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Evaluation on Cytotoxicity of Ethanolic Extract of Nigella sativa Seed

ABSTRACT:

Introduction: Adverse effects of herbal products have often been ignored apparently due to its common use and acceptance over allopathic. Diverse studies on the medicinal properties of Nigella sativa are easily accessible, nevertheless, very few concerns for its toxicity.

Objective: The present study was designed to evaluate cytotoxicity of ethanolic extract of Nigella sativa seed (NSEte) at various dose levels.

Methods: Three doses of NSEte i.e. 5, 50 and 500 mg/kg bd. wt/day, administered orally for 90 days in Wistar albino rats. Chromosomal aberration and micronucleus test were estimated in bone marrow. Mutagenicity was evaluated through percentage of cellular survival for colony forming units following induction with NSEte in Salmonella typhimurium strains - TA100, TA98 and TA97a at concentrations 0.1, 1 and 10 g/plate.

Results: The mitotic indices revealed no statistically significant variation. There were no changes in number of micronuclei when compared to control. The mutagenic indices were found insignificantly variable when compared to control (MuI<2).  Conclusion: It was concluded therefore, that the doses of ethanol extract of  Nigella sativa seed used in this study are safe and are highly unlikely to have any  adverse effect.>

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Serum adiponectin response to a single heavy cycling in type II diabetic males

Adiponectin is inflammatory peptide hormones that play a key role in glucose metabolism. The objective of this study was to assess the effect of single heavy exercises on adiponectin, insulin sensitivity in type 2 diabetic patients. For this purpose, sixteen type II diabetic men (age, 41 +/- 5 yr, BMI, 34 +/- 3 kg/m2) and none-diabetic men with the matched age with normal weight (BMI, 24 +/- 3 kg/m2) performed a single cycling exercise for 15 minute. Venous blood samples were obtained before and after (immediately) exercise test for measuring serum adiponectin, insulin and glucose. Statistical analysis used by Independent paired T-test. P<0.05 was considered significant. Diabetic patients have lower adiponectin and insulin sensitivity and higher insulin and glucose than none-diabetic subjects (P<0.05). There were no significant changes in all variables in control group by exercise test (P>0.05). In diabetic group, despite serum adiponectin significantly increased and glucose significantly decreased after exercise. But, insulin sensitivity were unchanged (P>0.05). This finding suggested that a single heavy exercise exercises stimulate serum production secretion in type II diabetic patients. But, it appears that adiponectin changes are not associated with insulin sensitivity after this exercise in these patients.

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Hypoglycaemic and Haematologic Effects of Crude Stem Juice of Costus Afer on AlloxanInduced Diabetic Wistar Rats

ABSTRACT:

There is a reported surge in the use of different parts of medicinal plants in the treatment of diabetes mellitus in recent times.

Objective: To evaluated the effects of oral administration of crude juice obtained from Costus afer stem on the blood glucose concentration and haematological indices of alloxan-induced diabetic wistar rats. 

Methods: Forty wistar albino rats weighing between 150g and 250g were used in this study. Twenty rats were treated with 100mg/kg body weight of alloxan by intraperitoneal administration, while 20 rats served as control. The animals were treated with 1.5ml of Costus afer crude stem juice.

Results: Results obtained showed that there was a significant (p <0.05) reduction  in blood glucose levels of the diabetic animals treated with the crude juice. There  was also a slight reduction (p ˃0.05) in the glucose level of normal animals  treated with the juice. Treatment with the juice significantly (p >< 0.05) altered some haematological parameters of diabetic rats when compared with the control.

Conclusion: Crude stem juice of Costus afer possess some protective potential against the effect of diabetes mellitus by reducing the blood glucose level and positively influencing the haematological indices and as such may be employed in the management of diabetes mellitus.

