markstam - Tumblr blog

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Armenian Language/Հայերեն

Armenian is spoken mainly in the countries of Armenia and Artsakh as well as a minority language in a few others like Cyprus, . The Armenian language has a few dialects, mainly split between Western and Eastern. Western is spoken more in the diaspora, and Eastern is mainly centered in Armenia itself. Western was spoken by the Armenians living in Turkey before the genocide. Due to the location, Western Armenian is more influenced by Arabic, Turkish, and Greek while Eastern Armenian is more influenced by Russian. The standardized Eastern Armenian language is based on the Yerevan dialect.

The dialects before the Armenian Genocide

(Source)

The distribution of the Armenian language

(Source)

The diaspora

(Source) 

Armenian Alphabet:

The alphabet was invented by Mesrop Mashtots in about 405 AD. Prior to Mashtots’ alphabet, Armenian was possibly written using various scripts. However, there doesn’t seem to be any examples that I can find.

The differences between the pronunciations

(Source)

Morphology:

Armenian has no grammatical gender. It has a complex system of noun declensions, however. They use 7 cases, nominative, accusative, dative, genitive, ablative, locative, and instrumental. They use both singular and plural. Armenian uses 5 moods indicative, conditional, optative/Subjunctive, imperative, and necessitative. They use a very complex system of tense and aspect, and I’m not really qualified enough to go into further detail about that, sorry.

Websites:

Armenian textbooks on the Mega app/website (go to the Indo European tab, then go to other, and there are the pdf textbooks)

Armenian dictionary Wiktionary

https://en.m.wiktionary.org/wiki/Category:Armenian_lemmas

Babadada online visual dictionaries

Memrise

Loescen

Mango Languages 

(special thanks to @languagesandshootingstars​ for those resources from her post)

Masterpost by @wonderful-language-sounds​

A post by @armenian langblr about recommended music in Armenian

Omniglot is amazing, and it has some links for learning Armenian

Their article on the language itself 

Eastern Armenian phrases 

Western Armenian phrases 

Wikipedia page on Armenian

Eastern Armenian Wikipedia

Western Armenian Wikipedia

Armenian Braille 

Wikipedia in Armenian

YouTube videos:

Peace corps Armenian 

I Love Languages! Armenian language videos

Armenian compared to Greek and Albanian

Wikitongues

Another Wikitongues 

Heghineh Cooking Show in Armenian 

Ben DuMonde’s video on Armenian 

17 minute Languages Armenian course 

Armenian Punctuation 

Learn Western Armenian 

SHAKAR Academy Western Armenian 

Tumblrs I really like (I’ll probably add more later)

@armenianlangblr​

@useless-armeniafacts​

Genocide

The governments that recognize the Genocide

(Source)

Today we remember the atrocities committed on the Armenian population by the Turkish government. Millions of Armenians were killed, sent on death marches through the Anatolian deserts, and forced into exile. This genocide lasted from 1914-1923, but the scars still last to today. The Turkish government still doesn’t recognize the genocide, and they actively deny that it happened. It is important that we learn about it and recognize it, so no ones experience gets forgotten and so we can prevent it from happening again in the future. I’m privileged that my family (as far as I know) wasn’t affected (I only know that my Great Great Grandfather was Armenian, but I don’t really know about anyone else in his family). However my heart goes out to everyone who was affected. Sorry if I didn’t do the best job explaining the language or the genocide. Please correct me if I said anything wrong, and feel free to add anything! 

Later posting note: I don’t really know how to work the desktop Tumblr, so if I did anything wrong please correct me. The pictures didn’t save, and I don’t want to download them onto my brothers computer so I’ll try and edit them in later. Lastly, even though it’s no longer the remembrance day, please, reblog the posts about it, educate yourself on it, tell your friends about it, and let’s work towards getting the Armenians the justice that they deserve. I love you guys, and sorry for the huge difficulty posting all of this! Again, let me know if I should add, change, or if I was wrong about certain parts of this!!!

