouldn’t be as good as the ones that have finished performing. However, I was in awe by their excitingly fun choreography which was a good epitome of carnival. Very smooth and excellent synchronization, very artistic. I love their facial expression and their formation are also very excellent accompanied by the song. I love the spins after they do the knight position during their formations. I love the hand choreography they did from 30:07- 30:36. Their handwork in practicing their choreography really paid off because they look so great underwater as they unfold the next move from another. I love how they look like they are having so much fun they don’t even look fatigued but watching them they stole my breath away by how difficult and fun their routine was. Their routine lived up to their theme of carnival. They executed all the moves well, a lot of spirit and energy, and the high-risk of balance from the lifts especially in the part of Christo! shout of the song. Very charismatic.

RUSIAN FEDERATION

Execution: 29.7000; Artistic Expression: 39.7333; Difficulty: 29.7000; Penalty: 0.0; Technical Routine: 97.0106; Free Routine: 99.1333 Total Score: 196.1439

Their theme was angels and when I heard the intro of the song it sounded so intense and when they started off with an opening lift well...it was very incredible that watching the recap, there wasn’t any mistakes and their lifts are difficult but stunning to watch. Their synchronization is perfect, energy and explosive power of moves is so incredible. The song was a bit suspenseful, and their moves perfectly accompanied it. Their formation is brilliant and unique. I love their lifts and how the girl that was lifted turned beautifully as she descends to the water at 37: 18. Even their work underneath the water is beautifully synchronized. I love their facial expressions too during their beautiful lifts. No wonder they won gold medals.

UKRAINE

Execution: 28.2000; Artistic Expression: 38.2667; Difficulty: 28.7000; Penalty: 0.0; Technical Routine: 93.4413; Free Routine: 95.1667 Total Score: 188.608

Right from the start, they immediately showed difficult routines, and when they showed their underwater movements, they were all so synchronized when they do hand movements to propel their bodies in order to execute leg positions for their routine. I love the shapes they showed. The actions they show require high risk but I love how it looked. They performed intense and risky moves and they do it fast too but they are good at it so the outcome of their movements are breath-taking.

CHINA

Execution: 29.1000; Artistic Expression: 39.0667; Difficulty: 29.2000; Penalty: 0.0; Technical Routine: 95.6174; Free Routine: 97.3667 Total Score: 192.9841

From their intro pose, they are already showcasing their flexibility as their theme is finding dragon. The power of the lift right from the start was very beautiful and high, the pushers and the base must’ve worked so hard with it in order for their flyer to be able to execute it so perfectly. They performed complicated moves afterwards which was so fascinating to see. Their synchronization is very powerful, and the way they interpreted their theme by using lifts was very great to see. They quickly change formation and then perform uniquely amazing choreographies with very beautiful twists. Their formation is just absolutely beautiful. The way they matched their legs movement with the intense music was so amazing at 54:01 onwards. No doubt they deserve the silver medals.

JAPAN

Execution: 28.5000; Artistic Expression: 38.1333; Difficulty: 28.8000; Penalty: 0.0; Technical Routine: 93.7723; Free Routine: 95.4333 Total Score: 199.2056

Right from the start they immediately performed two lifts which was very beautiful. The formation was very artistic and they performed it cleanly. They also performed a fun choreography and I was completely absorbed by their music because it sounded both cute and fun. The lifts are just beautiful especially when they end it with turns.

RULES OF THE GAME

No Touching the Bottom

One of the things which makes the lifts all the more impressive is that artistic swimmers are not allowed to touch the bottom of the pool at any point during their routines.

No Bling

Presentation is a unique and important part of artistic swimming but there are certain restrictions on what swimmers can wear. For example, artistic swimmers are not permitted jewelry, theatrical make-up, or inappropriate costumes.

No Goggles

Another restriction during artistic swimming routines is goggles. However, swimmers in figures competitions are permitted to wear them.

Team Means Team

Teams normally contain eight swimmers, but the minimum number for a team is four. Teams lose marks for every swimmer they have under the full complement because it is easier to synchronize the fewer people there are in a routine.

Stick to The Schedule

Routines can be anything from two and a half minutes to five minutes long, depending on whether they are performed alone or as part of a team. However, swimmers are penalized if they take 15 seconds fewer or longer than the specified time.

HOW TO OFFICIATE THE GAME

Timekeeper

The role of a timekeeper is to check, and record, the overall times of the routines and of the deck movements. If the time limit for the deck work is exceeded or there is a deviation from the permitted routine time allowance, the timekeeper advises the referee.

Clerk of the course

The role of a clerk of the course is to organize the competitors so that they are ready for their events at the required time. During figure competitions, they ensure that the swimmers are in the correct order to perform their figures.

Scorer

The role of a synchro scorer is to record marks from the judges and make the necessary computations for each routine. There are two levels of synchro scorer – national scorer and chief recorder.

National scorers write down and manipulate all the scores that come in for figures and routines at competitions. They can officiate at any level of domestic competition including the National Age Group Championships and ASA National Championships.

Chief recorders are in charge of scoring at synchronized swimming events. They are trained to manage related computer results systems at national and regional competitions.

Judge

Synchro Judges are essential for running synchronized swimming competitions as they provide scores based on the performance of each routine. They are also responsible for marking grade level assessments. To reduce the level of subjectivity in scoring, all synchro judges must be expertly-trained. They require a full understanding of FINA and the ASA’s rules and regulations for synchronized swimming competitions.

There are three levels of Judge:

Level 1: Candidates must be 16 years old to take the level 1 judge course. They will be qualified to judge at level 1 and 2 competitions. The course includes:

Use of marking scales

Develop understanding of basic movements and positions

Able to identify Figures in current age groups (12U and 13/14/15)

Ethics

Develop knowledge and understanding of Free Routines

Knowledge of Grade 1 and 2 criteria and assessment criteria

Level 2: Candidates must have been a level 1 judge for at least a year. They will be qualified to judge at regional competitions at the National Age Group Championships. The course includes:

In-depth knowledge of Junior Figures (15-18 years)

Develop knowledge of rules and penalties

Develop knowledge of NVT, difficulty values and application to figures. Application of deductions to figures

Exposure to variety of level of figures and scores

Knowledge and awareness of Grade 3/4/5 criteria

Further analysis of Free Routines – range of level of routines, recognition of difficulty

Level 3: Candidates must have been a level 2 judge for at least a year. They will be qualified to judge at the National Championships. The course includes:

Further knowledge about rules, penalties and organization

In-depth knowledge about judging Figures and component parts

Further develop knowledge and aptitude regarding judging Free Routines

Awareness of Grade 6 criteria

In-depth knowledge of technical elements across solos, duets and team

Referee

The role of a synchro referee is to oversee the control of a synchronized swimming competition. The referee makes sure all aspects of the event are run smoothly and follow FINA rules.

____________________________________

Bibliography

An Introduction to Artistic Swimming. (n.d.). Retrieved from Swim England Artistic Swimming: https://www.swimming.org/artistic-swimming/introduction-to-artistic-swimming/

Basic skills and positions in Synchronised Swimming. (n.d.). Retrieved from Active SG: https://www.myactivesg.com/Sports/Aquatics/How-To-Play/Synchronised-Swimming/Basic-skills-and-positions-in-Synchronised-Swimming#:~:text=The%20basic%20skills%20you%20will,to%20combine%20into%20a%20routine.

Lutz, R. (2016, July 22). Synchronized swimming 101: Equipment. Retrieved from Archive PyeongChang: http://archivepyc.nbcolympics.com/news/synchronized-swimming-101-equipment

Officials in synchro. (n.d.). Retrieved from Edinburgh Synchro: http://edinburghsynchro.co.uk/officials-in-synchro/

Synchronized Swimming Pool Dimensions. (n.d.). Retrieved from SwimOutlet.com Guides: https://www.swimoutlet.com/guides/synchronized-swimming-pool-dimensions#:~:text=The%20pool%20must%20be%20at%20least%2020m%20wide%20x%2030m,distance%20of%208m%20or%20less.

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feelineuphoric · 4 years ago

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Monica Puig (PUR) vs Angelique Kerber (GER) - Women's Tennis Singles Final of Rio 2016

Tennis originally was known as lawn tennis, and formally still is in Britain, because it was played on grass courts by Victorian gentlemen and ladies. It is now played on a variety of surfaces. The origins of the game can be traced to a 12th–13th-century French handball game called jeu de paume (“game of the palm”), from which was derived a complex indoor racket-and-ball game: real tennis. This ancient game is still played to a limited degree and is usually called real tennis in Britain, court tennis in the United States, and royal tennis in Australia.

In this blog I will be reviewing the court dimension, equipment, basic skills, technical and tactical skills of each player, rules of the game, and how to officiate the game of Monica Puig vs Angelique Kerber in the Rio 2016 Olympics in Women's Tennis Singles the finals.

COURT DIMENSION

The court shall be a rectangle, 78 feet (23.77 m) long and, for singles matches, 27 feet (8.23 m) wide. The court shall be divided across the middle by a net suspended by a cord or metal cable which shall pass over or be attached to two net posts at a height of 3 ½ feet (1.07 m). The net shall be fully extended so that it completely fills the space between the two net posts, and it must be of sufficiently small mesh to ensure that a ball cannot pass through it. The height of the net shall be 3 feet (0.914 m) at the center, where it shall be held down tightly by a strap. A band shall cover the cord or metal cable and the top of the net. The strap and band shall be completely white.

The lines at the ends of the court are called baselines and the lines at the sides of the court are called sidelines. Two lines shall be drawn between the singles sidelines, 21 feet (6.40 m) from each side of the net, parallel with the net. These lines are called the service lines. On each side of the net, the area between the service line and the net shall be divided into two equal parts, the service courts, by the center service line.

The center service line shall be drawn parallel with the singles sidelines and half way between them. Each baseline shall be divided in half by a center mark, 4 inches (10 cm) in length, which shall be drawn inside the court and parallel with the singles sidelines.

Moreover, the permanent fixtures of the court include the backstops and sidestops, the spectators, the stands and seats for spectators, all other fixtures around and above the court, the chair umpire, line umpires, net umpire, and ball persons when in their recognized positions.

Equipment

Bandana

Towel

Water Bottle

Tennis Shoes

Tennis Elbow Brace

Tennis Hat

Tennis Ball

Tennis Racket

Tennis Dress

Basic Skills

Serve

Probably the most difficult stroke for beginners to learn, the serve is also one of the most important skills to develop for every player. First, because it is the only shot in which you have absolute control over it. Second, because having a good serve will give you an edge compared to your opponents, regardless of which level you are playing at.

