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Past or Present?

Governance is the deliberate and conscious management of program structures for improving the public world. It can be looked at from social, political, and economic perspectives. The people who govern the Philippines are due to democracy where the citizens vote for their desired participant to lead the nation. There have already been 16 Presidents from the establishment of the office in the Malolos Republic on January 23, 1899. But on this blog, we will compare and contrast the two (2) latest Presidents of the Philippines which are the former President, Benigno Aquino III, and our current President Rodrigo Roa Duterte.

Human Development Index:

The National Competitiveness Council (NCC) initiated Human Resources Development (HRD) for the Philippines’ global competitiveness. Both President Rodrigo Roa Duterte and former president Benigno Aquino III focused on human development by improving and eliminating some aspects in the Philippines. On Benigno Aquino III’s term of Presidency, the Philippines was in the 115th rank among 188 countries and the Human Development Index (HDI) value increased from 0.665 in 2010 to 0.696 in 2016. While on the other hand on Duterte’s administration, the Philippines’ HDI value for 2018 is 0.712 and was ranked at 106 out of 189 countries and territories which put the country in the high human development category. Between the years 1990 to 2018, there’s an increase of 20.6 percent on the Philippines’ HDI.

Pantawid Pamilya Pilipino Program or what we all known as “4Ps” is one of the programs of Aquino III’s administration. It is used as a tool by the national government for poverty alleviation which allocates financial assistance to the poorest households to improve the health, nutrition, and education of children aged 0-18 years old. The Aquino Administration believes that to empower the Filipino people the government should invest through their health, social services, and education.  Duterte’s Administration ensures to continue the program that Aquino III’s initiated. President Duterte also signed RA no 11310 or the Pantawid Pamilyang Pilipino Program Act to institutionalize the 4Ps and make it a regular program.

Education is important in everyone’s life. During Aquino III’s administration, the major reform in education happened.  The Kindergarten Education Act (RA 10157) in January 2012 and the Enhanced Basic Education Act (RA 10533) in May 2013 was validated. The curriculum was also enhanced in the 12-year course of the basic education cycle. In 2010, the basic education budget increased from Php161.4 billion to php410.4 billion in 2016.

On Duterte’s Administration, education remains their topmost priority. In 2019, it receives the highest total budget allocation of Php531.56 billion, and even the State Universities and colleges (SUCs) and Commission on Higher Education (CHED) received a total budget allocation of Php120.78 billion.

Purchasing Power of the Citizens:

Under the Aquino Administration, the Philippine was among the top 30 fastest growing economies worldwide with an annual real Gross Domestic Product (GDP) growth rate averaging 4.50 percent since the year 2000. Over the six years of Benigno Aquino III’s administration, the growth of GDP was averaged at 6.2% yearly and it even peaked in the year 2013 by 7.2% where the Philippines was the second-fastest growing economy in Asia after China.

Meanwhile on Duterte’s administration, when Duterte signed the law of the landmark Tax Reform for Acceleration and Inclusion Act (TRAIN), according to Finance Secretary Carlos Dominguez III, it was the biggest Christmas and New Year’s gift of the government for the Filipinos as it will guide as a real positive change for the nation beginning on the year 2018. This law leads to the increase of spending power of Filipino consumers which puts more money in the pockets of the consumers and ensured strong domestic demand in the economy.

Support for Entrepreneurship and innovation:

Barangay Kabuhayan Act (RA. 9509) and the Magna Carta for Micro, Small, and Medium Enterprises (MSME) Act (R.A. 9501) was implemented under Benigno Aquino III’s administration to promote entrepreneurship and established livelihood and skills training center. These two laws were explained that it would certainly help to accelerate the growth and development of the Philippines economy.

On the other hand, Duterte’s Administration signed the Republic Act 11293 also known as the “Philippine innovation Act” in April 2019. This law mandates the creation of the National Innovation Council (NIC) that will serve as the key to the whole government coordination and collaboration, and also to remove the fragmentation in the country’s innovation governance.

With all the facts stated above, we can all see what did both administrations do for our country. Both administrations did their job to serve the nation and both administrations have strengths and weaknesses in their way to make our country better. Based on my research I would choose Duterte’s Administration as it has more economic development and even though his ways are somehow harsh but most of his ways to make the Philippines a better place is effective.

Ps. Photos are not mine, credits to the rightful owner.

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The Flexibility of Entrepreneurship

Choose a country. One that you're fond of.                