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The impact of supplemental L-threonine in broiler breeder molting hen diets on egg production, egg weight, and hatching traits

The impacts of supplemental L-threonine in broiler breeder molting hen diets were evaluated. 600 hens were obtained from (Cobb-500) broiler breeder strain at 60 weeks of age. All hens were collected from the same breeder flock and weighed on a balance with 10 g precision. At 60 weeks of age, hens based on a completely randomized design were divided into 5 treatments with 4 replicates per treatment and 30 hens and 3 roosters per replicate. Control hens were fed a corn-soybean commercial broiler breeder molting diet containing 0.48% threonine (Thr). Experimental diets containing, basal diet with 0.52, 0.57, 0.62, and 0.67% Thr were fed. Egg samples were analyzed for egg weight, egg production and hatching traits in newly-hatched chickens. The results of the study indicate that, egg production increased with increasing dietary threonine levels up to 0.67% Thr in the diet. But, the weight of eggs was significantly lower than control. Dietary L-threonine supplementation didn’t show any significant effect on hatchability of broiler breeder molting hens from 60 to 63 weeks of age. Weight of newly-hatched chickens was significantly lower when supplemental L-threonine in broiler breeder molting hen diets from 60 to 63 weeks of age were received than control group. These data clearly indicate a potential important impact on egg production by increasing dietary threonine nutrition of a broiler breeder molting hen.

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Biochemical Effect of Nepeta Septemcrenata Growing in South Sinai, Egypt

ABSTRACT:

The present study aims to at investigate the effect of ethanolic extract of Nepetaseptemcrenata on lipid peroxidation and antioxidant defenses, the activities of three lysosmal acid hydrolases and the total protein, DNA and RNA contaent and Hepatic and kidney functions. In this study, three main tests were investigated including; Pharmachological effect of the plant extraction, Biochemical effect of the ethanolic extract and Effect of Nepetaseptemcrenata ethanolic extract on liver lysosomal enzymes, total protein, DNA and RNA. The results reviewed that antipyretic effect is the decreasing of the temperature of the hyperthermic rats, theethanolic extract of Nepetaseptemcenata which given interperotential to rats with inflamed paw in a dose of (1/5 LD50 & 1/10 LD50) significantly decreased the thickness of the inflamed rats' paw as compared with the control group and standard group after 6 hours. The ethanolic extract of Nepetaseptemcrenata in a dose of 1.1 and 50.5 mg/kg, induced protection against writhing response andreaches its maximum effect in a dose of 1.1 mg/kg. In theAntibacterial activity the investigation of antimicrobial activities of Nepetaseptemcrenataextract revealed that it has no activity against S. aureus and a very weak antiseptic action against E. coli. Finally, Nepetaseptemcrenata hasmuch medicinal prosperity

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Effect of IBA and Soil mixture on rooting of (Hibiscus rosa- sinensis)

Hibiscus rosa-sinensis is a native plant of tropical and southeastern Asia. The variety of ‘yellow double hybrid’ is a difficult to root. For evaluation of plant rooting were Indole Butyric Acid was used in four levels of 0, 1000, 2000 and 4000 mg l-1 in sand-perlite and peat-perlite beds by a completely randomized design in three replications. The cuttings were selected when their heights were 12-10 cm and they had 6-8 buds. After sterilization and hormonal treatment, cuttings were planted in 3 cm depth of beds. In this study, factors such as callus time, beginning rooting, number of buds, percentage of rooting, number of root and root length were determined. The results showed that with increase in levels of rooting hormones, callus induction time and time of start of root was been reduced. On the other hand, percentage of rooting and number of root in cuttings and length of roots produced in each cutting was increased. According to the measured factors, treatment of 4000 mg l-1 was better treatment in increasing percentage of rooting and other affecting factors on the quality of cuttings in both mixture beds.

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Diversity and its Indices in Zooplankton with Physico-Chemical Properties of Mula Dam Water Ahmednagar, Maharashtra, India

In the present investigation five diversity indices as Shannon-Weaver diversity index, Simpson’s diversity index, Index of Dominance, Index of Evenness & Species richness were evaluated in zooplankton from Mula dam. A total of 23 species of zooplankton belonging protozoa, rotifer, cladocera, copepoda & decapoda were recorded. It showed seasonal variation & density as summer > winter> rainy. They were in order: rotifer (46%), cladocera (17%), copepoda (16%), decapoda (13%), & protozoan (8%). The water samples were analyzed for various parameters.