The serve is the stroke that begins every single shot in a tennis match. While one player is serving, the other is receiving, and they take turns after the end of every game. Serves can take different shapes and forms, but they are generally characterized by a movement where the player swings the racket above his head, while still standing behind the baseline.

Return

Since at the start of every point in a tennis match one player is serving, that means that the other player is returning. Returns are very difficult at the advanced levels since serves are extremely fast but having good returns can benefit players at every single level. Returns are especially important when your opponent is not a great server since you can fully take advantage of that weakness.

A return is a shot where one player waits to see where the other player’s serve lands and then attempts to hit the ball back to the other side. A return can be executed in several different ways, with a forehand, backhand, slice, block, or chip. The most important aspect of a return is just getting the ball back to the other side, no matter how.

Strokes

Will help you gain points during a game. There are different kinds of strokes which are all that follows:

Forehand

Forehands are, for the vast majority of players, their strongest weapon. A player hits a forehand when he allows the ball to bounce once on his court before hitting it and hits it with his dominant side. With very few exceptions, players hit forehands using only one arm.

The reason why forehands are called forehands is because normally, the front (fore) of your hand holding the racquet will be facing your opponent.

Backhand

The backhand is another one of the main shots in a tennis game. It is the equivalent of the forehand but executed on the player’s non-dominant side. For instance, if a player is right-handed, the backhand will be executed on the left side. If a player is left-handed, the backhand will be executed on the right side.

The reason why backhands are called that is that the back of the player’s dominant hand is facing the opponent. If you look at the picture below, you will have a better understanding.

Slice

A slice is essentially a variation of the backhand shot. Instead of hitting the ball on the top, your racquet swings through the bottom of the ball. That adds underspin to the shot, so after the ball bounces on the other side, it stays low and close to the ground.

A slice can be used either on your dominant or your non-dominant side, but it is most commonly used as a backhand slice. Players usually use slices in order to change the pace of the game and add some variation.

Forehand Volley

The forehand volley is a fairly simple movement, in which you use only one arm to hit a ball by your dominant side, without letting the ball touch the ground. It requires firm hands and fast reflexes.

Volleys are not used as often as they used to be in the 1990s. As the game has become increasingly slower, players become too vulnerable when they go to the net – since their opponents have a lot more time to react.

Backhand Volley

The backhand volley looks a lot like a backhand slice, but without letting the ball touch the ground. Once again, a volley usually occurs when you are standing close to the net. A backhand volley always happens on your non-dominant side.

Backhand volleys are an important part of your net game since they will allow you to shorten the points and take time away from your opponent.

Overhead

The last basic shot you should become comfortable with is the overhead (also called smash in some countries). You must be standing close to the net and hit the ball without bouncing. You need to hit the ball over your head (similarly to a serve), and that is why this shot is named the way it is.

Overheads are usually used to finish a point, as it is considered a fairly easy shot in which you can hit it very hard. It is important to master this shot, so you make sure you win those points.

TECHNICAL AND TACTICAL SKILLS OF EACH PLAYER

PUIG

While watching the video, I was instantly drawn by how she plays. From what I have seen she has a far more stamina compared to Kerber seeing as how she has no problem in chasing the ball and smashing it on Kerber’s side of the court. The whole time I was fascinated by how well she handles the ball and the control she has overall. Though she had a little trouble in the first set, she was still able to gain control over the ball which in the end made her win. Her strategy is to smash or hit the ball where Kerber will have to run to that place to receive the ball. She always hits towards the place where she has an advantage and because she has a high stamina, she has no problem running around to perform her strategy. All in all, her gameplay is very aggressive because of her strategy of making Kerber chase the ball, and her technical and tactical skills made her earn points to win the game.

KERBER

From what I’ve seen, Kerber always finds a way to be able to stand still and not do a lot of moves such as running to another side so when she hits the ball on Puig’s side of the court, she will have to run to the ball to receive it. Then I heard that she was having a non-vital shoulder injury and required treatment on her back injury between sets which made me understand why she was having a hard time catching with the ball and why she was sometimes very stiff. However, despite having to keep up with Puig’s strategy of having to chase the ball a lot, I admired her determination to keep on running despite the injury she was going through. She was still able to show her technical and tactical skills to the crowd and I think if she weren’t suffering from any injuries, this game would be even more so intense than it already is.

Rules of the Game

To star off the game, who serves first will be settled by a simple coin toss wherein the person who wins the coin toss may elect to serve first or select a side of the court which he would like to receive his opponents serve.

When the server fails to get his first serve into the diagonally opposite service court, it is called a fault serve.

A double fault is committed if the server fails to get his second serve into the diagonally opposite service court and the receiver will then earn a point.

If the ball hits the net and falls within the service court, this is called a “net serve”, the server will be entitled to re-serve the ball into the service court.

The server should stand before the right side of the baseline and serve the ball diagonally across to the receiver’s right service court and then proceed to serve from his left side of the baseline diagonally across to the receiver’s left service court.

The server’s score is always announced first before the receiver’s throughout the game.

For a tennis player to win a game, he/she must win with at least a two-point lead.

If the score is tied at 40 to 40 (what is called as a “Deuce”), a player must earn two consecutive points (an “Advantage” point and “Point”) to win the game.

If the player who has an “Advantage” point loses the next point, the score will be “Deuce” once again.

A set is won when a player has won a minimum of six games with a two-game advantage over his opponent.

In a game of singles, the ball must be hit within both “SERVICE COURTS”, the “BACK COURT” and the “ALLEY LINE” for a point to be scored. Balls hit in the between the “SIDE LINE” and “ALLEY LINE” are considered balls hit out of court and thus earning your opponent a point.

The point system of a tennis match is as follows:

No points are scored = Love

1 point scored = 15 points

2 points scored = 30 points

3 points scored = 40 points

4 points earned = set point (set over)

HOW TO OFFICIATE THE GAME

Chair Umpire

The chair umpire is the person sitting in the highchair at the side of the court officiating over all decisions made out on court with the power to overrule any judgements made by lines persons or indeed players themselves.

Their roles are as follows:

They are the ones keeping track of the score and more recently the amount of challenges each player has left to call upon.

They vocalize the score after every point and in between games.

They complete the scorecard as the match progresses, and they maintain order throughout.

They keep the audience quiet and make sure they follow the rules of spectator etiquette.

If a player has any queries, then they are the first stop of call and often the final decision maker.

They ensure players adhere to time constraints and acceptable behavior on court.

They have the ability to award code violations to players amounting to warnings, the loss of points, games, and even matches.

Line Umpires

The line umpires are the officials who have the responsibility of calling the ball in or out during all calls and especially the close ones. They can be over ruled by the chair umpire, but this rarely happens. There can be up to nine lines umpires on a court at any one time. Three at either end of the court looking after the side lines and the center service line, one each judging the baseline and a final line umpire looking after the service line depending on who’s serving at the time. Nine is the maximum amount of line umpires on a court and in reality, can vary from anywhere between two and nine.

Net Court Umpire

Rarely seen today, there used to be an umpire sitting at the net to call any ball that hit the net during service called a “net court” or “let”. If a ball hits the net during a serve, then the server is asked to replay that shot again if the ball lands in or to play their next serve if it has landed out. If it was their second serve and the net court serve landed out, then it is deemed to be a double fault and the next point is played. Most tournaments today no longer have this umpire as new technology has placed a sensor on the top of the net to detect any ball hitting the net and thus replacing the need for this type of umpire. Either that or the chair umpire will make the decision.

Ball persons

There are usually six ball persons on a court to look after this job. There are two at the back of each side of the court and two more at the net, covering each side of it.

Their role are as follows:

Their job is to ensure that the server always has a choice of tennis balls to choose from before they start to serve.

They change the balls after every nine tennis games and ensure that the players want for nothing.

This might include new drinks, an umbrella in the sun, taking plastic covers from racquets or ensuring that they always have a towel to hand.

Tournament Referee:

Not positioned courtside, the tournament referee is the person in charge of making all decisions regarding all the matches.

Their role are as follows:

They oversee the schedule of play and is the person assigning matches to specific courts.

They make sure that all the ITF’s regulations are enforced including the conduct of all involved and must be present whenever any matches are being played.

They can overrule chair umpires and in fact their decision is final.

They are present at the draws and are responsible for allocating the seeding.

They are the person who has the say in whether play is suspended on account of rain and must be available to resolve disputes regarding to tennis rules.

____________________________________________

Bibliography

Basic Rules of Tennis. (n.d.). Retrieved from Active SG: https://www.myactivesg.com/Sports/Tennis/How-To-Play/Tennis-Rules/Basic-rules-of-tennis#:~:text=For%20a%20tennis%20player%20to,%E2%80%9D)%20to%20win%20the%20game.

Hadlich, G. (n.d.). The 8 Basic Tennis Shots & Skills (Explained). Retrieved from My Tennis HQ: https://mytennishq.com/the-8-basic-tennis-shots-skills-explained/

ITF Rules of Tennis. (2019). Retrieved from IFT Tennis: https://www.itftennis.com/media/1232/2019-rules-of-tennis-english.pdf

Tennis Equipment List. (n.d.). Retrieved from Rookie Road: https://www.rookieroad.com/tennis/equipment-list/

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feelineuphoric · 4 years ago

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Rio 2016 Men’s Singles Table Tennis, A Review

Originally a leisure activity for the upper-class in Victorian-era England, the sport was initially called ping pong before being renamed to table tennis in 1922. In its early days, the sport was largely played and dominated by Europeans, especially the Hungarians. However, table tennis became widely popular in Asia after finding its way to the continent in the 1950s, which has since been a breeding ground for some of the best players in the world. Just eight years after hosting its first World Cup in China, table tennis featured at the 1988 Summer Olympics in Seoul and has since been a fixture at the Games.

In this blog, I will be reviewing the court dimension, equipment, basic skills, technical and tactical skills of each team, rules of the game, and how to officiate the game.

Court Dimensions

THE TABLE

The upper surface of the table, known as the playing surface, shall be rectangular, 2.74m long and 1.525m wide, and shall lie in a horizontal plane 76cm above the floor. The playing surface shall not include the vertical sides of the tabletop. The playing surface may be of any material and shall yield a uniform bounce of about 23cm when a standard ball is dropped on to it from a height of 30cm. The playing surface shall be uniformly dark colored and matt, but with a white side line, 2cm wide, along each 2.74m edge and a white end line, 2cm wide, along each 1.525m edge. The playing surface shall be divided into 2 equal courts by a vertical net running parallel with the end lines and shall be continuous over the whole area of each court.

