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Terra cotta fragment

Location: Lapita. Reef Islands, Solomon Islands Date Range: 1000 BCE Scale: n/a Artist: n/a Medium: Terra cotta (incised)

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Notes

Distinct grammar

Grammar ➤ consistent, ornate designs for culture (modern tattoos)

Composition

Clay originates from mainland

Indication of individual naval migration and common trade

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Tlatlico female figurine

Location: Central mexico, site of Tlatlico Date Rnage: 1200–900 BCE Scale: 9.5 cm Artist: n/a Medium: ceramic

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The Abum stone

Location: Ambum Valley, Enga Province, Papua New Guinea Date Range: c. 1500 BCE Scale: n/a Artist: n/a Medium: Greywacke

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Stonehenge

Location: Wiltshire, UK Date Range: c. 2500–1600 BCE Scale: n/a Artist: n/a Medium: Sandstone, blue stone

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Jade cong

Location: Liangzhu, China Date Range: 3300–2200 BCE Scale: n/a Artist: n/a Medium: carved jade, low-relief carvings

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Anthropomorphic stele

Location: Arabian Peninsula Date Range: Fourth millenium BCE Scale: 3ft Artist: n/a Medium: Sandstone

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Beaker with ibex motifs

Location: Susa, Iran Date Range: 4200–3500 BCE Scale: 28.90 x 16.40 cm Artist: Medium: Painted terra cotta

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Running horned woman

Location: Tassili n'Ajjer, Algeria Date Range: 6000–4000 BCE Scale: n/a Artist: n/a Medium: Pigment on rock

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Camelid sacrum in the shape of a canine

Location: Tequixquiac, central Mexico Date Range: 14,000–7,000 BCE Scale: handheld Artist: n/a Medium: Bone at the base of the spine from a camel-like animal that is now extinct

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Great Hall of the Bulls

Location: Lascaux, France Date Range: 15,000–13,000 BCE Scale: n/a Artist: n/a Medium: Rock painting

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Apollo 11 Stones

Location: Namibia Date Range: c. 25,500–25,300 BCE Scale: 4 1/4 x 5 in Artist: n/a Medium: Charcoal on stone

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Notes

Discovery

Found right after moon landing; ergo, "Apollo 11"

Function

Ritualistic artwork before hunt (maybe)

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Doryphoros (Spear Bearer)

Location: n/a Date Range: 450–440 BCE Scale: n/a Artist: Polykleitos Media: Marble (Roman copy), Bronze (Greek original)

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Niobides Krater

Location: Greece Date Range: (Classical Greek) 460–450 BCE Scale: 54cm Artist: unknown "Niobid Painter" Media: Clay (red-figure)

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Notes

Narrative: 1st Side - Story

Killing of Niobid's children

Niobid punished for hubris ➤ Niobid brags about ferility to god Leto, who only has two kids, Apollo and Artemis ➤ Leto's two kids seek revenge by killing Niobid's 12 kids

Narrative Content: 1st Side - Techniques

Relief depicted with white line (almost invisible today)

Attempted mountainous landscape

Gods shown in glory ➤ regular, stoic faces in classic style; Apollo's detailed muscles

Narrative Content: 2nd Side

11 characters with calm face as if before/after action

Hercules in center (attributes ➤ club, lion's skin, bow)

Athena nearby (attributes ➤ aegis, helmet, spear)

9 warriors in diverse positions, either naked or with armor, but always with spear, sword, or helmet

Narrative Content: 2nd Side - Hercules

Hercules and his attributes

V-shape composition highlights Hercules as center

Muscles extremely detailed

"Circles" under eyes ➤ tiredness or maturity?

Narrative Content: 2nd Side - Story

Multiple theories

Hercules surrounded by armed heroes and Athena

Warriors at Marathon seek Hercules' protection by visiting his statue

Techniques

Isocephalism ➤ heads of human figures kept at same height from ground, whether characters are seated, standing, or mounted

Atmospheric perspective (attempted) ➤ mixed ground lines, instead of clear registers

Niobides Creator

"Niobides Painter"

Inspired by frescoes in Athens and Delphi

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Peplos Kore from the Acropolis

Location: Greece Date Range: (Archaic Greek) c. 530 BCE Scale: n/a Artist: n/a Media: Marble, painted details

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Notes

Goddess Attribution

Broken hand ➤ possibly bow and arrow ➤ Artemis (goddess of the hunt)

Fourth Wall Break

Hand emerges into viewer's space

Style indicating evolution from new to Archaic statues

Noticeable Details

Tightened waist

Breasts revealed beneath drapery

Rounded, natural face

Paint animates face

Hair falls naturally beside body

Animals painted at feet

Slots All Over

Holes in head ➤ crown?

