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Olympic Games Legacy

The Olympic games are known to be the largest sport competition around. The Olympics have over 200 nations that participate. These games are held every four years alternating every two years in the four-year period between Summer and Winter.

The first modern Olympics were held in Athens, Greece in 1896 and these were summer Olympics with only 14 countries participating. The IOC is the governing body of the Olympics they are responsible for organising then Summer and Winter Olympics.

2016 Olympics : Stars to watch (Anest © 2016)

The goal of the Olympic Movement is to contribute to building a peaceful and better world by educating youth through sport practised without discrimination of any kind and in the Olympic spirit, which requires mutual understanding with a spirit of friendship, solidarity and fair play.

The evolution of the Olympic games has led to the creation of Paralympic Games, Youth Olympic games, Continental Games and World Games.

The legacy of the Olympics includes long and short-term benefits that serve the host city, its community, and people.

The legacy of Olympic games is determined by host cities, this is done at the dialogue stage and is fully embedded in the Candidature Process. Cities clearly define how the hosting of the Olympic Games will initiate and accelerate long-term benefits for people, the territory, and the Olympic Movement. Legacy planning is then strengthened, through the implementation of organisational structure Legacy governance is enhanced then the Legacy is delivered through roles and responsibilities.

Throughout past Olympic games, legacies have varied because each city has different goal they want to achieve for their communities.

Example of Legacies that have been created through Olympic games include

- Organised sport development

- Social development through sport

- Urban development

- Culture and creative development

- Environmental enhancement

- Economic value and brand equity

- Human skills, networks, and innovation

Once legacies have been built, there are what we call permanent legacy initiatives. These initiatives were made to celebrate and mark important sites that hosted specific events relating to the Olympic games as well as bringing forward legacy stories.

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=1gP_iaQwAkg

London 2012 Olympics were seen to have been successful in terms of the games itself and the legacy that followed, permanent facilities were built for the locals as there were not enough swimming pools for the Olympics this worked as a great advantage.

References

1.  Anest, A 2016, 2016 Olympics : Stars to watch, viewed 1 May 2020, https://www.tvguide.com/special/summer-olympics/gallery/2016-olympics-stars-to-watch/

2. Bridges, B 2011, ‘Beyond the Olympics: Power, Change and Legacy‘, International journal of china studies, vol. 2, no. 2, pp. 243 - 251, viewed 1 May 2020, ProQuest database

3. Leopkey, B & Parent, MM 2011, ‘ Olympic Games Legacy: From General Benefits to Sustainable Long-Term Legacy’,The International Journal of the History of Sport, vol. 29, no. 6, pp. 924 - 943, viewed 2 May 2020, Taylor&Francis Online database

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eSport Events

eSport events also known as competitive gaming or electronic sports has become a new business opportunity. eSports are typically played via the internet, individuals or teams play video games versus each other to money and fame.

The first eSport competition was held in 1980 were there where 10,000 participants. This event is said to have received a lot of media attention. This event was considered a major event.

In 1981 an eSport event was created which cost over $200,000 to finance and promote however due to other major events this event on attracted 250 people. The next milestone was for eSport to go on TV. Because of the lack of technology in those days, eSport Events were not that popular.

1970 eSports (reddit © 2019)

Moving on to 2009 the release of a game named League of Legends was a boost to eSport. In 2013 a League of Legend event was organised and received 32,000,000 online viewers. This is when the growth of eSport events started to show as international tournament prizes reached up to $10,000,000.

The gaming market has come a long way and is still growing, people still argue whether it is fair to classify eSport in the same category as Sport but that is still yet to be determined.

In recent years, eSport events have developed participation and spectatorship as much as people gathering in sport stadiums watching athletes compete. eSport events have five-digit live audience numbers as well as online spectators.

Countries like Korea already broadcast eSport events with their channels showing eSport a lot. eSport events are yet to reach TV in North America and Europe but are doing well in Asian countries.

The future of eSports (Polechonski © 2018)

The majority of eSport gamers are millennial's and sixty-two percent of US eSports viewers are aged 18-34. This is a positive sign towards eSport events because millennial's are very active on the internet and knowledgeable of technology.

The growth of technology has helped build the growth of the eSports community. With ever changing technology, new games, hardware, and software, eSport events will grow as they adapt to technological upgrades. eSport event will always be an area of change and much research will be done in future years.

References

1. 1970 eSports 2019, format, viewed 8 May 2020, https://www.reddit.com/r/gaming/comments/axw255/1970s_esports/

2. Business Insider 2018, Why the eSports audience is set to surge — and how brands can take advantage of increased fans and viewership, viewed 7 May 2020, https://www.businessinsider.com/the-esports-audience-report-2018-11?r=AU&IR=T

3. Jenny, SE, Keiper, MC, Taylor, BJ, Williams, DP, Gawrysiak, J, Manning, RD & Tutka, PM 2018, ‘eSports Venues: A New Sport Business Opportunity’, Journal of applied sport management, vol. 10, no. 1, pp. 36 – 49, viewed 7 May 2020, ProQuest database

4. Olsen, AH 2015, ‘The Evolution of eSports: An Analysis of its origin and a look at its prospective future growth as enhanced by Information Technology Management tools’, The Evolution of eSport, viewed 8 May 2020, ResearchGate database

5. Polechonski, C 2018, The future of eSports, photograph, viewed 7 May 2020, https://www.sportsthinktank.com/blog/2018/03/the-future-of-esports

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Funding of major sport venues

Major sport venues are buildings, a structure or place in which sporting competitions are held. Most of these venues are iconic venues which are impressively beautiful, but for these major sport venues to stay ahead of the game, they need to continue evolving at a fast pace.