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Antibiotic resistance pattern of bacteria spp isolated from hospital waste water in Ede South Western, Nigeria

This study was carried out to investigate the presence of antibiotic resistance bacteria in hospital waste water collected from selected private hospitals in Ede, Southwestern, Nigeria. The bacteria isolates were identified to be Enterobacter aerogenes, Pseudomonas putida. Pseudomonas fluorescens, Klebsiella edwardsii, Proteus mirabilis, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Shigellaspp and Flavobacterium meningosepticum. Antibiotic susceptibility of the bacteria isolates was assayed according to the Kirby – Bauer disc diffusion method.

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An Ethnobotanical Study of Medicinal Plants Used by Ethnic People in Gingee Hills, Villupuram District, Tamilnadu, India

ABSTRACT:

This study was carried out in five geographically isolated hillocks of the Gingee hills, Villupuram district, Tamil Nadu, India, in a region inhabited by farmers and tribal groups called the Kuravas and Irulas. The authors found that a total of 163 plant species belonging to 138 genera and 62 families were used by the natives of the study area for the treatment of such ailments as diabetes, rheumatism, jaundice, fever, cold, cough, bone fracture and snake bite. The full results of this study are organized in table form and include the species botanical name, parts used, method of administration, dosage, and the local or vernacular names of the species. This present study analyzed the data collected from the study area by applying the quantitative ethnobotanical devices such as, use-value (UV), factor informant consensus (Fic) and fidelity level (Fl%).

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Effects of Nigella sativa Seed Extract on Insulin Resistant Non-insulin-Dependent Diabetic Guinea Pig

ABSTRACT

In the present investigation, effects of ethanolic extract of Nigella sativa seed extract on insulin resistant non insulin dependent diabetic (NIDDM) guinea pigs were studied. Significant (p<0.05) decrease in blood glucose level and  glycosylated haemoglobin were observed in animals treated with ethanolic extract  of N. sativa. In addition, improvement in glucose tolerance, insulin level and  insulin sensitivity was observed in treated diabetic animals. The results were more  significant in animals treated with higher dose of N. sativa seed extract  (500mg/kg BW) as compared to lower dose of extract (250 mg/kg BW).  Protective effect of N. sativa seed extract was comparable to the standard drug  (i.e., glimepride). Therefore it is concluded that N. sativa seed extract might prove  beneficial in preventing hyperinsulinemia, impaired glucose tolerance, insulin  resistance and eventually an effective means of improving hyperglycemia,  without any toxic effect at the doses studied in the present study.>

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Biological control of paddy brown spot caused by Bipolaris Oryzae (Breda de Haan)

The antibiotic potentially of the soil fungi was studied in paddy field . The test pathogen Bipolaris oryzae varied in its sensitivity to the metabolic growth products of antagonisitic fungi. Invitro screening using the dual culture technique was undertaken to assess the potential of nine fungal species such as Aspergillus niger, A. fumigates, A .flavus A. sulphureus , A. terreus, Penicillium chrysogenum, P. janthinellum, Trichoderma viride and T. harzianum as biological control agents against Brown spot fungus Bipolaris oryzae. Results revealed that all the test antagonists effectively checked the growth of the pathogen. The test antagonists grow faster than the pathogen and produced inhibition zones thereby limiting the growth of the pathogen has been discussed.

