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Galaxies with stellar masses as high as ~ 1011 solar masses have been identified1–3 out to redshifts z ~ 6, approximately one billion years after the Big Bang. It has been difficult to find massive galaxies at even earlier times, as the Balmer break region, which is needed for accurate mass estimates, is redshifted to wavelengths beyond 2.5 μm. Here we make use of the 1-5 μm coverage of the JWST early release observations to search for intrinsically red galaxies in the first ≈ 750 million years of cosmic history. In the survey area, we find six candidate massive galaxies (stellar mass > 1010 solar masses) at 7.4 ≤ z ≤ 9.1, 500–700 Myr after the Big Bang, including one galaxy with a possible stellar mass of ~1011 solar masses. If verified with spectroscopy, the stellar mass density in massive galaxies would be much higher than anticipated from previous studies based on rest-frame ultraviolet-selected samples.

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Who were the native English people?

The druids?

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ChatGPT is changing the game, and I want to share real things you can do with this AI system today.

Please save this post and start testing this technology NOW so you’re ahead of the curve.

✅ Summary

Copy and paste an article, and ask, “can you summarize this article in one paragraph in a way that a 5th grader could understand it?”

✅ Coding

Ask it to write basic scripts or even more qualitative questions like “what is the most efficient way to loop through a list in Python?”

✅ Planning

Think of an overwhelming task you have on your plate and a reasonable timeline, and ask, “create a schedule for me to launch my new machine learning startup by May 1, 2023? Please include deliverables, timelines, contingency planning, team bonding, breaks, brainstorming, and user testing.”

✅ Creativity

Think of something you want to shake up in your life and ask, “I’m going to turn 40-years-old soon and I want to celebrate my birthday in a new and different way that incorporates my passions. I love archery, Korean BBQ, musicals, and axe throwing. What are three ideas for a birthday that costs under $2000 and can accommodate 10 people?”

✅ Writer’s Block

Do you have an email or blog post you’ve been meaning to write but need a little push? Just ask, “write a nice email to Tom that asks him if he enjoyed the offsite, and then to update his monthly report and send me his promotion document.” Use that as a foundation, then edit or tweak as needed.

✅ Motivation

AI is not a replacement for trained medical professionals, but if you’re feeling a little low you can ask, “can you give me three motivational phrases to help me get through a hard day when I’m low on sleep?”

And that’s just the beginning.

Is the tool perfect? Absolutely not. I’ve explored these flaws in countless posts—bias, data privacy, homogeneity, centralization, accuracy, reliance, plagiarism, job shifts, just to name a few.

But part of preparing for the future means understanding it.

And understanding it often means trying it, testing it, breaking it.

AI is not science fiction. It’s not a thought experiment from the 60s or a movie you watched in the 90s.

It’s here.

#bigideas2023

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@writ8 for Part 1

Tightening your belt and wearing the trousers (Clothes idioms, Part 2)

On July 27, 2022 By Kate Woodford

In Part 1 of this post, we looked at English idioms containing words for items of clothing that cover the top half of the body. This week, we’re working our way down the body with idioms that include words such as ‘belt’, ‘trousers’ and ‘shoe’. (Footwear features in a surprising number of current idioms!)

Let’s start with ‘belt’. If you have achieved something, such as a qualification, a success or work experience, you can say you now have it under your belt:

It felt great to finally have a win under my belt.

Once you’ve got some experience under your belt, you’ll be in a better position to apply for jobs.

If you make an effort to spend less money, you can say that you tighten your belt:

Like a lot of small companies, we’re having to tighten our belts.

Meanwhile, a comment (often a personal one) that is described as below the belt is unkind and unfair:

That comment about his height was a bit below the belt.

Moving on to a different garment, in a relationship, the person who is said to wear the trousers (UK)/wear the pants (US) is the one who is in control, making the big decisions.

Now to footwear, the word ‘shoes’ features in two nice idioms that are both related to other people’s experiences. You say you wouldn’t want to be in someone’s shoes, meaning that you would not like to be in their situation:

I wouldn’t want to be in Sophie’s shoes when James finds out what she’s done.

If you were giving a friend advice, you might start by using the idiom If I were in your shoes, meaning ‘If I were in your situation’:

If I were in your shoes, I think I’d call Zoe and explain what’s happened.

Two other ‘shoe’ idioms relate to roles at work. If you step into or fill someone’s shoes, you start to do their job after they have stopped doing it:

There’s certainly no shortage of candidates willing to step into the manager’s shoes.

If someone replaces a person at work who has done an excellent job (especially in a public role), you might say they have big shoes to fill or Those are big shoes to fill:

Whoever steps in as the replacement coach will have big shoes to fill.

It’s going to be tough for whoever takes over. Those are big shoes to fill.

‘Boots’ also feature in some nice idioms. In UK English, if your heart is in your boots you feel very sad or worried, often about something that is going to happen, and if you are shaking or quaking in your boots, you are very frightened or nervous. (This idiom is often used negatively.)

My heart’s in my boots at the prospect of returning to the office.

They won’t be exactly quaking in their boots at the prospect of playing England.

In British English, we might describe someone who is strong both physically and emotionally (as) tough as old boots:

She’ll be fine. She’s tough as old boots!

We’ll finish with two ‘sock’ idioms. A person who says to someone Put a sock in it! is rudely telling them to be quiet:

Hey, put a sock in it, will you? I’m trying to sleep!

Finally, in UK English, if you tell someone they need to pull their socks up, you mean they must start to work or study harder because their current performance isn’t good enough:

This is your exam year so you’re really going to have to pull your socks up.

