humanbodycare505-blog

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Welcome to our Evidence! We hope you find our work and research useful.

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Part 5.-

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Works Cited Center of Disease Control. (n.d.). Retrieved September 5, 2017, from https://www.cdc.gov/cancer/skin/basic_info/risk_factors.htm WebMD. (n.d.). Retrieved September 5, 2017, from http://www.webmd.com/osteoporosis/guide/osteoporosis-risk-factors

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Works Cited Center of Disease Control. (n.d.). Retrieved September 5, 2017, from https://www.cdc.gov/cancer/skin/basic_info/risk_factors.htm WebMD. (n.d.). Retrieved September 5, 2017, from http://www.webmd.com/osteoporosis/guide/osteoporosis-risk-factors

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Part 3.-

All feedback systems occur in a series of stages: *The first stage is a stimulus, or a change in the system *The second stage is the sensor, where the change is detected *The third stage is known as control, which is where a response to the change occurs *And finally, the fourth stage is the effector, or the effect of the response And the cycle then repeats itself ad infinitum. Feedback systems are classified into two different types: positive feedback and negative feedback. The terms positive and negative aren't meant to denote a good or bad response but rather the type of response the system has to the presence of the effector. Positive Feedback In positive feedback systems, the effector of a process bolsters the stimulus, which increases the production of the product. One common example of a positive feedback system in living things is blood clotting. When the skin is cut and a blood vessel experiences damage, platelets in the blood stream collect at the site of the cut and begin releasing several different chemicals that signal more platelet recruitment; more platelets trigger more chemicals to be released, which trigger more platelets which, in turn trigger more chemical signals, and so on, until the platelets and various associated proteins have plugged up the cut with a clot. Positive feedback systems essentially cause a growing cascade reaction in which each new product further amplifies the very process that created it, ensuring a whole lot more product. They are typically not ongoing processes in an individual but rather reactions to specific states of physiological stress, as we see in the blood clotting and oxytocin examples. Negative Feedback Negative feedback systems maintain homeostasis by ensuring that the product of a process does not reach excessive amounts, as the presence of a product will reduce the further stimulus and production of more product. One good example of this process is calcium regulation in the human body. The parathyroid glands produce the parathyroid hormone (PTH) in response to low calcium levels in the blood stream. This hormone stimulates the breakdown and release of calcium from bone and other storage sources, until the calcium level in the blood rises to normal levels, at which point the parathyroid glands turn off PTH production. If the blood calcium level rises too high, the thyroid glands release a hormone called calcitonin, which acts to deposit blood calcium into bones and other storage, reducing the blood calcium levels back to homeostasis.

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Part.-2

1. Description of the body tissues, components and functions of the integumentary and skeletal muscular system. Body Tissues Connective Tissue: Most widely distributed of the tissues and most abundant. Connective tissues perform many functions including support, protection, strengthens other body tissues. The following tissues are found in the human body: ordinary loose connective tissue, adipose tissue, reticular connective tissue, dense fibrous tissue, cartilage, bone, blood, and lymph, which are all considered connective tissue. Connective tissue has cells that are widely separated by a matrix. Epithelial Tissue: Epithelial tissue covers the body surface and forms the lining for most internal cavities. The major function of epithelial tissue includes protection, secretion, absorption, and filtration. The skin is an organ made up of epithelial tissue which protects the body from dirt, dust, bacteria and other microbes that may be harmful. Cells can be thin, flat to cubic to elongate. There are different types of epithelial tissue: Simple epithelium that has a single layer of cells that function in diffusion, osmosis, filtration, secretion, and absorption. Stratified epithelium consists of two or more layers of cells that protect underlying tissues in locations where there is considerable wear and tear. Pseudo stratified epithelium consists of a single layer of cells. A secreted covering of mucus traps foreign particles and the upward motion of the cilia carries the mucus to the back of the throat, where it may be swallowed or expelled. Glandular epithelium that consists of a single cell or a group of cells that secret substance into tubes, onto a surface, or into the blood. Muscle Tissue: Consists of elongated cells called muscle fibers that use ATP to generate force. There are three types of muscle tissue: Skeletal muscle which is a voluntary type of muscle tissue that is used in the contraction of skeletal parts. Smooth muscle found in the walls of internal organs and blood vessels. It is an involuntary type. And the cardiac muscle found only in the walls of the heart and is involuntary in nature. Muscular tissue has several functions which include: producing body movements, stabilizing body positions, storing substances within the body, moving substances within the body, generating heat. This tissue has four properties that enable it to function and contribute to homeostasis, which are electrical excitability, contractility, extensibility and elasticity. Nervous Tissue: consists of two cell types, neurons and neuroglia, and is present in the brain and spinal cord. It’s composed of specialized cells which not only receive stimuli but also conduct impulses to and from all parts of the body. Components and functions of the Integumentary System: Functions • Protection: the skin protects the underlying structures by providing a physical barrier against the external environment. This can include anything from pathogens to abrasions. • Blood reservoir because the dermis has an extensive network of blood vessels that carry form 8 to 10% of the total blood flow in a resting adult. • Thermoregulation: The skin helps to regulate temperature by perspiring when the body becomes too hot. When the body has become too cold, blood vessels near the surface of the skin constrict to prevent heat from leaving the body. • Sensation: Nerve fibers that run throughout the layers of the skin help us to sense touch, temperature, pressure, and pain. • Elimination: The skin is one of our eliminatory organs. Perspiration removes natural metabolic wastes from the body. (Traditionally, sweating has been an important part of a health regimen.) • Vitamin D production is another important part of the skin’s functions. Compounds Sebaceous or oil glands: secrete sebum, an oily substance that lubricates the hair within the follicle as well as the skin itself. If the oil glands fail to discharge, the secretions collect and form “whiteheads” or “blackheads”. Associated hairs: Humans have hair on practically all parts of the body. It provides various forms of protection. For example, eyebrows and eyelashes protect the eyes from sunlight, particles, and even perspiration. Hair within the nasal cavity prevents dust and foreign objects like insects from entering. Nails: Fingernails and toenails are keratinized cells formed from the epidermis. Nails consist of two parts, the root from which the nail grows and the body, which is visible externally. Nails also serve protective purposes. Soporiferous or sweat gland: coiled tubule within the dermis that straightens out near its opening called a sweat pore. Components and functions of the skeletal muscular system: 1. Muscle Fiber: cell containing cellular components with special names. 2. Bone: Type of connective tissue. Bones provide support and protection for body organs. 3. Cartilage: This provides flexible support in areas of the body like nose and ears. Composed of closely packed collagenous fibers in a rubbery gelatinous substance 4. Tendon connects bone to bones and is bonded to them. 5. Ligament: joins bones and other connective tissues 6. Joint where two or more bones are joined together. Functions: The skeletal system’s functions are • Support tissues and provide attachment to the tendons. • Protect vital organs from injury. • Produce movement. Skeletal muscles attach to bones, so they contract on bones to produce movement. • Mineral homeostasis: Bone tissue stores several minerals, especially calcium and phosphorous, which contribute to the strength of bone. • Blood cell production where red bone marrow produces blood cells and is present in developing bones of the fetus and in some adult bones. • Triglyceride Storage: Yellow bone marrow consists mainly of adipose cells that store triglycerides, which are a potential chemical energy reserve.

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