Funding is the money provided by the government or organisations for a particular purpose. Most sport venues are funded by the federal government. These funds are a start off which allows state and local governments to issue tax-exempt bonds to help finance sports facilities. These funds are also used to construct, rebuild, or upgrade facilities However, not only is it the federal government that provides funds. There are other ways in which sport venues generate income.

GIO Standium Canberra (Copyright © 2017)

Operating revenues is another source of income, these revenues come through the money generated through the venue’s activities and these include :

Lease of commercial areas

- The rent that comes from commercial area included in stadium

Event

- These include, Corporate and Private functions, concerts, fairs, and exhibitions

Corporate client

- VIP and corporate seats

- Hospitality

- Sky box and suite

Individual spectators

- Parking

- Ticketing

- Food and beverages

- Merchandise

Advertisers and Sponsors

- Sponsorship

- Advertisement

- Naming rights

In addition, Tv and broadcasting rights contribute millions in major sport venues.

Sport venues : Avenues of revenue (Sports Venue Technology © 2016)

A good example would be Old Trafford stadium in Manchester. In 2013-214 season this major sport venue made £191 million from match tickets, £108 million through TV and broadcasting and £197 million from commercial deals

Large events in major sport venues can help build social capital, these events enhance economic stability. However, there are visions that need to be put in place to market the venues, to engage in stakeholders and other parties to raise funds.

However not all the money made from the activities mentioned above is 100% profit, there are the like of security, police, and workers but overall, these major sport venues do make profit.

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=6loOUrx9RI0

References

1.  GIO Stadium Canberra n.d., photograph, viewed 5 May 2020, https://giostadiumcanberra.com.au/project/south-deck-corporate-box/

2.  Hutchinson, M, Berg, BK, Kellison, TB 2018, ‘Political activity in escalation of commitment: Sport facility funding and government decision making in the United States’ Sport management review, vol. 21, no. 3, pp, 263 – 278, viewed 5 May 2020, ScienceDirect database

3. Santomier, J & Gerlach, J 2012, ‘Public policy and funding New York's new sports venues’, Sport, Business and Management, vol. 2, no. 3, pp. 241 – 262, viewed 5 May 2020, ProQuest database

4.  Sport venues : Avenues of revenue n.d., photograph, viewed 5 May 2020, https://blog.sportsvenue-technology.com/sports-venues-avenues-of-revenue/

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Sustainability practices of sports venues

Sustainable practices are processes in which services employ to maintain the qualities that are valued in the environment and how we can all live more environmentally conscious lives. Sustainability in sport seeks to reduce the sports ecological footprint on the environment. 

Sports venues are forerunners in the promotion of sustainability. Many sports venues make use of sustainable practices to contrast and renovate their structure to help minimise their carbon footprint, they take lead in innovation and preserve their green legacy, these sports even compete within these practices.

Sustainability practices of sport venue means leaving a positive environmental, economic, social and community legacies.

Examples of ways that sport venues can maintain sustainability practices are:

- Most sport venues are public transport friendly, so people are encouraged to use public transport as primary mode of transport when travelling to sport events as well as walking and riding. These options do not only benefit your health but reduce greenhouse gas pollution, reduce congestion, this is a good way to sustain environmental practices.

- Reducing the waste of landfill through advanced waste management practices or by adhering to the concept of reduce, reuse, and recycle. Sport event work with partners and other contractors to minimise waste before, during and after your event.

- Water management is vital, water is used at sport venues in different ways – from hydration to sanitation. The collection systems of rainwater save water that can be reused throughout the year.

Golden 1 Center stadium located in Sacramento California is a great example. The stadium was awarded the worlds greenest and technological advanced sports & entertainment facility in 2017. The stadium uses 45% less water than the strict code requirements in California, 95% of construction waste is diverted from landfill and 99% of demolition materials are recycled.

Other examples of venues that have the one of the most impressive sustainability practices and raising the bar of sport venues are:

Mercedes-Benz Stadium

The stadiums energy consumption is 29 percent less than what the average stadium consumes, due to energy efficiency and renewable energy projects.

Amsterdam Arena

Rainwater from the stadium roof is collected and re-used to water the grass field, significantly reducing consumption of valuable freshwater

Other sustainability practices of sports venue include the use of solar elements throughout venues, Levi’s Stadium in San Francisco has solar array-covered pedestrian energy bridges and one solar panelled roof deck.

Local sources are also ways in which practices are used, purchasing products located close to sport venues helps raise sustainability through travelling which produces greenhouse gases. The use of sustainable practices is important to the environment and sport venues are going a great good by making use of them.

References

1.  Collins, A, Flynn, A 2008, ‘ Measuring the Environmental Sustainability of a Major Sporting Event: A Case Study of the FA Cup Final ‘, Tourism Economics, vol. 14, no. 4, pp. 751 - 768, viewed 8 May 2020

2. Sartore-Baldwin, ML, McCullough, B 2018, ‘ Equity-based sustainability and ecocentric management: Creating more ecologically just sport organization practices ‘, Sport Management Review, vol. 21, no. 4, pp. 391 - 402, viewed 10 May 2020