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Calorie counting made easy

How Few Calories Do We Actually Need?

Science-- from Harvard Medical School experts.

July 11, 2020

Eat less, exercise more. If only it were that simple! As most dieters know, losing weight can be very challenging. As this report details, a range of influences can affect how people gain and lose weight. But a basic understanding of how to tip your energy balance in favor of weight loss is a good place to start.

Start by determining how many calories you should consume each day. To do so, you need to know how many calories you need to maintain your current weight. Doing this requires a few simple calculations.

First, multiply your current weight by 15 — that's roughly the number of calories per pound of body weight needed to maintain your current weight if you are moderately active. Moderately active means getting at least 30 minutes of physical activity a day in the form of exercise (walking at a brisk pace, climbing stairs, or active gardening). Let's say you're a woman who is 5 feet, 4 inches tall and weighs 155 pounds, and you need to lose about 15 pounds to put you in a healthy weight range. If you multiply 155 by 15, you will get 2,325, which is the number of calories per day that you need in order to maintain your current weight (weight-maintenance calories). To lose weight, you will need to get below that total.

For example, to lose 1 to 2 pounds a week — a rate that experts consider safe — your food consumption should provide 500 to 1,000 calories less than your total weight-maintenance calories. If you need 2,325 calories a day to maintain your current weight, reduce your daily calories to between 1,325 and 1,825. If you are sedentary, you will also need to build more activity into your day. In order to lose at least a pound a week, try to do at least 30 minutes of physical activity on most days, and reduce your daily calorie intake by at least 500 calories. However, calorie intake should not fall below 1,200 a day in women or 1,500 a day in men, except under the supervision of a health professional. Eating too few calories can endanger your health by depriving you of needed nutrients.

How can you meet your daily calorie target? One approach is to add up the number of calories per serving of all the foods that you eat, and then plan your menus accordingly. You can buy books that list calories per serving for many foods. In addition, the nutrition labels on all packaged foods and beverages provide calories per serving information. Make a point of reading the labels of the foods and drinks you use, noting the number of calories and the serving sizes. Many recipes published in cookbooks, newspapers, and magazines provide similar information.

If you hate counting calories, a different approach is to restrict how much and how often you eat, and to eat meals that are low in calories. Dietary guidelines issued by the American Heart Association stress common sense in choosing your foods rather than focusing strictly on numbers, such as total calories or calories from fat. Whichever method you choose, research shows that a regular eating schedule — with meals and snacks planned for certain times each day — makes for the most successful approach. The same applies after you have lost weight and want to keep it off. Sticking with an eating schedule increases your chance of maintaining your new weight.

Some people focus on reducing the fat in their eating plan because, at 9 calories per gram, fat by weight contains more than twice as many calories as carbohydrates or proteins (4 calories per gram). By substituting lean cuts of meat for fatty ones, avoiding high-fat packaged foods and snacks, and refraining from fat-rich products such as butter and partially hydrogenated fats, you can cut out dozens or even hundreds of calories per day. On the other hand, many people mistakenly think that cutting fat always means cutting calories. Some fat-free foods actually contain more calories than the regular versions because manufacturers use extra sugar to make up for the flavor lost in removing the fat. Moreover, low-fat or nonfat foods are not low-calorie if you consume them in large quantities.

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What are the Origins of the Phrase "Keeping Mum"?

By Mary McMahon

Date: June 04, 2022

A propaganda poster encouraging people to keep mum.

The phrase “keeping mum,” as in “to stay silent,” has its origins in the 14th century, and there are a number of related phrases which also use “mum,” illustrating the many ways in which a language can diverge through daily use. The concept of keeping mum also comes up in some plays on words which utilize the British slang term “mum” for “mother,” which dates to the early 1800s. Propaganda posters in the Second World War, for example, exhorted readers to "Stay Like Dad: Keep Mum" or alternatively, "Be Like Dad: Keep Mum."

"Keeping mum" may be a reference to the wax used to prepare Egyptian mummies for burial.

“Mum” appears to be a word of imitative origins, referencing the “mmmmmm” sound that people make when their mouths are closed and they try to talk, or when someone tries to talk with a hand clamped over his or her mouth. Since the 14th century, people have been talking about “keeping mum” to stress the idea that they will not spill a secret or talk about an issue. People were also, of course, telling each other to keep mum.

In a mummery, people wear masks to conceal their identities.

The term was also borrowed by members of the acting community, who started to put on “mummeries,” or silent plays, at around the same time. In a mummery, people would wear masks to conceal their identities, and portray a scene which was often laden with political and social commentary. Actors who participated in such plays were known as mummers, and sometimes high-ranking members of society would even participate, using the disguises as an excuse to get involved in some frivolity.

It's not likely that mummies inspired the phrase "keeping mum."

By 1704, people were saying “mum's the word,” referencing the idea of keeping mum. “Mum” is also linked with “mumps,” a disease which causes a painful swelling of the face which makes it very difficult to talk. “Mummy,” however, comes from a Persian word, mumiya, which references the waxes used to prepare Egyptian mummies for burial, although mummies are certainly also good at keeping mum.

This slang term is used in many English-speaking countries, and occasionally it results in some humorous headlines in Britain, thanks to the fact that “mum” can refer to silence or a mother. For example, the headline “Politician keeps mum on drugs” could be read in two different ways, depending on which “mum” one has in mind. Some newspapers create deliberate double-entendres with this in mind, and at other times entertaining headlines are purely accidental.

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https://youtu.be/dDW6FYdIoYE

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“The damage stays with us a very long time,” Kalibata said. It’s yet another way, she said, that “the future is biased” against those who are already suffering the most.