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antenas de telefonia

Con perjuicio se hace referencia a los elementos  externos  objetivamente mensurables (de tipo físico o químico, por ejemplo) que ejercen una influencia sobre las personas tanto en el entorno urbano como en el laboral.

El perjuicio puede derivar en un daño para la salud.

Para que sea considerado un daño es necesario que su reproducción esté científicamente probada. También ha de probarse la existencia de una relación causa-consecuencia cuantificable entre el perjuicio y el daño y de un modelo explicativo a ser posible. La confirmación de un daño según criterios científicos es, por lo general, la condición previa para determinar valores límite legalmente obligatorios.

En caso de que existieran indicadores o sospechas de un posible daño, que todavía no han sido tratados intensivamente por los expertos, existe riesgo de daño para la salud. Este riesgo puede ser mayor para algunos grupos de personas, como niños, enfermos y personas sensibles, que para el resto de la . La valoración y la predisposición del riesgo personal, así como la toma de medidas preventivas para la disminución del riesgo dependen normalmente de las iniciativas de cada uno.

A continuación se describen algunos de los factores más importantes de los efectos biológicos de las ondas electromagnéticas antenas de telefonia, el correspondiente daño potencial y sus posibles riesgos para la salud.

Seguro que ha escuchado que no debe dormir con el móvil en la mesilla o no hablar mientras se carga. O que, incluso, produce cáncer. Que los científicos no se ponen de acuerdo. Que existe evidencia científica contradictoria que no permite concluir nada. Que las empresas de telefonía compran a los científicos.

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5g antennas

The proposed 5G operation calls for a wide variety of additional antenna types to be included in the literature. Their fundamental intention is to accomplish wide transmission capacity to help the high throughput of 5G frameworks, and the activity of recieving wire frameworks for 5G similarity to a great extent relies upon the improvement of their transfer speed execution. In the mm-wave range, a significant bandwidth is required to accommodate high data requirements. At the mm-wave frequency range, bandwidths of the order of GHz are attainable; however, additional efforts are still required to fully utilize this in conjunction with other requirements. However, merely increasing the proposed antenna's bandwidth does not address all compatibility issues with 5G. Due to the fact that the performance of an antenna for 5G may directly depend on the mode of operation, significant advancements in a number of other parameters, such as gain, efficiency, polarization diversity, and adaptive beam steering, are also urgently required. The required parameters for 5G operation can be significantly impacted by antennas used for transmission or reception. It is widely held that improving antenna parameters for transmission necessitates more work than improving the same parameters for reception.

The purpose of this Special Issue is to publish comprehensive research on the creation of effective 5g antennas designs. The scopes of this special issue include, but are not limited to, the design and performance characterization of these kinds of antennas. We welcome review articles as well as original research.

The following are some examples of potential topics:

• Antennas for 5G communication systems

 • Techniques for designing and measuring antenna arrays

 • Reflectarray antennas

 • Phased arrays for future communication systems

 • Massive MIMOs

• Reconfigurable antennas

 • Antenna measurements for 5G and future systems

 • High gain antennas

• Chip antennas for 5G communications

 • Wearable and flexible antennas for 5G communications

 • Antenna optimization techniques for 5G and future communications

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Casi todos pasamos gran parte del día en espacios cerrados. Muchas oficinas están llenas de aparatos eléctricos y electrónicos, fotocopiadoras, aires acondicionados, tubos fluorescentes, etc. No es de extrañar, por tanto, que si el ambiente del lugar de trabajo es insalubre, acabemos enfermando.

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medicion de radiaciones

The energetic particles whose mass is at least one atomic mass unit are referred to as heavy charged particles .Alpha particles, protons, deuterons, fragments from fission, and other energetic heavy particles that are frequently produced in accelerators are all included in this category. The Coulomb force that exists between the positive charge of the particle and the negative charge of the electrons that are a part of the absorber material is the primary means by which these particles interact with matter. Each of these particles carries at least one electronic charge .The force between the opposing charges is attractive in this instance. In the absorber, when a charged particle gets close to an electron, it gives the electron a small amount of momentum .As a result, the electron, which was initially nearly at rest, gains some of its kinetic energy and the charged particle slows slightly .The charged particle is interacting with a large number of electrons in the absorber material at the same time, and the combined effect of all the Coulomb forces acts as a viscous drag on the particle .The particle slows down continuously until it comes to a stop when it enters the absorber. As it comes to rest, the charged particle, which is thousands of times heavier than the electrons with which it is interacting, is largely deflected from a straight line. In solids or liquids, the amount of time before the particle stops moving can be as little as a few picoseconds (1  1012 second) or as much as a few nanoseconds (1  109 second) in gases. In the following sections, which describe the response of radiation detectors, this approximation is assumed because these times are short enough that the stopping time can be considered instantaneous for many purposes.