I choose Philippines because I am a proud Filipino and I love my country.

Choose a particular topic from the discussion on Political Economy

Democracy is what I’ve chosen because it is somehow interesting to discuss about the democracy of the Philippines.

Research on your chosen country and find out how your chosen topic affected business and trade in that country.

Philippine is a democratic country where citizens are given a chance to vote for their desired participant to win in a particular position. But some of the Filipinos vote to a specific participant because their votes were being bought, and those participants are not suited for their desired position. After the election, those participants who won have the privilege to disarray the law and whatever they implement the citizens in the Philippines have no longer the right to oppose but only to agree and follow the law.

For example, if the government imposes more taxes, businesses would be affected because taxation policy affects business costs. If there’s an increase in tax it also has the same effect to cost, and businesses would find a way to prevent profit loss. Businesses pass some of this tax to the consumers at higher prices which leads to inflation. When inflation occurs consumers would be affected and some of them chose not to buy unnecessary things just to save some money. Few consumers affect business and low-profit business affects the economy.

It was proved by Keynes that government policies have a direct impact on business. Businesses should be flexible enough to respond to the changes of rules and policies because the government can implement rules that may change social behaviors and may affect the business. Governments get their money to spend from taxation and the more the money they spend requires an increase in taxes or borrowing. Any tax increase would discourage entrepreneurs who take the risk of starting and managing businesses to invest.

Choosing responsible leaders to lead the nation is so important that’s why Filipinos should vote the right person to sit on every position in government, a people that truly love the Philippines and would do anything to help the country to grow and prosper.

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Pandemic cannot stop Globalization

This morning you woke up and put on a shirt that read 'made in China' on the inside tag. You then went to your backyard and got your motorbike that had parts that were manufactured in all parts of the world. You drove that motorbike to the grocery store where you bought an apple that was grown in Chile, sugar from the Philippines, and milk from England. You did all of this because of globalization. Globalization is defined in a variety of ways depending on circumstances. To simply define globalization, it is the connection of different parts of the world or it refers to the opening of local and nationalistic perspectives to a broader outlook of an interconnected and inter-dependent world with the free flow of capital, goods, and services across national frontiers.

Globalization has both positive and negative effects. The positive effects are increased trade between nations, faster transportation, and more readily available medical help. It has never been easier to experience different cultures through the advancements in technology. Computers and other gadgets can do things people could never dream of and it is highly demanded today as classes are now being held online. On the other hand, having easier transportation for people means easier transportation for viruses, and Corona Virus is the main reason why we can’t do the things we normally do in our daily lives. This disease is a large threat that we are still trying to deal with up until today.

Among the main drivers of globalization, for me, Technological Drivers has contributed more to accelerate globalization because half of the population of the world owns a gadget and can easily access links from different countries. Exponential technologies are enabling these trends by sharply reducing the “cost of entry” for creating businesses. Technology has helped us in overcoming the major hurdles of globalization and international trade such as trade barriers, lack of common ethical standards, transportation cost, and delay in information exchange.

Globalization makes our lives better and makes us easier to access to a variety of different cuisines or new technologies developed by countries half a world away. The reason why there is a constant change in the global economy is that entrepreneurs always seek for a new way to satisfy their customers. They develop their product and because of globalization, one country can get an idea of how to innovate their product from other countries.  But as of today, the main reason why there is a change in the global economy is because of the pandemic. There is widespread agreement among economists that it will have severe negative impacts on the global economy. Early estimates predicted that most major economies will lose at least 2.4 percent of the value their gross domestic product (GDP) over 2020, leading economists to already reduce their 2020 forecasts of global economic growth down from around 3.0 percent to 2.4 percent. This pandemic can also have a positive impact on every one of us. Because of this, more opportunities were opened at home like the online business that would help us with our daily expenses, and having an idea about doing business would help those people who lose their job during this pandemic. Through the influence of globalization, we can still do something during this time of calamity, because Pandemic cannot stop Globalization.

Ps. Photos are not mine credits to the rightful owner.

Figure 1:

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Figure 2:

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Figure 3:

https://www.google.com/url?sa=i&url=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.turbosquid.com%2F3d-models%2Fmax-cartoon-world-connected%2F608039&psig=AOvVaw0r3rW2w_EjpPWQDvisqUQW&ust=1599361206916000&source=images&cd=vfe&ved=0CAIQjRxqFwoTCJj2jarO0usCFQAAAAAdAAAAABAI