For doubles, each court shall be divided into 2 equal half-courts by a white center line, 3mm wide, running parallel with the side lines; the center line shall be regarded as part of each right half-court.

THE NET ASSEMBLY

The net assembly shall consist of the net, its suspension and the supporting posts, including the clamps attaching them to the table. The net shall be suspended by a cord attached at each end to an upright post 15.25cm high, the outside limits of the post being 15.25cm outside the side line. The top of the net, along its whole length, shall be 15.25cm above the playing surface. The bottom of the net, along its whole length, shall be as close as possible to the playing surface and the ends of the net shall be attached to the supporting posts from top to bottom.

Equipment

Table Tennis Racket

Table Tennis Ball with a diameter of 40mm and weighs 2.7g

Table Tennis Shoes

Jersey

Towel

Basic Skills

STANCE AND FOOTWORK

FEET

Your feet should be wide, about 1.5 or more shoulder widths apart so that you can quickly move side-to-side. Keep your non-dominant foot slightly ahead of the other (for right-handed people, this means keeping your left foot slightly closer to the table, for left-handed people it’s the opposite).

ANKLES & KNEE

Keep your knees and ankles slightly bent and flexible, with your weight forward on your toes. This keeps your body ready to move forward or backward as needed.

BACK & SHOULDERS

Keep your upper body slightly bent at the waist. With the bent ankles, knees, and waist and your shoulders forward, your whole body is in a slightly crouched position, ready to spring into action.

ARMS

Your arms should be in front of your body, with your elbow and paddle in front of you.

HOLDING THE PADDLE

The exact position of your hands and arms in your stance depends on your grip or how you hold the bat. There are two basic grips in table tennis: the shakehand grip, and the penhold grip. The different types of grip have specific variations for your hand position on the paddle depending on your preference and style of play.

Shakehand Grip

The Shakehand Grip got its name from the hand position, which closely resembles the pose you would use when shaking hands. It’s a very common grip in western countries and has gained popularity among Asian players as well.

In the basic shakehand grip, the player has three fingers wrapped around the blade, with their index finger touching the edge of the rubber, and the edge of the blade tucked into the crease between their thumb and index finger. The placement of the edge of the blade within the natural V of the hand is crucial for wrist flexibility and control.

Shallow Shakehand Grip

In the shallow shakehand, the hand is positioned as above, and the thumb rests lightly curled on the blade. The shallow shakehand is a natural, relaxed way to hold the ping pong paddle, and easy for beginners to learn.

Deep Shakehand Grip

In the deep shakehand grip, the hand is placed as described above, but the thumb is slightly raised and relaxes on the rubber of the bat. The deep shakehand grip is often recommended as a starting place for beginners.

Penhold Grip

The Penhold Grip is so named because the paddle is held with the blade pointing upward, and the paddle surface pointing downward, much like you would hold a pen. It is the most popular grip among Asian table tennis players and has gained popularity in the West.

In the basic penhold grip, the edge of the blade is tucked into the V of the hand, between the thumb and fingers, and the index fingers and thumb are curled around the blade, resting on the rubber. There are three types of Penhold grip.

Chinese Penhold

In the Chinese Penhold, the blade is held downward, with the index finger and thumb wrapped around as described above. The three fingers of the hand are curled gently along the rubber on the opposite side.

Japanese or Korean Penhold

In the Japanese or Korean Penhold, the thumb and index finger are held in the penhold style. The three remaining fingers are extended along the back of the paddle, with the second finger lying on the rubber in line with the blade, and the remaining two fingers tucked against the second finger.

Reverse Backhand Penhold

In this variation, the player uses the Chinese Penhold grip, but instead of using the front paddle surface, where the thumb and index finger rest, they use the back paddle surface where the fingers are.

FOREHAND DRIVE

The forehand drive is the most basic and fundamental ping pong stroke. It returns aggressive/attacking strokes and lands your ball close to the opponent’s baseline or sideline. With the forehand drive, you rotate your body to the back to add power to the ball, so rotate the upper body away and transfer your weight onto your back foot, moving your arm straight back.

As soon as the ball hits your side of the table, rotate your body toward it, shifting your weight forward. Hit the ball at the peak of the bounce, adding speed at impact to impart spin. After you have struck the ball, continue the motion to rest with your paddle pointing upward

BACKHAND DRIVE

The backhand drive is the mirror of the forehand drive, intended to return attacking shots and land the ball at the opponent’s baseline. To deliver a backhand drive, stand with your torso in the path of the ball (rather than reaching with your arm), and keep your stance angled toward the table with your free arm pointed toward the ball.

Your waist should bend forward and lift upward as you move your paddle arm forward and upward, hitting the ball at the top of its bounce and completing the forward and upward motion.

BACKHAND PUSH

The backhand push returns short balls and prevents your opponent from making an attacking return. As with the backhand drive, your body should be positioned in line with the ball, rather than reaching to the side with your arm.

Sweep your arm forward from your chest, letting the paddle swiftly brush underneath the ball at its peak. Aiming downward toward the table or forward to the net imparts various amounts of spin, so this is a controlled stroke.

FOREHAND PUSH

The forehand push is also designed for returning short balls and preventing attacking shots. Like the forehand drive, you stand with the dominant foot slightly back, and rotate the upper body to accentuate the motion of the paddle. However, unlike the forehand drive, you do a smaller backswing, rotating your wrist forward through the range of motion, and keep your paddle open to brush beneath the ball.

SERVING

A table tennis serve is the final basic skill, and it’s a crucial skill since the serve is the only time you have complete control of the ball and the game.

To serve in table tennis:

Balance the ball on the palm of your free hand with the hand open.

Throw the ball vertically upward so that it rises at least 6 inches above your hand.

As the ball drops, hit it with your chosen stroke, ensuring that it bounces on your side of the table, goes over the net, and bounces on your opponent’s side of the table.

Technical & Tactical Skills of Each Team

Ma Long

The way he grips his racket, he used the Chinese Penhold grip throughout the whole match. I have observed throughout the game that Ma Long plays intensely and goes headfirst. He always attacks immediately without hesitation. During the first round, I was quite skeptical as he missed almost all the shots whether it be a drive or push. But, since he always attacks almost immediately and remained calm and focused throughout the whole game which greatly affected his stance because he was relaxed, he won.

Zhang Jike

Just like Ma Long, throughout the game, he gripped his racket using the Chinese Penhold grip. I think because Ma Long won the first round, during the second round, he was more tense and looked pressured which in turn made him miss the ball from bouncing on Ma Long’s side making Ma Long earn points. He always tried to forehand push and backhand drive however, he always ends up not being able to make the ball go over the net which let’s Ma Long earn the point and win the second, third, and fourth round.

Rules of the Game

1. GAMES ARE PLAYED TO 11 POINTS

- A Game is played to 11 points. A Game must be won by two points. A Match is generally the best three of five Games.

2. ALTERNATE SERVES EVERY TWO POINTS

- Each side of the table alternates serving two points at a time. EXCEPTION: After tied 10-10 (“deuce”), service alternates at every point. Can you lose on a serve in ping pong? Yes! There is no separate rule for serving on Game Point.

3. TOSS THE BALL STRAIGHT UP WHEN SERVING

- It must hit your side of the table and then the other side. Once the ball leaves the server’s hand it is in play, and so counts as the receiver’s point if the ball is missed or mishit.

4. THE SERVE CAN LAND ANYWHERE IN SINGLES

- There is no restriction on where the ball lands on your side or your opponent’s side of the table. It can bounce two or more times on your opponent’s side (if so, that is your point), bounce over the side, or even hit the edge.

5. DOUBLES SERVES MUST GO RIGHT COURT TO RIGHT COURT

- The serve must bounce in the server’s right court, and receiver’s right court (NOTE: landing on center line is fair). Doubles partners switch places after their team serves twice.

6. A SERVE THAT TOUCHES THE NET ON THE WAY OVER IS A “LET”

- During a rally, if it touches the top of the net and then otherwise lands as a legitimate hit. But not when serving. If a served ball hits the net on the way over and otherwise legally bounces in play, it’s a “let” serve and is done over. There is no limit on how many times this can happen.

7. ALTERNATE HITTING IN A DOUBLES RALLY

- Doubles partners must alternate hitting balls in a rally, no matter where the ball lands on the table.

8. VOLLEYS ARE NOT ALLOWED

- In table tennis, this results in a point for your opponent. NOTE: When your opponent hits a ball that sails over your end of the table without touching it and then hits you or your paddle, that is still your point.

9. IF YOUR HIT BOUNCES BACK OVER THE NET BY ITSELF IT IS YOUR POINT

- If you hit the ball in a rally or on a serve and it bounces back over the net after hitting your opponent’s side of the table (due to extreme spin), without your opponent touching it, that is your point.

10. TOUCHING THE BALL WITH YOUR PADDLE HAND IS ALLOWED

- If the ball touches your paddle hand and otherwise results in a legal hit, there is no rule violation and play shall continue as normal. Your paddle hand includes all fingers and hand area below the wrist. You may not touch the table with your non-paddle hand for any reason. It will result in a point for your opponent. But if your opponent’s hit sails over your side of the table without touching it, and hits any part of you or your paddle, that is still your point.

11. YOU MAY NOT TOUCH THE TABLE WITH YOUR NON-PADDLE HAND

- You may touch the ball or the table with your paddle hand (after reaching in to return a short serve, for example), or other parts of your body. NOTE: If the table moves at all from your touching it during a rally, that is your opponent’s point.

12. AN “EDGE” BALL BOUNCING OFF THE HORIZONTAL TABLE TOP SURFACE IS GOOD

- An otherwise legal serve or hit may contact the top edge of the horizontal table top surface and be counted as valid, even if it bounces sidewise. The vertical sides of the table are NOT part of the legal playing surface.

13. HONOR SYSTEM APPLIES TO DISAGREEMENTS

- If no referee is present during a match and the players disagree on a certain call, the “honor system” applies and the players should find a way to agree or play the point over.

How to Officiate the Game

Referee

For each competition as a whole a referee shall be appointed and his or her identity and location shall be made known to the participants and are appropriate to the team captains.