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Ear is the Excellent Acoustic Reader: The Effect of Acoustics on this Sophisticated Organ

ABSTRACT :

E.A.R. is Excellent Acoustic Reader and sound waves travel through the outer ear, are modulated by the middle ear and are transmitted to the vestibulocochlear nerve in the inner ear. This nerve transmits information to the temporal lobe of the brain, where it is registered as sound. A sound that travels through the outer ear impacts on the tympanic membrane (ear drum) and causes it to vibrate. The three ossicles transmit this sound to a second window (the oval window) which protects the fluid-filled inner ear. In detail, the pinna of the outer ear helps to focus a sound, which impacts on the tympanic membrane. The malleus rests on the membrane and receives the vibration. This vibration is transmitted along the incus and stapes to the oval window. Two small muscles, the tensor tympani and stapedius, also help modulate noise. The tensor tympani dampens noise and the stapedius decrease the receptivity to highfrequency noise. Vibration of the oval window causes vibration of the endolymph within the ventricles and cochlea. The hollow channels of the inner ear are filled with liquid and contain a sensory epithelium that is studded with hair cells. The microscopic "hairs" of these cells are structural protein filaments that project out into the fluid. The hair cells are mechanoreceptors that release a chemical neurotransmitter when stimulated. Sound waves moving through fluid flows against the receptor cells of the Organ of Corti. The fluid pushes the filaments of individual cells; movement of the filaments causes receptor cells to become open to the potassium-rich endolymph. This causes the cell to depolarize and creates an action potential that is transmitted along the spiral ganglion, which sends information through the auditory portion of the vestibulocochlear nerve to the temporal lobe of the brain. The human ear can generally hear sounds with frequencies between 20 Hz and 20 kHz.

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Microbiological evaluation of Suya (dried smoked meat) sold in Ado and Akure, South West Nigeria

Ready to eat suya (dried smoked meat) samples were collected from suya processors in four different locations within Ado-Ekiti and Akure, two state capitals in South West, Nigeria. Studies on the microbiological quality of suya was carried out. The moisture contents ranged from 47.80 to 50.00% (Ado) and 46.50 to 52.01% (Akure). The bacteria counts for the samples were 0.30 – 0.4 × 105 cfu/g (Ado) and 0.3 – 0.85 × 105 cfu/g (Akure) while fungi counts; ranged from 0.10 – 0.2 × 105 cfu /g (Ado) and 0.10 – 0.22 × 105 cfu/g (Akure). Fifteen (15) general of microflora were isolated, characterized and identified. The isolated were eight (8) bacteria, four (4) molds and three (3) yeast. The following species recorded maximum percentage occurrence; Staphylococcus, coliforms and Aspergillus spp. The isolation of probable potential pathogens from suya samples analyzed is of public health significance.

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Antibacterial and Synergistic Efficacy of Punica granatum Ethyl Acetate Extract Against Multidrug Resistant Bacterial Strains

ABSTRACT :

The study was aimed to study the efficacy of P. granatum ethyl acetate extract against multi drug resistant bacterial strains and to characterize the compounds at tributing synergistic and antibacterial potential by GC-MS analysis. Bacterial strains were screened for antibiotic resistance by the disk diffusion method. Antibacterial and synergistic activities of extract were explored by agar well diffusion method and microdilution method respectively. Synergy testing was carried out with antibiotics amikacin, ampicillin, ciprofloxacin, erythromycin, lincomycin, nitrofurantoin, tetracycline and trimethoprim. The extract was subjected to Gas chromatography and Mass spectroscopy (GC-MS) analysis to identify the bioactive compounds responsible for the studied activity. All the test bacterial strains were found to be multidrug resistant. Antibacterial studies showed that the ethyl acetate extract exhibited strong antibacterial activity with zone of inhibition and minimum inhibitory concentration ranged from 16-30 mm and 1.87 to 15 mg/ml respectively. The results of the synergistic studies revealed that good synergistic interaction was exhibited by the combination of the extract and antibiotic lincomycin and tetracycline. MICs of lincomycin and tetracycline were declined from 150 to 5µg/ml and 250 to 2.5µg/ml in combination with the peel extract. GC-MS revealed the presence of various medicinally significant phytochemicals like Citronellol, 5- Hydroxy methyl furfural and linoleic acid etc. Synergistic activity of P. granatum may be attributed to the different mode of action of the extract from the antibiotics. The findings provide substantial basis for future use of P. granatum ethyl acetate extract as potential antibacterial and antibiotic modulating agent.