[markstam]

Harry Potter Vocabulary in Romanian - Chapter 1

NOUNS

o bufniță [f] - an owl

o coadă [f] - a tail

o pelerină [f] - a cape

o pisică [f] - a cat

un motan [m] - a male cat

o hartă [f] - a map

o știre [f] - a piece of news

o sarcină [f] - a burden, a mission

o motocicletă [f] - a motorcycle

o scrisoare [f] - a letter

o brichetă [f] - a lighter

o legătură [f] - a link

o explicație [f] - an explanation

oboseală [f] - tiredness, fatigue

un secret [n] - a secret

un mister [n] - a mystery

un buzunar [n] - a pocket

un bec [n] - a light bulb

un gard [n] - a fence

ADJECTIVES

ciudat - strange, bizarre

înalt - tall

subțire - thin

neașteptat - unexpected

ușurat - relieved

sălbatic - wild

faimos - famous

groaznic - horrible

întunecat - dark

nemișcat - motionless

nedorit - undesirable

obișnuit - ordinary

… and lastly, just for fun …

șerbet de lămâie - sherbet lemon

[markstam]

reblog this post with how do you say nurse with a hook in your native language

mine is enfermera con un garfio

[markstam]

St. Patrick’s Day Vocab🇮🇪

|| NOUNS ||

english 한국어 deutsch

St. Patrick’s Day 성패트릭 기념일 Heilige Patricks Tag

rainbow 무지개 der Regenbogen

gold 금 das Gold

red/ginger hair 빨간 머리 das rotes Haar

leprechaun 레프러컨 das Heinzelmännchen

Ireland 아일랜드 Irland

Irish/Gaelic (language) 아일랜드어 irische

festival 축제 das Fest(ival)

four leaf clover/shamrock 토끼풀 das Kleeblatt

trinity 삼위 일제 die Dreifaltigkeit

music 음악 die Musik

tradition 전통 die Überlieferung

jig 지그 der Jig

harp 하프 die Harfe

fiddle 제금 die Geige

family 가족 die Familie

potato 감자 die Kartoffel

cabbage 양배추 der Kohl

corned beef 콘드 비프 das Corned Beef

irish coffee 아이리시 커피 der Irish Coffee

beer 맥주 das Bier

pub 퍼브 die Kneipe

saint 성인 die Heilige

St. 성 St.

luck 운 das Glück

|| ADJECTIVES ||

lucky 운이 glücklich

Irish 아일랜드 irisch

traditional 전통의 herkömmlich

gold/golden 황금빛의 golden

green 녹색 grün

orange 오렌지색 orange

celtic 겔트 keltisch

|| VERBS ||

to dance 춤추다 tanzen

to feast 즐기다 feiern

to celebrate 축하하다 feiern/zelebrieren

to pray 기도한다 beten

to gather 모이다 sich versammeln

pls comment about any mistakes!

[markstam]