The referee shall be responsible for:

The conduct of the draw

The scheduling of the matches by time and table

The appointment of match officials

Conducting a pre-tournament briefing for match officials

Checking the eligibility of players

Deciding whether play may be suspended in an emergency

Deciding whether players may leave the playing area during a match

Deciding whether statutory practice periods may be extended

Deciding whether players may wear track suits during a match

Deciding any question of interpretation of Laws or Regulations, including the

Acceptability of clothing, playing equipment and playing conditions

Deciding whether, and where, players may practice during an emergency suspension of play

Taking disciplinary action for misbehavior or other breaches of regulations.

Umpire, Assistant Umpire and Stroke Counter

An umpire and an assistant umpire shall be appointed for each match. The umpire shall sit or stand in line with the net and the assistant umpire shall sit directly facing him or her, at the other side of the table.

The umpire shall be responsible for:

Checking the acceptability of equipment and playing conditions and reporting any deficiency to the referee

Taking a ball at random as provided in 3.4.2.1.1-2

Conducting the draw for the choice of serving, receiving and ends

Deciding whether the requirements of the service law may be relaxed for a player with physical disability

Controlling the order of serving, receiving and ends and correcting any errors therein

Deciding each rally as a point or a let

Calling the score, in accordance with specified procedure

Introducing the expedite system at the appropriate time

Maintaining the continuity of play

Taking action for breaches of the advice or behavior regulations

Drawing by lot which player, pair or team shall change their shirt, should opposing players or teams have a similar shirt and cannot agree which of them will change.

Ensuring that only authorized persons are at the playing area.

The assistant umpire shall:

Decide whether or not the ball in play touches the edge of the playing surface at the side of the table nearest him or her

Inform the umpire for breaches of the advice or behavior regulations.

Either the umpire or the assistant umpire may:

Decide that a player's service action is illegal

Decide that, in an otherwise correct service, the ball touches the net assembly

Decide that a player obstructs the ball

Decide that the conditions of play are disturbed in a way that may affect the outcome of the rally

Time the duration of the practice period, of play and of intervals.

Either the assistant umpire or a separate official may act as stroke counter, to count the strokes of the receiving player or pair when the expedite system is in operation

__________________________________

Bibliography

Basic Table Tennis Skills You Need To Know. (2020, October 15). Retrieved from Ping Pong Ruler: https://pingpongruler.com/basic-table-tennis-skills/

Jay Lokegaonkar, N. P. (2020, November 17). Table tennis rules, scoring system and all you need to know. Retrieved from Olympic Channel: https://www.olympicchannel.com/en/stories/features/detail/table-tennis-rules-regulations-how-to-play-official-laws-serve/

Official Rules of Table Tennis. (n.d.). Retrieved from Pong Fit: https://www.pongfit.org/official-rules-of-table-tennis

Ping Pong Grips: How To Hold A Paddle? Penhold and Shakehand. (2020, December 15). Retrieved from Ping Pong Ruler: https://pingpongruler.com/table-tennis-grips/

Table Tennis Equipment List. (n.d.). Retrieved from Rookie Road : https://www.rookieroad.com/table-tennis/equipment-list/

The International Table Tennis Federation Handbook. (2020). Lausanne.

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feelineuphoric · 4 years ago

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Philippines vs Thailand Badminton Men's Singles Quarter Finals SEA games 2019, A Review

In this blog, I will be reviewing the court dimensions, equipment, basic skills, technical and tactical skills of each team, rules of the game, and how to officiate the game of Philippines vs Thailand Badminton Men's Singles Quarter Finals SEA games 2019.

Badminton that can be played individually or in doubles, consists of 3 games, being a match to the best of three (who wins the first two games wins). The goal is to reach the 21 points first in the game, having to have a difference of 2 points between them to finish the game. If the game reaches 29 × 29, then whoever scores the 30 point wins first.

The Badminton we know today was developed in the mid-nineteenth century by the British, but the act of playing with a racquet and a pen has been around for hundreds of years, especially in Europe and Asia. The game begins with the referee making the coin to give the choice between field or service to the winner.

COURT DIMENSIONS

Photo Credits from: GMA

The badminton court is 13.4m long and 6.1m wide. For singles the court is marked 5.18m wide. The lines marking out the court are easily distinguishable and colored white or yellow. The lines are 40mm wide. A court may be marked out for singles only. The back boundary lines also become the long service lines and the posts or the strips of material representing them are placed on the side lines. The diagonal full length of the full court is 14.366m.

The posts are 1.55m high from the surface of the court and remain vertical when the net is strained. The posts are placed on the double side lines irrespective of whether singles or doubles is played. The posts or supports must not extend into the court beyond the side lines.

The net is 760mm in depth and a minimum of 6.1m wide. The top of the net from the surface of the court is 1.524m at the center of the court and 1.55m over the side lines for doubles.

EQUIPMENT

Badminton Racket

Shuttlecock

Badminton Clothes/Jersey

Badminton Shoes

BASIC SKILL

Grip

Like any racquet game, having a proper grip in badminton is essential. The correct grip will allow you to have more control and will help you dictate where you place your shot. There are numerous ways of holding a badminton racket depending on whether your shot is forehand or backhand. These are the following:

Forehand Grip is anything on your racquet side (right side if you’re right-handed, left side if you’re left-handed) whether it be overarm or underarm.

Backhand Grip is anything to your non-racket side (left side if you’re right-handed, right side if you’re left-handed) whether it be overarm of underarm.

Universal Grip is a type of backhand grip where your thumb has moved to the edge of the fatter face of your grip. This is used for backhand cross-court net shots, backhand clears, and backhand straight drop shots from the rear court.

Panhandle Grip is where your thumb and the finger pinch the top of the racket in order to tap/net-kill the incoming shuttlecock.

Serve

Service is another necessary skill you need to master for badminton. A good serve is likely to get you points and may give you some advantage during the rally. There are two types of services used in badminton:

High serve is used when you want to force your opponent to run to the back of the court by hitting the shuttlecock toward the rear end of the court (sometimes the corner). A good high serve will usually save you from receiving a smash from your opponent.

Low Serve

It is used to bring the opponent forward by hitting the shuttlecock toward the front of the court. If you managed to send a fabulous low serve, the opponent would have to dash forward and move under the shuttle to return it.

Footwork

Footwork is another vital skill for badminton. You have to continually adjust your speed according to the speed of the shuttlecock. The players have limited space to move around, so good footwork is imperative. Which is why with proper footwork, you will be able to conserve energy and face shots coming toward you from any direction.

Stance

While returning strokes from the opponent, the stance is a crucial skill required in badminton. Proper posture will allow you to return the opponent’s strokes efficiently and enable you to get an advantage in rallies. There are three basic stances in badminton:

Defensive Stance

You can use the defensive stance to defend opponents smashes.

To take the defensive posture, face the net with your body and put the racquet at about your waist height.

You can also use this stance to perform a high clear since you’ll need to make a fast, unconscious decision when returning the shot. Using the defensive stance, you could perform a lift to buy some time.

This time will help you regain your posture and prepare for the opposing player’s reply.

Lifts allow the opponents to send a return smash but this doesn’t make them an ineffective defensive stroke.

By using the lift from a defensive stance, you can look for the perfect opportunity to counter-attack your opponent, such as by playing a net shot.

Attacking Stance

The attacking stance will allow you to return a short or high lift from your opponent.

To utilize the attacking stance, try to get behind the shuttlecock, raise your arm, and then transfer your body weight to your racquet leg, and hit the shuttlecock as a smash.

By utilizing the attacking stance, and depending on the opponent’s stroke, you can also send a drop shot.

Drop shots can be used when receiving the shuttlecock from the front or back part of the court.

Net Stance

The net stance in badminton is used to return the opponent’s stroke after sending a net shot.

Place your racquet foot forward and your other foot backwards.

Place the racquet in front of your body slightly above your waist for the net stance.

One way to get into the net stance is by first using a tumbling net shot. The tumbling net shot makes the shuttlecock tumble and spin right above the net and into your opponent’s court.

After sending a tumbling net shot, your body will naturally put itself in the net stance.

When you are in the net stance, get ready to perform a net kill move to an attacking stance to perform a winning smash.

Stroke

Strokes are fundamental to becoming a good badminton player and executing superior shots. There are two main kinds of strokes:

Forehand Shots

Forehand shots should be played when the shuttlecock is on your racket side.

Your index finger will control the forehand stroke as you swing overarm or underarm.

Swing the wrist along with your index finger as support to play a forehand stroke.

Backhand Stroke

Backhand shots should be played when the shuttlecock is on your non-racket side with your thumb controlling the strokes.

While playing badminton, your light grip will mean you’ll be able to switch between the forehand and backhand grip at ease.

To play a backhand shot, hold the racquet with the back of your hand in front and swing your wrist forward while using your thumb as support.

TECHNICAL AND TACTICAL SKILLS OF EACH TEAM

Both players did great more so with the player from Thailand because their gap is very obvious. However, I could see the potential with the Filipino player but he lacked some support and a little bit more training. The score gap was also wide and hard for the Filipino player to catch up with ending the first set with 21-11, favoring Vietnam and with the second set with another 21-11.

The Thai badminton player was so great in playing. His stance whether it be a defensive or attacking stance, it was great. He possessed great skills in playing badminton which the Filipino player lacked in some areas. He is great with smashing the shuttlecock on court without getting it out of the lines, where if the Filipino badminton player attempts to do he mostly gets it out the lines.

However every match, there will always be a winner and a loser, however, I believe that if the Filipino player will furthermore hone his skills, we might win the next time especially if there will be more supporters for the badminton players from Philippines.

RULES OF THE GAME

Rule 1: Toss

Before commencing play, the opposing sides shall toss a coin and the side winning the toss shall have the option of:

serving first,

not serving first, or

choosing ends

The side losing the toss shall then have the choice of any alternative remaining. Ends are changed after games one and two. If a third game is necessary, ends are changed during the game after one side has scored 11 points.

Rule 2: Scoring System

A match consists of best-of-three games to 21 points.

At 20 all, the side which gains a two-point lead first wins the game.

At 29 all, the side scoring the 30th point wins that game.

The side winning a game serves first in the next game.

Every time there is a serve, there will be a point scored, unless that point is replayed.

A two-minute break between each game is allowed.

When the leading score reaches 11 points, players may take a 60-second break if needed.

Rule 6:Singles Play

At the beginning of the game (0-0) and when the server’s score is even, the server serves from the right service court. When the server’s score is odd, the server serves from the left service court.