 

Because they carry an electric charge, medicion de radiaciones like beta-minus particles also use the Coulomb force to interact with electrons in the absorber material. Although the force in this instance is not attractive but rather repellent, the end result is comparable to that of heavy charged particles. The fast electron experiences a continuous deceleration until it stops as a result of the cumulative effect of many simultaneous Coulomb forces. For the same initial energy, a fast electron travels a significantly greater distance than a heavy charged particle. At normal conditions, a beta particle with an initial energy of 1 MeV, for instance, travels one or two millimeters through typical solids and several meters through gases. Additionally, a fast electron can be deflected much more easily along its path because it has a much smaller mass than a heavily charged particle.A typical fast-electron track deviates significantly from a straight line, and it frequently deflects at large angles. With the same initial energy, a fast electron will travel approximately 100 times as far through a given material as a heavily charged particle, resulting in much less energy being deposited along its path.

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Electromagnetic pollution

In the area of the utilization of electrical and electromagnetic energy, electromagnetic pollution, brought on by growing human activity, is slowly rising without much awareness of the consequences. While everyone is aware of the advantages provided by high-tech electrical and electronic systems and devices, only a small number of users are aware of the actual or unintentional risks posed by them. By citing a few examples, the purpose of this paper was to provide a brief overview of this more recent form of pollution.

From generated electromagnetic fields and the resulting electromagnetic radiation, current technologies are now a source of omnipresent electromagnetic pollution. This pollution frequently exceeds any natural sources of electromagnetic fields or radiation in many instances. People are exposed to electromagnetic pollution every day through wireless and radio communication, power transmission, and everyday devices like smartphones, tablets, and portable computers. Since there is no clear and definitive evidence that this pollution has a negative impact on humans, the extent of the harm that it causes is still up for debate. Despite the fact that extremely low-frequency electromagnetic fields were identified as having the potential to cause cancer, this is the case. Because of these factors, research into the effects of electromagnetic fields and/or electromagnetic radiation on living things has grown significantly in recent decades.

The environment is impacted in different ways by electromagnetic pollution. Among the components of that climate, all residing creatures ought to be set at the principal position. As a result, accurately determining the nature and associated side effects of electromagnetic pollution and its impact on living things becomes crucial. Consistently living life forms are presented to various sorts of electromagnetic contamination. However, their physical characteristics, such as type (electric, magnetic, electromagnetic), frequency, and intensity/power, can accurately characterize them all. Electronic gadgets, for example, cell phones, tablets, microwaves, radios, and TVs emanate low-power Electromagnetic pollution at frequencies from 300 MHz to 300 GHz that can be related to microwaves. On the other hand, electric devices and power transmission lines are strong sources of radiation with much lower frequencies but much higher intensities—primarily electric for power transmission lines, predominantly magnetic for transformers, or electromagnetic for antennas.

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coming both from external installations (telephone antennas, Wi-Fi, electrical transformers, high voltage lines, buried cables, etc.) and internal ones (domestic appliances, electrical wiring, wireless telephones, Wi-Fi networks, etc.). To do this we have two spectrum analyzers (high and low frequency), which, unlike traditional broadband detectors, provide not only the power of the received signal but also its frequency. In this way we measure the intensities and frequencies that reach us from each module installed in the mobile phone base stations, and we can separate them from radio and television repeaters, aviation radars, police antennas (TETRA), radio amateurs , pico-antennas, or the new smart electricity/gas/water meters, among others.

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Electromagnetic pollution

Current technologies have become a source of omnipresent electromagnetic pollution from generated electromagnetic fields and resulting electromagnetic radiation. In many cases this pollution is much stronger than any natural sources of electromagnetic fields or radiation. The harm caused by this pollution is still open to question since there is no clear and definitive evidence of its negative influence on humans. This is despite the fact that extremely low frequency electromagnetic fields were classified as potentially carcinogenic. For these reasons, in recent decades a significant growth can be observed in scientific research in order to understand the influence of electromagnetic radiation on living organisms. However, for this type of research the appropriate selection of relevant model organisms is of great importance. It should be noted here that the great majority of scientific research papers published in this field concerned various tests performed on mammals, practically neglecting lower organisms.

