ijogr

[ijogr]

About Sodium !

Sodium is a mineral that’s essential for life. It’s regulated in the body by kidneys, and it helps control the body’s fluid balance. It also helps send nerve impulses and affects muscle function. To find out how much sodium the American Heart Association recommends and to learn about sodium’s role in a healthy diet, click the following Links.

Sodium and your health

How much sodium should I eat…

[ijogr]

Thromboembolism in Pregnancy - Recommendations

Thromboembolism in Pregnancy – Recommendations

The adaptation of the maternal hemostatic system to pregnancy predisposes women to an increased risk of thromboembolism.

In the developing world, the leading cause of maternal death is hemorrhage; however, in developed nations, where hemorrhage is more often successfully treated and prevented, thromboembolic disease is one of the leading causes of death. The prevalence and severity of this…

[ijogr]

Thromboembolism in Pregnancy - An Overview

Thromboembolism in Pregnancy – An Overview

Deep vein thrombosis (DVT) and pulmonary embolism (PE) are collectively referred to as venous thromboembolic events. Approximately 75–80% of cases of pregnancy- associated venous thromboembolism are caused by DVT, and 20–25% of cases are caused by PE. One half of these events occur during pregnancy and one half occur during the postpartum period.

Pregnant women have a fourfold to fivefold increas…

[ijogr]

Update on Immunization and Pregnancy: Tetanus, Diphtheria, and Pertussis Vaccination

Update on Immunization and Pregnancy: Tetanus, Diphtheria, and Pertussis Vaccination

Brief Overview:

The overwhelming majority of morbidity and mortality attributable to pertussis infection occurs in infants who are 3 months and younger. Infants do not begin their own vaccine series against pertussis until approximately 2 months of age. This leaves a window of significant vulnerability for newborns, many of whom contract serious pertussis infections from family members and…

[ijogr]

Genetics of recurrent miscarriage and fetal loss: A review

Genetics of recurrent miscarriage and fetal loss: A review

Recurrent pregnancy loss or recurrent miscarriage is an important reproductive health issue, affecting2%–5% of couples. An embryo chromosomal error is responsible for 50–60% of recurrent cases; however, up to 30–50% remains an enigma. Successful pregnancy involves different maternal physiologic changes and certain complex interactions between the fetus and the mother by cytokines, angiogenic…

[ijogr]

Glucose Tolerance Tests

Common Use: To evaluate blood glucose levels to assist in diagnosing diabetes.

Synonym/Acronym: Standard oral tolerance test

Specimen: Plasma (1 mL) collected in a gray-top (sodium fluoride) tube. Serum (1 mL) collected in a gold-, red-, or red/gray-top tube or plasma collected in a green-top (heparin) tube is also acceptable, but plasma is recommended for diagnosis. It is important to use the…

[ijogr]

Amniotic Fluid: Technical Update on Physiology and Measurement

Amniotic Fluid: Technical Update on Physiology and Measurement

Amniotic fluid provides a supportive and protective environment for fetal development during pregnancy. Amniotic fluid assessment by ultrasound has become an integral part of fetal assessment in modern obstetrics. Abnormalities of fluid volume result in obstetrical intervention and further investigations. Owing to the frequent use of bedside ultrasound, much is known about theregulation of and…

[ijogr]

Role of Exogenous Gonadotropins in Ovulation Induction

Role of Exogenous Gonadotropins in Ovulation Induction

Exogenous Gonadotropins:

Gonadotropins are used to treat infertility in anovulatory women, usually after other less complicated and costly methods have failed. They are also used to help women with Hypogonadotropic amenorrhea (HA) to treat infertility as there is inadequate amounts of endogenous circulating follicle stimulating hormone (FSH) and luteinizing hormone (LH) in such patients.

Addition…

[ijogr]

Recommended Daily Intakes and Upper Limits for Nutrients What is the right amount of a vitamin or mineral to get each day?  Here is the information about the recommended intake levels for selected nutrients based on RDAs (Recommended Dietary Allowances) from the Institute of Medicine (IOM) of the National Academy of Sciences.

[ijogr]

External Cephalic Version

Breech presentation occurs in approximately 3–4% of term pregnancies, and there is a high cesarean delivery rate for breech presentation. Normal vaginal delivery is possible after successful external cephalic version to convert the fetus to cephalic presentation. During ECV, a breech baby is turned to the head down position by gently pushing on the mother’s abdomen. External cephalic version…

[ijogr]

The Apgar Score

The Apgar scoring system is a comprehensive screening tool to evaluate a newborn’s condition at birth. The Apgar score has been used worldwide as an index of early neonatal condition for more than 60 years. Newborn infants are evaluated based on five variables: heart rate, respiratory effort, muscle tone, reflex irritability, and color.

The Apgar score provides an accepted and convenient method…

[ijogr]

Clinical Laboratory Tests – Reference Values

Clinical Laboratory Tests – Reference Values

[table id=45 /]

[table id=46 /]

[table id=47 /]

[table id=48 /]

These reference ranges are expressed in both SI units and traditional units for the most common laboratory tests. Most of the values apply to adults and where they differ for children, it will be indicated. *Test values are method dependent **Test values vary with age ***Test values are diet dependent

[ijogr]

Antepartum Fetal Surveillance: Clinical Considerations and Recommendations

Antepartum Fetal Surveillance: Clinical Considerations and Recommendations

The primary goal of antenatal testing is to identify fetuses at risk for intrauterine injury or death, so that these adverse outcomes can be prevented.

Since the development of technologies for electronic fetal heart rate monitoring in the 1970s, and with increasing sophistication of ultrasound and Doppler imaging, an array of techniques for antenatal assessment of fetal well being have been intr…

[ijogr]

Antepartum Fetal Surveillance: The Techniques

Antepartum Fetal Surveillance: The Techniques

The overarching goal of childbirth education is to have a healthy birth. Antenatal fetal surveillance is a field of increasing importance in modern obstetrics, especially as results in perinatal care have recently made dramatic progress.

The goal of antepartum fetal surveillance is to prevent fetal death. Antepartum fetal surveillance techniques based on assessment of fetal heart rate (FHR)…

[ijogr]

Evaluation of Uterine Fibroids in Women With Otherwise Unexplained Infertility

Evaluation of Uterine Fibroids in Women With Otherwise Unexplained Infertility

An Overview

Uterine fibroids, myomas, or leiomyomata are the most common benign gynaecologic tumour in women of reproductive age. They are the cause for some of the most common gynecological problems among women presenting to gynecology emergency and outpatient departments. They are monoclonal tumours of the uterine smooth muscle cells and consist of large amounts of extracellular matrix that…

[ijogr]

Delivery of an Impacted Fetal Head during Cesarean Section

Delivery of an Impacted Fetal Head during Cesarean Section

Cesarean section is commonly perceived as a simple and safe alternative to difficult vaginal birth. However, several trendsin obstetrical practice may act in concert to cause impaction of the fetal head during the second stage of labor or, more commonly, following failed instrumental delivery. Subsequently, difficult and potentially traumatic disengagement of the deeply wedged head during…

[ijogr]

Gestational Diabetes Mellitus: The Management

Gestational Diabetes Mellitus: The Management

Gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM) is on the rise globally. In view of the increasing prevalence of GDM and fetal and neonatal complications associated with it, there is a splurge of research in this field and management of GDM is undergoing a sea change. Goals of metabolic management of a pregnancy complicated with GDM have to balancethe needs of a healthy pregnancy with the requirements to…