Eurovision 2019 song titles in Welsh

🇦🇱 Albania/Albania - Dychwelwch Y Ddaear

🇦🇲 Armenia/Armenia - Cerdded Mas

🇦🇺 Australia/Awstralia - Sero Disgyrchiant

🇦🇹 Austria/Awstria - Terfynau

🇦🇿 Azerbaijan/Aserbaijan - Gwirionedd

🇧🇾 Belarus/Belarws - Hoffi E

🇧🇪 Belgium/Gwlad Belg - Deffro

🇭🇷 Croatia/Croatia - Y Freuddwyd

🇨🇾 Cyprus/Cyprus - Ailchwarae

🇨🇿 Czech Republic/Y Gweriniaeth Tsiec - Ffrind I Ffrind

🇩🇰 Denmark/Denmarc - Cariad Am Byth

🇪🇪 Estonia/Estonia - Storm

🇫🇷 France/Ffrainc - Brenin

🇫🇮 Finland/Y Ffindir - Edrych I Ffwrdd

🇬🇪 Georgia/Georgia - Ewch Ymlaen

🇩🇪 Germany/Yr Almaen - Chwiorydd

🇬🇷 Greece/Gwlad Groeg - Cariad Well

🇭🇺 Hungary/Hwngari - Fy Nhad

🇮🇸 Iceland/Gwlad Yr Iâ - Bydd Casineb Yn Parhau

🇮🇪 Ireland/Iwerddon - 22

🇮🇱 Israel/Israel - Cartref

🇮🇹 Italy/Yr Eidal - Arian

🇱🇻 Latvia/Latfia - Amser Hyn

🇱🇹 Lithuania/Lithwania - Rhedeg Gyda'r Llewod

🇲🇹 Malta/Malta - Chameleon

🇲🇩 Moldova/Moldofa - Aros

🇲🇪 Montenegro/Montenegro - Nefoedd

🇲🇰 North Macedonia/Gogledd Macedonia - Balch

🇳🇴 Norway/Norwy - Ysbryd Yn Yr Awyr

🇵🇱 Poland/Gwlad Pwyl - Tân Cariad

🇵🇹 Portugal/Portiwgal - Ffonau Symudol

🇷🇴 Romania/Rwmania - Ar Un Ddydd Sul

🇷🇺 Russia/Rwsia - Sgrech

🇸🇲 San Marino/San Marino - Dweud Na Na Na

🇷🇸 Serbia/Serbia - Coron

🇸🇮 Slovenia/Slofenia - Dy Hun

🇪🇸 Spain/Sbaen - Y Mwgwd

🇸🇪 Sweden/Sweden - Rhy Hwyr I Cariad

🇨🇭 Switzerland/Y Swistir - Mae Hi'n Gwneud I Mi

🇳🇱 The Netherlands/Yr Iseldiroedd - Arcêd

🇬🇧 United Kingdom/Y Deyrnas Unedig - Yn Fwy Na Ni

[markstam]

Tips for learning a new language!

It doesn’t matter if it is french, italian, spanish or russian, if you like a language, LEARN IT!

• READ OUT LOUD. Reading out loud can really help you improve your pronunciation, and you can definitely have more vocabulary after reading a good book or article you’re interested in. Do not feel insecure about the speed, just focus on the right pronunciation, even if it takes you an hour to read just one sentence, it is definitely worth it.

• STUDY VOCAB! Having a good vocabulary is key, try to have a word of the day, or maybe weekly new words. I recommend flashcards, they are AMAZING for new vocabulary.

• PRACTICE. Practicing is the most important part of learning a new language, no language is easy, but practice definitely makes everything easier! Just try new ways of practicing, get extra help, talk to yourself, join a club or simply put some of your daily effort into it.

• FIND MOTIVATION. Maybe you want to travel to another country, move somewhere else, understand a tv show, or be able to sing a song in another language. Why are you learning this new language?

• SET GOALS. How far do you want to go with the language? Speaking? Listening? Writing? Or all of them?

[markstam]

Vokabelliste

Sternzeichen - zodiac signs

♈ - Widder (ram) means Aries

♉ - Stier (bull) means Taurus

♊ - Zwilling(e) (twins) means Gemini

♋ - Krebs (word for both cancer and crayfish) means Cancer

♌ - Löwe (lion) means Leo

♍ - Jungfrau (virgin, in old times used to refer to young women) means Virgo

♎ - Waage (scales) means Libra

♏ - Skorpion (scorpion) means Scorpio

♐ -Schütze (this nowadays refers mainly to people with guns, but in old times referred to people shooting with bow and arrow) means Sagittarius

♑ - Steinbock (ibex, apparently. it’s an animal) means Capricorn

♒ - Wassermann (literally translated: water man) means Aquarius

♓ - Fische (fish, plural) means Pisces

[markstam]

Arctic vocabulary [EN-FI-SE]

arctic (adjective) - arktinen - arktisk

arctic circle - pohjoinen napapiiri - norra polcirkeln 

northern (adjective) - pohjoinen - norra

polar night - kaamos - polarnatt

midnight sun - keskiyön aurinko - midnattssol

aurora borealis - revontulet - polarsken

ice - jää - is

iceberg - jäävuori - ett isberg

fell - tunturi - ett fjäll 

snow - lumi - snö

snowstorm - lumimyrsky - en snöstorm

avalanche - lumivyöry - en lavin

permafrost - ikirouta - permafrost

cold - kylmä - kall

to freeze - jäätyä - frysa

to melt - sulaa - smälta

darkness - pimeys - mörker

forest - metsä - en skog

sea - meri - ett hav

reindeer - poro - en ren

polar fox - naali - en fjällräv

snowy owl - tunturipöllö - en fjällugla 

polar bear - jääkarhu - en isbjörn

[markstam]

how to order ice cream in swedish

it may not be ice cream season in big parts of the world right now, so that’s a good reason to hone your skills and perfect your ability to order ice cream in sweden!