Current technologies have become a source of omnipresent electromagnetic pollution from generated electromagnetic fields and resulting electromagnetic radiation. In many cases this pollution is much stronger than any natural sources of electromagnetic fields or radiation. Wireless and radio communication, power transmission, or devices in daily use such as smartphones, tablets, and portable computers every day expose people to electromagnetic pollution. The harm caused by this pollution is still open to question since there is no clear and definitive evidence of its negative influence on human beings. This is despite the fact that extremely low frequency electromagnetic fields were classified as potentially carcinogenic. For these reasons, in recent decades a significant growth can be observed in the scientific research on the influence of electromagnetic fields and/or electromagnetic radiation on living organisms.

Electromagnetic fields and/or electromagnetic radiation, as Electromagnetic pollution, affect various elements of the environment. Among the elements of that environment all living organisms should be placed at the first position. Therefore it becomes very important to appropriately determine the nature and related side effects of electromagnetic pollution and its impact on living organisms. Every day living organisms are exposed to different types of electromagnetic pollution. However, all of them can be well characterised by their physical parameters such as type (electric, magnetic, electromagnetic), frequency, and intensity/power. Electronic devices such as smartphones, tablets, microwave ovens, radio, and television sets emit low intensity electromagnetic radiation at frequencies from 300 MHz to 300 GHz that can be associated with microwaves. On the other hand power transmission lines and electric devices are strong sources of electromagnetic fields (primarily electric for power transmission lines, primarily magnetic for transformers, or electromagnetic for antennas) and radiation of much lower frequencies but much higher intensities.

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5g antennas

The 5G World Forum is now in its third year. Since its inception, the conference has sought to be the primary meeting place for stakeholders in the field of wireless technology. Due to COVID-19 and the need to protect the health and safety of attendees, this year’s conference will be virtual. What will not change, however, is the event’s importance as a forum for the latest advances in 5G.This year’s theme is “5G and Beyond: A Comprehensive Look at Future Networks.” As such, the conference will focus on how 5G innovations will change wireless technology—and our global society as a whole. More specifically, the event will cover the development of novel mobile network architecture. This architecture stands to improve the physical data rate of 5G networks and also create a new ecosystem for the deployment of novel services and applications.The conference program features renowned keynote speakers and worldwide industry fora, as well as panel discussions, workshops, and other opportunities to learn and network. The program also features ten topical/vertical tracks that conference attendees can explore. These focus on aspects of 5G technology, such as security and privacy, 5G deployment, and artificial intelligence/machine learning. Beyond that, many tracks cover applications of 5G technology, including applications in everything from health care to smart cities.

A focus on 5G antenna systems technology

5G antenna systems will be a key topic of discussion at the conference. In preparation for the event, IEEE put out a call for technical papers pertaining to 5g antennas technologies. Specifically, the call for papers for Track 6: 5G Hardware and Test/Measurements solicited papers related to 5G antennas. Subtopics for this track include but are not limited to the following:Massive multiple input, multiple output (MIMO), multiuser-MIMO (MU-MIMO), and multiple radio access technology (multi-RAT) system architecturesReconfigurable and switching wireless network topologies

Radiofrequency (RF) beamforming, digital beamforming, and hybrid beamforming architecturesBeam steering and the phased antenna arrayWhile the deadline for submitting a paper has passed, accepted papers will be accessible to conference attendees interested in learning more about these and other topics.

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Análisis de los niveles de campo eléctrico y magnético alternos, radiofrecuencias y microondas procedentes tanto de las instalaciones externas (antenas de telefonía, wifi, transformadores eléctricos, líneas de alta tensión, cables soterrados, etc.) como internas (aparatos domésticos, cableado eléctrico, teléfonos inalámbricos, redes wifi, etc). Para ello contamos con dos analizadores de espectro (alta y baja frecuencia), que a diferencia de los detectores de banda ancha tradicionales proporcionan no sólo la potencia de la señal recibida sino además la frecuencia de la misma. De esta manera medimos las intensidades y frecuencias que nos llegan de cada módulo instalado en las estaciones base de telefonía móvil, y las podemos separar de los repetidores de radio y televisión, radares de aviación, antenas de la policía (TETRA), radio-aficcionados, picoantenas, o los nuevos contadores inteligentes de la luz/gas/agua entre otros. Cobertura completa del espectro de frecuencias 0 Hz – 6 GHz. Posibilidad de hacer un seguimiento (monitorización) de las señales a lo largo de uno o varios días.