If the server wins a rally, the server scores a point and then serves again from the alternate service court.

If the receiver wins a rally, the receiver scores a point and becomes the new server. They serve from the appropriate service court – left if their score is odd, and right if it is even.

Rule 7: Faults

If in serving, the shuttlecock is struck above the server’s waist.

If at the serve, the shuttlecock falls into the wrong receiving court.

If the server’s and receiver’s feet are not within the boundaries of their serving court and receiving court, respectively.

If the partner of the receiver takes the serve.

If a player touches the net with his/her racquet, person, or clothes.

If the shuttlecock is struck in return before it has crossed the net to his/her side. (The follow-through may break the plane of the net.)

Rule 8: General Rules

You should not serve until the opponent is ready, but if he/she attempts to return the serve, he/she is considered ready and play continues.

If in serving, you miss the shuttlecock, you may serve again providing your racquet did not make any contact during the attempt.

Birdies that hit the net as they cross during play are good and should be played.

If, in serving, the shuttle touches the net, it is a “let” provided the service is otherwise good and the birdie is served again.

Birdies that fall on the line are considered good.

HOW TO OFFICIATE THE GAME

Badminton officials play a very important role in the badminton matches especially in officiating the game. However, they are not as crucial as they can be in other sports such as football or basketball due to the lack of physical contact between players, they still are required in order to ensure a smooth and fair match. The badminton officials are divided into different roles or positions: Referee, Umpire, Service judge, and Line judge.

Referee

The referee is the most important official of the whole tournament. He or she is in charge of the competition and needs to ensure that the tournament is conducted following the Laws of Badminton (including court, rackets and shuttlecock measurements), the regulations of the Badminton World Federation and/or any other regulations that might be relevant in that specific competition. In addition to that, the referee has the last word if there is an argument between the umpire (in charge of the matches) and a player or team.

Moreover, the referee makes sure that the facilities and the conditions to play are up to the standards required for that specific tournament. For example, he has to check that the badminton mats are mounted correctly so they can enhance gameplay. Finally, the referee is also in charge of the approval of the schedule of matches and practice (if applicable).

Umpire

The umpire is the maximum authority in a particular match and it is in charge of the court. The duty of the umpire is to make sure that the specific match is conducted following the Laws of Badminton, the regulations of the Badminton World Federation and/or any other regulations that might be relevant in that specific competition.

It is the umpire responsibility to judge service faults and other player faults. The umpire keeps a record of any misbehavior or incident and reports it to the referee. He/she is also responsible for keeping the match score, which will be announced after each point of the match.

The umpire has control over the specific match but also needs to report any serious acts to the referee, who is, at the end, the maximum authority of the tournament.

Outside of the major tournaments, the referee will also take the role of an umpire in order to help with the process.

Service Judge

The service judge is responsible for making a ‘service fault’ call and to provide shuttles to the players. Due to the way badminton is played, the serve is one of the most important and perfected shots of the player and, especially when playing doubles, players will bring the serve to the limit of the legality in order to gain as much advantage as possible.

In addition to checking the service, the service judge usually takes care of the shuttles, providing the players with new shuttles whenever required.

In smaller championships, when there is no service judge, the umpire takes the role of the service judge.

Line Judge

The line judges are responsible for indicating whether a shuttlecock landed “in” or “out” if the shuttle lands near the lines he/she is assigned to control. Due to the fast speed of the game and the skill of the players, this is a very challenging job and, as a result, the line judges are the officials that usually get more pressure from the players.

In recent years, an Instant Review System has been implemented, that helps ensure that the right decision is taken, but which also adds pressure to the line judges as it clearly shows when a mistake has taken place. Each player has two incorrect calls per game of the match.

Depending on the level of the tournament, there may be as many as 10 line judges assigned to a court for a particular match. This is the number recommended by the BWF.

When 10 line judges are available, they are positioned as follows:

2 line judges for the short service line (one on each side of the court)

2 line judges for the center line (one on each end of the court)

4 line judges for the side lines (two on each side of the court). Please note that the exact location will depend on whether a singles match is being played (and they would follow the singles side lines) or a doubles match is being played (and they would follow the doubles side lines

2 line judges for the back boundary lines (one each end of the court). Please note that, in the case of the doubles match, these line judges check both the back boundary line and the long service line.

___________________________________________

BIBLIOGRAPHY

All About Badminton. (n.d.). Retrieved February 25, 2021, from SportRegras: https://sportsregras.com/en/badminton-rules-history/

Badminton. (n.d.). Retrieved February 25, 2021, from Department of Local Government, Sport and Cultural Industries: https://www.dlgsc.wa.gov.au/sport-and-recreation/sports-dimensions-guide/badminton#:~:text=The%20badminton%20court%20is%2013.4,and%20coloured%20white%20or%20yellow.

Badminton Rules. (n.d.). Retrieved February 25, 2021, from IOWA Recreational Services: https://recserv.uiowa.edu/programs/intramural-sports/badminton/badminton-rules

Badminton Officials – Umpires, Referees, Service & Line Judges. (n.d.). Retrieved February 25, 2021, from The Badminton Guide: https://www.thebadmintonguide.com/badminton-officials/

Tarique, Muhammad Arsalan. (2020, November 28). Retrieved February 25, 2021, from Healthy Principles: https://www.healthyprinciples.co.uk/basic-badminton-skills/

The Laws of Badminton. (n.d.). Retrieved February 25, 2021, from Badminton BC: https://www.badmintonbc.com/page/2888/The-Laws-of-Badminton

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feelineuphoric · 4 years ago

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2016 Olympic Games in Rio | USA vs Serbia Basketball Men's Gold Medal Match, Review

In this blog, I will be reviewing the court dimensions, equipment, basic skills, technical and tactical skills of each team, rules of the game, and how to officiate the game of the Olympic Games Rio 2016 which is the match of USA vs Serbia on Basketball. The 2016 Summer Olympics, officially known as the Games of the XXXI Olympiad and commonly known as Rio 2016, was an international multi-sport event held from the 5th to the 21st of August 2016 in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil.

COURT DIMENSIONS

Basketball courts come in many different sizes depending on what kind of game it is. In this case, it is international which is why the court dimension will follow the International Basketball Federation (FIBA) rules. The court is 91.8ft (28m) in length and 49.21ft (15m) wide.

Moreover, the other basketball court dimensions and markings are as follows:

Sidelines which is the outer edge of the court is denoted by the sidelines, which run the length of the court. On a full-sized court they measure 28m.

Baseline and Endline both refer to the ends of the court running behind the goals. Typically they measure 15m. Now, the use of the different terms depends on the direction a team is playing. The endline is the term for the end of the court which a team is defending while the baseline is for the attacking end.

Mid Court which is the halfway mark on the court and is used to denote the offensive playing area during a game is measured on a full-sized court, the mid court line would be 14m from each endline.

Centre Circle which is used for the opening tip off, the center circle has a 3.6m diameter.

Three Point Line are the arcs that mark a range boundary from each hoop. Scoring from outside this line is worth three points. The distance of the line will vary depending on the level of game, but is typically 6.75m from the basket.

Free Throw Line, marked 4.6m from the backboard, is the mark at which a player must stand when shooting free throws.

Free Throw Circle is the same size as the center circle (3.6m in diameter). Shooters must stay inside this circle when taking a free throw. The circle is also used for jump balls.

Free Throw Lane Lines/Key. Lane lines run from the free throw line to the baseline, to form the 'key'. The shape and width can vary depending on the level of the game, but FIBA (International Basketball Federation) regulation changes in 2010 set it as a 4.9m by 5.8m rectangle.

Backboard

Backboard dimensions are 1.8m x 1.22m, with a minimum thickness of 19mm. Backboards can be made of either timber or transparent material and must be fitted with padding at all levels above U16. Furthermore, Backboard line markings should be 50mm in width and either black or white, depending on the material of the board. The inner rectangle should measure 0.45m x 0.59m.

Basketball Goal

Basketball Goal (also known as a ring or hoop) is typically 18 inches (45.72cm) in diameter and must be positioned 3.05m from the floor. While the nets are typically white and suspended from the ring. They should be no shorter than 45cm (Basketball Court Size Dimensions and Markings, 2020).

EQUIPMENTS

Ball

Tumbler

Basketball Mouth Guard

Basketball Jersey

Basketball Shoes

Basketball Socks

Basketball Shooting Sleeves

Basketball Towel

Basketball Shooting Sleeves

Basketball Headbands

Basketball Hoop

BASIC SKILLS

Dribbling is an important skill for all basketball players. This skill will allow you to move up and down the court, maneuver past defenders and execute plays. Proper dribbling requires ball-handling skills and knowledge of how to spread your fingers for ball control. It is also best if you know how to dribble equally well with both hands.

Shooting. In order to score points in basketball, you need to shoot the ball into the hoop. This requires the ability to properly hold and throw the ball into the air toward the basket while avoiding defenders. A proper shot requires precise aiming, arm extension and lift from the legs. There are different types of shots you need to learn, including jump shots, layups and free throws.

Running is a big part of basketball. In a full-court game, you will find yourself running back and forth as the game quickly transitions between offense and defense. When you have the ball, running will help you to avoid defenders and get to the basket quicker. On defense, you often will find yourself needing to run after the opponent, especially during fast breaks.

Passing is another skill that when mastered can help you become a complete basketball player. Basketball is a team sport that involves finding a teammate who is open for a shot. The ability to pass the ball to this player can make the difference between scoring and not scoring. Really great passers are an important part of a basketball team and usually the ones who set up scoring plays.

Jumping is another skill that can define how good a basketball player is. Jumping is involved in offense during the jump ball in the beginning, while taking shots and sometimes while trying to catch a pass. On defensive you will need the ability to jump when trying to block a shot or a pass. Being able to out jump your opponent for a rebound also is important.

TECHNICAL & TACTICAL SKILLS OF EACH TEAM

SIBERIA

While watching the game, I actually rooted for Siberia because I can see that they are great in playing with their fundamental skills. However, I see that they could’ve made a score if they did an outside 3 point shoot but I think they are too focused on playing in the inside. They did score first during the first set which is kind of an advantage as it pushes you to score more. However, as soon as they face the USA team on the inside they kind of get too agitated which results to pushing a player from the USA team. They tend to have fouls.