basics: glassen - ice cream kulglassen - the ice cream you can make cones of, literally “marble (as in a ball) ice cream” gräddglassen - ice cream made from cream mjukglassen - soft serve ice cream  sorbeten - ice cream sorbet isglassen - popsicle (literally ice ice cream) kulan - scoop ekologisk - organic hemmagjord - home-made

because some people are allergic laktosfri (adjective) - free from lactose mjölkfri - free from milk fri från nötter / utan nötter - free from nuts / without nuts kan innehålla spår av nötter - “may contain traces of nuts” sockerfri / utan socker - free from sugar / without sugar glutenfri - without gluten innehåller [ägg, mjölk, laktos, sesamfrön…] - contains [eggs, milk, lactose, sesame seeds…]

now, how to order: “jag skulle vilja ha …” - i would like.. “skulle jag kunna få…?” - could i have…?

en strut - a cone; in scania this means specifically and only waffle cones, in the rest of sweden it may mean waffle cones or these abominations ett rån - a waffle cone (fun fact “rån” also means “robbery”) en våffla - a waffle cone (literally “a waffle”, don’t worry, people will understand you) en bägare - a cup, usually a paper cup strössel (definite form: strösslet) - sprinkles chokladsås / kolasås / jordgubbssås - chocolate sauce / caramel sauce / strawberry sauce 

“jag skulle vilja ha en bägare/en våffla med en kula / två/tre/fyra kulor” - “i would like a cup/a waffle cone with one scoop / two/three/four scoops”

let’s add some flavor… smaken - flavor

(these are all real flavors i’ve seen, some are more common than others) choklad - chocolate jordgubb - strawberry (flavor), a stawberry is called “jordgubbe” vanilj - vanilla nougat - nougat päron - pear  blåbär - blueberry lakrits - licorice saltlakrits - salty licorice citron - lemon fläder - elderberry hallon - raspberry persika - peach romrussin - rum and raisins (usually doesn’t contain alcohol) ägglikör - it’s just gross eggnog (usually doesn’t contain alcohol either) mörk choklad - dark chocolate vit choklad - white chocolate mjölkchoklad - milk chocolate apelsinchoklad - chocolate and oranges mintchoklad - mint and chocolate hallon saltlakrits - raspberry and salty licorice melon - melon kaffe - coffee grönt te - green tea polka(gris) - candy cane flavor, minty dulce de leche - dulce de leche kladdkaka - usually mudcake flavored ice cream with small bits of mudcake in it marängsviss - apparently called eton mess in english; usually vanilla or banana ice cream with bits of meringue, some caramel sauce and with banana flavor passionsfrukt - passion fruit kakdeg - cookie dough ingefära - ginger kaktus - cactus viol - violet saffran - saffron regnbåge - “rainbow”; usually an ice cream mixing several fruit flavors such as strawberry, melon and blueberry körsbär - cherry krossad choklad - “crushed chocolate”; usually vanilla ice cream with small chocolate pieces

now, here’s my to-go order which you can form your own after. “jag skulle vilja ha en strut med två kulor. en kula choklad och en kula mintchoklad” - “i would like a cone with two scoops. one scoop of chocolate and one scoop of mint chocolate.”

some useful sentences “har ni laktosfri glass?” - do you have ice cream without lactose? “är er glass ekologisk/närproducerad?” - is your ice cream organic/locally produced? “kan jag få smaka på [valfri smak]?” - can i have a taste of [insert any flavor]? “gör/säljer ni delade kulor?” - do you make/sell split scoops? (some ice cream places count two smaller scoops as one normal sized scoops which means you can try more flavors but you’ll get less of them. not all places do this!) “jag älskar glass” - i love ice cream “glass är livet” - ice cream is life