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New Antihypertensive Tablets Formulation and HPLC Analyses Using New Generation Core Shell Column

ABSTRACT :

Objectives: Formulation of triplet combined solid dosage film coated tablet containing amlodipine besylate (equivalent to 5 mg amlodipine), hydrochlorothiazide (12.5 mg) and losartan potassium (50 mg) for the treatment of severe hypertension. Development and validated of a simple, fast, precise, selective and accurate HPLC method for the simultaneous determination of amlodipine besylate, hydrochlorothiazide and losartan potassium in the tablets.

Methods: The formulation of the tablets was carried out as per standard protocols. The various steps involve in formulation were dispensing of raw materials, sieving, preparation of granulating solvent, mixing, granulation, drying (In FBD), lubrication, compression and coating. The separation of these three drugs was achieved on a Sun Shell C8 column (150 mm x 4.6 mm, 2.6 μm) with phosphate buffer-acetonitrile (70:30% v/v) as mobile phase at 1.0 mL/min flow rate and 230 nm detection.

Results and Conclusion: The physical parameters of tablets were satisfactory with average weight deviation from 3.23 to 3.29%, friability 0.04%, disintegration time 8.3 minutes, average hardness 85.43N and thickness from 3.92 to 4.01 mm. The assay was found to be 99.89%, 99.99% and 99.97% of amlodipine, hydrochlorothiazide and losartan potassium, respectively. The dissolution was found to be 98.8 to 99.70%, 97.85 to 98.95% and 97.98 to 99.99% of amlodipine, hydrochlorothiazide and losartan potassium, respectively. The uniformity of content was 99.85 to 99.99% and 99.60 to 99.99% of amlodipine and hydrochlorothiazide, respectively. The retention times observed were to be 7.338, 2.097 and 10.675 minutes for amlodipine besylate, hydrochlorothiazide and losartan potassium, respectively. The method was statistically validated for linearity, recovery, limit of detection, limit of quantification, accuracy, precision, robustness, stability of drugs in pure form and in presence of matrices and forced degradation study. The method was successfully applied for analysis of combined dose tablet.

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Investigation of phylloplane mycoflora from some medicinal plants

Survey on the occurrence of phylloplane fungi on leaves surface of three important medicinal plants such as Ocimum sanctum, Phyllanthus amarus and Azadirachta indica. A total number of 10 fungal species belonging to five genera were isolated from surface sterilized leaf segments of by dilution plating technique. Among them Aspergillus flavus, Penicillium expansum, Fusarium semitectum, Fusarium oxysporum were isolated from the phylloplane of Ocimum sanctum. Scopulariopsis sp. was isolated from the phylloplane of Phyllanthus amarus. Penicillium janthinellum, Aspergillus fumiculosis, Aspergillus sp., Curvularia lunata and Fusarium moniliforme were isolated from the phylloplane of Azadirachta indica. The phytochemical screening of the medicinal plant revealed that the flavonoids, cardiac glycosides, terpenoids were found in Ocimum sanctum and Azadirachta indica and not found in Phyllanthus amarus.

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Documentation of Medicinal Plants from SV Govt. Degree & PG College Campus Palem, Mahabubnagar Dist. Telangana, India

ABSTRACT:

Objectives: Documentation of medicinal plants from the campus of SV Govt. Degree & PG College Palem. 

Methods: Regular field trips were conducted, the information about the plants was recorded using standard questionnaire with the informers. The collected plant specimens were authentically identified with the help standard of floras. 

Results: A total about 46 medicinal plants species were documented from the study area. Of 46 plants species belonging to 44 genera and 23 families were found useful. The largest families Anacardiaceae, Cucurbitaceae, Fabaceae were represented 05 species followed by Euphorbiaceae 04 species Asteraceae 3 species. Whereas 09 families i.e., Acanthaceae, Amarathaceae, Cactaceae, Lamiaceae, Mimosaceae, Moraceae, Rutaceae, Sapindaceae, Solanaceae represented by 2 of each species. While the 11 families represented single species. 

Concussion: The present documentation will be useful to the campus students for further research and field works.

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