They did good during the first quarter, however, as time passed by, they kept on making mistakes if they shoot three-point shots which mostly fails and also their miscommunication with each other that for a second I doubted they have teamwork because they had a hard time getting together. However, if they had a good sense of communication with each other and did great in scoring 3 points from the outside, they could have scored more. They did resolve their miscommunication in the end but it was too late because their scores had a big gap with each other

USA

This team is composed of professional basketball players that are NBA players which from the start have a greater advantage over the other team they will be facing. The team was really good playing offensive and defensive . And their teamwork and communication? It was great. And Kevin Durant was there who is one of my favorite basketball players. They have great execution whether it be a 2 point or 3 point shot, which is something you can expect from professionals. And I love their dunks too. At 28:30 I was impressed with the steal from Durant, it was so smooth as he stole the ball and ran to score a 2 point dunk shot and then he scored a 3 point shot. It was cool. However, there were also other players that received recognition. They got good rebounding skills.

Rules of the Game Offensive Rules

The basketball team on offense is the team with the basketball. When a player has the basketball there are certain rules they must follow:

The player must bounce, or dribble, the ball with one hand while moving both feet. If, at any time, both hands touch the ball or the player stops dribbling, the player must only move one foot. The foot that is stationary is called the pivot foot.

The basketball player can only take one turn at dribbling. In other words, once a player has stopped dribbling they cannot start another dribble. A player who starts dribbling again is called for a double-dribbling violation and looses the basketball to the other team. A player can only start another dribble after another player from either team touches or gains control of the basketball. This is usually after a shot or pass.

The ball must stay in bounds. If the offensive team looses the ball out of bounds the other team gets control of the basketball.

The players hand must be on top of the ball while dribbling. If they touch the bottom of the basketball while dribbling and continue to dribble this is called carrying the ball and the player will lose the ball to the other team.

Once the offensive team crosses half court, they may not go back into the backcourt. This is called a backcourt violation. If the defensive team knocks the ball into the backcourt, then the offensive team can recover the ball legally.

Defensive Rules

The team on defense is the team without the basketball. The rules are as follows:

The main rule for the defensive player is not to foul. A foul is described as gaining an unfair advantage through physical contact. There is some interpretation that has to be made by the referee, but, in general, the defensive player may not touch the offensive player in a way that causes the offensive player to lose the ball or miss a shot.

Rules For Everyone

Although the foul rule is described above as a defensive rule, it applies exactly the same to all players on the court including offensive players.

Basketball players cannot kick the ball or hit it with their fist.

No player can touch the basketball while it is traveling downward towards the basket or if it is on the rim. This is called goal tending. (touching the ball on the rim is legal in some games).

HOW TO OFFICIATE THE GAME

The Referee

A referee is the official in charge during and after the game. He is the official who watches a game or match closely to ensure that the rules are adhered to and sometimes to arbitrate on matters. He has the full responsibility to enforce the rules and maintain the order of the game. The referee has the final say on disciplinary matters. He also controls the game and takes up positions on opposite sides of the court. The duties of the Referee include the following:

Inspects and approves all equipment, including court, baskets, ball, backboards

Inspects timer’s and scorer’s signals

Designates the official timepiece and its operator

Designates the official score book and the official scorer

Responsible for notifying each captain three minutes before each half is to begin

Decides whether or not a goal shall count if officials disagree

May forfeit the game when conditions warrant

Decides upon matter on which the timers and scorers disagree

Has the power to make decisions on any points specifically covered by the rules

Determines of ground rules are necessary

Photo Credits: http://www.bbl.org.uk/rules-of-the-game/

The Timekeeper

The timekeeper also called Timer is charged with certain duties, according to the rules of basketball. The timekeeper should be familiar with all of the rules and obligations in the game. Mastering these rules and regulations can help avoid confusion during the game for both the officials and the timekeeper. He keeps a record of playing time and stoppages in play, and times the time-outs, and indicates when each half or overtime ends.

The Timekeeper also keeps and show the time of a basketball game to ensure that all quarters are played evenly and to indicate the end of the game or quarter. If there is a timing mistake in the game, the official timekeeper must also inform the official of any specific knowledge relating to the mistake. The timekeeper has the responsibility of notifying the officials that time has run out and helping them determine if a goal should count.

The Timekeeper duties include the following:

Consults officials as to signals used to indicate a time-out and resumption of time

Keeps eyes on the officials throughout the game

Checks on the duration of time-outs, substitution, etc.

When to start clock:

When ball is legally tapped on all jumps balls

When ball is touched in bounds, if resumption of play is by a throw-in after clock has been stopped

When ball is legally touched after a missed free throw and ball is to remain alive

When to stop clock:

When time expires at the end of the period

When an official signals a foul

When an official signals a jump ball

When a violation occurs

When an official orders a time-out

The Scorer

The scorer also called scorekeepers keeps a record of points scored, all fouls called against each player, timeouts charged to each team, notes the starting line-ups, and keeps a record of all substitutions.

Scorekeepers should also refrain from any other distracting activity, such as texting, chatting, or talking during play. It is also advised that the responsibilities for bookkeeping and timekeeping not be delegated to just somebody else for the protection and confidentiality of the scores. Scoring for individual players is least important.

The Scorer duties include the following:

Obtains names and numbers of all players who may participate in the game at least ten (10) minutes before the start of the game. At least three (3) minutes before scheduled starting time, have each team designate its first five players. He also reports any failure to comply referees.

Records field goals made, free throws made and missed, running summary of points scored, personal and technical fouls on each player, team personal fouls per half and timeouts.

Bibliography:

Basketball Court Size Dimensions and Markings. (2020, June 24). Retrieved February 18, 2020, from Harrod Sport: https://www.harrodsport.com/advice-and-guides/basketball-court-dimensions-markings

Basketball Equipment List. (n.d.). Retrieved February 28, 2020, from Rookie Road: https://www.rookieroad.com/basketball/equipment-list/

Basketball Rules. (n.d.). Retrieved February 19, 2020, from Ducksters: https://www.ducksters.com/sports/basketballrules.php

Guidelines on How to Officiate Basketball Game. (2013, July 19). Retrieved February 19, 2021, from Basketball91: https://basketball91.com/coaching/guidelines-on-how-to-officiate-basketball-game/index.html#:~:text=A%20game%20of%20basketball%20is,10%20minutes%20before%20game%20time.

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feelineuphoric · 4 years ago

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SEA Games 2019: PHL VS VIE Volleyball Women's Opener, A Review

In this blog, I will be analyzing the game. The court dimensions, equipment, basic skills, technical and tactical skills for each team, rules of the game, and the people officiating the sport.

Southeast Asian Games also known as Sea Games is a biennial multi-sport event involving participants from all the current 11 countries of Southeast Asia which are Brunei, Myanmar, Cambodia, Timor-Leste, Indonesia, Laos, Malaysia, Philippines, Singapore, Thailand and Vietnam. The games is under regulation of the Southeast Asian Games Federation with supervision by the International Olympic Committee and the Olympic Council of Asia.

What this blog will be focused on is the Volleyball Women’s Opener between Philippines vs Vietnam which was so intense and exciting to watch considering that both the teams have the strong will in not losing.

Court Dimensions

The game was held on December 3, 2019 at the PhilSports arena in Pasig City which the court has 9 meters or 29 feet wide by 30 meters or 60 feet long, divided by a center line into two equal areas. Moreover, there is also a 3 meters or 10 feet line to identify the front and the back. Lastly, a tightly stretched net is placed across the court precisely above the center line’s middle wherein the game’s official net height is 2.2 meters or 7.4 feet.

Equipment

Ball

Knee Pads

Ankle Braces

Volleyball Shoes

Volleyball Duffle Bag

Forearm Pads

Basic Skills

There are six basic skills in Volleyball which are serving, passing, setting, attacking, blocking, and digging.

Serving is used to put the ball in play. The action is done with arm swing that sends the ball over the net into the opponent's court.

Passing is used to receive the ball from your opponents, as in service, or as a technique to accurately control the ball in a way that eliminates lifting or carrying the ball. The fundamental action of passing is to rebound the ball off of the forearms (which are held together tightly with the palms and thumbs positioned together) from a slightly squatted and balanced position.

Setting is used to receive a teammate's pass in order that the play may continue by passing the ball overhead to an attacker. the fundamental action of setting is to contact the ball with the finger pads momentarily at the forehead and following through with arms fully extended to the hitting target.

Attacking is used to put the ball into the opponent's court in order to earn a point or side out. The fundamental action of attacking incorporates a quick approach followed by a strong, full arm swing, and follow-thru. You can use attacks such as spiking and feints.

Blocking is used to stop the ball from crossing the net as a result of an opponent's attack. A block is effective if it immediately places the ball back into the opponent's court or if it temporarily slows down the ball in order for a defender to make a dig. The fundamental action of blocking is to stand facing the net with feet shoulder width apart, arms nearly extended above the head, ready to jump above the net to deflect the ball back into the opponent's court.

Digging is used to receive the opponent's attack. The key skills are digging and sprawling. The dig resembles a forearm pass from a low ready position and is used more for balls that are hit near the defender. The sprawl is a result of an attempted dig for a ball that is hit further away from the defender and resembles a dive.

Technical and Tactical Skills

Philippines:

The technical and tactical skills that the Philippines team mostly used are attacks such as spikes and feints which resulted with them winning the first round. The team has a strong sense of connecting with each other in order to let the ball stay up in the air until they earn points. Moreover, they did a lot of using a member to become a decoy in order to focus the other team on that person as they think she is going to spike.

Vietnam:

The technical and tactical skills that the Vietnam team are focused on attacking and diving in order to pick the ball up into the air. They also did a lot of blocking and I can say that their blocking is intense, they blocked the Philippines team a lot, however, the other team still managed to stop the ball from falling to the ground. Since they mostly focused on attacking, they lay he ball on places that are left unguarded which made them score a lot.

Rules of the Game

Only 6 players on the floor at any given time: 3 in the front row and 3 in the back row.

There is a maximum of 3 hits per side.

Points are made on every serve for the winning team of rally (rally-point scoring).

Players may not hit the ball twice in succession (a block is not considered a hit).

Ball may be played off the net during a volley and on a serve.

A ball hitting a boundary line is in.

A ball is out if it hits an antennae, the floor completely outside the court, any of the net or cables outside the antennae, the referee stand or pole, or the ceiling above a non-playable area.

It is legal to contact the ball with any part of a player’s body.

It is illegal to catch, hold or throw the ball.

A player cannot block or attack a serve from on or inside the 10-foot line.

After the serve, front-line players may switch positions at the net.

Matches are made up of sets; the number depends on level of play.