Holes in ears ➤ bronze earings

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Anavysos Kuoros

Location: Greece Date Range: (Archaic Greek) c. 530 BCE Scale: n/a Artist: n/a Media: Marble with remnants of paint

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Notes

Evolution of Naturalism

Cuts deeper = more 3 dimensional

More rounded, less blockish

Proportioned bodies

Head details, body musculature

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Athenian Agora

Location: Athens, Greece Date Range: 600 BCE–150 CE (Archaic through Hellenistic Greek) Scale: n/a Artist: n/a Media: marble (plan)

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Notes

Agora

Plaza ➤ city center for civic activity; shopping center

"Soap Box" speeches

Commercial, civic, religious, and social buildings

At the base of Acropolis in Athens

Ceremonies

Panathenaic Festival ➤ parades honoring Athena

Various important buildings

Bouleuterion ➤ chamber for council of citizens

Tholos ➤ round temple

Stoas ➤ covered walkway; solid wall on onside and columns on other

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Prehistoric Art (11 Works)

The discipline of art history examines art and the practices of art making, and explores how theories and interpretations of art develop and change over time. Cultural practices, belief systems, and physical setting are important parts of understanding art and art making. The influence of these factors can be seen in early works from throughout the world that share certain features, including a concern with the natural world and humans’ place within it.

Cultural Influences on Prehistoric Art

Materials, Processes, and Techniques in Prehistoric Art

Theories and Interpretations of Prehistoric Art

Apollo 11 stones. Namibia. C. 25,000–25,300 BCE. Charcoal on stone.

Great Hall of the Bulls. Lascaux, France (Paleolithic Europe). 15,000–13,000 BCE. Rock painting.

Camelid sacrum in the shape of a canine. Texquixquiac, Central Mexico. 14,000–7000 BCE. Bone.

Running Horned Woman. Tassili n'Ajjer, Algeria. 6000–4000 BCE. Pigment on rock.

Beaker with ibex motifs. Susa, iran. 4200–3500 BCE. Painted terra cotta.

Anthropomorphic stele. Arabian Peninsula. Fourth millennium BCE. Sandstone.

Jade cong. Liangzhu, China. 3300–2200 BCE. Carved jade.

Stonehenge. Wiltshire, Uk (Neolithic Europe). c. 2500–1600 BCE. Sandstone.

The Ambum stone. Ambum Valley, Enga Pronvince, Papua New Guinea. c. 1500 BCE. Greywacke.

Tlatlico female figurine. Central Mexico, site of Tlatlico. 1200–900 BCE. Ceramic.

Terra cotta Fragment. Reef Islands, Solomon Islands. 1000 BCE. Terra cotta (incised).

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Ancient Near East Art (6 Works)

White Temple and its ziggurat. Uruk (modern Warka, Iraq). Sumerian. c. 3500–3000 BCE. 40ft. Mud brick.

Statues of votive figures. Square Temple at Eshnunna (modern Tell Asmar, Iraq). Sumerian. c. 2700 BCE. Gypsum inlaid with shell and black limestone.

Standard of Ur. Royal Tombs at Ur (modern Tell el-Muqayyer, Iraq). Sumerian. c. 2600–2400 BCE. Wood inlaid with shell, lapis lazuli, and red limestone.

The Code of Hammurabi. Babylon (modern Iran). Babylonian. c. 1792��1750 BCE. 7ft 3in. Basalt.

Lamassu from the citadel of Sargon II. Dur Sharrukin (Khorsabad, Iraq). Assyrian. c. 720–705 BCE. 10.5ft. Alabaster.

Audience Hall (apadana) of Darius and Xerxes. Persepolis, Iran. Persian. c. 520–465 BCE. 42ft. Limestone.

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Egyptian Art (9 Works)

Background

Palette of King Narmar. Predynastic Egypt. c. 3000–2920 BCE. 25in. Greywacke.

Seated scribe. Saqqara Egypt. (Old Kingdom, Fourth Dynasty) c. 2620–2500 BCE. 21x17x14in. Painted limestone.

Great Pyramids (Menkaura, Khafre, Khufu) and Great Sphinx. Giza, Egypt. (Old Kingdom, Fourth Dynasty) c. 2550–2490 BCE. Cut limestone.

King Menkaura and queen. (Old Kingdom, Fourth Dynasty) c. 2490–2472 BCE. Greywacke.