[markstam]

this post is meant to be a directory of every resource I come across for Finnish. it will be a continuous work in progress so thank you for your patience! if you have any issues or things to add, please reply to this post!

info

about world languages

fun facts

glottolog

introduction by @ayearinlanguage

language breakdown by @linguisticsbunker

learning profile

playlist of samples

the finnish language [video]

“this user is learning finnish” userbox

wikipedia

world atlas of language structures

Keep reading

[markstam]

ʻŌlelo Hawaiʻi - the basics

The Hawaiian language is as interesting as it is complicated, and it’s impossible to travel to the Hawaiian islands without encountering it in some form or another. Whether it’s on street signs, landmarks, or simply trying to explain which island you’ll be visiting, you will be using the language in some way during a visit.

Let’s start with the basics:

The Hawaiian language consists of 13 letters, including five vowels, seven consonants, and a glottal stop known as an `okina.

Vowels are usually pronounced in much the same way one would expect to pronounce them in Spanish:

a ——> “ah”

e ——> “eh”

i ——-> “ee”

o ——> “oh”

u ——> “ooh”

Consonants in the Hawaiian language are:

K

L

W

H

M

N

P

And lastly, there’s the `okina. The `okina represents a glottal stop. Say the phrase “uh-oh” out loud. Do you hear the little break between “uh” and “oh”? That’s a glottal stop. The `okina is represented with a ` , similar to a backwards apostrophe. Not all fonts allow for this, though, so a regular apostrophe is often used in its place.

All consonants in the Hawaiian language are followed by a vowel. That is to say, a word cannot end in a consonant, and two consonants cannot be written or spoken together.

It is possible, though, to have two vowels next to each other. Similar vowels, like two a’s, will have an `okina between them, like in the word “ʻaʻā” (pronounced “ah-ah”), which means “stony, rough lava.” Dissimilar vowels, on the other hand, lead a speaker to form different vowel sounds that are not possible using the standard vowels on their own. “Pau,” for example, is often used today to mean “done” or “finished,” and is pronounced like the English word “pow.” Similarly, “Lanikai” on the island of O`ahu, is pronounced “lah-nee-kye.”

The individual vowels are still pronounced, but because of the way they are spoken together, they form a different sound. Take “pau” again, for instance. Technically, it’s pronounced “pah-ooh,” but when spoken, it forms a “pow” sound like we use in English.

(Photo via Wikipedia)

Captain Cook discovered the Hawaiian islands in 1778, marking the first time the language had ever been heard by Europeans. Prior to discovery, and for a period of time immediately afterwards, the Hawaiian language had no written representation other than picture symbols in the form of petroglyphs.

(Photo via maiabegiashvili.blogspot.com)

It wasn’t until the arrival of other Europeans and protestant missionaries in the early 1800s that the Hawaiian language took a written form. The missionaries used written language as a means of spreading their religion, and interestingly, it led to a nearly 100% literacy rate, a feat which many countries today have trouble emulating.

These missionaries weren’t all good for the language, though. Many of the missionaries discouraged the use of the Hawaiian language, and many parents saw the language as a barrier to success for their children. As a result, the number of Hawaiian speaking individuals dropped from 37,000 to just 1,000 around the turn of the 20th century.

This loss of culture led to a revival for the language, though, and in 1949, the first Hawaiian-language dictionary was printed. Also around this time, Hawaiian-immersion preschools began to form, which took English-speaking children and put them into a formal schooling environment in which the Hawaiian language was used.

Still, in 1997, there were only 2,000 native speakers of Hawaiian left in the islands. The late 90s and early 2000s brought a new push towards reviving the language, and its numbers are now above 24,000.

The island of Ni`ihau, is currently the only location in the world where the Hawaiian language is predominant. On Ni`ihau, children are raised speaking Hawaiian, and around the age of 8, they begin to learn English. The preservation of the language on this island is only possible because of its status as a privately owned property and the fact that outsiders are prevented from communicating with residents.

While there are many more nuances to the Hawaiian language, these are simply the basics. After reading this, you should be able to pronounce street names like Waiānuenue Avenue, Kawaihae Road, and Haleakalā Highway, right?