3-set matches are two sets to 25 points and a third set to 15. Each set must be won by two points. The winner is the first team to win two sets.

5-set matches are four sets to 25 points and a fifth set to 15. The team must win by 2 points unless tournament rules dictate otherwise. The first team to win three sets is the winner.

How to Officiate the Sport

Volleyball officials have a number of different responsibilities, and they must keep a watchful eye on every point for the duration of the match. Two people form an officiating team for each match, with one acting as the head referee who stands on the referee stand, while the other is "down" referee assisting with monitoring substitutions and plays at the net.

The referee of the game were Leung Yin Yan and Agung Purwantoro which respectively are the 1st referee and the 2nd referee or the assistant referee. Both can be seen parallel with each other on the court, the 2nd referee assisting Leung Yin Yan who is the one that held the authority and is responsible for officially recognizing the team requests, timeouts, substitutions, and in communicating with the coaches while Agung Purwantoro’s job in assisting Leung Yin Yan is by being in charge of the timeouts, substitutions, and the actions of the scorekeeper.

The first referee, aka the first official aka the 'up" referee starts the match, judges each play and calls the technical fouls, assigns points and sideouts as they occur to each qualifying team and also makes the final decision on questionable plays. He or she is called the "up" referee because they climb up and call the game from an elevated volleyball stand. The first referee watches the blockers for net touches, calls the double hits, lifts, technical fouls, timeouts and starts each play with a whistle blow to each server.

The second referee is across from the first referee on the opposite side of the net officiating the game from the ground. The second referee, one of the volleyball officials, sometimes known as the "down" referee assists and supports the first referee mainly by calling fouls that occur under the net. They also watch players on team benches who are in the warm up area, controls and helps monitor both team's timeouts, communicates with the scorer at the score table.

The scorer operates their functions from a table, the scorer's table which is located behind the second referee. Before the match begins the scorer registers the numbers on jerseys and each team's lineup in the score book and lineup sheets and then gets the signatures of the captains and coaches. During the match they do a lot of things such as recording the points of both teams, their timeouts, and substitutions called, record yellow cards, and more. After the game, they record the final results.

The linesmen judge whether a volleyball has landed inside or outside of the sidelines or service lines and to call any block touches. Depending on what type of game is being played, there are two or four linesmen that stand on only two or all four corners of the volleyball court. When there are two official linesmen one stands at the corner where the sideline and the service line meet on one side and the other linesman stands in the same place on the opposing team's side. In official games, the linesmen will have a flag in their hands, if not, then they will make their calls using their arms.

Moreover, Referees need to know the signals for substitutions, illegal contact and fault. They also need to know how to signal whether the ball landed in or out of play. Officials are expected to make the correct call in a convincing matter almost immediately after each play ends.

You can watch the whole video at https://youtu.be/Gm4kGC_d-i8

Bibliography:

Basic Volleyball Rules and Terminology. (n.d.). Retrieved February 11, 2021, from The Art of Teaching Volleyball: https://www.theartofcoachingvolleyball.com/basic-volleyball-rules-and-terminology/

Volleyball Equipment List. (n.d.). Retrieved February 11, 2021, from Rookie Road: https://www.rookieroad.com/volleyball/equipment-list/

Volleyball Court Dimensions, Size, Diagram. (n.d.). Retrieved February 11, 2021, from Sports Feel Good Stories: https://www.sportsfeelgoodstories.com/volleyball-court-dimensions-size-diagram/

Six Basic Skills of Volleyball. (n.d.). Retrieved February 11, 2021, from Mr. Flo Volleyball Training: https://sites.google.com/a/frco.k12.va.us/fcvball/skills

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feelineuphoric · 4 years ago

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“It always seems impossible until it’s done.”

— Nelson Mandela (via thoughtkick)

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feelineuphoric · 4 years ago

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100m Sprint Men Finals Usain Bolt in Berlin 2009, A Sport Video Review

Court Dimensions

For the court dimension, the court was as how it is for the recommended dimensions of the IAAF as the Standard Competition Area where field events can be equally distributed all over the arena without experiencing congestion and it satisfies the needs of the spectators. It is an oval running track which includes eight lanes and safety zones perfect for the 100m sprint that was held.

Equipment

From the video, they used starting blocks for each runner which serves as resistance for when the sprinters push off to take the first step in the race, they get to thrust forward with more power in order for them to have a faster take off. For their footwear, they wore shoes with track spikes which are running shoes worn by sprinters during practices and races. These shoes are very important as they are lightweight which in turn makes the sprinter run faster. In addition, the spikes at the bottom are pointed and thus dig into the ground in every step. Now the use for the spikes is to give the runner traction when rounding corners therefore allowing each step to be more efficient. Last one is the technical running clothes which are lightweight and moves with the body so it won’t bother them as they sprint.

Basic Skills

The basic skills for the sprinters are endurance, pacing, sprinting, and recover. Endurance is one of the basic skills because one must establish a base level of endurance in order for them to effectively compete with other sprinters/runners like them. The level of endurance that is required for each sprinter/runner depends upon the distance of each event they must run or sprint which is why the longer event are such as miles, two miles, and more, they are required to have higher endurance so that finishing the race becomes quite simple for them.

Next is pacing, pacing is a basic skill since runners or sprinters must they must be able to run fast in a given mile. For example, running half a mile in just 90 seconds. Moreover, pacing is usually a small section of your overall distance, run at an ideal interval time, combined with subsequent intervals, to produce an overall ideal race time.

Moving on, one of the basic skills is sprinting which is important in order to move up the ranks in competitive races and finishing strong. Sprinters running events in distances of 400 m or less will want to focus more on increasing overall speed and high-capacity endurance (Scott, n.d.).

Lastly, recovery is one of the basic skills since it is one of the most essential skills of an event runner. It includes cooling down, stretching, proper care and rest. Cool down with a 5-to-10-minute jog after any running event. Once your heart rate has decreased, begin stretching. Thoroughly stretch your legs, including your hamstrings, calves and quads. If you have any soreness, ice the affected muscles and minimize strain until the pain subsides.

Technical and Tactical Skills

· The Acceleration Phase

This phase involves blasting out of the blocks by pushing off the rear and front leg hard. Here, you want to pull your rear leg through quickly whilst the body leans forward. Then extend the leg on the front block at the knee and hip upon completion of the drive. It’s important that the front foot is driven back onto the ball of the foot for the first stride whilst maintaining a forward lean.

· The Transition Phase

After exploding from the blocks, you want to increase velocity and make an efficient transition to an upright sprinting action. After you leave the blocks, try and increase your stride length and frequency with each stride as you come into the upright position over the first 20-30m.

· The Gliding Phase

This phase begins once the torso is upright. Here you will use your leg strength to maintain a wide but comfortable stride length. At this point you should be completely relaxed, low shoulders, jelly jaw and glide to the finish line.

· Acceleration and Maximum Velocity

Track sprinters will accelerate from a dead start where they are not moving. During the 100m an athlete will begin the race by accelerating until he reaches (or comes very close to) maximal sprinting velocity. At this stage it is no longer possible for the athlete to continue accelerating. The focus switches to trying to maintain maximum velocity through sound technique, which will help limit the rate at which deceleration occurs during the remainder of the race.

· Ground Contact During Accelerative Sprinting

For faster sprint times it is important to limit the amount of time that your foot spends in contact with the ground during each stride. This is why sprinters run on the balls of their feet and sprinting spikes all have the spikes positioned on the forefoot. Force production is another important aspect to generate speed when making contact with the ground. The greater the force you apply into the ground, the greater return of impulse production, which creates greater speed. Longer foot-to-ground contact times will allow for greater force generation and impulse production.

Another thing to consider when accelerating is the point of foot-to-ground contact in relation to the athlete’s center of mass. You want the point of contact to be behind your center of mass so that there will be less ground contact time. This is why it’s important to stay low and drive out the blocks, rather than immediately transfer into an upright position. Take care not to overextend your stride as you will not be able to produce as much force during ground contact and will be more susceptible to injury.

· Maximum velocity sprinting

During maximum velocity, as with the acceleration phase, shorter contact times are linked with better performance. This can be achieved through applying optimal vertical forces during ground contact. This will lead to increased speed because you will be able to generate a great enough force impulse to overcome gravity and bound off the ground more rapidly.

In the acceleration phase it is beneficial to have the foot behind the center of mass. Bringing the foot back during maximum velocity may only be beneficial to a certain point, after which it will become detrimental to performance and increase deceleration by causing the upper body to lean forward. A good tip is to make sure that when the foot makes contact with the ground, it’s placed under the hip.

· The Stride Cycle

The stride cycle begins at the touchdown phase. At the point of touchdown, a sprinter loses momentum and slows down due to the braking effect. This is simply where the foot makes its initial contact with the ground. In addition, this is where the ground contact time and then ends after the toe off phase where force is produced when pushing off the surface. This then leads to the flight phase where neither foot is in contact with the ground, and ends with the second touchdown as the rear leg becomes the lead.

Rules of the Game

· Race Basics

The 100M sprint (or 100M dash) takes place on the straightaway of a track. From start to finish, the 100M sprint is a total distance of 100 meters (109.36 yards). The racer that reaches the finish line in the shortest amount of time wins. In general, if more than eight runners participate in a race, qualifying heats are run with the eight fastest runners advancing to the finals. Different organizations may vary the maximum number of runners allowed in each heat and the number of "rounds" until the finals.

· Lanes and Equipment

Before each 100M race heat, runners will learn in which lane they will run. Runners must remain in their assigned lane for the entire race. If a runner crosses into another runner's lane and is caught, officials will disqualify him from the race. Runners may not obstruct other runners' paths with any parts of their bodies.

Runners wear special shoes with short spikes that must not exceed 9mm (.35 inches). At the start of the race, runners crouch and place their feet on devices known as starter blocks. Once in the ready position, runners must keep their feet on the blocks until the starter's gun goes off.

· Starting on Time

100M sprints begin when the starter fires a starter pistol that sets off the automatic timers. If a runner starts before the pistol, it is a false start and the race is halted and re-started. Although the International Association of Athletics Federations proposed instant disqualifications for false starts in 2008, as of 2009 runners are still allowed a warning "false start." Upon the second false start, a runner is disqualified. False starts are measured by apparatuses in the runner's starting blocks. If pressure is released from the blocks too early, a false start is charged.