Temple of Amun-Re and Hypostle Hall. Kamak, near Luxor, Egypt (New Kingdom) Temple: c. 1550 BCE, Hall: c. 1250. Cut sandstone and mud brick.

Mortuary temple of Hatshepsut. Near Luxor, Egypt. (New Kingdom) c. 1473–1458 BCE. Sandstone, partially carved into a rock cliff, and red granite.

Akhenaten, Nefertiti, and three daughters. (New Kingdom, 18th Dynasty). c. 1353–1335 BCE. Limestone.

Tutankhamun's tomb, innermost coffin. (New Kingdom, 18th Dynasty). c. 1323 BCE. Gold with inlay of enamel and semiprecious stones.

Last judgement of Hunefer. Hunefer's tomb. (New Kingdom, 19th Dynasty). c. 1275 BCE. Painted papyrus scroll.

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Greek Art (11 Works)

Background

Athenian agora. (Archaic through Hellenistic Greek) 600 BCE–150 CE. Plan.

Anavysos Kuoros. (Archaic Greek) c. 530 BCE. Marble with remnants of paint.

Peplos Kore from the Acropolis. (Archaic Greek) c. 530 BCE. Marble, painted details.

Niobides Krater. Anonymous vase painter known as Niobid Painter. (Classical Greek) c. 460–450 BCE. Clay, red-figure technique (white highlights).

Doryphoros (Spear Bearer). Polykleitos. (Original) 450–440 BCE. Roman copy (marble) of Greek original (bronze)

Acropolis. Athens, Greece. Iktinos and Kallikrates. c. 447–410 BCE. Marble.

Grave stele of Hegeso. Attributed to Kallimachos. c. 410 BCE. Marble and paint.

Winged Victory of Samothrace. (Hellenistic Greek) c. 190 BCE. Marble.

Great Altar of Zeus and Athena. Pergamom, Asia Minor (present-day Turkey), Hellenistic Greek. c. 175 BCE. Marble (architecture and sculpture).

Alexander Mosaic. House of Faun, Pompeii. Republican Roman. c. 100 BCE. Mosaic.

Seated boxer. Hellenistic Greek. c. 100 BCE. Bronze.

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Roman Art (7 Works)

Background

House of the Vettii. Pompeii, Italy. Imperial Roman. c. second century BCE; rebuilt, c. 62–79 CE. Cut stone and fresco.

Head of a Roman patrician. Republican Roman. c. 75–50 BCE. Marble.

Augustus of Prima Porta. Imperial Roman. Early first century Ce. Marble.

Colosseum (Flavian Aphitheater). Rome, Italy. Imperial Roman. 70–80 CE. Stone and concrete.

Forum of Trajan. Rome, Italy. Apollodorus of Damascus. Forum and markets: 106–112 CE; column completed 113 CE. Brick and concrete (architecture); marble (column).

Pantheon. Imperial Roman. 118–125 CE. Conrete with stone facing.

Ludovisi Battle Sarcophagus.. Late Imperial Roman. c. 250 CE. Marble

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Etruscan (3 Works)

Background

Sarcophagus of the Spouses. Etruscan. c. 520 BCE. Terra cotta.

Temple of Minerva and sculpture of Apollo. Veii (near Rome, Italy). Master sculptor Vulca. c. 510–500 BCE. Original temple of wood, mud cbrick, or tufa (volcanic rock); terra cotta sculpture.

Tomb of the Triclinium. Tarquinia, Italy. Etruscan. c. 480–470 BCE. Tufa and fresco.

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Byzantine Art

Background

Catacomb of Priscilla. Rome, Italy. (Late Antique Europe) c. 200–400 CE. Excavated tufa and fresco.

Santa Sabina. Rome, Italy. (Late Antique Europe) c. 422–432 CE. Brick and stone, wooden roof.

Rebecca and Eliezer at the Well and Jacob Wrestling the Angel, from Vienna Genesis. Early Byzantine Europe. Early 6th century CE. Illuminated maniscrupt (tempera, gold, and silver on purple vellum).

San Vitale. Ravenna, Italy (Early Byzantine Europe). c. 526–547 CE. Brick, marble, and stone veneer; mosaic.

Hagia Sophia. Constantinople (Istanbul). Anthemius of Tralles and Isidorus of Miletus. 532–537 CE. Brick and ceramic elements with stone and mosaic veneer.

Merovingian looped fibulae. Early medieval Europe. Mid-sixth century CE. Silver gilt worked in filigree, with inlays of garnets and other stones.

Virgin (Theotokos) and Child between Saints Theodore and George. Early Byzantine Europe. Sixth or early seventh century CE. Encaustic on wood.