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Radiation measurement

Ten years ago, at the dedication of the first research site of the Department of Energy’s Atmospheric Radiation Measurement (ARM) program, near Lamont, Oklahoma, Will Happer, director of DOE’s Office of Science, compared the nascent facility to Uraniborg, the island observatory built by Tycho Brahe in 16th-century Denmark. That comparison puts the role of ARM climate-research facilities in an interesting perspective. A decade after its creation, ARM is well on the way to providing data essential to climate research and weather prediction in much the same way that Tycho’s observations were essential to the subsequent work of Johannes Kepler. Tycho had collected, in one place, the finest astrometric instruments of his day—four decades before Galileo introduced the astronomical telescope. Ironically, Tycho had too much confidence in his measurements: He maintained that they disproved Copernicus’s heliocentric cosmology, because they showed no discernable stellar parallax. In the end, of course, the quality of Tycho’s observations contributed to the overthrow of his own geocentric cosmology.

The scientific motivation for the ARM program arose from a decade of comparisons of different climate models. Those comparisons sought to elucidate the underlying reasons for the substantial and disconcerting differences, from one model to another, in their predictions of climatic responses to such perturbations as the doubling of atmospheric carbon dioxide.

The comparisons produced two important results in the late 1980s. One such undertaking, called the Inter-comparison of Radiation measurement  Codes in Climate Models, showed that when radiative transfer through the atmosphere was understood at high spectral resolution, it was possible to create a fast, lower-resolution model appropriate for climate modeling. The low-resolution models were needed because of limitations on computing power and on the availability of sufficient measurements to validate the high-resolution models, especially in the context of complex three-dimensional cloud fields. Other comparisons of climate models suggested that the predicted sensitivity of global temperature to greenhouse gases was directly related to how the models treated the interaction of clouds with radiation. In particular, a study led by Robert Cess (Stony Brook University), 1 compared the response of a variety of atmospheric climate models to changes in sea-surface temperature and showed that model responses varied over nearly an order of magnitude. The different responses were due almost entirely to differences in the treatment of clouds and their impact on solar and thermal infrared radiation.

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Electromagnetic pollution

Current technologies have become a source of omnipresent electromagnetic pollution from generated electromagnetic fields and resulting electromagnetic radiation. In many cases this pollution is much stronger than any natural sources of electromagnetic fields or radiation. The harm caused by this pollution is still open to question since there is no clear and definitive evidence of its negative influence on humans. This is despite the fact that extremely low frequency electromagnetic fields were classified as potentially carcinogenic. For these reasons, in recent decades a significant growth can be observed in scientific research in order to understand the influence of electromagnetic radiation on living organisms. However, for this type of research the appropriate selection of relevant model organisms is of great importance. It should be noted here that the great majority of scientific research papers published in this field concerned various tests performed on mammals, practically neglecting lower organisms.

Current technologies have become a source of omnipresent electromagnetic pollution from generated electromagnetic fields and resulting electromagnetic radiation. In many cases this pollution is much stronger than any natural sources of electromagnetic fields or radiation. Wireless and radio communication, power transmission, or devices in daily use such as smartphones, tablets, and portable computers every day expose people to electromagnetic pollution. The harm caused by this pollution is still open to question since there is no clear and definitive evidence of its negative influence on human beings. This is despite the fact that extremely low frequency electromagnetic fields were classified as potentially carcinogenic. For these reasons, in recent decades a significant growth can be observed in the scientific research on the influence of electromagnetic fields and/or electromagnetic radiation on living organisms.

Electromagnetic fields and/or electromagnetic radiation, as electromagnetic pollution, affect various elements of the environment. Among the elements of that environment all living organisms should be placed at the first position. Therefore it becomes very important to appropriately determine the nature and related side effects of electromagnetic pollution and its impact on living organisms. Every day living organisms are exposed to different types of electromagnetic pollution. However, all of them can be well characterised by their physical parameters such as type (electric, magnetic, electromagnetic), frequency, and intensity/power. Electronic devices such as smartphones, tablets, microwave ovens, radio, and television sets emit low intensity electromagnetic radiation at frequencies from 300 MHz to 300 GHz that can be associated with microwaves. On the other hand power transmission lines and electric devices are strong sources of electromagnetic fields (primarily electric for power transmission lines, primarily magnetic for transformers, or electromagnetic for antennas) and radiation of much lower frequencies but much higher intensities.

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Antenas de telefonía, transformadores, líneas de alta tensión, electricidad estática, contadores digitales, aparatos eléctricos, redes WIFI, radioactividad, geopatías, etc.