· Finish

Time is kept with automatic scoring clocks. A runner finishes the race only after his trunk crosses the finish line. For this reason, 100M sprinters often lean forward at the finish of the race. To ensure the most accurate placings, a digital line-scan camera will remain focused on the finish line. Linked to the overall timing system, these cameras are highly accurate and can differentiate between thousandths of seconds.

How to Officiate the Sport

To officiate the sport, one must:

· Meet Referee

· Finish Line Logistics

· Starters

· Clerks, Umpires and Hurdle Crew

______________________

Bibliography:

Athletics. (n.d.). Retrieved from Department of Local Government, Sports and Cultural Industries: https://www.dlgsc.wa.gov.au/sport-and-recreation/sports-dimensions-guide/athletics-track-events

Coultman, L. (2018, April 6). Sprinting Technique: The Key To Increasing Your Speed. Retrieved from Track & Field News: https://trackandfieldnews.com/track-coach/sprinting-technique-the-key-to-increasing-your-speed/

Grouch, A. (2009, July 30). 100M Sprint Rules. Retrieved from SportsRec: https://www.sportsrec.com/100m-sprint-rules-5242103.html

Scott, M. (n.d.). Basic Skills Involved in Running Events. Retrieved from Living Strong : https://www.livestrong.com/article/484287-basic-skills-in-running-events/

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feelineuphoric · 4 years ago

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Artificial Intelligence May Not Lead to Human Extinction But Open Doors to Advanced Technology Possibilities

Artificial intelligence (AI) is a wide-ranging branch of computer science concerned with building smart machines capable of performing tasks that typically require human intelligence. AI has always grown in a fast-paced way where a lot of people have gone nervous and scared of the possibilities that may happen in the future to the point where the possibility of human extinction has become a debatable topic. However, how can we be so sure that the advancement of Artificial Intelligence can lead to Human Extinction?

Extraordinary advances in AI are happening every single day. For instance, robots and driverless cars are becoming increasingly common. These technologies are opening doors to a new wave of economic growth and progress. Providing solutions to some of the most significant challenges in human history. It has provided vast transformations in many sectors such as in telecommunication where there is no need to write letters and wait for a long time for a reply, in transportation where you can go anywhere in a short period of time since there are various modes of transportation present in every society, health care, education, banking, agriculture, and many others. However, as these technologies advances more deeply into everyday use, it has risen concerns about possible negative impacts on jobs, personal privacy, society, economy, politics and most of all human extinction.

Nobody can predict whatever the future will bring, but AI most definitely won’t take over the world and make us go through human extinction. It will only open new doors to an array of possibilities that will make our lives easier. Plus, it is already quite obvious that interacting with AI will soon become an everyday activity.

The possibilities of AI are endless. Its future will only be created by us, and it will influence the choices we make and the actions we take. While this revolutionary technology has the potential to become the most influential human innovation in all of history, we have no way of predicting how it may behave. But, with appropriate safeguards, we can ensure that AI systems are intentional, intelligent, and adaptable without sacrificing the important qualities that define humanity. It is always up to us to take a big leap of faith or remain in how we are as of today. Everything depends on our decision. We can never have a good outcome without going through some mistakes here and there. Nevertheless, with the government and scientists constructing appropriate safeguard and policies, we can be safe. Everything is up to us.

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feelineuphoric · 5 years ago

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ANNALYZING TYPES OF SPEECH

NELSON MANDELA: Freedom and Justice

The type of speech according to purpose was Informative Speech. This is because Nelson Mandela was providing information while giving thanks for the award he received. He gave a significance of the award as it paved a way for Africans to be added into illustrious leaders of the Western World. In terms of purpose in informing the audience, he was able to achieve it because he was able to gather loud cheers from the audience.

The speech was delivered by reading/speaking from a manuscript. Nelson Mandela was able to have greater control over the precise wording of the speech and was able to deliver his thoughts exactly as he wrote them. I cannot deny that he sometimes sounded muffled. If it weren’t for the English subtitles, I doubt I could be able to actually understand what he just said. It was a formal speech and thus it had to be serious but because he constantly read off of his speech where it sometimes took him 5 seconds or more before he briefly makes eye contact with the audience, I got bored a little. He did put some emphasis over words here and there; however, it felt plain and lacked a bit of emotions. Nevertheless, it was still a great speech.

EMMA WATSON: Gender Equality

The type of speech Emma Watson used in her speech was Persuasive Speech. This is because she was persuading the audience that feminism is not about being anti-men but is actually fighting for women and for the equality of rights between the two sexes. Emma Watson certainly achieved her purpose of informing while persuading the audience because of the manner of delivery she used in her delivery of her speech.

The manner of delivering the speech was extemporaneous because she still had with her a manuscript of her speech; however, she did not read off of it. Her speech conveyed a lot of emotions by giving out examples of what her friends experienced and go through because of the discrimination between sexes. It was a touching and persuasive speech because she always maintained eye contact with the audience.

DARREN TAY WEN JIE: 2016 World Champion of Public Speaking

The type of speech Darren Tay Wen Jie used according to his purpose was Entertainment. This was because he made the audience laugh and smile a lot and kept the mood light until the end of his speech whilst giving a meaningful and memorized speech. In terms of achieving his purpose of informing the audience, it was a success. He captivated the audience’s attention right from the start because he grabbed an underwear and showed it to the crowd. Not only that, but he also used it to symbolize the inner bullies. He used an object of which the audience are familiar of and used it but in a completely different humorous light by comparing it to a bully.

Lastly, the manner of delivery of the speech was memorized because he was giving a speech in a contest which is why he needed to memorize his speech. Although it was memorized, he remained calm and didn’t make any mistakes. It was a powerful memorized speech that also caught my attention about what to do with the inner bullies. Stand firm, face it, and acknowledge it instead of running away until it fades away.

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feelineuphoric · 5 years ago

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Ang mga Ivatan ay itinuturing na mga taong masayahin, mabait at matapat. Ngunit sila din ay may kakayahan sa sarili, masipag, tipikal na mahiyain at mahinahon. Maliit lang ang kaalaman ng mga tao tungkol sa mga Ivatan, at itong kaliitan na kaalaman sa kanila ay ang rason kung bakit iniisip natin na: grabe, ang unique nila.

Ang tawag sa mga naninirahan sa Batanes ay Ivatan. Ang mga Ivatan at isang pangkat-etniko sa Pilipinas. Sa tatlo lamang sa sampung islang bumubuo sa Batanes sila matatagpuan: Itbayat, Batan, at Sabtang.

Paraan ng Pamumuhay

Ang mga Ivatan at naninirahan sa mga bahay na gawa sa bato upang maprotektahan sila sa init, ulan, hangin sa mga mababangis na hayop at iba pang mga panganib na dala ng dalawang panahon sa Pilipinas. Meron din namang mga iba na gumagawa ng mga bahay kubo at doon sila naninirahan. Karaniwan sa kanila ang pagsusuot ng Vakul na isang head dress na gawa sa damo na kanilang ginagamit upang maprotektahan sila sa sinag ng araw at ulan. Ito din ay ginagamit nila tuwing sila ay naghahanap-buhay. Ang hanap-buhay ng mga Ivatan ay pagsasaka, at pangingisda dahil sila ay mayaman sa mga gulay at isda.

Kultura

Ang mga Ivatan ay naniniwala sa mga pamahiin. Isang halimbawa dito ay naniniwala sila sa kabilang buhay kaya pinababaunan nila ang kanilang mga patay ng ilang kagamitan. Ang kultura ng mga Ivatan ay isa sa mga pinaka-matanda sa buong Pilipinas. Sinasabing ang mga ninuno ng mga Ivatan ay nanggaling sa timog Taiwan 3,500 taon na ang nakakaraan at ginawang tulay ang Batanes upang makarating na sa mga malalayong lugar tulad ng Indonesia at Micronesia. Ang kultura nila ay pareho rin sa kultura ng mga tribo sa Lan Yu (timog Taiwan), dahil sa ang kanilang wika, ang Yami, ay medyo hawig sa Ivatan. Isa pang tribo na ikinukumpara ang mga Ivatan ay sa mga isla ng Riyuku na matatagpuan sa timog Hapon.

Ang kanilang wika ay katangi-tangi dahil sa kakaibang bokabularyo at pagbigkas nito na hindi tipikal na wika sa Pilipinas. May similaridad ang wika ng mga Ivatan sa wika ng hilagang Luzon tulad ng mga Ilokano at Ibanag, ngunit at ang kanilang wika ay may malakaing pagkakatulad ng wika sa timog Taiwan, ang Yami, na wika ng mga katutubong Lanyu noon.

Dahil ang Batanes ay binubuo ng maraming isla, hindi sila masyadong nagkakaintindihan dahil sa Batan pa lamang ay may dalawang dayalekto na ng mga Ivatan ang natatagpuan, meron pa, ang Isamurungen na ginagamit sa mga munisipalidad ng Mahatao, Ivana, Uyugan, at Sabtang. Hindi masyadong magkakaiba ang dalawang dayalekto ngunit ang pagkakaiba nila ay ang pagbigkas. May isa pang diyalekto ang Ivatan, ang Itbayaten. Ito ay ginagamit sa isla ng Itbayat. Ang isang taga-Batan o Sabtang na makapunta sa Itbayat sa unang pagkakataon ay hindi kaagad nakaunawa ng diyalekto nila roon. Sinasabi pa na ibang lengguwahe na ang Itbayaten dahil hindi na halos maintindihan ang kanilang salita. Ang huling dayalekto ng Ivatan ay ang Ibatan, ang wika sa Babuyan Islands na parte na ng Cagayan. Mas magkatulad pa sila ng Itbayaten kaysa sa Ivasayen at Isamurungen.

Tradisyon at Paniniwala

Isa sa kanilang tradisyon ang magtayo ng mga bahay bato dahil sa kanilang likas na panahon upang sila ay maprotektahan laban sa mga malalakas na hangin. Meron din silang tinatawag na Laji. Ito ay ang kanilang tradisyunal na literary-musical na kung saan ang isang maikling tula ay kinakanta ayon sa tiyak na pag-aayos o himig ng musika.

Maliit na bahagi lamang ng mga Ivatan ang Katolika dahil karamihan sa kanila ay naniniwala sa mga Anito at sila’y sumasamba sa kanilang mga ninuno na tinatawag nating mga Anito.

Credits:

https://batanes11.tumblr.com/

http://www.rdc2.gov.ph/invest/batanes/index.php/tourism/must-know

https://www.academia.edu/31964419/IVATAN_Historikal_na_Kapaligiran

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