Maybe not yet, but with a little practice you could do so without any trouble at all.

[markstam]

ʻŌlelo Hawaiʻi Nā Painu 1 (Hawaiian Verbs 1)

Tenses/Moods:

ua + verb - perfective mood

(ex: ua hana au - i worked/i have worked)

(extra note: ʻuaʻ is often omitted in speech)

 e + verb + ana - imperfective mood 

(ex: e hana ana au - i was working/i will be working)

ke + verb + nei - present progressive tense 

(ex: ke hana nei au - i am working)

e + verb - imperative mood or future tense 

(ex: e hana au - i will work / e hana ʻoe - work!)

mai + verb - negative imperative mood

(ex: mai hana ʻoe - donʻt work!)

i + verb - past tense or perfect participle

(ex: i hana au - i worked / i hana - having worked/who have worked)

ke + verb - infinitive

(ex: ke hana - to work/to do)

verb + ʻia - passive mood

(ex: ua hana ʻia ka honua e ka Haku - The world was created by the Creator.)

Post-Verbal Markers:

verb + mai - ʻtowards the speakerʻ

verb + aku - ʻaway from the speakerʻ

verb + iho - ʻdownʻ

verb + aʻe - ʻupʻ or ʻadjacentʻ

stative verb + iā + agent - ʻagent markerʻ

Causative Verbs are formed by adding the prefix ʻhoʻoʻ to nouns and adjectives.

nani (pretty) + hoʻo = hoʻonani (to beautify)

nui (large) + hoʻo = hoʻonui (to enlarge)

hui (club) + hoʻo = hoʻohui (to form a club)

Reduplication is used to add emphasis or slightly modify a word.

ʻau (to swim) becomes ʻauʻau (to bathe)

haʻi (to say) becomes haʻihaʻi (to speak back and forth)

maʻi (sick) becomes maʻimaʻi (chronically ill)

[markstam]

Word Of The Day  - PILLOW

베개

(Korean)

.

oreiller (m)

(French)

.

poduszka (f)

(Polish)

almohada (f)

(Spanish)

.

polštář (m)

(Czech)

uluna

(Hawaiian)

.

vankúš (m)

(Slovak)

.

cuscino (m)

(Italian)

[markstam]

Hawaiian Language Resources

I’ve found a pretty good amount of ʻŌlelo Hawaiʻi resources and here’s the list of what I’ve found (so far)!

English-Hawaiian Dictionaries: https://glosbe.com/en/haw/ http://www.majstro.com/Web/Majstro/bdict.php?gebrTaal=eng&bronTaal=eng&doelTaal=haw&teVertalen= http://wehewehe.org/

Information About Hawaiian Culture and the Language: http://www.alternative-hawaii.com/menu.htm https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hawaiian_language

Hawaiian Alphabet, Numbers and Colors: http://www.alternative-hawaii.com/alpha.htm https://www.omniglot.com/language/numbers/hawaiian.htm https://www.quia.com/jg/1705313list.html

Also This Great YouTube Channel: https://www.youtube.com/channel/UC5L-lrxrnB611EHqFWA6xHg/featured

I hope this post helps anyone who wants to study or has already begun studying ʻŌlelo Hawaiʻi I’ll be updating as I find new resources!

[markstam]

disney’s moana in hawaiian

ocean // moana

pig // puaʻa

chicken // moa

spirit // akua

island; boat // moku

toward the sea // makai

ancestor // kupuna

spiritual power // mana

star // hōkū

coconut // niu

necklace // lei

voyage // huakaʻi

reef // papa

warrior // koa

heart // puʻuwai

life // ola

flower // pua

chief // aliʻi

village // kūlanakauhale

wave // nalu

waterfall // wailele

shell // pūpū

rock // pōhaku

fisherman // lawaiʻa

stingray //  hīhīmanu; lupe

crab // pāpaʻi

[markstam]

i’ve just started hawaiian in duolingo, i guess that’s what we’re doing in 2019

[markstam]

English: I’ve had enough of you!

Swedish: you have planted your last potato!